Category: Uncategorized

One of the services offered by the American Cancer Society

One of the services offered by the American Cancer Society through its Relay for Life initiative is cancer advocacy. Among the targeted people include the cancer patients and those people who wish to get screened for cancer. Advocacy entails guiding the patients through all stages of the disease that include screening, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up on a medical condition to which on this case refers to cancer. People reaching the events are significantly sensitized to make sure that they are aware of their status through screening if they have not done it previously.

Apart from screening, the patients to whom have previously been diagnosed with cancer are treated in consideration of the different stages of cancer development. Follow up activities are also conducted to ensure that the patients’ health is prioritized through regular checking off the health conditions of the patients. Support groups are also instituted during these events to make sure that the people around have at least made an impact on the patients through showing them love and companion. The presence of these support groups makes the cancer patients attain and improve their self-confidence and self-worth. Also, the presence of the support groups and the regular follow-ups makes the patients feel as being part of the population and this minimizes the impact of the condition as they are not stressed.

The organization of these events reduces the stigma as the participants of the events are made aware of the dangers of stigmatization, and therefore they will learn to accept the cancer patients as part of the community. During these events, advocacy is also ensured in the nutrition sector whereby the participants and the patients are also advised of the kind of diets to rely on and to which they should avoid. Proper dieting reduces the risk of cancer, and therefore the role of advocacy is to create awareness regarding the epidemiology of cancer as well as the risk factors involved. By the end of each event, every participant benefits according to their status, whether health or a cancer patient.

One of the services offered by the American Cancer Society

The Role of American Cancer Society in Advocacy

One of the services offered by the American Cancer Society through its Relay for Life initiative is cancer advocacy. Among the targeted people include the cancer patients and those people who wish to get screened for cancer. Advocacy entails guiding the patients through all stages of the disease that include screening, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up on a medical condition to which on this case refers to cancer. People reaching the events are significantly sensitized to make sure that they are aware of their status through screening if they have not done it previously.

Apart from screening, the patients to whom have previously been diagnosed with cancer are treated in consideration of the different stages of cancer development. Follow up activities are also conducted to ensure that the patients’ health is prioritized through regular checking off the health conditions of the patients. Support groups are also instituted during these events to make sure that the people around have at least made an impact on the patients through showing them love and companion. The presence of these support groups makes the cancer patients attain and improve their self-confidence and self-worth. Also, the presence of the support groups and the regular follow-ups makes the patients feel as being part of the population and this minimizes the impact of the condition as they are not stressed.

The organization of these events reduces the stigma as the participants of the events are made aware of the dangers of stigmatization, and therefore they will learn to accept the cancer patients as part of the community. During these events, advocacy is also ensured in the nutrition sector whereby the participants and the patients are also advised of the kind of diets to rely on and to which they should avoid. Proper dieting reduces the risk of cancer, and therefore the role of advocacy is to create awareness regarding the epidemiology of cancer as well as the risk factors involved. By the end of each event, every participant benefits according to their status, whether health or a cancer patient.

This report includes some of the basic principles and conventions that must be adhered to while preparing the financial state

Financial Accounting

Table of Contents_______________________________________________________Page

1. Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………….2

2.1 Accrual Accounting……………………………………………………………………2

2.2 Going Concern…………………………………………………………………………3

3. Key Accounting Concepts and Conventions…………………………………………..4

4. Marks & Spencer’s treatment of PPE, Intangible assets and provisions……………5

5. Impact of Impairment on Marks & Spencer’s Finance Performance………………6

6. References………………………………………………………………………………..7

1. Executive Summary

This report includes some of the basic principles and conventions that must be adhered to while preparing the financial statements. It includes analysis and evaluation of some of the accounting practices and conventions. This report also analyses and evaluates some of the accounting practices in Marks & Spencer Plc.

2.1 Accrual Accounting

Accrual concept includes recognition of revenue when earned while expenses are only acknowledged when they are suffered or incurred. This accounting concept needs creation of an extra account that records the variance obtained from the difference between revenue and expenses recognized as well as reception or payments of cash. Accounts receivable is normally used in recording accrued incomes while deferred revenue account is used to record revenue not earned (Banerjee 2005, p. 4-5).

On the other hand, accrued expense account is used in recording expenses before payment of cash while deferred expense account is used in recording expenses after paying cash. This type of accounting concept is very expensive and that it is possible for the account to owe taxes on their income even before the cash is received. In marks & Spencer income is recognized when the products are sent to the customers and important risks and title incentives are shifted to the client. The deferred tax is accounted for after calculating it based on anticipated way of realization. The company also has trade receivables account and trade payables (Banerjee 2005, p. 4-5).

2.2 Going Concern

Going concern is regarded as one of the most important assumptions in accounting used in preparation of final accounts with an assumption that the business will continue to operate in the next foreseeable future. The company is expected to successfully settle their liabilities after realizing their assets. It is always upon the management of the company to check on the ability of the organization to continue doing business in the coming future. The accounts of Marks & Spencer are prepared in the basis of going concern and the directors are convinced that the company will be able to operate in the next future. The directors are very much concerned that there are no uncertainties that may interfere with the company’s operations in their future (Gibson 2012, p.11-12).

The company managed to make a profit of $458 as at March 2013 and positive cash and cash equivalents. The company’s current assets also exceed the current liabilities thus showing an element of going concern. The company is also in a position of paying out her dividends and financing The company will not likely to fail in its operations in the near future considering her statement of financial position and the consolidated income statement (Marks & Spencer 2013, p. 1-3). There are a number of indications of a going concern business which are not reflected in the financial statement of Marks & Spencer. Some of the dangerous signs indicating challenges of going concern are poor liquidity positions, high financial risk and delay in payments as well as serious litigations affecting the company. Marks & Spencer do not also have any indication of defaulting by one of their chief customers that may eventually affect her operations (Gibson 2012, p.11-12).

3. Key Accounting Concepts and Conventions

There are universal ways of presenting accounting information to the relevant parties. These conventions are very useful in doing away with inconsistency that may be experienced while recording accounting data. Relevance is one of the conventions that insist on disclosing only the information that is relevant as far as achievement of the business objective is concerned. Relevancy deals mostly with items whose nature and amount are significant in a way that they can influence the decision making process of the financial statement’s users. The convention may also be referred to as the materiality concept and is very important as it may greatly affect the accounting record and the nature of business (Weil, Schipper & Francis 2013, p. 24-25).

This accounting concept is very vital as it is based on anticipation of loss but not profit. It provides that income must not be overstated while preparing the books of accounts although any loss anticipated must be accounted for. It is important to include some anticipated losses such as discount on debtors, depreciation and creation for doubtful debt. The other convention is full disclosure concept which posits that all important substantial and pertinent facts regarding financial statements must be entirely revealed. Accounting information must be thorough, logical and appropriate. Financial statement should include detailed presentation of accounting information such as investors, accounts receivables, accounts payables and shareholders (Needles, Powers & Crosson 2011, p. 185-190).

Furthermore, there is objectivity concept that states accounting data ought to be measured and articulated by the principles that are globally suitable. Feasibility concept states that the period, labor and cost of investigating accounting data ought to be compared to the profit coming out of it. In addition, consistency convention is another form of accounting concept which implies that accounting standards should be applied while preparing financial statements yearly. This is very important when it comes to comparability of different accounting periods. Similar accounting processes and practices should always be applied constantly in every financial year to facilitate comparability process (Weil, Schipper & Francis 2013, p. 24-25).

4. Marks & Spencer’s treatment of PPE, Intangible assets and provisions

Property, plant and equipment in Marks & Spencer’s costs are recorded at a cost excluding depreciation as well as exclusion of impairment in accordance with conservatism theory. This concept is very important since it avoids overstatement of profit and also recognizes anticipated loss as required. The company does not revalue her property while doing their accounts although assets available as a result of construction are recorded at cost minus impairment cost. Marks & Spencer has a policy of depreciating her noncurrent assets after subtracting residual values Marks & Spencer 2013, p. 2-6). The organization do not depreciate her freehold land but the freehold and leasehold buildings whose remaining lease term is more than 50 years are depreciated by taking residual value and dividing by anticipated economic life of the property (Greuning 2009, p. 92-100).

However, the leasehold building with period below 50 years are normally depreciated as per the outstanding time of lease. Equipment, furniture and fitting with between 3 and 25 years. Marks & Spencer usually ensure that they review their policy of impairing property, plant and equipment if there are some instances that prove that the carrying amount cannot be recovered. This always prompts the management of the company comes up with an amount that ought to be recovered basing on conventions and estimations. The depreciation of the property, plant and equipment is normally done in this company in writing down the assets to the remaining value divided by the property plant and Equipment anticipated useful live (Oppermann 2008, p. 64-70).

5. Impact of Impairment on Marks & Spencer’s Finance Performance.

In the previous year Marks & Spencer impaired the carrying amount of Marinopolous B.V goodwill and other stores in Greek whose branches make do not make profit to show the value that can be recovered and the net book value. Impairment has several impacts on the financial position of various businesses and therefore should be taken seriously. Any loss for an asset due to impairment should be charged on the asset in question and further disclose the notes of impairment to the financial statements stating the assets and reasons for the action (Robinson 2012, p. 512-516).

Impairment loss and write offs of an asset is likely to reduce both the net income as well as the non-current asset’s value. The reduction of income statement through charging the impairment loss has an effect of reducing the shareholders’ equity and eventually lowering debt to equity as debt to asset goes high. It is also likely that Marks & Spencer’s expected net income may go high because the value of the asset must have been reduced through impairment loss. The total impairment for the year ended 31 March 2013 for the Marks & Spencer company was £m 44.9 (marks & Spencer 2013, p. 17-19). This means that the income was reduced by £m44.9 and the value of assets were also decreased by the same value. Eventually the effect of impairment would mean that income is not overstated but expenses are recognized as anticipated.

References

Banerjee, A 2005, Financial Accounting: A Mangerial Emphasis, [S.L.], Excel.

Gibson, Charles H 2012, Financial Reporting and Analysis + Thomsonone Printed Access Card South-Western Pub.

Greuning, V 2009, International Financial Reporting Standards: A Practical Guide, Washington (D.C.), World Bank.

Marks & Spencer, 2013, Notes to the financial statements, retrieved 27 August 2013, <http://annualreport.marksandspencer.com/docs/MS_AR2013_p82-109_NotestoFS.pdf>.Needles, Powers, & Crosson, V 2011, Principles of Accounting, Mason, Ohio, Cengage Learning.Oppermann, B 2008, Accounting Standards in Brief, Lansdowne [South Africa], Juta.Robinson, R 2012, International financial statement analysis, Hoboken, N.J, John Wiley & Sons.

Weil, L., Schipper, K., & Francis, J 2013, Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods, and uses, Mason, Ohio, South-Western.

Stakeholder Participation in Eco and Smart Cities Construction

Future Cities: Stakeholder Participation in Eco and Smart Cities Construction

Cities are built as a result of various interests and desires of stakeholders coming together. Some of the key stakeholders include planners, landowners, investors, the public, governments, transport engineers, and architects, amongst others (Arlati et al., 2021). There are a variety of stakeholders in each place, including government and industry, startups, people, and, of course, architects. Stakeholders are those who have an interest in something. They all have a role in the development of cities. Even while no one stakeholder is more vital than the others, success is impossible without all of them. Planned development in the cities and urban settings is in collaboration with all stakeholders (Wesley & Ainsworth, 2018). Stakeholder engagement is the most difficult aspect of enhancing urban planning while simultaneously incorporating individual interests. The development of a city involves a large number of individuals. So, in the development endeavors, it is important to remain open, transparent, and participative. Local working groups (comprised of all relevant stakeholders) are recommended as part of the urban design planning based on a method of finding ideas that benefit the community while also fitting with the city’s declared strategic aims (utilities, administrative departments, enterprises, civil society representatives, and scientific institutions) (Laspidou, 2014). The said development partnership in the running of cities not only promises to be inclusive but also to create a product (future city) that serves the interests of every stakeholder. The aim of this paper is to show that cities are built by an amalgamation of stakeholders including landowners, investors, government institutions, planners, architects, the public, and any other interest party. No one party has monopoly over the other in terms of what to create in city planning and design and each stakeholder has a role to play in the moderation of processes that include the physical, economic, ecological, and social city development.

Stakeholders in the Future of Cities

Cities are experiencing fast population growth, resulting in increased demands and financial obligations. In order to retain their competitiveness and achieve sustainable growth, cities must discover methods to increase their efficiency and save money while maintaining a high quality of living for their residents. By 2050, Bjørgen, Fossheim, and Macharis (2021) report that cities will be home to 70% of the world’s population, increasing the pressure on management to become more intelligent, while stakeholders acquire significance and interest as research topics, beginning to threaten the territories’ domination of the global economy. As a result, Martinez and Olander (2015) point to the need to include stakeholders who can provide valuable feedback (as well as an indication of how a subsequent planning application will be received). The term stakeholder refers to anyone who has a vested interest in the development or conclusion of the project (Guo & Kapucu, 2019). Persons participating in the design of a city in any capacity, including designers and investors, as well as subcontractors, as well as persons employed in any position by local governments and the legal system, are all considered possible stakeholders in a typical city design process. Nonetheless, their participation requires careful organization and a clearly defined mandate, as they may lack prior design experience and their actions may be beyond the control of internal and direct stakeholders including investors and land owners.

Government and the Public Sector

In response to the steps taken by the private sector toward sustainable businesses, cities are increasingly shifting their focus toward digital technology innovation. Curwell et al. (2005) mention that future cities will include a more interactive and responsive municipal government, safer public spaces, and addressing the needs of people of all ages. Cities are also becoming more environmentally friendly. In the field of city planning, the government and the public sector play an essential role. Thanks to new legislation and widespread popular backing, governments will be able to guide the development of futuristic city planning. Also included are initiatives to encourage positive stakeholder behavior and awareness, to encourage citizen-driven experimentation from the ground up, and to include an innovative lifestyle into all services provided to people.

Investors and Financial Partners

Investors include those who have financial investments and institutions that lend money to individuals in order to accomplish development projects in urban areas, among other things. They provide assistance to businesses and governments through the sponsorship and investment in initiatives. They safeguard the assets of both small and big depositors by investing in only the most profitable enterprises. The vast majority of investors feel that urban design has a key influence in increasing the value of real estate sales and rentals. In the decision-making process of city residents, environmental quality is regarded as a critical concern, among other criteria like as access, parking, security, service (particularly in the IT sector), and internal environmental management (Bridgman, 2004). When it comes to creating stronger returns and future growth possibilities from their investment, the investors understand that addressing the initial development’s lack of participation in urban planning is critical.

Research and Innovation sector

The research and innovation sector is a major stakeholder in city design and a notable contributor to future cities. University-based research is essential for the development of creative ideas that may result in a more sustainable and healthier urban environment in the long run. Due to the increasing urbanization, globalization, and climate change, scientists have been compelled to develop and test novel processes, as well as intelligent city solutions based on prototypes and models that bridge the technological as well as socioeconomic gap. Making city designers more aware and understanding of the future system, as well as the breadth of technology and solutions available, is crucial to ensuring the success of the transition (Anttiroiko, Valkama, & Bailey, 2014). In addition to assisting cities in their efforts to achieve overall sustainability, Laspidou (2014) notes that academic research and the knowledge it generates will help to increase the city systems’ short- and long-term flexibility. At present, Anthopoulos and Vakali (2012) point to the way consumer behavior is shifting in a positive direction as a result of the introduction of novel legal frameworks, business models, services, and technological solutions. Incorporating current research into real-world solutions allows for a greater grasp of the problem’s complexity while also proving practicability and economic feasibility for the solution. Demonstration projects carried out at clusters and research institutes produce useful knowledge on market applications and commercial arrangements that may be exploited in future city designs.

Constructors, Architects, Planners, and Designers

Regardless of their size, planning committees, real estate developers, competence centers, technology suppliers, and system integrators all play an important role in the transition process toward a future city. Smart meters, data displays, and energy management services for multi-fluid systems assist in disseminating future city projects in test users’ homes, new or existing residential dwellings, public buildings, and communal housing, among other places (Pereira et al., 2018). In order to continue progress and innovation in urban areas, a number of revolutions in design, engineering, and construction have taken place in the recent decade, bringing together different sector players with variant contributions matching up to a singular aim of having better city designs that are inclusive and sustainable. All of these developments may be ascribed to the present industrial and technological revolution, which is shifting the focus away from traditional construction systems and toward industrialized building systems that will eventually lead to future cities.

The Civil Society and Activists

While the involvement of the civil society and activists may not be on a technical capacity in city design, it must be provided careful consideration. Civil societies have the interests of the people and may shift narratives, bring a population for or against certain design projects. For example, civil societies have influenced the inclusion of transgender individuals in the design of urban toilets. Such subtle shows of power point to the importance of civil societies as stakeholders in dictating urban designs and the future of cities (Abusaada & Elshater, 2021). The needs and concerns of the community’s members serve as the starting point for its actions. The themes that are discussed and disputed are determined by the interests of the general population. Individuals are helped and mobilized throughout the process in order to bring their difficulties to the public’s attention and strive for a resolution.

Citizen participation is crucial to urban rejuvenation and should be completely integrated into smart government systems to achieve maximum results. A technique for reestablishing public trust in city design officials is to involve citizens in the decision-making process about the city’s future. Citizens are making the move from being end consumers to being prosumers, providing data and information, and taking on new duties in the smart and sustainable city of the future. Social innovators in future urban design attempt to inspire new modes of civic involvement (Lim, Kim, & Maglio, 2018), with an emphasis on inclusion and social protection (Abusaada & Elshater, 2021), that are capable of meeting social needs effectively and with up-to-date capabilities, and an emphasis on inclusion and social protection (Laspidou, 2014). All of these factors contribute to the development of emerging urban economies to include social entrepreneurs driven by certain community demands, community-based initiatives, and innovative corporate collaboration models.

Climate Change and Eco Cities: Copenhagen

A worldwide phenomenon, climate change has a profound impact on the way people live in urban areas, particularly in the developed nations such as Denmark. Because of this, sea levels are rising and more extreme weather events have been witnessed. Other effects include faster spread of tropical illnesses. All of these impacts have a substantial financial impact on cities, infrastructure, housing projects, jobs, and the general public. City dwellers are a substantial source of greenhouse gas emissions, and as a result, they make a considerable contribution to the global warming problem. The bulk of the CO2 emissions in the world today are attributed to cities, according to (Joss, 2011), with transportation and buildings accounting for the vast majority of these emissions.

Stakeholder involvement is very important in changing the way a city design regards the issues of climate change and the adoption of eco cities. In Copenhagen, the city’s climate plan has a path laid out for the city focusing on attaining carbon neutrality in the next 3 years (HagHigHatafSHar et al., 2014). The city focuses on every little sector that makes up the city’s overall carbon footprint. The City has a plan to attain significant reduction in emissions to have eco cities that are conscious of the climate change issue.

As Copenhagen has shown through its comprehensive city of the future plan, successful outcomes can only be achieved by a comprehensive global, regional, national, and local strategy and effort. The involvement of all stakeholders is very important in this process. There must be total cooperation from all direct and indirect stakeholders including planners, designers, land owners, governments, local authorities, legislation, investors, and any other interested group. City authorities must also play an important role in the fight against climate change by ensuring that all other players are involved. Copenhagen is already taking steps to minimize industrial emissions, including the use of renewable energy sources (Hallegatte et al., 2011), the improvement of production processes (Carter, Clegg, & Wåhlin, 2011), and the imposition of restrictions or the provision of financial incentives to reduce overall carbon footprints. In the next five decades, emissions reductions in Copenhagen will aid in the reduction of pollution from industry and transportation (Smiley, 2017), resulting in improved air quality and the health of city people as a result.

Smart Cities and Technology: Singapore

As the world’s population continues to grow, it becomes increasingly critical to have a framework in place for adopting and supporting sustainable development initiatives. The majority of it is made up of information and communication technology. The ICT design includes a digital city, which is a network of networked devices that connect via wireless technologies and the cloud (Yaqoob et al., 2017). Municipalities, organizations, and individuals may all benefit from analyzing real-time data and installing cloud-based IoT applications (Joo, 2021). Citizens can engage with smart city ecosystems through mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, as well as through connected autos and homes. By integrating digital technology with a city’s physical infrastructure and services, it may be possible to save money while boosting its sustainability.

Historically, city management and authorities saw smart technology solely as a means of increasing operational efficiency. As seen in Singapore, technology is increasingly being integrated into daily life and influencing the design and management of entire cities. Millions of individuals may now use their cellphones to obtain real-time information about transportation, traffic, health services, safety alerts, and local news (Johnston, 2019). Cities are increasingly leveraging data and digital technology to deliver outcomes that are more relevant and meaningful to their residents, effectively advancing them past the experimental stage. Smart cities like Singapore are using data and digital technology to improve the lives of their citizens and the city as a whole (von Richthofen, Tomarchio, & Costa, 2019). More comprehensive, real-time data gives the capability to monitor events live, discover demand trends, and respond with faster, more cost-effective solutions.

By implementing smart city technologies, Singapore is able to enhance its infrastructure, public services, transportation, and other fundamentals. For example, connected traffic signals receive data from sensors and automobiles and adjust the cadence and timing of lights in real time to accommodate the current flow of traffic, hence reducing congestion (Woods, 2020). In the next 50 years, Singapore will have parking meters and electric vehicle charging stations that will enable communication with connected autos, guiding drivers to the next available space and other benefits. Rather than relying on a fixed collection schedule, smart trash cans communicate with waste management companies to arrange pick-ups as needed (Joo, 2021). A smartphone doubles as a mobile driver’s license and identification card, complete with digital credentials, providing an easy way for citizens to access city and local government services.

Conclusion

From the above analysis of the involvement of different players in Singapore and Copenhagen to create smart cities using technology and considering climate change needs through eco cities, the role of every stakeholder in influencing the design and construction of a city cannot be ignored. The discussion establishes that persons participating in the design of a city in any capacity, including designers and investors, as well as subcontractors, as well as persons employed in any position by local governments and the legal system, are all considered possible stakeholders in a typical city design process. Therefore, the report can confidently summarize that cities of the future will be built as a result of various interests and desires of stakeholders coming together. While some of the key stakeholders (including planners, landowners, investors, the public, governments, transport engineers, and architects) have more technical and physical involvement, this done not cancel out the crucial role of other stakeholders (such as civil societies, city legislation, activists, and other lesser involved parties) who also have a say in influencing how cities are built. The examples from Singapore and Copenhagen indicate that without the active and positive involvement of every stakeholder, city construction and design would be in chaos. Local working groups (comprised of all relevant stakeholders) are recommended as part of the urban design planning based on a method of finding ideas that benefit the community while also fitting with the city’s declared strategic aims (utilities, administrative departments, enterprises, civil society representatives, and scientific institutions). Overall, no stakeholder possesses monopoly over the other in terms of what to create in city design and each stakeholder has a role to play in the moderation of processes that include the physical, economic, ecological, and social city development.

References

Abusaada, H., & Elshater, A. (2021). Competitiveness, distinctiveness and singularity in urban design: A systematic review and framework for smart cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 102782.

Anthopoulos, L. G., & Vakali, A. (2012, May). Urban planning and smart cities: Interrelations and reciprocities. In The Future Internet Assembly (pp. 178-189). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Anttiroiko, A. V., Valkama, P., & Bailey, S. J. (2014). Smart cities in the new service economy: building platforms for smart services. AI & society, 29(3), 323-334.

Arlati, A., Rödl, A., Kanjaria-Christian, S., & Knieling, J. (2021). Stakeholder Participation in the Planning and Design of Nature-Based Solutions. Insights from CLEVER Cities Project in Hamburg. Sustainability, 13(5), 2572.

Bjørgen, A., Fossheim, K., & Macharis, C. (2021). How to build stakeholder participation in collaborative urban freight planning. Cities, 112, 103149.

Bridgman, R. (2004). Criteria for best practices in building child-friendly cities: Involving young people in urban planning and design. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 337-346.

Carter, C., Clegg, S., & Wåhlin, N. (2011). When science meets strategic realpolitik: The case of the Copenhagen UN climate change summit. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 22(7), 682-697.

Curwell, S., Deakin, M., Cooper, I., Paskaleva-Shapira, K., Ravetz, J., & Babicki, D. (2005). Citizens’ expectations of information cities: implications for urban planning and design. Building Research & Information, 33(1), 55-66.

Guo, X., & Kapucu, N. (2019). Examining stakeholder participation in social stability risk assessment for mega projects using network analysis. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 1(1), 1-31.

HagHigHatafSHar, S., la Cour Jansen, J., Aspegren, H., Lidström, V., Mattsson, A., & Jönsson, K. (2014). Storm-water management in Malmö and Copenhagen with regard to climate change scenarios. J. Water Manag. Res, 70, 159-168.

Hallegatte, S., Ranger, N., Mestre, O., Dumas, P., Corfee-Morlot, J., Herweijer, C., & Wood, R. M. (2011). Assessing climate change impacts, sea level rise and storm surge risk in port cities: a case study on Copenhagen. Climatic change, 104(1), 113-137.

Johnston, K. (2019). A comparison of two smart cities: Singapore and Atlanta. JCULP, 3, 191.

Joo, Y. M. (2021). Developmentalist smart cities? the cases of Singapore and Seoul. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 1-19.

Joss, S. (2011). Eco-cities: The mainstreaming of urban sustainability–key characteristics and driving factors. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 6(3), 268-285.

Laspidou, C. (2014). ICT and stakeholder participation for improved urban water management in the cities of the future. Water Utility Journal, 8(1), 79-85.

Lim, C., Kim, K. J., & Maglio, P. P. (2018). Smart cities with big data: Reference models, challenges, and considerations. Cities, 82, 86-99.

Martinez, C., & Olander, S. (2015). Stakeholder participation for sustainable property development. Procedia Economics and Finance, 21, 57-63.

Pereira, G. V., Parycek, P., Falco, E., & Kleinhans, R. (2018). Smart governance in the context of smart cities: A literature review. Information Polity, 23(2), 143-162.

Smiley, K. T. (2017). Climate change denial, political beliefs, and cities: Evidence from Copenhagen and Houston. Environmental Sociology, 3(1), 76-86.

von Richthofen, A., Tomarchio, L., & Costa, A. (2019). Identifying communities within the smart-cultural city of Singapore: a network analysis approach. Smart Cities, 2(1), 66-81.

Wesley, J. M., & Ainsworth, E. L. (2018). Creating communities of choice: Stakeholder participation in community planning. Societies, 8(3), 73.

Woods, O. (2020). Subverting the logics of “smartness” in Singapore: Smart eldercare and parallel regimes of sustainability. Sustainable Cities and Society, 53, 101940.

Yaqoob, I., Hashem, I. A. T., Mehmood, Y., Gani, A., Mokhtar, S., & Guizani, S. (2017). Enabling communication technologies for smart cities. IEEE Communications Magazine, 55(1), 112-120.

Trends In Leadership

Executive summary

Leadership plays a key role in organization success as it enhances the cohesiveness and coherency of people within the organization. The basic types of leadership are Autocratic leadership, Laissez-Faire leadership, Participative leadership, Transactional leadership, and transformational leadership. Currently, the most commonly practices leadership style that has proven to bring positive result is the transformational leadership. The future leadership is believed to enhance collectivity and will depend on the web and internet to enhance interaction.

Trends in leadership

Leadership is defined as the process in which an individual also referred to as a leader influences the followers or supporters to undertake a specified task and complete it accordingly. Leadership plays a key role in organization success as it enhances the cohesiveness and coherency of people within the organization. Although leadership and management have several differences, the contemporary organization structures require management to show leadership skills. As such, there is intertwining function of management and leadership. The organizational leadership and other social leadership has been undergoing great changes resulting in contemporary state of art leadership skills.

Types of leadership styles

Basically, there are five types of leadership styles. The leadership styles have several advantages and disadvantages although there are those which are more preferable in contemporary organizations. The leadership styles are transformational leadership, autocratic or dictatorial leadership, Laissez-faire leadership, transactional leadership and participative leadership (Storey,2004,p.11).

Autocratic leadership

Autocratic leadership style is one in which the powers of decision making are concentrated or centralized in the leader. In this leadership style, the leader does not entertain any input or suggestion from the subordinates. This leadership style is imperative to motivate the management or top leadership of an organization. Further , it enables quick decision making processes as it does not involve many individual in discussion .However, this form of leadership is not the best in the contemporary business setting because it does not involve the input of the employees and might not motivate them, which is detrimental for organization success in the competitive environment(Rothwell, Prescott &Taylor,2008,p.92).

Laissez-Faire leadership

Laissez-Faire leadership style is one in which the subordinate have a free hand in developing and deciding their own methods and policies. In this leadership style, there is practice of democracy where each one is given a chance to choose what he or she wants thus giving thus motivating the subordinates to be innovative and creative. However, not all employees have the ability of supervising themselves and so this type of leadership may result in lack of control and poor or low production (Giuliani & Kurson,2002,p.84).

Participative leadership

Participative leadership, which is also referred to as the democratic leadership is one in which the top management or top organization leadership takes into consideration the input of the subordinates but the final decisions on organization matters remains with the leader. In this case, the leadership enhances the morale of the subordinates or employee’s morale by allowing them to make important and positive contributions to the processes of decision making. When an organization intends to make major restructuring or changes within the organization, the participative leader enables employees to provide their opinion and leads them to accept changes. As such, there is minimal resentment and employees seek motivation. This type of leadership is essential for the development of current organizations (Stippler,2011,p.49).

Transactional leadership

Transactional leadership is where a leader utilizes the punishments and rewards to gain respect, compliance and following of the subordinates. This form of leadership tends to be action oriented, follows strictly the culture of the organization, and is directive. This is not the type of the contemporary leadership style in an organization because the driving forces of employees to productivity are either to avoid punishment or receive rewards. Employees cannot make their own initiative out of the reward and punishment spheres (Rothwell, Prescott &Taylor,2008,p.12).

Transformational leadership and the current leadership trends

Although participative, Laissez-Faire and in some cases transactional leadership are utilized in the modern organizations, transformational leadership has been proven to be the ideal and practical leadership style that enhances motivation of the employees, guides them to make apt decision in productivity and promotes the general performance of the organization.

Transformational leadership, which is imperative and most favored in the contemporary environment, is a form of leadership where the management or leadership of the organization enhances the performance, motivation, aspirations and Morales of the subordinates by employing several mechanisms that include a leader being a self model, challenge the subordinates to be responsible for their work and lives within the organization, understanding the weaknesses of the subordinates and using the weakness to be their strength, can identify with the employees and make them part of the leadership and assist them to be interested in fulfilling the goals of the organization(Stippler,2011,p.39).

There are four elements that make transformational leadership an essential aspect of current leadership trend. The elements are intellectual simulation, individual consideration, idealized influence, and inspirational motivation.

Intellectual Simulation

In this case, the leaders do not only challenge the status quo, which was important and valued in past organizations, but they encourage creativity among the employees or subordinates and enables them to explore new opportunities and ways of doing things. Microsoft inc is an example of organizations that encourages workers to be creative and encourages them to come up with innovative ideas that have catapulted the business into a top global organization (Storey,2004,p.84).

Idealized influence

In this case, the leadership attends to the needs of each follower by acting as the role model, mentor and listener to the concerns of each follower. As such, the subordinates and employees build trust in their leadership, a factor that enables them to accept the new ideas and enable improved productivity (Storey,2004,p.84).

Individualized consideration

This is a case where a leader in the organization context or any other leadership position offers encouragement and support to individuals to the subordinates. The aim of this element is to enhance communication, foster supportive relationship and recognizes the creativity and distinct contribution exhibited by each individual within the organization (Storey,2004,p.84).

Inspirational motivation

This is a case in which the organization leadership articulates motivational visions that enables employees to experience a similar motivation and passion to fulfill the goals of leadership. The goal of achieving and fulfilling a specified vision is accompanies by ardent communication skills that is vital in building the employee’s trust, enhances performance and creates optimal satisfaction. The contemporary leadership style has been vital for the good leadership and employees’ motivation experiences at the moment. Since leadership style is an evolving factor, there is a high likelihood of emerging innovative leadership styles in the future (Storey,2004,p.84).

Future trends of leadership

The current modern leadership trend is transformational leadership. It is based on the fact that the development of leadership is learned, it is result oriented, motivates and creates satisfaction among employees and enhances respect in the relationship between leadership and the subordinates. With the current information age and advance in technology, there is high possibility that future trends of leadership will change tremendously. One of the main future trends is the use of virtual leadership to enhance communication, motivation, create brands and enhance team interaction. Another future trend is the development of collective leadership tactic other than the conventional individual based leadership tactic. As such, the web and technology will play an influential role in driving leadership style changes that embrace collectivity in leadership. Although currently, the leadership embraces horizontal development, there is high possibility that the future leadership will take both vertical and horizontal development. In this case, each individual within the organization will own leadership development and everyone will be included in the leadership strategies. The most essential leadership quality that are likely to be adopted in future are self awareness, new networking thinking, boundary spanning, adaptability, and collaboration (Storey,2004,p.94).

Conclusion

Leadership is an important aspect of any organization or political and social spheres. A leader motivates the subordinates to achieve a certain set direction. Leadership has been evolving and new and innovative strategies have been developed to enhance performance of the organization and promote the satisfaction of the employees. The current leadership style that is highly practices is the transformational leadership. However, in future, there are likely to be major changes in leadership styles which are controlled by the internet and web. The future skills that are likely to be adopted in leadership are self awareness, new networking thinking, boundary spanning, adaptability, and collaboration.

References

Storey, J. (2004). Leadership in organizations: Current issues and key trends. London: Routledge.

Stippler, M. (2011). Leadership: Approaches, developments, trends. Gütersloh, Germany: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung.

Rothwell, W. J., Prescott, R. K., & Taylor, M. W. (2008). Human resource transformation: Demonstrating strategic leadership in the face of future trends. Mountain View, Calif: Davies-Black Pub.

Giuliani, R. W., & Kurson, K. (2002). Leadership. New York: Hyperion.

new_enhancement

Facility design enhancement plan

Amongst the myriad of sports venues across the world, these project chooses and explores on four sport venues, as well as studies on the venue that has the most potentiality for enhancement. The ambiance in the four stadiums are unique and have immerse historical significance comprising standards that cannot be concealed. With the new wave of architects, there has been dynamic sport environments such as Maracanã Stadium, Michigan Stadium, Murumbi stadium and Ohio stadium across the world. These four stadiums chosen in this projects are among the world notable stadiums that can hold large crowds of a spectators for football. To begin with, Maracana stadium is a football stadium in Brazil with an arena and was opened in 1950 for FIFA world cup.

The construction of Maracana Stadium was immense and received worldwide recognition for the massive capacity it could hold. It can hold a capacity of 78,838 and this is immense and since the world cup is a vast international event it is an incredible site to be hold. Recently some of the Olympic games were staged in the stadium making it a monument that will forever be remembered. The renovations made to prepare for the Rio 206 Olympic was intense as it had to be standardized. The most impressive renovation was the platform or the stadium roof which was replaced with a fiber tensioned membrane. The stadium is a significant tribute in Brazil, but in the past it had security issue concerns and with the constant renovations it was appropriate to understand why it was not an effective study to follow.

Michigan stadium is the largest sports venue in Nation of United States. It officially has a capacity of 107601 but has a history of overcrowding during the major events. The stadium is immense with the design and is a stadium that holds various events such as the NHL winter classic in 2014. Its diverse accommodation makes it a facility that incorporates any event due to its advanced enabled facility that has undergone various renovations which was previously opposed by the fans, and alumni due to its cultural significance. Due to its inability to cater for the disabled the stadium received a lawsuit and this made the stadium vulnerable. The expansion plan was made but had to cater for the disabled. Michigan is a remarkable structure with a good history but because it is not open to general public for exercising, drop in photo ops and walk in tours, it has an inability to get community support.

The capacity of Murumbi stadium 67,052 and this was minimal attendance as compared to 138,032 which was recorded in 1977.The stadium is located in Sao Paulo,Brazil, and is recognized for its concerts which are mainly held in the stadium for its large capacity threshold. Its design was developed according to regulations of track and field and does not adhere to stadium requirements. Its facility was recently renovated and were a sight to behold because of the 2016 Olympics but much needs to be done about the stadium.

The facility selected for the project is a stadium that is located in Ohio State University. It is known as the Ohio State stadium or better known as the horseshoe stadium built by Harley as it is commonly referred. Its striking resemblance to a horse shoe defined its architecture thus the name and its appearance is a sight to behold as a structure that will be recognized for ages to come. The structure itself is a sight to behold with a stadium acreage of 14.5 acres and can be expanded due to its massive landscape. Its intimidating and intimate structure has been a home venue to the Ohio state buckeyes football team and Ohio state university marching band (Ammon ,2004). The venue is unique as it has become a monument to college football and with various events taking place over the years it’s an ideal structure to study. It’s the fourth largest campus facility in the nation and is a National register of historical places as added by the National Park Service. (Meisel ,2015). It has been ranked among the best top 25 college stadiums with a renovation costing about 194million US dollars.

The structure in itself resembles what seems as a long history of greats who have graced the terrain and the field, and have facilitated in its various renovation plans through donations. Stadiums are typically known for all types of games, sporting events, cultural events and what might fill a capacity greater than 40,000 people (Lussier, Kimball). The Ohio stadium is one such monument that can hold a capacity of 104,944. The facility is important in most towns as it holds a large number of individuals who are willing to stand by a team and support it whole heartedly.

In sports management there are factors that affect both the internal and external environment. In the case of internal factors, we consider Human, Resource, Organizational structure, management and financial strength.

Human Resource

The Construction or renovation of Ohio stadium requires an efficient workforce to help it become a modern facility. This factor is essential as knowledge, experience and the capability of organization workforce determine the factor of success.

Organizational structure

The constitution of stadium renovations has to be implemented and passed through hierarchies. In our Case the positive attitude of staff will only make the management task easier and through this the clientele will appreciate the success. This indicates that in order for the facility to operate at its full capacity the board of directors in charge has to be swift and individual who are able to make good decisions.

Funding

The facility enhancement will be funded mainly through the sale of hospitality suites and club seats which will cover almost 20 percent of the costs. The 20% will also be covered by naming rights, gifts, and money from additional tickets availability plus concessions and merchandise revenues and bonds. The other 60% will be funded by the Department of Athletics which is self-supporting which can be proven by last year’s transfer of more than $35to the university. The funds can also be increased to cover other costs which will depend on the amount of donations received from well-wishers and supporters of the club and the university (Singla, 2009). Recently the Ohio stadium alcohol rules were changed for after a research was done on the impact of alcohol sale at football games. The sale has been implemented in 2016 to raise $50,000 fund that will enhance further research done by Ohio State University Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Drug Misuse and prevention recovery. The revenue raised from the sale of alcohol this football season shall fund two new full-time positions in the Ohio State police department, at a cost of $300,000. Any remaining revenue shall go to the athletic department’s general budget.

Enhancement plan

The facility will limit the use of some facilities especially in the 2016 season where some seats will not be available in the seasonal tickets (Thornton 2013). This will not affect the individuals willing to buy per game tickets as some of the seats will be affected thus will not be for sale. The construction process will begin on one side and will not affect the facility in general as ongoing games shall be viewed as the calendar suggest thus will not limit the lay. The only difference will be the capacity that the stadium holds will not be as great as previous years due to the unavailability of some resources or facilities (Lussier, Kimball).

Some exits such as SR-315 north and South and 1-71 north and south might be inaccessible while the construction is taking place but alternative exits will be given on the ticket passes. Certain sections of the parking lot can be redesigned and used as shelter with the assistance of the state of Ohio. This will be organized through the emergency program and code set about by the stadium management in case the need arises. Certain suites will be converted into shelters while the area adjacent will also be given extra equipment’s to assist where necessary.

Timeline

The design and building process will be completed in the fall which will mainly deal with the expansion of certain areas of the stadium (Thornton 2013). The implementation of the lighting, sound and Television system will be an ongoing process until the end of spring when the process will be completed. On the expansion of the seats and integration of the university suits will begin in 2018 season so as not to interfere with season. This will be completed in October 2018 so as to adhere with codes of conduct for architectural designs. The turf will be integrated as an ongoing process together with the design and building process.

External Factors include: Competition or market, technology, Climate change, Media and legal.

Market

The strength of a competition has in the past been changing drastically. In the case of Ohio Stadium, the above mentioned facilities are some of its competitors. The Michigan stadium has the largest capacity of any in the United States. It is regarded as a structure that has defined time and through its constant upgrades it is still the largest. Thus for Ohio to be regarded as a modern state facility it has to change marketing strategies, product lines and prices.

The enhancements according to (Ammon ,2004) underlined are as result from the structural significance it has observed over the years. The enhancements are as a result of improvements that will make it more acknowledge but still maintaining the traditional spirit of Ohio stadium that dates back in 1920s. According to statistics its visually the first stadium that was built on concrete as a double deck stadium.

Maintaining the solid structure is crucial and thus renovations have to be implemented to facilitate its growth over the next couple of centuries. That it is important to restore and re-coat the 94-year-old concrete on the C-deck which was an additional platform thus requires frequent restoration. The transitions spaces should be regularly being improved to accommodate entertainment plazas, sidewalks and parking lots such is the case with Ohio stadium. Ohio stadium should increase its concourses to become wider by 20% to allow for a larger area that can support an effective security check up.

Permanent lighting is essential in all the concourses to increase visibility to people who might not have a clear view of the stadium. The B-deck should upgrade its lighting system to facilitate help individuals who have seats get a clear view of the whole arena. This enhancement will be critical especially in the northeast and south east corners of the stadium (Thornton 2013). The visibility should be enough to allow such areas to see the matches or events being held in the stadium without straining and will assist in increasing the vantage point. In the past the press boxes have been reduced to increase the seating capacity of the stadium to a maximum.

It has been noted that most university suites are never full to capacity especially on matches that are regarded as low. This suite can be consolidated into one University suit and the remaining space can be used to increase about 18 luxury suites as well as few loge boxes. The remaining space can be used as a way of increasing the seating capacity of the deck to allow more people to have better seats and a better view

Technology

Technological change has been rapid and is a constant pressure enhancer in most modern day facilities. The delivery of service depends mainly on how advanced the facility has been over the last couple of years. The risk of loss of market share is affected by this external factor thus the need for change (Singla, 2009).

The board should incorporate a system that has a smaller screen underneath the larger screen to display score updates or advertisements. The feature was previously installed but as per games the advertisements should be minimal to create an environment of the game itself. It should not only be limited to the score board but television screen should be placed on the northeastern and south eastern side to create a room for participants who cannot view the field match clearly. An efficient turf surface should be put from wall to wall which should which should include panels that allow air structure, beam foundations and electrical connection boxes and air ducts to remain hidden from view of illusion of a natural turf surface.

The rise of the internet has been a shock wave and has undergone rapid and significant change. The social media has been a buzz if activity and organizational facilities are using these mediums to sell their services. The Ohio stadium Football team has been receiving recognition because of its famed social media platforms. The newspapers, Commercials and radio transition have significantly boosted its market share. This however does not have a significant impact compared to the likes of Michigan stadium.

This is good design but with revenue generation taking its toll, it would be advisable that they increase the press boxes to cater for demand of reporters. Marketing and advertising is necessary, increasing the number of press boxes increase the chances of wide area coverage and source full income (Meisel ,2015). The surround system should also be upgraded to enhance an intensify crowd enthusiasm during matches. The scoreboard should be upgraded to bring about a better dimension on the replays, graphics and animations projected as the match goes on.

Legal

Legislations are changing constantly and with stadium management regulations it is imperative to be always on the alert. Legal implications might be from lawsuits from clienteles who were not pleased from the service, fines implicated due to rowdiness of the crowd or certain laws that prohibit actions for constructions or buildings. To prevent such law suits the company has provided certain codes that should be adhered to strictly and incase of any offence the management is not liable (Singla, 2009).

The Stadium is easily accessible as the parking passes have directions guiding a guest to his/her required seat. There are traffic control officers who guide guests while entering the Ohio state area and this is efficient in preventing traffic in the streets (Meisel, 2015). The parking space is available on first come first serve basis which is appropriate in managing the north and south side of the system as no parking space will be left empty (Ammon ,2004). RV lets are booked on line and are enforced under some strict regulations that help monitor an individual who might try to occupy additional parking lots.

The stadium maintains a strict code of conduct in alcohol consumption with specific areas that sell alcohol and are not to be brought in the stadium itself. The follow guidelines of Ohio State and the Ohio State alcohol policy which limits the amount of alcohol intake and can be cut off if deemed a nuisance to other revelers. This is a general space reserved for the alcohol consuming fans and is not in any way destructing or adjacent to the seats of the stadium.

The luxury suites should be standard suites that should have a dedicated concourse and in order to improve cleanliness and odor control the restrooms should be removed and centralized to improve cleanliness.

What justification can you make to support these enhancements? Does the community need them and how do they benefit?

The enhancements will upgrade the facility into modern venue with the incorporation of technological advancements making it a monument to remember. This enhancement will protect from overcrowding as seats will be available all season long even when the prestigious games are playing. The enhancements will upgrade the facility and it will be recognized as one of the best stadiums in the nation. The Ohio stadium is a Historical place and with constant renovations it shall remain so, such enhancements help it to redefine its monumental structure. The enhancements will upgrade the stadium into a modern facility with the ability to incorporate major technological advancement. Increasing the capacity will limit overcrowding as this is the most crucial way to reduce unnecessary injuries and better coverage of the matches. The community will generally gain from such facility by advertising the Ohio state culture it’s surrounding and will act as a strategic marketing platform to generate more income for the state.

More programs will be funded and through such an expansion the Ohio state university will advance its curriculum and will increase the number of students being incorporated. (Lussier,, Kimball) Fans have also been requesting according to Ohio journals that upgrading seating options would be essential to provide a better platform for families, visitors and all individuals to have a clear vantage point as they enjoy the matches.

.References

Ammon, R., Et.al. (2004). Sport Facility Management: Organizing Events and Mitigating

Risks (2nd ed.). Michigan: The University of Michigan

Aswathappa, K. (2005). Human Resource and Personnel Management. USA: Tata McGraw-Hill

Education.P.675-700

Lussier, R., & Kimball, D. (n.d.). Applied Sport Management Skills 2nd Edition With Web

Study Guide (1st ed.). Human Kinetics.

Meisel, Z. (2015). The Ohio State Buckeyes Fans’ Bucket List (Vol. 1). Ohio: Triumph Books

Nelson, M. (2013). American Sports: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas [4 Volumes]: A

History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas. ABC-CLIO.

Thornton, P. (2013). Sports Ethics for Sports Management Professionals (1st ed.). Jones &

Bartlett.98-275

SINGLA, R. K. (2009). Business Management (1st ed.). India: India Enterprises.p.3-12

Domestic Dispute Report for Policy Making

Domestic violence is an increasing phenomenon in today’s society considering the aggregative nature of life. According to a study it showed that many people accredit their violent outbursts to either work or social stress. The state of Connecticut has a variety of laws to guide and protect the victim and ensure that the perpetrator is justly dealt with. Family and domestic violence laws are the constitutional laws that ensure that despite gender, age and even race are protected from this vice.

In all walks of life it has been declared that it is illegal for anyone to physically assault another person. Even with close kinship ties assault is punishable by law. With this in mind family violence and domestic dispute is described as an incidence that results in bodily harm or injury. In addition it can also be defined as an act or threat that makes one fear for his safety (McKie, 2005).

In the constitution a family is described to constitute any or all of the following persons.

Spouse or former spouse. In this case Sarah and her boyfriend are considered spouses considering their relations.

Parents or their children

Persons related by blood

Persons who live together regardless of the fact that they are not bound by blood or marriage. For example roommates.

Persons who are currently in or were previously in a dating relationship. This is also another qualification for the case of Sarah and her boyfriend.

If any form of violence occurs between any of the above named persons there are both civil and criminal laws that offer reprieve to the offended. Criminal laws ensure that the offender is prosecuted according to state laws. On the other hand civil laws ensure that the offended gets relief and compensation for any damages suffered due to the acts of the offender.

For criminal law there are several forms of abuse in that of criminal convictions for assault, stalking or threatening. Sentences can g to as large as 99 years. Other laws include those that allow persons to take up restraining orders. Also there are the laws that protect victims of such disputes. In the state there is also a provision of forming groups and societies that help such persons(Mccue, 2008).

Personal Crimes and Property Crimes and How they apply to Domestic Disputes

Personal crimes are those that are perpetrated against an individual this is the case for such instances as rape homicide and kidnapping. There are also various level and categories of these crimes. Taking as an example homicide can be categorized into first and second degree murder, involuntary manslaughter and even vehicle homicide. In all these cases only the victim gets affected. On the other hand property crimes are those that affect the wealth of a person or the state and mostly involve damage of material wealth. Forgery, embezzlement, theft, arson and false pretenses are some of the crimes that fall in the category of property crimes. There is a difference between robbery and theft. Robbery involves stealing using force and a weapon while theft just involves taking someone else’s item without consent with the intention of claiming possession (Krug, 2002).

This brings in the fact that regardless of the major divisions some crimes can fall both into the personal and property crimes subdivision. For instance in the case of robbery both property and an individual can be affected. This thus shows that there is a very thin line between the two parts.

Domestic violence can be an instance of where property and an individual are harmed. Assault is where a person physically injures another person when it happens between persons falling in the category mentioned above it becomes a domestic dispute. On the other hand in the heat of the arguments that precede a domestic dispute situation property may be destroyed. This includes the property within the residence that may be damage (J, 1992).

Rights of Persons involved in Domestic Disputes

Domestic violence is a traumatic time in the life of any individual. It causes not only physical but also psychological torment. The first right that an individual has right over is that of seeking medical attention if and when needed. Most people have nasty and even life threatening injuries. Most harm increases in intensity as the cases of domestic violence goes unreported. For instance in the case of Sarah at first it was only a bloody mouth then it escalated to a broken arm. She feared to go to hospital as it would lead to a lot of complications. Such victims also require counseling to enable them to accept their predicaments and to move on.

All human beings are entitled to a safe and life conserving environment. Victims of domestic violence usually do not feel safe and they are entitled to police protection. Most take restraining orders and thus the police system ensures that they feel protected CITATION Mar08 l 1033 (Mccue, 2008).

Another right entitled is that of justice. This ensures that disputes within the house are not taken lightly by the police force. All people in such unfortunate situations deserve prompt and fair aid.

It is not just for the sake of philanthropy but also the principle of humanity that all persons should report cases of violence. Many persons in such situations are fearful of what might happen to them if they report such cases thus it is the duty of the society to help them. As a bystander or third party do not meddle in others affairs but just report and give as much advice to the victim as is possible.

Criminal behavior of domestic violence

Crimes such as assault, murder and destruction of property come very close to domestic violence. Assault occurs when there is intense or even minor injury caused to another person due to the acts of another individual. Sarah had a broken arm showing that she had been injured by her boyfriend. In other cases there might be use of a weapon such as throwing a knife at someone. This might cause serious injury or death. When it comes to the case of death then murder is the next charge in the large plate of criminal offences that come as a result of domestic dispute. Destruction of the residence of an individual is a form of property crime. In the heat of the moment also of things can be broken without one actually realizing what is happening. Lack of knowledge is no defense to any crimes committed.

In policy making the laws should allow for prompt action to be taken in the case of such disputes. This is because as time passes the intensity of the crimes committed enlarge and more damage is created. Policies created to this effect should be more preventive than curative for this reason CITATION EGK02 l 1033 (Krug, 2002).

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 J, Z. (1992, june 23). Criminal Law of Domestic Violence. Journal of Criminal Law, pp. 12-15.

Krug, E. (2002). The World Report on Violence. The Lancet, 45.

Mccue, M. L. (2008). Domestic Violence: A Refernce Handbook. Chicago: ABC-Clio.

McKie, L. (2005). Families, Violence and Social Change. NewYork: Open University Press.

official work on frederick herzberg, Tacit Assumptions

Dr. Frederick Herzberg was born in Lynn Massachusetts on 18th April 1923.His parents were Jewish immigrants by the name Lewis Herzberg and Gertrude all from Lithuania. Since his parents were Jewish immigrants, this meant that their family was just a middle level income earning family. He spent most of his childhood in New York City. His parents worked as public servants in New York City and were very religious. At 16 he excelled well in his examination and got a chance to join the prestigious city college of New York for his undergraduate program. He later graduated from the University of Pittsburg. His parents seemed not to be moved by political matters but education was what they highly valued.He however did not finish his studies in CCNY as he joined the army. Where at just 22 he was already a patrol sergeant in World War II. He was among the first rescuers to offer assistance in the Dachau concentration camp. He was allocated the duty of providing health care for the spared Holocaust spared inmates (Chyung, 2010). Due to his high level of expertise he was awarded the Combat infantryman’s Badge and a Bronze star.

In 1944 Herzberg married Shirley Bedell from Holden Massachusetts. In 1948 they had a son and named him Mark. In 1961, Shirley at 40 years old graduated from medical school at the Western Reserve University. Being the first female student who was not traditional to graduate from the University she definitely opened the opportunity for other nontraditional students to take advantage of. She later became an eminent pediatrician in Salt Lake City. Sadly though she passed on in 1997 (Feder, 2008).Mark on the other hand is currently a Psychiatric nurse based in New Jersey .Frederick did not ignore his studies, in 1946 he later graduated from the city college of New York. He later went to the University of Pittsburgh for his masters where he studied science and public health. His determination and ambition also motivated him into completing a Ph.D. on electric shock therapy.

In 1950 he started his research on organizations by working in the University of Utah where the president of the University the late James. C. Fletcher had given him the opportunity to be a lecturer in the institution. He became the professor of management in the college of Business .The department was headed by Dr. George odiorne who was also an eminent author and lecturer of management. The university considered the reputation of Dr.Herzberg to be that of a very eminent figure they considered themselves lucky to have recruited such a renowned person. Even before he moved to Utah he was already a famous professor of management in the Case Western Reserve University (Herzberg, 2009). He had developed the Department of industrial mental health during his period as a lecturer in the institution.

He was code named the inventor of the motivation hygiene theory or the father of job enrichment. He became a legend and an icon among other philosophers and political figures such as Douglas McGregor, Peter Dracker, and Abraham Maslow. In management, scholarly and academic circles the mention of Herzberg was enough to create air waves. Since his name could indicate his knowledge and awareness on contributions and concepts. The international press in 1995 announced that his own book named work and nature of man was among the top ten important books that heavily influenced the management theory in the 20th century (Underwood, 2011).

The University of Utah honored him with the prestigious service award in 1994. In his name a visiting lecture series were established. His late wife also made vital contributions on issues of funding the series. Another achievement was when he was made the professor of management in the Cummins engine in 1995. After retiring he remarkably gave all his documentations and annals to the Marriott library which was still in the University of Utah. The students viewed him as a mentor and enjoyed his unorthodox technique of teaching (Feder, 2008). Fred used autobiography to translate individual experiences into the motivation that offered the perception of human nature.

Astonishingly Frederick was familiar with very many languages such as Italian, French, German and the Yiddish vernacular. His awesome knowledge on languages enabled him to travel worldwide with his family to learn about the Holocaust refugees. He was also well informed about the history of both Christianity and the Jewish religions. This was because at one time he had a family that was Irish Catholic that was staying in New York. He will always be remembered because of the impact he made in the workplace and on humanity. His writings were also published internationally, extensively and nationally (Herzberg, 2007).

His book the motivation to work was what made him very famous out of his many books. Based on survey, research and personal experiences he developed theories in the workplace that would motivate workers. Herzberg did an extensive survey on about two hundred Pittsburgh accountants and engineers which is up to date a sought out reference on matters of motivational study. The data he collected was presumed to be very sophisticated. He was assisted by his research colleagues such as Barbara Bloch and Bernard Mausner. The research used a revolutionary approach based on few assumptions and open questioning to acquire and analyze data known as the critical incidents .The whole theory was known as the motivator hygiene theory (Chyung, 2010).

He used the methodology for the first time when studying in the University of Pittsburgh with another famous scholar known as John Flanagan. Flanagan fascinatingly enough used the method in the World War II to select army corps. Frederick’s unique method of open interviewing gave more expressive results than the normal method of extent based questions. Incidentally these multiple choice type of questionnaire is still very common even today. The style of survey is very popular among people who have a publicity aim or a specific agenda. Frederick had been in the army so he knew that the critical incident survey method was very effective (Underwood, 2011). In simple terms the experience or background history that Herzberg had as a soldier helped him in his theory formulation and the survey method.

Herzberg was able to study the theories of sophisticated work and power. This was as a result of his intensive preparation by keenly scrutinizing and comparing results obtained in all the studies carried out. In total the research studies were about 155 concerning job attitudes done from 1920 to 1954. He was able to finish the project as a result of deep analysis, high level of preparation and use of the critical incident. He later expanded his motivation hygiene theory in his later books. Such as the managerial choice published in 1982 and the Herzberg on motivation published in 1983 .His background experience and history as an employee in the industry week magazine and the universities helped him formulate a theory that was modern on employee and employer relationship .That dealt with mutual alignment and understanding within the psychological contract (Feder, 2008).

The motivator hygiene theory simply generated the idea that hygiene issues might not motivate but if they are not present they may lower the motivation of workers. The factors involve job security, comfortable chairs, clean toilets and appropriate and fair salaries. On the other hand motivational factors may not actually lower motivation but can definitely increase motivation. The factors may involve promotion or job recognition. This was similar to his job enrichment idea that was a method of motivating workers by offering them a variety of responsibilities in their occupation. Frederick also pointed out that an enriched job must contain communication, feedback, encouragement and meaningful tasks (Herzberg, 2007). He also detected that even though money was one method of motivating workers they also needed to be appreciated. Allowing employees to have control over their work meant that they would have a natural ambition to succeed.

There are many criticisms as well positive critics surrounding the two factor theory. In 1968 Frederick defended his theory by indicating how successful it was in many populations and even in the communist nations. Intensive research and study gave similar results with other studies on intrinsic employee motivation thus making the theory by Herzberg to be one of the most famous studies on job attitudes. The most well respected theory however still remains to be the motivator hygiene concept (Underwood, 2011).

The critical incident technique however has faced negative criticism which was a method Frederick used occasionally to record data and information .Where philosophers claim that the technique does not accept individual differences like specific personality traits. The traits would definitely have an impact on a person’s response to hygiene factors or motivation. Behavioral scientists had their say too where they disapproved the suggestion by the theory that satisfied and happy workers were more productive. They claimed that that was not always the case. Another hitch with the theory was that it concentrated on explaining the average behavior .Instead of concentrating on individual differences that may affect an individual’s motivational factors (Chyung, 2010).

In conclusion Frederick Herzberg through his eminent experience in the field of behavioral science, family background, his own personal history and work experience. He was able to formulate theories on increasing performance and job satisfaction .Which basically meant that all dissatisfactions in the work place had to be eliminated. Matters of wages and the working environment had to be treated seriously to ensure maximum productivity by workers. Recognizing the achievement of workers was another detail Herzberg pointed out in order to show workers that their effort was being recognized. The job enrichment approach involved the employer requesting the worker to offer his or her input (Underwood, 2011). This approach might not work for everyone so it is advisable that the employer offers employees enrichment techniques that are bound to be beneficial to both the employer and the employee.

Frederick Herzberg was presumed to be one of greatest and most original thinkers in the motivational and management theory and the pioneer of the job enrichment. His work is still a marvel to many. Sadly though he died on 18 January, 2000 at Salt Lake City but still no one will forget that his article on ‘ how you motivate your workers ‘ was the most requested from the Harvard business review. The article had sold about 1.2 million copies by 1987. He was definitely among the most influential and most powerful management consultants of the postwar era (Feder, 2008) .The implementation of his theories transformed the tedium and drudge of the workplace and created another workplace where participation and self-esteem was evident.

References

Chyung, S.Y. (2010). Foundations of Instructional and Performance Technology. Cambridge, MA: MIT press.

Feder, B.J. (2008). “F.I. Herzberg, 76, Professor and Management Consultant”, Amsterdam: Academic press.

Herzberg, F.I. (2007). “One more time: How do you motivate employees?” Chicago: University of Chicago press.

Herzberg, F. (2009). The Motivation to Work, New York: John Wiley and Sons press.

Underwood, G.(2011). The Managerial Choice: To be efficient and to be human. New York: Business Expert press.

The Affect of Covid-19 on Emerging Market Economies

The Effect of Covid-19 on Emerging Market Economies

This essay responds to the article written on 24th September 2020 by Deloitte Insights article concerning the subject of The Effect of the Covid-19 pandemic in the emerging markets as a whole. It is evident that most emerging markets and developing economies have so far weathered the Covid-19 pandemic well than projected, but all the same, they face daunting long-run economic challenges. The emerging market economies are going through many challenges, a lot of which are past their control (Ahmed et al., 2020). The economic costs and health of the crisis have been severe in many nations. Even for nations that have evaded the nastiest pandemics domestically, trades have debilitated as a result of the fall in global demand.

Most emerging markets are having difficulty in a way that they struggle to stimulate their economies. Central banks and governments have been inevitably wary when offering monetary and fiscal stimulus to avert fiscal disruptions (Ahmed et al., 2020). Despite relatively low fiscal stimulus, most emerging markets face much higher debt burdens due to the loss of revenue, which is adding to risks. As the crisis struck and the lockdown preventive measure was put in place, economic activities came to a stop. In particular nations, the fall in actual GDP was severe. India lost more than 25%, while the Colombia, Philippines, Morocco, Mexico, and Malaysia each lost more than 15% economically. On the other hand, Peru lost more than 30% of its productivity between Q4 2019 and Q2 2020. The economic impacts of the crisis on emerging markets economies far exceed that of the international financial crisis. Developing countries and emerging markets have approximately $3.9 trillion in debt service and around $11 trillion in external debt due in 2020. Debt impends to generate a universal growth emergency similarly that the crisis is causing a universal wellbeing emergency.

Reference

Ahmed, S., Hoek, J., Kamin, S. B., Smith, B., & Yoldas, E. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on Emerging Markets Economies’ Financial Conditions. FEDS Notes, (2020-10), 07-1.

The Affect of Covid-19 on Emerging Market Economies

The Effect of Covid-19 on Emerging Market Economies

This essay responds to the article written on 24th September 2020 by Deloitte Insights article concerning the subject of The effect of the Covid-19 pandemic in the emerging markets as a whole. It is evident that most emerging markets and developing economies have so far weathered the Covid-19 pandemic well than projected, but all the same, they face daunting long-run economic challenges. The emerging market economies are going through many challenges, a lot of which are past their control (Ahmed et al., 2020). The economic costs and health of the crisis have been severe in many nations. Even for nations that have evaded the nastiest pandemics domestically, trades have debilitated as a result of the fall in global demand.

Most emerging markets are having difficulty in a way that they struggle to stimulate their economies. Central banks and governments have been inevitably wary when offering monetary and fiscal stimulus to avert fiscal disruptions (Ahmed et al., 2020). Despite relatively low fiscal stimulus, most emerging markets face much higher debt burdens due to the loss of revenue, which is adding to risks. As the crisis struck and the lockdown preventive measure was put in place, economic activities came to a stop. In particular nations, the fall in actual GDP was severe. India lost more than 25%, while the Colombia, Philippines, Morocco, Mexico, and Malaysia each lost more than 15% economically. On the other hand, Peru lost more than 30% of its productivity between Q4 2019 and Q2 2020. The economic impacts of the crisis on emerging markets economies far exceed that of the international financial crisis. Developing countries and emerging markets have approximately $3.9 trillion in debt service and around $11 trillion in external debt due in 2020. Debt impends to generate a universal growth emergency similarly that the crisis is causing a universal wellbeing emergency.

Reference

Ahmed, S., Hoek, J., Kamin, S. B., Smith, B., & Yoldas, E. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on Emerging Markets Economies’ Financial Conditions. FEDS Notes, (2020-10), 07-1.