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Nursing theories

There are various nursing theories that are used by nurses as a guide to their day to day practice in nursing. This paper will look give views on theory-driven and evidence based of two nursing theories.

One of these theories is the self-care theory by Dorothea Orem. The major concept in this theory is an art through which the nursing practitioner gives assistance that is specialized to individuals with disabilities that makes more than ordinary assistance necessary for meeting the needs for self-care. Self-care requirements are actions that are directed towards providing self-care presented in three categories; universal self-care requisites, development self-care requisites and health deviation self-care requisites.

Assumptions of Self-Care Theory

There are various assumptions that were made in this theory such as people have to be self-reliant and responsible when it comes to their own care as well as others within the family needing care. It also assumes that people are distinct individuals and nursing is a form of action that involves an interaction between two or more people. Another assumption is that meeting universal and development self-care requirements is a crucial component when it comes to the primary care prevention and illnesses. There is also an assumption that an individual’s knowledge of potential health problems is an important thing when it comes to the promotion of self-care behaviors (Gonzalo, 2011).

Applications of Self-care theory

This theory is applicable for nursing by those beginning the practice as well as the advanced people. In this theory nursing is needed when a person can not maintain continuously the amount and quality of self-care that is required to sustain life and health recover from an injury or disease or cope with the effects from illnesses or injuries.

Another nursing theory is the need theory by Virginia Henderson. The background of the theory was the emphasis on the importance of increasing the independence of a patient in order for progress after hospitalization not to be delayed. It aims at assisting individuals in gaining independence in relation to performance of activities that contribute to their health or recovery. According to this theory the role of nurses is substitute, supplementary, complementary with the main aim of helping the individual become as independent as possible.

Assumptions of Need Theory

There are several assumptions in this theory one is that nurses are supposed to care for patients until they are able to care for themselves once again. Another assumption is that nurses are willing to serve and that they will devote themselves to patients day and night (Currentnursing, 2012).A lot of focus on Orem’s work is self-care. Even if there is a wide scope as seen when it comes to encompassing theory of the nursing systems, Orem’s goal of letting readers look at nursing care as a way of providing assistance to people was apparent when it came to all the concepts that were presented. From the definition, health that is sought as rigid can now be refined through making it suitable to general view of health as a state that is ever changing and dynamic. The role of nurses when it comes to the mantainace of health of patients was set by Orem with a lot of coherence according to the life-sustaining needs of every person. This theory appears simple but yet it is quite complex, the use of self-care agency, self-care deficit, universal self-care can be quite confusing. The theory does not recognize the emotional needs of an individual (Gonzalo, 2011).

The needs theory is based on four major concepts the individual, who has basic needs which are component of health. The second concept is environment is the setting which an individual learns of unique pattern of living. The third concept is health whereby nurses are required to stress on promoting health and prevention and cure of illnesses. The final concept is nursing that assists and supports individuals in life activities as well as their attainment of independence. The theory puts emphasis on basic human needs as a central focus of the nursing practice which has led to the development of theory when it comes to needs of an individual and how nursing can be used to meet these needs (Currentnursing, 2012).

References

Gonzalo, A. (2011). Theoretical Foundations of Nursing. Retrieved October 7, 2014 from http://nursingtheories.weebly.com/dorothea-e-orem.htmlCurrentnursing. (2012). Virginia Henderson’s Need Theory. Retrieved October 7, 2014 from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Henderson.html

Democracy in America Review

Democracy in America Book Review

Introduction

Democracy in America is a book that consists of two volumes. The author of the book, Alexis de Tocqueville, completed the first volume in 1835 and the second one in 1840. In 1831, Tocqueville was working as a lawyer in his country (France) when the county’s government sponsored him for a nine-month visit to America to study various aspects related to American democracy. Tocqueville was sent together with Gustave de Beaumont, who was working as a magistrate. The two gathered information through interviews from more than 200 Americans on various topics related to social practices, law and politics (Tocqueville, 2007). Although the primary aim of the book is to examine the purpose and extent of democracy in America, it has extensive information pertaining communication studies. Among other concepts, the book explains the source of American culture and language. The impact of democracy and institutions such as Jury and religion freedom of speech in America is also explicit in the book. The second volume provides an extensive explanation of how democracy influenced Americans to focus on practical science rather than theory. The ultimate impact was deficiency in quality of their products, including drama, literature and poetry works (Tocqueville, 2007). The book is unique in the sense that some of these concepts are hardly explored in communication studies. The extensive exploration of such concepts makes the book qualify for the purpose of study in our communication class. This paper provides a reflective analysis of various concepts that relate to communication studies in the book.

Analysis

In the first volume of the book, Tocqueville begins with exploration of social and cultural aspects of people who lived in different parts of America in early 19th century. Tocqueville notes that the Red Indians who inhabited different parts of North America prior to the entry of people from other regions were socially disorganized and relied more on hunting than agriculture. As people from different parts of the world moved to America, they interacted and started using the same language, which ultimately ended up in building American English (Tocqueville, 2007). The natives also learned the new language and started sharing it with the immigrants. English language was more influential since North America was once a British colony. The Britons, who migrated to America, exerted their influence to the natives and slaves in different aspects of life, including language. They applied criminal and political laws which were borrowed from Britain in North America. However, there was slight modification in laws that were meant to meet the conditions that existed in America (Tocqueville, 2007). Also, people from different social and cultural backgrounds practiced some social and cultural aspects of their forefathers, especially the natives. They also shared different cultural aspects. As a result, American people had a unique culture and language. When reading the first three chapters of the book, I found out that it provided a brief explanation of how the current unique America culture developed. The book enhanced my knowledge about how people from different cultural and racial backgrounds in America ended up having one common culture and language . Exploring how a society built up its culture and language is one of the key concepts explored in communication studies.

In chapter sixteen of the fist part of the second volume, Tocqueville gives an elaboration about how the unique language of Americans was built. According to Tocqueville, the myriad of changes in cultural aspects of American people was highly facilitated by the presence of democracy that was practiced by rulers, rather than aristocracy that was present in countries such as Britain and France (Tocqueville, 2007). Tocqueville notes that the English language that was being spoken by educated people in Britain had significant variations from the English language that was spoken by educated people in America. According to Tocqueville, language usually remains static in a country where autocracy is embraced. Changes hardly occur to the existing words and new words are hardly invented in an autocratic system. This, according to Tocqueville, explains the fact that no significant changes took place in the English language that was being spoken by educated persons in Britain (Tocqueville, 2007). On the other hand, Tocqueville noted that persons in democratic systems like making changes even without good reasons. This is evident in their politics, as well as in their language. Even when they do not have to change words, they try to transform them. In most cases, the new words that are invented by people in a democratic system tend to represent new ideas. They borrow ideas from the daily activities they engage in. According to Tocqueville, this explains the reason many words added by Americans to their English language were acquired from the language of trade, mechanical arts and jargon of parties (Tocqueville, 2007). I found this chapter being quite relevant for communication studies since it provides an explanation of the impact of democracy and aristocracy on language. I had never encountered the concept before or thought about the connection. I learned that democracy and aristocracy have different impacts on language.

In the second chapter of the firsts part of the first volume, to Tocqueville explores the issue of equality and freedom in American society. Tocqueville noted that people of American had a passion for equality and freedom. Tocqueville also explores the same issue in chapter two of the second part of the second volume. Although Tocqueville is concerned with the possible negative impact of too much passion for equality, he notes that equality and freedom coexisted in American society (Tocqueville, 2007). According to Tocqueville, the two were able to coexist because of existence of a local government that supported ways of exercising freedom by citizens. Tocqueville elaborates the issue through explaining key local liberties that were offered to citizens in laws in chapter five of the first part of the first volume. Also, Tocqueville explains that the existence of an independent jury that supported and propagated the local liberties played a major role in enhancing freedom in America. The impact of the jury is explained in length in chapter sixteen of the first part of the first volume. In addition to the existence of jury and laws supporting freedom, Tocqueville noted that religion played a major role in enhancing freedom in America. According to Tocqueville, religion played the role of teaching Americans how to utilize their freedom well. As a result, the government hardly intervenes through interference of freedom. Tocqueville gives a lengthy explanation of the connection between religion and freedom in chapter nine of the first part of the first volume. One of the key impacts of the ultimate freedom noted by Tocqueville is freedom of speech. Tocqueville notes that journalists were hardly restricted in writing content on newspapers. Also, people had freedom of speech which was recognized in laws. Thus, after reading the book, I learned that freedom of speech existed in America for a long time ago. I discerned the source of the current rights of freedom of speech that that are enjoyed by American people (Tocqueville, 2007). I felt that this might have been one of the factors that led to growth of journalism in America. Freedom of speech and how people utilize it is an important concept for communication studies and thus, I found the issue as being important for exploration in our communication class.

In chapter ten of the first part of the second volume, Tocqueville noted that Americans were more concerned with practical science than theory. According to Tocqueville, this is due to the fact that democracy is not conducive to abstract knowledge that is applied in theoretical science, which requires mediation and thought. Although this leads to an increase in material prosperity and innovation, people may end up forgetting principles and hence, dwindle away civilization (Tocqueville, 2007). In the next chapter, Tocqueville notes that this is one of the reasons why Americans focused on quantity and not quality when producing their artistic works. They were less concerned with reality and more concerned with appearance. This could also explain the reason why the Americans did not attach importance to the meanings of monuments, despite being plenty. Rather than taking an intellectual endeavor in literature, Tocqueville notes that people in a democratic society perceive it as a trade and take an industrial spirit. Tocqueville elaborates this issue in chapter fifteen of the second volume in which he explores the differences between American literature and Latin and Greece literature. According to Tocqueville, Latin and Greece literature of aristocratic ages indicated that they did nothing at random or with haste; rather they concentrated on every line that they wrote and tried to achieve perfection. In short, their literary works portrayed exceptional skills (Tocqueville, 2007). On the other hand, the literature works written during democratic ages, such as during the period when Tocqueville visited America, were naturally deficient and did not portray keenness. In addition, Tocqueville noted that the literature works produced during aristocratic ages have remained relevant throughout, unlike most of the literature works of democratic ages, which quickly became irrelevant. According to Tocqueville, the same applies to other aspects of literature such as poetry and drama. For these reasons, Tocqueville argued that the significant disparity between literature works of aristocratic ages and democratic ages implied that literature of democratic ages should not be read (Tocqueville, 2007). When reading chapters nine to eighteen of the first chapter of the second volume, I realized that Tocqueville exposed the negative impacts of democracy on various communication aspects of people, including artistic works, literature, poetry and drama. I did not know about the connection before. I learned that much of the existing literature is borrowed from countries in which aristocracy has existed for a long time and hardly from countries in which there has been democracy. This is an issue that relates to communication studies and would like to explore and understand it further.

Overall, I found Democracy in America as being a useful book for communication studies. Tocqueville gives a background that enables the reader to understand the source of the current unique culture and language of Americans, despite the fact that their forefathers have different cultures and languages. Further, the Tocqueville explains the impact of democracy and institutions such as religion and jury in enhancing freedom in America, which has had a positive impact on freedom of speech among Americans. As well, the book gives an elaborate explanation of the reason why American literature, poetry, drama and other communication aspects created during democratic age might be deficient in comparison to those that were create in aristocratic ages in other countries. The existence of such concepts, which are extensively explored, explains why the book can be recommended for reading in class.

References

Tocqueville, A. (2007). Democracy in America. Ed. Isaac Kramnick. Trans. Henry Reeve.

New York: Norton.

Dementia, Pathophysiology and Etiology

Dementia: Pathophysiology and Etiology

Dementia is a brain disorder that affects an individual’s thinking and reasoning capacity. Dementia involves a combination of many neurodegenerative diseases and conditions that affect daily activities as opposed to a single disease. It mainly affects neurons and cells in the cerebral cortex causing deterioration of function in the cortex (Alzheimer’s Association Web). Dementia mainly affects older people aged 65 years and above because old age is a contributing factor. Neurodegenerative disorders are the main causes of dementia, with Alzheimer’s disease contributing 60-70% of the cases (Davis Web). Other diseases associated with dementia include dementia with Lewy bodies and frontotemporal dementia. The diseases often cause brain damage leading to premature brain degeneration and cell death. Thus, an individual’s mental activity is affected, causing memory loss and thinking incapability. The collection of isolated proteins in the brain is the main cause of brain damage that leads to dementia. Dementia is often not a hereditary disease, but a few cases of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease can be hereditary. Shortage or interruption of blood supply to the brain often causes vascular dementia. Other causes of dementia include vitamin B and thyroid hormone deficiency, head injury, brain tumors, prolonged alcohol abuse, and depression (Bourgeois and Ellen 17).

Signs and Symptoms of Dementia

Dementia often manifests itself in various symptoms, both mental and physical. Memory loss and inability to reason are the main symptoms of dementia, where an individual fails to keep track of vital things such as wallet and keys, forgets to pay bills, prepare meals, or appointments. The individual also experiences difficulty communicating, organizing, planning, handling complex tasks, coordinating and other motor functions. In addition, the individual also suffers detrimental mood swings, hallucinations, paranoia, irritability and other personality changes. Visual perception and disorientation such as getting lost easily are also symptoms associated with dementia. Most dementia signs and symptoms are progressive and worsen with time; thus, early diagnosis is recommended for treatment, management and future planning (McNamara 35).

Treatment of Dementia

Most cases of dementia such as Alzheimer’s diseases have no cure, and treatment options often aim at reducing symptom development. Both drug and nondrug options are available for the management of dementia. Drug based options include medications that help in boosting the levels of chemicals associated with memory and judgement in the brain. The drugs include galantamine, rivastigmine and donepezil. Memantine is another drug that helps in the regulation of glutamate, a brain chemical that controls essential brain activities such as memory and learning. Nondrug options include therapies and lifestyle adjustment (Bourgeois and Ellen 133). Occupational therapies are often recommended to help an individual cope with the condition and adapt to daily activities and movement while living with dementia. Modifying the environment helps an individual function and focus by reducing noise and clutter. Handling the individuals with care, such as avoiding scolding, correcting, or quizzing them helps improve the condition. Making tasks easier to reduce confusion for people with dementia is also essential in managing the condition.

Prevention of Dementia

Dementia can be prevented by adopting various behavior and lifestyle changes. Both physical and mental activity helps in delaying the onset of the condition and reducing its symptoms. Engaging in various activities such as board games, memory training, sports, and social interactions help in keeping an individual active. Lifestyle changes such as adopting habits that aim at lowering the blood pressure and quitting smoking help in reducing the risk of dementia. Maintaining a healthy diet rich in omega 3 fatty acids, vegetables and fruits helps in boosting an individual’s health and reducing the risks of dementia. Research has also revealed that reading and pursuing education helps the brain to build a strong network of nerve cells that help in compensating the brain damage caused by neurodegenerative diseases (MediLexicon International Limited Web). Thus, education helps in reducing mental decline that often leads to dementia.

Works Cited

Alzheimer’s Association. What Is Dementia? 2014. Web. 26 May 2014.

Bourgeois, Michelle and Ellen Hickey. Dementia: From Diagnosis to Management – A Functional Approach. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2011. Print.

Davis, Charles. Dementia. Medicine Net, 1996. Web. 26 May 2014.

McNamara, Patrick. Dementia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2011. Print.

MediLexicon International Limited. What is dementia? The signs, symptoms and causes of dementia, 13 Mar. 2009. Web. 26 May 2014.

Nursing Staffing challenges in Maryland

Nurse Staffing challenges in Maryland.

The medical profession has been witnessing rapid growth mostly in the demand for the primary care services. Although this growth was somehow expected, it has not been accompanied by an increase in the number of doctors. This has led to the health care industry in Maryland calling upon the nurses into action.

Unfortunately, the nursing field is also facing its own shortages in staff numbers and who operate under very demanding schedules. Previous studies like the one by the University of Maryland Nursing School (Nursing research 2011 quoted in Rajaraman, 2013). One of the issues that were associated with low numbers of staff was the long hour shifts. These long hours at work and reduced off job hours contributed to poor patient handling and even deaths from avoidable errors.

The cadres that have been targeted mostly to replace the physicians are the nurse practitioners who have the skills to perform the tasks of a physician. This is only a stop gap measure since as indicated above; this has a domino effect on the lower job cadres.

Currently, Maryland’s population of nurses stands at 49,600, registered nurses who are active. Of these, 3,500 are nurse practitioners which mean they hold master’s degrees and a board of nursing license. The Government of Governor Martin O’Malley has committed to increase the population of nurses by 25% by 2020 partly via improving educational access as well as address the burden the medical staff faces (Gantz 2012).

In the words of Phyllis Snyder the vice president of the council for adult learning, it is not business as usual and we have to develop a variety of new pathways. One of these ways has been the concerted effort by health advocacy groups and nursing training institutions towards increase their drives towards having more students in the college level to choose nursing as a career. The groups are also encouraging nurses who are already in practice to pursue higher qualifications (Hoffman & Kaplan, 1998).

Schools have also embarked on missions to make nursing studies more accessible and affordable through inter schools partnerships, credit earned against prior experience and offering support towards tuition. The state on its part is designing ways in which it enhances access to nursing training as well as attracts more nurses into the state’s workforce.

An earlier report from the CGME (Council for Graduate Medical education) had established that only fewer than 20% of med school grandaunts pursue primary care as careers instead going for specialties with higher pay (Goldfarb, Goldfarb & Long 2008).Under the prevailing circumstances, nurses have been more than willing to take up the challenge of filling the gap but are forced to grapple with regulation and bureaucracy issues. For example, an assistant dean at the school of nursing University of Maryland Jane Kapustin bemoans the fact that she can legally diagnose diabetes at the university of Maryland Medical Center diabetes clinic, issue a prescription for insulin and commission tests but if she were to recommend special shoes, a physician would have to sign against the order.

It is encouraging to note that nurses in collaboration with advocacy organizations are exerting pressure to have the barriers reduced and it is hoped that these efforts combined with the pressure from increased need for additional primary care providers will eventually break the barriers.

References

Gantz S (2012). Maryland Nurses Come to fore as care landscape shifts, Baltimore Business Journal. Retrieved from http://www.bizjournals.com/baltimore/print-edition/2012/07/20/nurses-come-to-fore-as-care-landscape.html?page=all.Top of Form

Goldfarb, M., Goldfarb, R., & Long, M. (January 01, 2008). Making Sense of Competing Nursing Shortage Concepts. Policy, Politics, and Nursing Practice, 9, 3, 192-202.Top of Form

Hoffman, S., & Kaplan, M. (January 01, 1998). Problems encountered in the implementation of dementia care programs. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 13, 4, 197-202.

Rajaraman M (2013) Study suggests link between lengthy Nurse shifts and patient deaths. Southern Maryland online. Accessed from http://somd.com/news/headlines/2011/13155.shtml.Bottom of Form

Nursing And Millennium Goals

Nursing And Millennium Goals

Contents

This paper looks at UN millennium development goals, focus being on the fifth millennium development goal which is improvement of maternal health. This goal is divided into two parts. The first part deals with reduction of maternal mortality and the second the second part deals with universal access to reproductive health. The paper also elaborates on the importance of improvement of maternal health to the nation. It further highlights on the importance of this goal to the community. Nurses have a great role in working towards achieving the millennium development goals. These roles are also elaborated in the paper.

Millennium development goal 5A: Reduction of maternal mortality

Almost half a million lives of women and children are lost during pregnancy and child birth. A large percentage of these deaths can be avoided or are preventable. The reduction of maternal mortality is not only an issue because of its effect on development of a nation but also since it posses a challenge in human rights. Low mortality rates means that the nation is better placed in terms of health. It also means that there are measures that have been put in place to ensure a decrease in this maternal mortality rates. If there is a risk of transfer of HIV from an infected mother then caution is taken to prevent this transfer and decrease deaths due to HIV among infants. This decrease in child mortality rate will have a positive effect on the health of the nation since there will be no deaths due to HIV and further more new cases of HIV are not registered. (Hunt, p., & Bueno, 2000.). Reduction of maternal mortality is also important since it promotes the right to life. This means that the nation will be a healthy one with no individual mother or child denied the right to life.

Millennium development goal 5B: Universal access to reproductive health

The access to universal health is important in terms of the health of a nation. Pregnant women are entitled to effective and sufficient health in the preconception period, the prenatal stage and also the postnatal stage. Access to this reproductive health ensures that there are no complications in child birth and also after child birth. Both the mother and the child are expected to be perfectly healthy after delivery. This therefore means that the health of the nation will be improved since there will be reduced cases of pregnancy related deaths.

Application of millennium development goal 5 to the community

This millennium development goal is very important to the community in various aspects. The World Health Organization has the expectation that in each community this goal can be fully realized. The goal is applicable in the community since there is the general need to reduce the mortality rate of children and mothers in cases that relate to pregnancy and child birth. Therefore, proper care should be given to the expectant mothers in terms of check up and advice during the time they are pregnant. There should be adequate health providing facilities within the community that offer prenatal and post natal clinics for pregnant women which arrest any emergency case and hence prevent mortality. The existence of quality education on issues pertaining to reproductive health is also a way in which the community can work towards attaining the goal. Members of the community should be educated on family planning, and ways to prevent mother to child HIV transmission. They can also access information on how they can take care of themselves and the child after birth. Therefore there is building of health institutions and employment of qualified workers in these institutions who will help in realization of this goal. Through this the goal becomes a reality that can be achieved within the community.

Monitoring and Measuring the Progress towards the Millennium Development Goal 5

For there to be realization of the millennium development goal five, the process of putting it into force has to be carefully monitored and measurement of the progress constantly done. There are various international bodies that help in monitoring the process such as the WHO and the Centre for Disease Control.

Health workers within a community can be of great aid in monitoring the implementation (Tanzania, A. 2012). There can be regular checking of the population which should be done carefully and the records used to compare with previous ones and check if there is a decline in pregnancy related deaths within a community. The equipment within health facilities should be checked constantly and any outdated ones should be replaced with new effective equipment. The employees in these health facilities should also be very qualified and fresh talent should be constantly incorporated into these institutions.

Nursing Role in Attaining the Millennium Development Goals

Nurses play crucial roles towards the achievement of millennium development goals. There are various ways through which they aid in achievement of these goals this may be for instance; achieving goal three which is promoting gender equity and empowering women. They can develop understanding of the instruments and the various declarations of human rights. They can educate the public using examples such as violation of human rights, which can take forms such as discrimination based on gender, crude practices such as female genital mutilation and other violence. They can do this through demonstration of their harmful consequences on the health. They can also encourage women to acquire skills that will make them elevate their economic and social status (Christi, 2011). They should also lobby for equity in access and to affordable and effective health.

Nurses also have a role in achieving the fourth goal which is to reduce child mortality. They do this through putting emphasis on the child immunization and highlighting the risks that are associated with lack of immunization which can be causes of deaths. They also encourage parents to attend antenatal and postnatal care. They can also make formal teachings to parents on health and illness where they are the main information providers. They can also provide health services or be supervisors in the process of health service provision (Christi, 2011). They can also organize for door to door immunization services which will reduce child mortality rates.

In conclusion,  the paper shows that there are serious measures that are undertaken in achievement of the various millennium development goals and the key stake holders in the achievement of these goals. The importance of realizing these goals are also highlighted and the effect they have on the community.

References

Hunt, p., & Bueno, j. (2000.). REDUCING MATERNAL MORTALITY. The contribution of the right to the highest attainable standard of health. Retrieved September 27, 2012, from www.unfpa.org/webdav/site/global/shared/documents/publications/reducing_mm.pd

Christi, L. (2011). Roles of Nurses in Achieving Millennium Development Goals | Healthmad. Healthmad. Retrieved September 27, 2012, from http://healthmad.com/conditions-and-diseases/roles-of-nurses-in-achieving-millenium-development-goals/

Tanzania, A. (2012). Community Health Workers – an important resource towards achieving the MDGs. Community Health Workers – an important resource towards achieving the MDGs. Retrieved September 27, 2012, from www.who.int/workforcealliance/forum/2011/hrhawardscs36/en/index.htmlUNEP & the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) – Goals # 4, 5, 6: Improve Public Health – United Nations

Environment Programme (UNEP) –. (2008.). United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) – Home page . Retrieved September 27, 2012, from http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=448&ArticleID=4893&l=enAchieving Millennium Development Goal 5: Reproductive Health, Poverty Reduction and Health Sector Reform | World Bank Institute (WBI). (2012). World Bank Institute (WBI). Retrieved September 27, 2012, from http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbi/event/achieving-millennium-development-goal-5-reproductive-health-poverty-reduction-and-health-secto

Crawford, B. (2008). Global Health 1. http://www.nwc.cc.wy.us/waw/essays/essay84.pdf. Retrieved September 27, 2012, from www.nwc.cc.wy.us/waw/essays/essay84.pdf

Noca-Cola Case Study

Coca-Cola Case Study

The company is known for its flagship product, Coca-Cola, and other brands, such as Diet Coke, Fanta, and Sprite. Coca-Cola also manufactures and sells bottled water, coffee, and tea. In terms of environmental sustainability, Coca-Cola has a mixed record. The company has been criticized for using water in its manufacturing process and relying on plastic bottles. Coca-Cola has also been criticized for its marketing practices, which some say target children and contribute to obesity.

On the other hand, Coca-Cola has taken some steps to address its environmental impact. The company has set a goal to recycle all its bottles and cans by 2030. Coca-Cola has also invested in renewable energy, such as solar and wind power. Regarding social responsibility, Coca-Cola has been criticized for its labor practices. The company has been accused of using child labor and paying its workers low wages. Coca-Cola has also been criticized for its marketing practices, which some say target children and contribute to obesity. Coca-Cola has taken some steps to address its social impact. The company has set a goal to provide safe water and sanitation to all its employees by 2020. Coca-Cola has also established a foundation to support education and economic development in its communities.

An international psychologist can provide several benefits to the Coca-Cola Company. They can help the company to understand the psychological factors that influence consumer behavior in different cultures. It can help Coca-Cola tailor its marketing and product offerings to better meet the needs and desires of consumers in different countries. Additionally, an international psychologist can help the company develop and implement employee training and development programs sensitive to employees’ cultural differences in different countries. It can help to improve employee productivity and satisfaction and to reduce turnover. An international psychologist can also help Coca-Cola create a work environment that supports employees from different cultures. They can guide how to create policies and procedures that are fair and equitable for all employees, regardless of their cultural background. Additionally, an international psychologist can help to resolve conflicts that may arise between employees from different cultures. It can help to create a more harmonious and productive workplace.

Coca-Cola Strategic Plans

Networked Organization

Networked organizations connect to other organizations and individuals through social media and digital platforms. Being a networked organization has several advantages, including connecting with potential customers and partners, sharing information and ideas, and receiving feedback in real-time. Networked organizations are often more agile and responsive to change, as they can quickly adapt to new market conditions and trends. Being part of a network can provide employees with a sense of community and belonging, increasing morale and engagement. Being a networked organization has helped Coca-Cola company in several ways. First, it has allowed the company to connect with a larger pool of potential customers and partners. It has helped the company expand its customer base and find new business opportunities. Being a networked organization has helped Coca-Cola improve its communication and coordination with its partners. It has assisted the company in operating more efficiently and avoiding misunderstandings. Finally, being a networked organization has helped Coca-Cola company share best practices and learn from other companies’ experiences. It has helped the company improve its operations and become more competitive.

Brand Building

A world-class marketing strategy is key to building a strong brand. By aligning your marketing efforts with your business goals, you can create a powerful brand that will resonate with your target audience. Coca-Cola’s brand identity is all about refreshment. Their products are designed to give consumers a refreshing break from everyday life. Their marketing collateral and digital presence reflect this, focusing on bright colors and fun imagery. Coca-Cola’s marketing message is all about refreshment and fun. Their products are designed to give consumers a refreshing break from everyday life. Their marketing collateral and digital presence reflect this, focusing on bright colors and fun imagery. Coca-Cola’s marketing collateral is all about refreshment and fun. Their products are designed to give consumers a refreshing break from everyday life. Their marketing collateral reflects this, focusing on bright colors and fun imagery. Coca-Cola’s digital marketing strategy is all about refreshment and fun. Their products are designed to give consumers a refreshing break from everyday life. Their digital presence reflects this, focusing on bright colors and fun imagery. Coca-Cola has a strong social media presence with over 2.5 million followers on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. The company uses social media to share news, product updates, and special offers with its fans and followers.

Coca-Cola also uses social media to connect with customers and answer their questions. Coca-Cola has a strong public relations and influencer marketing strategy. The company often partners with celebrities, athletes, and other influential people to promote its products. Coca-Cola also uses PR to share news and updates about the company with the media. Coca-Cola tracks, measures, and analyzes its marketing results regularly. The company uses data to improve its marketing strategies and ensure effective campaigns. Coca-Cola’s marketing efforts are designed to give consumers a refreshing break from everyday life. The company’s marketing message, collateral, and digital presence reflect this, aiming at bright colors and fun imagery. Coca-Cola is a successful company that uses various marketing strategies to promote its products. These strategies include advertising, social media marketing, events and sponsorships, and public relations. Coca-Cola also uses data to track, measure, and analyze its marketing results to ensure that its campaigns are effective.

Innovation

Innovation is important for any company, but it is especially important for the Coca-Cola company for a few reasons. For one, Coca-Cola has been around for over 125 years and is one of the most recognized brands in the world. Coca-Cola must continue to innovate and evolve to maintain its position as a top global brand. Additionally, the soda industry is facing challenges, such as declining sales and health concerns. To overcome these challenges, Coca-Cola must innovate to stay relevant and top-of-mind for consumers. Coca-Cola also needs to innovate to stay ahead of its competitors. Pepsi, for example, has been investing heavily in innovation in recent years.

To keep up with Pepsi and other competitors, Coca-Cola must also innovate. Innovation has helped the Coca-Cola Company in a few ways. One way is that innovation has helped Coca-Cola develop new products. For example, Coca-Cola innovation created Diet Coke, which is now one of the most popular diet sodas on the market. Created diet coke was in response to the growing health consciousness of Americans. Another way innovation has helped Coca-Cola is by helping the company develop new ways to market its products. For example, Coca-Cola has used innovation to create marketing campaigns that are very popular with consumers. Innovation has also helped Coca-Cola to reduce its costs. For example, the company has developed new ways to recycle its bottles and cans. It has helped Coca-Cola to save money on packaging costs. Innovation has also helped Coca-Cola develop new production methods that are more efficient and use less energy. It has helped the company to save money on production costs.

Revenue Growth Management

Revenue growth management is critical for the Coca-Cola company because it drives top-line growth. It, in turn, enables the company to invest in other areas of the business, such as marketing and product development, which further drives growth. Additionally, revenue growth allows Coca-Cola to maintain its position as a market leader and continue to generate strong profits. Coca-Cola has a long history of success in revenue growth management, which has allowed it to become one of the most valuable brands in the world. The company has a disciplined approach to driving growth, starting with setting clear goals and objectives. Coca-Cola then develops comprehensive plans to achieve these goals, which are implemented across the organization. Revenue growth management is a key part of Coca-Cola’s success story and has helped to make it the global powerhouse it is today.

In conclusion, the Coca-Cola company has a lot of work to improve its ethical standards. However, their strategic plan is a step in the right direction and shows that they are committed to making changes. The ethical concerns for the Coca-Cola company are many and varied. From their use of child labor in their supply chain to their involvement in political lobbying and campaign finance to their impact on the environment, there are some areas where the company could improve its ethical standards. However, it is encouraging to see that the company has developed a strategic plan to address these concerns. It is hoped that this plan will lead to meaningful change within the company and help to improve its ethical reputation.

New Zealand King Salmon

New Zealand King Salmon

Executive Summary

New Zealand King Salmon rules in Sydney market with the best species ranks that one has never experienced. King Salmon have the ability of showing exceptionally strong results amongst the consumers which has caught attention of Aussie palates. However, the company has the dilemma of developing four new fish farms in the Marlborough sounds ever since they were faced with environmental and social factors from the community, despite the expansion being profitable. The major problem was that, the decisions that were previously made by the Environmental Protection Authority to grant the four sites for salmon farming had prohibited zone of the Marlborough Sounds, hence posed some interesting questions for the Marlborough District Council and for the wider community. It is a recommendation for the New Zealand King Salmon to involve in the expansion of fish farming that will then improve the living standard of people through job opportunities.

Introduction

For many years New Zealand King Salmon has been dedicated to producing a top quality product which was achieved through good managing practices such as choosing a pristine and unpolluted rearing environment. The New Zealand King Salmon’s innovative farming, processing as well as distribution operations are integrated in single systems which allowed easier monitoring and controlling at all stages. The New Zealand King Salmon faces a dilemma in the salmon rearing in spite of it being the largest producer in the New Zealand. One of the dilemmas that face the company is the growth retardation of King salmon walbaum (Martin & Gillard, 2003). This is a major challenge facing the marine fish farming. Despite the sound understanding of the ecological rearing conditions for the king salmon in the seawater, the theory that leads to the growth retardation remains a dilemma. Collaborations have been made with leading New Zealand aquaculture companies to study the physiological state and the causal factors for the retarded growth. The retarded growth of the king salmon poses a major challenge to the company in meeting the great seafood demand in both New Zealand and the foreign markets. The delayed maturity means that the supply is less as compared to the demand leading to disequilibrium in the market. Thus, the company is carrying out a research on the conditions while trying to implement the control mechanisms for the prevailing dilemma (Sankaran, 2004).

Relevant aspects of the business environment

In regards to various dilemmas affecting the New Zealand King Salmon the advancement of technology has formed an inherent part in the business environment of the New Zealand King Salmon company. And as a result, this has forced the company to adopt the most recent and developed techniques in the breeding, rearing, harvesting and processing of the salmon fish. In this, the companies tend to enjoy the benefit of effectiveness and efficiency while helping it to minimize the operational costs. The fish eating culture that exhibit the people of New Zealand as well favors the operations of the New Zealand King Salmon. Through this, the demand for their products is high and the company realizes a high revenue margin (Sankaran, 2004). To allow the company to continue gaining its competitive advantage from other competitors, the company should scan its environment by using the PESTLE analysis tools. The company has a rich consideration for its environments in terms of sustainability and preservation. Further, the company faces some political interference thereby hindering a smooth operation. In the recent past, the Environmental Management Authority had filed a Supreme Court challenge against the company to stop its bids for expansion. However, they were withdrawn successfully (Martin & Gillard, 2003).

The relevant aspects of the business environment of New Zealand King Salmon Company are that, the company markets four retail brands of sea food products. These include, Regal Salmon, Southern Ocean and Sea smoke. Regal salmon is available in a range of wide varieties of cuts and styles such as fresh and frozen fish (Regal Salmon, 2012). The southern ocean brand is natural, affordable and a convenient pack of smoked salmon. These are produced from South Island waters in the New Zealand. While the sea smoke is a traditionally smoked product, locally sourced and cured in a selective hardwood smoke, sea salt and some natural marinades to enhance its flavor. These are the products that keep New Zealand King Salmon Company in business. In carrying out the seafood business, the company is restricted to some environmental and legal factors that are meant to be complied with. For instance, the company is required to comply with environmental considerations for it to be allowed to expand its fishing farms (Sankaran & Research, 2007).

Stakeholder Interests

The New Zealand King Salmon is a top business performer in the Sydney market. The two major and key owners run the New Zealand King Salmon. These include Evergreen Holding Limited and Direct Capital. The Evergreen Holding Limited has a stake of 51% while the Direct Capital with a stake of 42%. The management and the directors with 7% stake hold the remaining stake. The annual turnover of the company is on average NZ$115 million with a total asset value of more than NZ$75 million (New Zealand King Salmon, 2013). This is realized from the company’s annual harvests of 8500 metric turns that account for 70% of all salmon production in New Zealand and 55% of the world production (Martin & Gillard, 2003).

The research also showed that, during the month of March, the fish sales tripled with an expected future-increased sale. In July 2013, the largest owner, evergreen holdings had 12,856,250 shares followed by Direct Capital Partners with a total of 3,192,513 shares. The main stakeholders interests in New Zealand King Salmon is to maximize profit given that the research showed that they own the business and at the same time are majorly concerned about the success as well as, the growth of the company. A good example is the Evergreen Holding Limited who tried their best in contributing to the growth and success of New Zealand King Salmon Company (Martin & Gillard, 2003). Other key stakeholders includes Pohutukawa Lambda Investments Ltd with 2,721, 682 shares (10.77%), and Direct Management Investments Ltd with 1,989,613 shares (7.87%) whose main interests is to see if New Zealand King Salmon improve what it offers as well as, coming up with entirely new solutions to the customer needs based on the demand of the customers (Larsen, 2011).

Business Decisions

Regarding the dilemma that faces the New Zealand King Salmon Ltd, the company is tasked with the responsibility of making decisions ethically to handle the issue professionally. As discussed earlier, the dilemma that faces the company is the dilemma of dilemma of developing four new fish farms in the Marlborough sounds. To handle the issue in the professionally way possible, the company has joined hands with the major aquaculture companies in the New Zealand to carry out an intensive research regarding the dilemma. Conversely, the New Zealand King Salmon Limited is involved with corporate social responsibilities. The rearing and sea farming is said to contribute to environmental issues, however, the company has resolved to maintain a sustainable environment in a bid to expand its operations.

The company also plays a role in the improvement of the welfare of the community living around them. This is facilitated through donation to fund education for the needy children within the population (Scoop, 2013).The company also establishes social facilities such as schools, medical facilities and takes part in the environmental conservation programs. Through this, the New Zealand King Salmon Limited remains a responsible social entity in the administration of social welfare of the society and as it makes it decision in an ethical manner.

Applying the Solomon’s three C’s of business ethics in business has made good sense to the New Zealand King Salmon. In regards to Kantian theory, it is believed that some actions within the company should be prohibited. For example, New Zealand King Salmon Company has involved in ethical rather than unethical issues hence ensures that class of actions in accordance with their duty is distinguished from the class of actions performed from duty. The company’s major aim is to maximize the happiness and reducing suffering of the customers (Sankaran & Research, 2007). The company is involved with the CSR ensuring its customers with a good environmental status to facilitate a serene environment for the communities living in the New Zealand Cook Island. The waters as well are maintained to the freshest waters, to ensure that it is quite conducive for salmon and for the community. The main objective of the New Zealand King Salmon Company is to improve the welfare of the employees by providing working environment for the employees, proper scale wages and promotional strategies. They ensure to work with the employees while improving their skills and productivity (Larsen, 2011).

Conclusion

In conclusion, New Zealand King Salmon is a leading producer of salmon fish in both New Zealand and the world with a production of 8500 metric ton. These comprise 70% of the salmon production in the New Zealand and the portion of 55% of the world’s salmon production. However, the company is faced with a challenge that retards the growth rate of the salmon fish leading to underestimated supply. However, the company has joined hands with major fish industries in the New Zealand to reveal the causes of the retarded growth. The company is owned and run by two major shareholders; Evergreen Holdings and Direct Capital Limited. Their shares composition is 93% with the remaining 7% owned by the management and the board of directors.

The company has been influenced by some macro-environment factors such as political, environmental and socio-cultural factors. The company has adopted proper technological techniques that enable it to run both efficiently and effectively. The company is socially responsible to the main people around its operations. These are employees, society, shareholders and relevant stakeholders. The company has a high sales turnover that leads in the Sydney Market. Lastly, the company is also socially responsible to its stakeholder who provides the funds for the running of the business. The company pays good returns on investments to the shareholders (Sankaran & Research, 2007). These serve as a good return. Generally, the New Zealand King Salmon Limited is a responsible corporate body which appreciates the efforts to environment, employees, customers and its stakeholder.

References

Bell, E. (2006). New Zealand King Salmon: On Sustainable Salmon Farming. StarChefs.com – Index Chef Recipes, Restaurant Jobs, Food Photos, Chefs Congress, Rising Stars, Culinary Schools. Retrieved September 19, 2013, from http://www.starchefs.com/cook/features/new-zealand-king-salmon-salmon-farming

Guerin, K. (2003). Property Rights and Environmental Policy: A New Zealand Perspective. Wellington, New Zealand: NZ Treasury

Kantian ethics: Shaw, W., Barry, B. & Sansbury, G (2009). Moral issues in business, Pacific ed, pp 71-78

Larsen, D. S. (2011). Thermal treatment of New Zealand king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): physio-chemical and sensory properties and the role of astaxanthin in lipid oxidation. London: University of Auckland, Business School].

Martin, R., & Gillard, A. (2003). Salmon & seafood. Auckland, N.Z: Concept Pub..

New Zealand King Salmon Company Ltd., (2013). Website: http://kingsalmon.co.nz

New Zealand King Salmon, (2013), Sea Smoke Brand, Retrieved from: www.seasmoke.co.nz

New Zealand King Salmon, (2013). Southern Ocean Retail Brand, Retrieved from www.southernocean.co.nz

Regal Salmon, (2012). New Zealand King Salmon, Top Brands. Retrieved from https://www.regalsalmon.co.nz

Robbins, P., & Publications, i. (2007). Encyclopedia of environment and society. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Sankaran, J. K. (2004). Value-chain innovation in aquaculture: insights from a New Zealand case study. Auckland, N.Z.: Dept. of Information Systems and Operations Management, University of Auckland.

Sankaran, J. K., & Research, S. (2007). Towards a diagnostic for innovating in the value-chain for aquaculture (Version 1.0. ed.). Auckland, N.Z.: University of Auckland, Business School].

Scoop News, (2013). New Zealand King Salmon Launches New Scholarship Retrieved 30th Aug 2013 from http://www.scoop.co.nz

Solomon’s 3C’s: Solomon, R (2009). Its Good business, pp 39-40

Utilitarian: Velasquez, M (2012) Business ethics concepts & cases 7th ed, pp 76-83

Nick Carraway

Nick Carraway

Nick Carraway, the tale’s storyteller, has an astonishing place in The Great Gatsby. Primarily, he is both a storyteller and an accomplice in the story. A fraction of Fitzgerald’s ability in The Great Gatsby excels through the manner he ingeniously makes Nick a central attraction, while concurrently permitting him to stay pleasingly in the background. Additionally, Nick has the discrete reputation of being the lone character that varies considerably from the tale’s commencement to its end. Nick, even though, he originally appears not being involved in the action, slowly shifts to the front position, turning into being a significant medium for the tale’s messages.

On one hand, Nick is considered to be Fitzgerald’s Everyman. However, in many approaches he is exceedingly more. He emerges from a reasonably unexceptional background. He emerges from the higher Midwest (Minnesota and Wisconsin) and has allegedly been born on orthodox Midwestern principles (hard work, urgency, impartiality). Nonetheless, Nick is a little more multifaceted than that. By the moment in which the story occurs the Carraways have only resided in this nation for not a period exceeding seventy years, in the immense extent of things. Additionally, the relatives’ patriarch did not display the excellent Midwestern significances that Nick considers his personality. In the event that the civil conflict started, Nick’s family member “sent a replacement” to battle for him, whilst he commenced on the family business. This minute detail reveals a few aspects: It positions the Carraways in a meticulous cluster (since only the well-off could afford to replace an alternate person to fight) and proposes that the Carraways who existed in an earlier period were additionally attached to trade than justice. Nick’s relative actually does not engross any doubts about transferring an inferior man off to be murdered in his stead. In this perspective, it is exciting that Carraway would emerge being a sensible and considerate man, being enough of an idealist to prioritize purposes, and yet sensible enough to recognize when to discard his dreams.

His purposes and goals are also other factors that added up to his personality as an Everyman. He goes east following the termination of the First World War, in quest of escaping the repetitiveness he sees to pervade the Midwest as well as to making his kismet. He is a cultured gentleman who fancies more from life than the peaceful Midwest could not bring (even though it is fascinating that prior to residing in the city any span of time he withdraws to his motherland. What helps Carraway to become so odd, though, is the manner that he desires to achieve his visions without being absorbed — or be swayed for instance, but not permitting himself to being despaired by the glitz that shapes their standard of living. When he recognizes what his societal superiors are truly like (shallow, void, hardhearted, and expedient), he is shocked. Moreover, rather than carrying on to provide for them, he avoids these situations. Effectively, inspired by his ethics, Carraway commits societal suicide by vehemently avoiding individuals such as the Buchannans, as well as, Jordan Baker. Besides his Everyman feature, Nick’s ethical sense assists to set him distant from other additional characters. From the initial instance, he interrelates with other people like Daisy and Tom in the introduction chapter. He undoubtedly is not similar to them. He is positioned as a more realistic and sensible as opposed to the other characters. This spirit is yet again portrayed in the subsequent chapter. This is because he does not fairly identify how to react to being introduced into the secret entity of Myrtle.

References

Fitzgerald, F. S., & Nowlin, M. E. (2007). The great Gatsby. Peterborough, Ont: Broadview

Press.

Check out a related post about Nick in the Great Gatsby

DEADY HALL OF OREGON UNIVERSITY

DEADY HALL OF OREGON UNIVERSITY

Deady Hall a building at the University of Oregon in United States of America is an historic building. Its construction started back in the year 1873 up to 1876. The building was constructed by W.H. Abrahams after having been designed by William Piper architecture. The building is the first building at the University of Oregon and it remained the only building at the university for almost a decade after its construction. The building was originally referred to as the old building after the construction of other new buildings until when it was named after Mathew Deady, a judge of the territorial Supreme Court. Deady Hall being the only building at the university for several years, it housed a number of academic units and various university functions. ‘’Deady Hall building was completed in the year 1876 and was designed by William W Piper’’ (NATIONAL PARK SERVICE. 2010-7-9). The architectural style of the building is an Italianate style.

The building covers 1acre area in a place called Eugene in the United States of America. The building acted as classrooms for the university that is on the first floor on the north side of the building, it also hosted various departments and offices like offices of the then professor like Professor Bailey and Professor Condon. On the third floor of the building was the university auditorium. The building was never dedicated for a very long period something that was realized in the year 1926 at a time when planning of semi-centennial was being done. A suitable ceremony was then arranged by the committee that was in charge and memorial tablet put in place. Dr. Luella Clay Carson who was a former professor of rhetoric and later deal of women and thereafter became the president of Mills College, Oakland in California.

Deady Hall has a mansard roof that is for the main roof and the towers of the building. The windows of the building have ornamental flavor much more than the other parts of the building; this is a principal design element. The Deady Hall is designed such that the there is a sense of proximity between various elements. Deady Hall was built of sandstones according to what the designer wanted. The Deady Hall is a three storey rectangular building having end towers. It has a principal entrance at the west part of the building, though there is also another entrance at the east part of the building. It has tall narrow windows referred to as the Florentine tracery. The windows are flattened with pediments making them have modified consoles. Structurally deady hall is constructed of bricks and wooden trim. Thin layers of mastic and simple successive paints which sheathes the bricks exteriorly. The pattern in which the bricks are used is so perceptible.

The building has strip sections of brick which are on the same plane as base strips and frieze of each floor. The windows are set on much less salient plane of the walls. The strips are five and they articulate each other both south and north in the first and second floors of the building, the same happen in the east and west parts of the building. The same strips have been used to articulate elements that have been used to animate various sections around the building towers. All the windows are arranged in pairs of four with windows on the long sides and the towers on the shorter sides being flanked by the single windows. According to Dr. Joseph A Baird, ‘’Deady Hall was the first building on the university of Oregon campus, begun in 1873 and completed in 1876 and it was the focus of all university life until the construction of Villard Hall in the year 1886, it is a dignified building, tall rectangular silhouette with end towers and it is simple mansard Italianate style a happy choice for academic building’’. Both entrances east or west are accessed by flight of steps leading to a paneled bricked door. The doors are also made of strong wooden cornice. The door arches are headed by wooden keystones. Above the principal entrances doors are the windows with wooden tracery. The roof is lined with four chimneys both north and south part of the building. Originally the roof was made of wooden shingles but currently it is has been changed to gray-green asphalt while the trim has been painted cream in color.

The first floor of the building has a little theatre in the center extending downwards to the basement. The second floor currently has been divided into two levels horizontally. There is also a door that allows for entrance to the basement part of the building. The building has a concrete finishing. It is sixty nine feet wide and one hundred and fifty feet in length. The main articulating features of the Deady Hall the windows. The semicircular arched windows are used in all the faces of the building and in the second floor two elaborated window forms are introduced and on the last floor on all the faces seven windows both to east and west south and north they have been put in a salient section. All these structures have manifested a rhythm. The principle elements of design have been brought together in the design and construction of the Deady Hall given the fact that all the elements and principles have been followed to form one particular design. Deady Hall is unique from the other buildings it has a high end licensed sports art archival, it has a museum quality print, a perfect football fan gift, subject matter like the campus landmark and collegiate art. Deady Hall is an art because it is a designer building and in it metal prints which are works of art are made.

I believe that the architecture of the building was trying to communicate that brick could be used to make a storied building and that the work of art is real. The design of the building in itself is art work and the building is currently hosting various works of art like metal prints.

References

Deady, M. P., & In Clark, M. (1975). Pharisee among Philistines: The diary of Judge Matthew P. Deady, 1871-1892. Portland: Oregon Historical Society.

The encyclopedia of Oregon. (1999). St. Clair Shores, MI: Somerset Publishers.

Data projection and ethics

How the United States higher learning education has been affected by Globalization

Globalization is an essential aspect in society, as it affects almost everyone’s life. In the global world, many changes are occurring on a daily basis, especially in the educational sector. The article chosen is by Wildavsky, 2011 titled “Academic Globalization Should Be Welcomed, Not Feared”. In engineering and science, American universities are known for being top notch, due to the research facilities they have. They are praised for their innovation and the scholarships, which they offer. This means that competition has increased all over the world in terms of higher education learning. Competent students are being targeted from different parts of the world to join American universities. Wildavsky believes that there is a reason to become worried, because many well educated Americans are working in other countries. He believes that globalization is bringing about negative aspects and a solution ought to be found. Furthermore, enterprises of academics are becoming global, and this is mostly in the sector of the sciences. It should be known that consumption is an essential aspect which influences globalization among adults. Learning and education are related to globalization and this need to be known. According to research, it has been found out that 57% of American students, who are around three million, study outside the United States. Wildavsky encourages Americans to ensure that they find solutions to deal with problems associated with globalization on higher education. He believes that the United States has the needed resources to ensure Americans are well educated (Wildavsky, 2011).

This article is extremely interesting, and thus the reason why I choose it for the reading. It is reflective as well as informative to any reader. A lot of valuable information is provided concerning statistics related to the number of American students obtaining PHD’s from foreign universities. This is in the field of physics, engineering and computer science. This is going on to extreme levels to the point whereby, American universities are not the same as they were a few decades ago. As a result of reading this article, I am aware that globalization has adverse effects on American adult learning. Adults who want to obtain PHD’s are attending foreign universities’ such as Peking and Tsinghua (Wildavsky, 2011). This is taking place in great numbers as compared to American universities, which have low numbers of such type of students. Those who are taking the course PSE6660 will have valuable information regarding how to become thinkers with free minds. This is the reason why most times, I found myself reflecting on this article. People who have an interest in adult education will be informed about what is taking place in the United States, due to globalization in the education sector.

The choices made by consumers determine if one is able to learn in the United States or abroad. This is the reason why most times I visit many websites as well as watch television. This will provide sufficient information regarding the behaviors of consumers. According to Covey Franklin, who is known for management of time, believes that consumers influence their lives. This is the reason why it is difficult for me not to watch Food TV as it makes my life worth living.

Wildavsky’s article ensures that those in the adult education sector are aware of essential aspects. Through having a possibly sense, Americans will be aware of how higher education has been impacted by higher education (Wildavsky, 2011). This is because the United States education market share is being eroded by European, Middle Eastern, and Asian universities. If a solution is not found immediately, the consequences might be detrimental. It should be known that competition is beneficial as the results are rewarding. It will also provide a great opportunity for improved higher education as well as improved excellence in the academic sector. All members as well as classmates undertaking PSE6660 should read this article (Boudousquie & Maniam & Leavell, 2007). They will benefit greatly and acquire a deeper understanding of higher education, foreign competition, and globalization. Everyone is encouraged to reflect on this article and how it will help improve their lives, both students and students.

According to an article by Terenzini and Pascarella (2011), students face many challenges while they are in college. This is because in the 21st century, education is greatly affected by globalization. Students have to ensure that the find ways of dealing with issues concerning education. They have to find ways to pay for their tuition, as well as other expenses, which they incur. The authors try and find solutions for dealing with such issues caused by globalization.

Heather Higgins believes that those investing their time in higher education learning should engage in research, which will help them. In the year 2006, some scholars from Fulbright became involved in research. They were interested in finding out the extent of globalization in universities located in different locations. Also, in another article by the same author, she sorts to find out participation, which occurs in higher education in Ireland and the United Kingdom. The impact on globalization is high and those in this sector seek to find out how they can ensure that they are not affected as much. This means that most adults want to learn in universities located in their region (Higgins, 2007). Most students do not want to study abroad in countries such as America and Spain. They want to ensure that the education they receive is in their country. Boudousquie & Maniam & Leavell (2007) believes that the economy of the United States has also been affected by globalization. The higher education sector has not been spared either as the consequences are being witnessed. Nothing much can be done to reduce its impact, but students should ensure that they promote their academic institutions. Thus, the issue on globalization should be known.

References

Wildavsky, Ben. (2011). Academic Globalization Should Be Welcomed, Not Feared

Globalization, Education, U.S. Higher Education. BOOKINGS. Retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2010/0115_globalization_wildavsky.aspx

Boudousquie, Renee. & Maniam, Bala. & Leavell, Hadley. (2007). Globalization: It’s Impact on the United States Economy. The Business Review, Cambridge. 94-100.

Pascarella, T. & Terenzini, T. (2011). Studying College Students in the 21st Century: Meeting New Challenges, The Review of Higher Education, 35. 151-158. Retrieved from http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/review_of_higher_education/summary/v021/21.2pascarella.html

Higgins, Heather. (2007). International Research from the Fulbright New Century Scholars 2006. Higher Education Quarterly, 61, 2. Retrieved from http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0951-5224

Higgins, Heather. (2006). Patterns and Processes of Higher Education Participation: UK and Ireland, Higher Education Quarterly, 60,4. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0951-5224” http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0951-5224