PHIL 314: Existentialism Midterm Exam Fall 2024

Choose one of the readings listed below and describe how that reading embodies two of the five themes of existentialism discussed on p.8 of Thomas Flynn’s Existentialism: A Very Short Introduction. For the two themes that you choose to focus on, be sure to describe each theme in your own words, and to provide examples and arguments to show how each of the two themes is embodied in the selected text.

What is meant by improving patient adherence? Can health-related theories in psychology be used to predict who will and who will not adhere to medical advice? Why or why not?

Enhancing patient adherence refers to the methods and strategies that are used to encourage patients to follow prescribed treatment regimens, medical advice, or lifestyle modifications as recommended by healthcare providers. Adherence plays a vital role in promoting healthcare since it can be used to determine the effectiveness of treatment plans and reduce the risk of complications. For example, when patients adhere to their prescribed medication regime, make necessary lifestyle changes, and attend follow-up appointments, they are more likely to experience positive health outcomes. On the contrary, poor adherence can result in treatment failure, increased healthcare costs, and worsening health conditions (Horne & Weinman, 2020).

However, several reasons have been fronted to explain why patients may not adhere to medical advice. They include financial constraints, complex medication regimens, lack of understanding, side effects, or psychological barriers such as denial, fear, or mistrust. To improve adherence, it is important to address these issues through simplified treatment plans, better patient education, providing support, and creating a collaborative approach between healthcare providers and patients (Janis, 2020).

Health-related theories in psychology can be used to predict who is more likely to adhere to medical advice and who may not. These theories assist in understanding the psychological factors that influence behavior change and decision-making related to health. For instance, the Health Belief Model (HBM) argues that individuals are more likely to adhere to medical advice if they believe they are susceptible to a health condition, perceive the condition as serious, believe the recommended action will reduce their risk, and feel they can successfully act (Horne & Weinman, 2020). For example, a patient who perceives their condition as life-threatening and believes that following their medication plan will prevent severe complications is more likely to adhere to the treatment.

Another theory is the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), which suggests that an individual’s intention to engage in a behavior is influenced by their attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms (i.e., beliefs about what others think they should do), and perceived behavioral control. In the context of medical adherence, if a patient has a positive attitude toward the treatment, feels social support from family or healthcare providers, and believes they can manage the treatment regimen, they are more likely to adhere (Janis, 2020).

However, while these theories can predict adherence to some extent, they are not without faults. According to Kuypers (2020), human behavior is complex and influenced by a multitude of factors beyond psychological constructs, including cultural beliefs, socioeconomic status, and environmental factors. For example, even if a patient has a strong belief in the efficacy of treatment (as predicted by the HBM or TPB), they may still struggle to adhere due to financial barriers or side effects. Therefore, while health-related theories can provide useful insights, they are not the only predictors of adherence, and a multifaceted approach is often necessary to improve patient outcomes.

References

Horne, R., & Weinman, J. (2020). Predicting treatment adherence: an overview of theoretical models. Adherence to Treatment in Medical Conditions, 25-50.

Janis, I. L. (2020). Improving adherence to medical recommendations: Prescriptive hypotheses derived from recent research in social psychology. Handbook of Psychology and Health, Volume IV, 113-148.

Kuypers, D. R. (2020). From nonadherence to adherence. Transplantation104(7), 1330-1340.

The Character of Nick in “The Great Gatsby”

Explore the character of nick. How are the readers suppose to feel about him in what ways does he come off as reliable or unreliable?should we feel sympathetic towards him?”

In the novel The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway serves as the narrator and the central character of the story, which helps to give readers an insight into his perspective and also raises questions about his reliability. As the story continues, Nick presents himself as a neutral observer, someone who claims to “reserve all judgments.” However, how he portrays events and the people close to him suggests otherwise.

On one hand, Nick may be found to be a reliable character by the readers because he offers a detailed account of the life of Gatsby and the extravagant world of West Egg. As compared to other characters, his moral compass appears intact. He is not into the hedonism of the people around him, and his eventual disillusionment with the East Coast society reinforces the sense that he sees through the superficiality that others embrace (Yan, 2022). In addition, his moments of self-reflection, where he questions his role in the events and his complicity, also lend him some credibility.

However, his reliability can be put into question, owing to his personal biases. To some extent, he idolizes Gatsby, viewing him as a symbol of hope and ambition, while portraying others like Tom and Daisy Buchanan in a more negative light. This partiality may skew the narrative since he appears to downplay Gatsby’s more questionable actions. Moreover, Ascher (2021) notes that since Nick has shown an interest in the glamour of Gatsby’s world, he may not be as detached as he claims.

Nick may receive some sympathy from the readers because, as compared to the other characters, he is searching for genuine and meaningful human connection. His sense of moral discomfort and alienation sets him apart. However, his remote role in promoting the tragedies around him complicates the empathy of readers, leaving them to question whether he is truly innocent or complicit in the downfall of Gatsby.

References

Ascher, A. (2021). Nick Carraway as Telemachus: Homeric Influences and Narrative Bias in The Great Gatsby. The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review19(1), 203-221.

Yan, W. A. N. G. (2022). Discovering Nick: An Analysis of the Narrative Features in The Great Gatsby. Psychology12(8), 608-611.

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