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National Airspace System (NAS)

Final Project Presentation

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From as early as the 1990s, all unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) operate on tight limits within the National Airspace System (NAS). UAS has mainly been involved in public operations (that is, military and security) until quite recent. However, there is a growing list of other uses to which UAS can be put. These include communications, broadcast, aerial photography, monitoring environmental conditions, surveying land and crops, and protecting specific infrastructures. Through UAS, civil and public operators could find new ways of enhancing the nation’s aviation operations. This can be done through decreased costs and operational efficiency while NAS safety is kept intact.

The mission of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is to provide the world’s safest and most efficient aviation system. The United States is ahead of other countries primarily due to her infrastructure, commitment to excellence and safety, diversity of user groups, and the background of leadership and innovation. Currently, the FAA is working to come up with new systems and breed a culture that boosts efficiency, safety, reliability, environmental performance, and capacity within the aviation system (Luxhoj & Oztekin, 2009).

The Unmanned Aircraft Systems Integration Office was set up to facilitate safe and efficient integration of UAS to the NAS. To achieve this goal, FAA works together with several other stakeholders such as commercial vendors, manufacturers, technical standard organizations, industry trade associations, research and development centers, academic institutions, and governmental agencies. Eventually, the integration of the two systems must take place without driving down current capacity, affecting current operators negatively, hampering safety, and multiplying risks to users or persons on the ground more than other new forms of technology similarly integrated. Although significant steps have been taken towards integrating UAS and NAS, challenges and opportunities lie ahead (Dalamagkidis et al., 2008).

One of the major functions of FAA is to develop policy, regulations, guidance material, procedures, and training requirements that support efficient and safe UAS operations within NAS, while working together with relevant agencies and departments to solve such concerns as national security and privacy. UAS currently access airspace upon receiving Certificates of Authorization (COA) to those operating publicly while civil applicants require special airworthiness certificates. This state of regulations will transition to intense integration processes when revised operating rules and procedures are enforced in a manner that UAS can comply with. There is a proven certification process under the auspices of FAA, which include the establishment of special conditions whenever new and technologies are involved. The process will be useful in the evaluation of items to which UAS is not familiar. For NAS segments that have demanding requirements of communication, surveillance performance, and navigation, it will be necessary for UAS to demonstrate its capacity to meet such requirements.

Collision Avoidance Sensor Technology

Despite evidence that collision avoidance technology is a factor extensively outside the visual sight level, much research has gone into collision avoidance sensors using passive and active technology in equal measure. The industry has put more focus on electro-optical, acoustic and microwave sensors. These sensor types each have strengths and weaknesses. No sensor is capable of replacing the eyes of the pilot completely (Watts et al., 2012). For instance, active light-imaging and ranging (LIDAR) use lasers. These makes them have a greater range compared to radars, but are capable of blinding approaching pilots.

SARA, Inc. has developed other passive acoustic sensors. The sensors have certain over human pilots. For instance, they are capable of detecting non-cooperative aircraft approaching from all directions. In addition, they have greater light range and are less costly. According to the test results of UASs fitted with these sensors, there was early detection that gave enough time to maneuver in cases of head-on collisions and loud background noise. The weakness of these sensors is that they can only detect noisy aircrafts (Watts et al., 2012). This means that balloons and gliders cannot be detected.

If appropriate sensors are matched, it is possible to create an excellent system of collision detection. For instance, PANCAS could be combined with system of electrooptical (camera) to surmount challenges of detecting noiseless aircrafts. Sensors have strengths and weaknesses. The strength of one sensor could be used to replace the weakness of another sensor. Evidence has proven that it could be advantageous to combine sensors on the basis of relative strengths.

Industry Collision Avoidance Demonstrations

Despite the tests that have gone into industry sensors, there have been rare actual flight demonstrations. The long delay and bureaucracy in obtaining FAA approval and scarcity of funds have made it difficult for businesses to demonstrate avoidance technology. In 2003, NASA demonstrated a number of civil avoidance capabilities using a Proteus aircraft. They depended on satellite and radar to relay information. However, the very expensive equipment were used in these tests. Some of the radar units were too heavy to be used in small UASs to detect incoming aircrafts (Huaj and Narayanan, 2011).

Using its PANCAS system, SARA, Inc. successfully conducted a ground simulation test and obtained positive results. Upon being subjected to acoustic signatures from a different aircraft, the PANCAS system could detect and avoid the source of these signatures in a consistent manner by making a simple turn to the right. A number of companies such as the L-3 Communications and AAI Corporation have obtained special experimental airworthiness certificates, which permit them to conduct development tests. Future experiments are likely to provide FAA with additional data for improving collision avoidance technology. The data, however, will be gathered slowly due to the relatively few number of companies using UASs commercially that have been granted certificates from FAA (Huaj & Narayanan, 2011).

Defense Research

Despite the applicability of much defense research to commercial UASs, priority has been given to UAS performance by the military. On the other hand, businesses wishing to become part of NAS are focusing more on safety. On the contrary, there has been increased reliability of UAS due to their increased performance. Statistics have documented decrease in UAS mishaps with increase in hours of flight. Humans cause most of the errors in UAS mishaps (Watts et al., 2012).

There is a strong case for integrating UAS to NAS. Although military UAS primarily focus on performance, they have nonetheless attained the safety level characteristic of manned military aircraft. Moreover, most UAS are designed in a way enabling them to perform in dangerous conditions. This contributes to the high rates of mishaps. Considering that the commercial UAS industry is putting more focus on safety, expectations are high that the industry could reach the manned aircraft safety fast enough if guided by standard-based regulation. Moreover, most commercial UASs will operate on platforms tested and proven previously by military use.

Extensive investment in UAS technology development is being undertaken by the United States Department of Defense (DoD) due to the increasing demand for UAS emission scenarios. Presently, the DoD is financing efforts in autonomy, communication systems, and pilot training. Moreover, the DoD has put up certain standards and adopted the ASTM International’s F-2411standard of sense and avoid to help in efficient procurement of UASs worldwide and meet the goals and specifications of performance (Watts et al., 2012). The data and technology research carried out by DoD has influenced the commercial UAS industry hugely.

Anticipated Industry Challenges

A number of economic and industry challenges are hampering UAS use commercially. Possibly, the biggest barrier is the absence of appropriate definition for the restricted class of UASs, which offers fast, but limited access to operations. The process of getting certification to conduct experiments is a lengthy one and designed to standalone exceptions (Rango & Laliberte, 2010). Absence NAS usage particularly in low risk situations, the industry has managed to gather data to minimize the high costs of insurance, demonstrate systems reliability, and display UAS advantages. The associated high costs of insurance further eat into research funds and data collection. For instance, 24% of NASA tests operation costs goes to insurance.

Conclusion

Detect and avoid engineering solutions are necessary for UAS successful operation. Fatal accidents could arise leading to loss of lives and damage to property if these solutions are not implemented effectively. This paper has explored the need to integrate UAS into NAS because the two systems are interdependent. Before such integration can be done, UAS technology should be efficient enough to reduce mishaps to the lowest level possible or eliminate the same altogether. This paper has proposed the swapping of weaknesses with strengths of sensors, for instance, to produce an all-round effective sensing technique.

References

Dalamagkidis, K., Valavanis, K. P. and Piegl, L. A. (2008). On unmanned aircraft systems

issues, challenges and operational restrictions preventing integration into the National Airspace System. Progress in Airspace Sciences, 44(7-8), 503-519.

Dalamagkidis, K., Valavanis, K. P. and Piegl, L. A. (2008). Current Status and Future

Perspectives for Unmanned Aircraft System Operations in the US. Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems, 52(2), 313-329

Huang, M. and Narayanan, R. M (2011). Non-cooperative collision avoidance concept for

Unmanned Aircraft System using satellite-based radar and radio communication. Digital Avionics Systems Conference.Luxhoj, J. T. and Oztekin, A. (2009). A Regulatory-Based Approach to Safety Analysis of

Unmanned Aircraft Systems. Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics, (539), 564-573.

Rango, A. and Laliberte, A. S. (2010). Impact of flight regulations on effective use of unmanned

aircraft systems for natural resources applications. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, 4(1), 043359

Watts, A. C., Ambrosia, V. G. and Hinkley, E. A. (2012). Unmanned Aircraft Systems in

Remote Sensing and Scientific Research: Classification and Considerations of Use. Remote Sensing, 4(6), 1671-1692

The American Messiah

George Washington: The American Messiah

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George Washington is probably the most popular president in the history of the United States because of his efforts in creating what is nation this free nation. His popularity over these other controversial presidents like Trump maybe because he laid the foundation for the freedom that allowed them the chance to be president. This meme seen in the picture below is an insinuation that George Washington was a savior, Messiah is a Hebrew word that means savior or a leader sent to liberated people form a form of oppression. Although this is what George Washington was, he did heroic things for America that would amount to this great honor. It is even safe to argue at least he was an actual person that people got to see and interact within recent history.

He was the leader of the American Revolution and led troops against the British colony winning freedom for Americans before assuming the role of president after. Being the first president of America he helped define what that role was going forward. However, the heroics of George Washington that may shape this perception of him by Americans began way before he became the Army General in the Revolution. His military exploits began when he was only 21 years old.

In 1753, the French who had occupied Canada was moving towards a region south of Lake Erie, which was an area claimed by Virginia (now in present-day Western Pennsylvania) and were already starting to build a commercial port. Virginia was under British rule and the Governor at the time, Robert Dinwiddie could not sit back and watch. Both France and Canada were well aware of the commercial viability of this area. In retaliation, Dinwiddie sent Washington then a 21-year old major to deliver a message to the French, demanding that they vacate the area. This responsibility for such a young man resonated with the journey of the Messiah in preparation for a major task.

It is reported that the journey was demanding and Washington together with his guides and locals Indians that were commissioned to accompany him hiked for many days. The return trip was especially demanding and it is told that Washington’s experienced handler at one point suffered frostbite. Although the journey was long, Washington fell into Allegheny River which was ice cold off a raft and slept on the island without shelter, he suffered no illness. Governor Dinwiddie was so impressed that he published the account of this grueling 900-mile journey in Williamsburg and London, making George Washington world-famous by the time he was 22. Just like the messiah, his life was carved out at a very young age. Every sine pointed to how great he was going to become.

Washington was sent back a few months later, as a lieutenant colonel commanding an army of 150 men to assert the claims of Virginia over the land the French had refused to release. Washington scuffled the French soldiers killing 10 men including their commander. He then surrendered to a place called Fort Necessity where he was ambushed by French soldiers and surrendered. He resigned from this commission but then went back as a volunteer aide to General Edward Braddock sent by the Crown to drive the French from Ohio. Although the army did not succeed in their quest Washington stood strong and witnessed two of his horses being shot under him as well as four bullets going through his coat. Although he was extremely brave he did not have enough support to win that war. Because of this conduct, he was promoted to command Virginia’s entire army and performed well in carrying out an assignment that required him to protect a 350 miles frontier which was quite a frustrating assignment.

All these assignments prepared him for the most difficult one yet. Just like the Messiah, these were odd trials that strengthened him for the American Revolution. The American Revolution was a revolutionary war fought between 1775 and 1783 between the British colonies in America and the crown. His duty in the American war began in the First and Second Continental Congress. The continental congress was a group of representatives from each colony that decided to rebel against the colonist and met initially to broker a deal with Britain. This deal did not, however, materialize because Britain decided not to flinch which culminated for a call to arms. in May of 1775 the Continental Congress appointed Washington as the general of its Army.

His task as the general of the Continental Army was not by any measure easy. Unlike the British who had men brewed in combat, he had to rely on farmers. As the savior he is, he was able to hold his army together during the tough battles and the defeats. Over the six years that the war lasted, George overcame every obstacle to win the war against the British. Crossing the Delaware was one of Washington’s most notable victories where he staged a surprise attack on the British on Christmas day, 1776. This was such a decisive victory in that it turned the favor back to the Americans. Washington went to fight numerous battles years after until the British surrendered on October 17, 1781.

Although many people regard Washington as the father of the nation, they have not sat down and evaluated the trying journey he endured for the sake of every free American today. Just like the Messiah, his journey was extremely trying with obstacles an average man would not have endured. He was indeed a messiah for the American people. Washington then served as president for two months and spent his two terms establishing the traditional roles of the presidents. He built the nation from the direction of words from the constitution. Like the hero he was, he felt it necessary to leave office two terms because unlike a tyrant, a president was not supposed to be too powerful.

Bibliography

Head, David. “The Papers of George Washington: The Revolutionary War Series, Volume 23: 22 October–December 1779 ed. by William M. Ferraro.” Journal of the Early Republic 37, no. 4 (2017): 787-790.

Mount Vernon. “George Washington’s Life.” George Washington’s Mount Vernon. Accessed February 2, 2020. https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/biography/.

Nevins, A., and H. Graff. “George Washington.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Last modified December 10, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Washington.

new gastrulation in the mouse

Gastrulation in the mouse

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Embryonic development refers to the process of growth and development of embryo. Stage of embryonic development is a phase within the period of embryonic development that is marked by distinct growth changes in the embryo. Gastrulation is a stage in the development of embryos in the mouse. The reason for gastrulation is to form a body plan that serves in the succeeding embryo morphogenesis. In the Mus musculus (house mouse), gastrulation is like a continually changing process, three-dimensional puzzle that has specific characteristics when comparing it to non-mammals and other mammalian embryos.

In mouse, gastrulation starts after a blastula implants into the uterine walls of the mother, and is immediately followed by development of different organ systems also knows as organogenesis. Organogenesis is characterized by the formation of vital organs such as brain and spinal cord, coelom, muscle tissues, notochord and neural tube (Ibim, 2010). The coordinated cell movements result in a spatially organized embryo, and puts together the framework on which other features are to develop from into building the body. Gastrula is the term used in defining the process in which embryo undergoes gastrulation.

In mouse a two-day gap exist between implantation and starting of gastrulation; there is an implantation of blastocyst in the uterine wall and this occurs after two and half days after coitum (DPC), and gastrulation commences six and half DPC. In the two-day span, cells undergo transformation to develop a fertilized egg called zygote. In the cleavage process, cells are united together by adhesive proteins, which must be deactivated to permit movements of specific cells. The relaxed cellular bonds allow the inner cell mass to enlarge and reorganize into specific layers. One the layers, the epiblast, is layer of cells, which are the precursors of all embryonic cells. As epiblast continues to grow, the shape become cup like, with the rim situated on dorsal side of embryo.

The cleavage or cell division stage starts approximately 18-36 hours after fertilization. The zygote formed after fertilization divides into multiple cells through a process known as binary fission (Campbell & Reece, 2005). The resultant cells after fission carry equal number of chromosomes and genes. After the 8-cell stage, the cells bind to form a compact sphere. Further divisions within the sphere lead to the formation of a 32-cell mass known as morula. Each of the cells within the molula is known as blastomere. This is followed by a process known as cavitation in which the outer cells secret fluid containing proteins into the sphere, facilitating rapid division of the cells (Forgacs & Newman, 2005). Despite the increase in the number of cells in this phase, the volume of the zygote remains the same. The zygote lands into the uterus during the 6th or the 7th day, after which developmental changes lead to the formation of three membranes: placenta, chorion and amnion (Forgacs & Newman, 2005). Further development of the morula leads to formation of a ball containing about 2000 cells known as blastocyst. Also, a fluid-filled cavity called blastocoele is also formed within the embryo. The developmental changes end with the formation of a structure known as blastula. The blastula is surrounded by a layer of single sells called trophoblast. However, it contains a thick inner layer of cells at one end of the inner cavity, from which the embryo will develop (Campbell & Reece, 2005).

Differentiation is the third phase in which specialized structures that perform more functions start to form. About 21 days after the implantation of the embryo onto the uterus, the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm grow further and differentiate to form neutral tube and notocord, among other vital organs of the body. The process of formation of body organs from the germ layers is called neurulation (Campbell & Reece, 2005). Notocord develops from mesoderm and undergoes through a series of developments to form the vertebral column. However, notochord in human beings disappears before birth. The development of neural groove in this stage leads to the formation of brain, and spinal cord (Campbell & Reece, 2005). The mesoderm also undergoes through a series of developments leading to the formation of vertebrae, muscles, and connective tissues. In addition, the mesoderm grows to form gonads, adrenal glands, and kidneys. Furthermore, coelom is formed by the end of differentiation phase.

Embryonic Period

Prenatal development is the process that occurs during pregnancy whereby an embryo gestates from fertilization to birth. Fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates fully into the egg. The end product is called a zygote (Sagan 1997 p.164). There are various stages of development that a zygote undergoes before birth namely; the germinal, embryonic and fetal stage. The embryonic period is that stage at fertilization that is, at the second week of gestation and continues up to the tenth week of gestation. It starts after the germinal stage when the blastocyst attaches itself to the uterine wall a process called implantation.

The stage is marked by the zygote’s attachment to the uterine wall and the first occurrence of ossification, that is, the formation of solid bone. Also, the placenta and the umbilical cord fundamental in supporting the embryo develop.

It is worth noting that at this particular stage, there is evidence of lots of growth of the embryo and cell differentiation. Cells differentiate into various body systems including blood cells, kidney cells and nerve cells. Differentiation of organ systems takes place in three layers (Miller 1967).

a). Ectoderm -This is when the nerve system and the sensory cells develop. At this point, the hair, nails and the outer layer of the skin and the skin glands develop.

b). Mesoderm -This layers is characteristic of the muscles, skeleton, the excretory and the circulatory system develop. The inner skin layers also develop.

c). Endoderm -The gastrointestinal tract, glands, the lungs, pancreas and liver develop.

During the fourth week of gestation, the embryo is approximately the size of the human thumbnail. It is interesting to note that even at this small size, there is a pulse by a small vessel which eventually becomes the heart, at 200 heartbeats a minute.

At the eighth week, nearly at the end of this period, the head is as large as the body of the embryo. It is worth noting that at this time, some features including the face, fingers, toes, eyes and the external genitalia are recognizable (Harris & Butterworth 2002).

Growth is the last phase in embryo development. During this phase, the body goes through a period of growth characterized by formation of new cells, extra cellular matrix, and new organs (Campbell & Reece, 2005). The growth phase starts between the eighth and ninth months after conception and continues until birth. Fetal developments in the growth phase are described in the next section.

Gastrulation commences with the formation on primitive node on epiblast’s posterior side. Primitive node is a collection of cells that secretes cellular signals in forms of proteins for instance fibroblast growth factor (FGF). The signals assist the cells to move within embryo during gastrulation. When node appearances it indicates the existence of tail and head distinction or posterior and anterior polarity. From the node, a structure termed as primitive streaks develops. This is a groove that comes from embryonic ventral side. As primitive streak increases in size, epiblast cells situated in the inner sides of cup enters into streak. As cells moves into primitive streak, it relates with cellular signals, which regulates the tissue type the cells can form. The cells that go through streak become mesendoderm, which are endoderm and mesoderm precursors. After they leave the primitive streak, these cells scatter and form a wave of mesendoderm that protrudes to cover the exterior of embryo.

In the mouse, mesendoderm covers the ectoderm, which later form the nervous system and epidermis. The mesendoderm splits into mesoderm; which becomes the muscles, skeleton, and different internal organs. On the other hand, endoderm separates to become gastrointestinal and respiratory systems. The mesoderm forms in the anterior portion of embryo, and endoderm on the posterior side where primitive streak initiated. The two, mesoderm and endoderm fully separate from each other around sixteen DPC.

As various researchers normally employ gastrulation in mouse as model for gastrulation in other mammals, the ordering of the germ cells is precisely opposite as in majority of the mammals for instance in human beings. In human beings, the development of foetus from conception to birth can be divided into three stages: first trimester, second trimester and third trimester. Each of the stages consists of three months. The process of transformation of embryo to foetus is a gradual process that takes place within the first trimester. Transition starts during the cleavage phase, characterized by rapid division of cells within the embryo. This is followed by the formation of germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm), chorion and amnion within three to six weeks after conception. Organogenesis follows in the next six to eight weeks (differentiation phase) characterized by the formation of vital organs such as brain and spinal cord, coelom, muscle tissues, notochord and neural tube (Ibim, 2010). In humans, the gastrula arranges in flat shape, known as planar arrangement, whereby the ectoderm situated on the dorsal side de of endoderm and mesoderm. However, the transition from embryo to foetus continues after the differentiation phase. Other changes occur from the ninth week, which make the embryo to look more like a human being (Ibim, 2010). The changes include the formation of head, ears, nose, heart, hands and legs. Also, the placenta is fully formed by the end of the ninth week. By the end of the first trimester, the embryo is fully transitioned into foetus. The chorion is fully established, the embryo is in the amniotic sac and the sex of the foetus can be determined (Ibim, 2010).

The second trimester is characterized by more growth and refinement activities and less developmental activities. The placenta plays the biggest role in maintaining homeostasis through secretion of progesterone and transfer of nutrients and wastes. The foetus is approximately 6cm by the beginning of the first trimester. At 20 weeks, the foetus has grown to approximately half a kilogram. At this time, heartbeat can be heard and the legs, head, face, and hands are prominent (Ibim, 2010).

Further growth and development continues during the third trimester. A series of changes and developments take place in the circulatory and respiratory systems which facilitate air-breathing after birth. Additional changes and developments occur, which enable the foetus to maintain constant body temperature. Changes also occur such as increase in size and weight, reduction in the size of head, thickening of the muscle and hardening of bones and skin (Ibim, 2010).

Maturation processes within developmental stages in the foetus

After birth, the foetus is required to adapt to the environmental changes by establishing and maintaining physiological homeostasis, without the assistance of the placenta. Therefore, the survival of the foetus after birth is dependent upon maturation of structures and organs that interface with the new environment. Examples of essential organs and structures are lungs, immune system, gut, liver, pancreases and kidney (Strauss & ‎Barbieri, 2013). Various studies have shown that maturation processes during foetal development are induced by glucocorticoids (Strauss & ‎Barbieri, 2013). Critical maturation processes that occur during foetal development include deposition of glycogen in the liver; activity of enzyme systems in the foetal brain, thyroid gland, pancreases, retina, and gut; and production of surfactant by foetal lungs. Maturation of the foetal lungs is particularly important since inability to breathe due pulmonary immaturity has been found to be a leading cause of mortality among preterm infants as well as neonatal morbidity (Norris & Lopez, 2010). However, the key functions of glucocorticoids in the process of maturation are not yet clear. As Norris and Lopez (2010) highlight, some studies have shown that glucocorticoids do not initiate maturation of cells; they simply accelerate the process of maturation.

Sources

Campbell, N. A. & Reece, J. B. (2005). Biology. London: Pearson, Benjamin Cummings.

Gilbert, Scott F. Developmental Biology, 9th edition. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, 2010.

Forgacs, G. & Newman, S. A. (2005). Biological Physics of the Developing Embryo. Cambridge

University Press,

Ibim, S. (2010). Biology: Threads of Life. New York (NY): Xlibris Corporation

Johnson, L. R. (2003). Essential Medical Physiology. New York (NY): Academic Press.

Miller B.F. (1967). The Complex Medical Guide. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Harris M. & Butterworth G.(2002). Developmental Psychology: A Student Handbook. New York: Taylor and Francis Inc.

The burning of coal as a source of fuel has adverse environmental effects that make the process of gasification desirable

Gasification

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Question 1

The burning of coal as a source of fuel has adverse environmental effects that make the process of gasification desirable. The burning of coal release a gas called sulphur (IV) Oxide. When it is released in the atmosphere it reacts with oxygen to become sulphuric acid. There are adverse ecological damages when the acid is released to the environment as “acid rain” which is combination rainwater and the sulphuric acid. Acid rain destroys vegetation and the drainage pollutes the water sources which is an enormous ecological threat.

Coal mining poses a threat to miners because the extraction of the mineral is intrinsically harmful. It also presents health risks to miners due to the emission of coal dust and dangerous gases. The miners also ruin the surroundings due to the geological dislocation which is carried out in the extraction of the mineral.

During the combustion of coal, there is production of carbon (IV) oxide gas which is a greenhouse gas and majorly affects the environment through the greenhouse effect impacting the global climate negatively. Even though the emissions from coal plants can be refined to reduce the emissions gases such as sulphur (IV) oxide and nitrogen oxides, no procedure that has ever been designed to reduce emission of carbon (IV) oxide from the combustion of coal.

Question 2

Fixed bed gasifier

The fixed bed gasifier is the earliest method of gasification that was developed using a countercurrent fixed bed gasifier. The bed is not actually fixed but it actually moves by gravity flow, as the burnt ash is withdrawn from the system. The steam and air are launched at the bottom and travel upward through the bed of coal. The coal is introduced at the top and travels downwards to counteract the gas flow. The flow of the hot gases up from the combustion zone preheats the coal which results to heat economy.

To analyze the functional value chain of Expedia, Inc.,

Functional AnalysisTo analyze the functional value chain of Expedia, Inc., the major functions include R&D, Marketing, Service, and Information Technology and Operation. The functional analysis uses four criteria to evaluate the performance of each function. The measures of criteria are efficiency, quality, innovation and customer response. The following table is the result of the functional analysis with a rating scale of High, Medium, and Low.

Table: Functional Analysis

R&D Marketing IT & Operation Service

Efficiency High High High High

Quality High High High High

Innovation Med. Med High Med

Customer Response N/A High N/A High

R&D

Expedia, Inc. is an online traveling company that provides traveling information and reservation tools to its customers. Therefore, the first priority of R&D function within Expedia, Inc. is seeking the variety of traveling products and services and obtaining a wide range of travel brands.

Overall, the performances of R&D within Expedia, Inc. are high because Expedia, Inc. strives to obtain maximum customers, partners and suppliers through frame wide-ranging brands collection. In order to be the leading brand in this industry, Expedia, Inc. believes relying on widespread brands collection would get maximum value and market shares. Therefore, Expedia, Inc. mentions that “Expedia, Inc. believes its flagship Expedia brand appeals to the broadest range of travelers, with its extensive product offering ranging from single item bookings of discounted product to complex bundling of higher-end travel packages” (Expedia, Inc., Annual Report, 2007, pg. 5).

In order to enhance its suppliers, Expedia, Inc. uses the extent brands collection and international points of sales. This can help Expedia, Inc. offer a variety of products and services. According to the annual report of Expedia, Inc., Expedia will keep investing in R&D to maintain the best brand portfolio and create maximum value to its suppliers, partners and customers (Expedia, Inc., Annual Report, 2007, pg. 5).

Marketing

The marketing strategy of Expedia, Inc. is to construct an effective, profitable channel by raising awareness of the consumers who are sensitive to price and to enhance the benefit of its subsidiary companies and itself. Furthermore, the media strategy of Expedia, Inc. includes TV commercials, print media, direct-mail, and Internet such as portal website, Expedia.com, and other co-operative enterprises. By using these types of media, Expedia, Inc. has a straight channel to communicate with its target market.

Furthermore, Expedia, Inc. has cooperated with other hotels, transportations, and travel agencies. The company and the co-operative enterprises posted their commercials on each other’s company website while also setting the commission for each website which has online booking from each strategy alliance partners. In addition, Expedia, Inc.’s “affiliate partners can make travel products and services available through an Expedia-branded website, a co-branded website, or their own private label website. Expedia, Inc. also provides its affiliates with technology and access to a wide range of products and services” (Expedia, Inc., Annual Report, 2007, pg. 8). In conclusion, Expedia, Inc. uses its variety of marketing channels and the affiliate partners to maximize the value of its various brands to obtain more consumers. In general, the performance of the marketing is high.

Information Technology & Operations

Expedia, Inc. constantly continues to aggressively innovate its Information Technology and Operating system. For instance, Expedia, Inc. introduced “TravelAds sponsored search product for hotel advertisers, Hotwire’s Airfare Savings Hub and Hotels.com’s slider tools to improve search results and the TripAdvisor Media Network to offer travel applications for download on Facebook.com” (Expedia, Inc., Annual Report, 2007, pg. 5).

In general, Expedia, Inc. keeps innovating to its suppliers, advertisers and customers by providing a service-oriented technology platform on its websites across its broadest brands collection. Expedia, Inc. believes this will make its IT innovation more flexible and faster. And Expedia, Inc. believes this changeover will help it to improve its “site merchandising, browse and search functionality” and also improve “search engine indexing” which will add noteworthy personalization features (Expedia, Inc., Annual Report, 2007, pg. 5).

For its suppliers, Expedia, Inc. develops “proprietary technology” which will make more efficient communication between its websites and hotel central reservation systems. This process will also help the hotels manage its reservations easier through Expedia, Inc.’s websites. This “direct connect technology” can help hotels upload the information of their products and services from hotels’ central reservation systems to Expedia, Inc.’s websites. At the same time, when the customers book the hotels on Expedia, Inc’s websites, the system will automatically confirm hotel reservations. Before the “direct connect system” are introduced, all the process are made manually via proprietary extranet (Expedia, Inc., Annual Report, 2007, pg. 5). Expedia, Inc. also makes efforts in data handling. In order to improve data handling, Expedia, Inc. built the “enterprise data warehouse” that will increase segmentation and merchandising on its’ websites and also improve its e-mail communications with its travelers (Expedia, Inc., Annual Report, 2007, pg. 5).

In order to make its operation and service more flexible, Expedia, Inc. provides 24-hour-a-day, seven-days-a-week service by telephone or via e-mail through a combination of outsourced and in-house call centers. Expedia, Inc. mentions that it “plans to make significant investments in its call center technologies in 2008 and beyond” (Expedia, Inc., Annual Report, 2007, pg 8-9). In the IT& Operation function, the rate of Expedia, Inc.’s performance is high. This is because Expedia, Inc. invests aggressively on its IT and operation functions in order to provide a better service for its consumers, suppliers, and partners.

Service

In the service function, Expedia, Inc. mainly focuses on the partner service because all of its operations will rely heavily on its suppliers and partners and its overall performance in this function area is high. In order to succeed in this industry, Expedia, Inc. heavily depends on its capability to expand or maintain the relationships with its suppliers and GDS partners. Expedia, Inc. also mentions that if Expedia, Inc. could not improve its existing relationship with suppliers or partners and could not change its lack of ability to get new arrangements with its new partners on favorable terms, it will reduce Expedia, Inc.’s quality, amount and breadth of attractively priced travel products and services that it provides to its customers (Expedia, Inc., Annual Report, 2007, pg. 11). In fact, this situation will affect Expedia, Inc.’s financial performance and this is why Expedia, Inc. heavily focuses on the partner service (Expedia, Inc., Annual Report, 2007, pg. 11).

The well-known Chinese winery Grace Vineyard has been in business for 20 years. The business is

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TOC o “1-3” h z u 1. Executive Summary PAGEREF _Toc112401402 h 32.1 Company Introduction PAGEREF _Toc112401403 h 42.2 Justification for the Destination Country and the Market Entry Strategy PAGEREF _Toc112401404 h 43.1 Value propositions for the company, its target customers, and its collaborators in the destination country PAGEREF _Toc112401405 h 53.2 Market Segmentation and Target Customers PAGEREF _Toc112401406 h 64.1 Internal Analysis of Grace Vineyard in Taiwan (Strengths and Weaknesses) PAGEREF _Toc112401407 h 64.2 External Analysis of Grace Vineyard in Taiwan (Opportunities and Threats) PAGEREF _Toc112401408 h 75. References PAGEREF _Toc112401409 h 86. Appendices PAGEREF _Toc112401410 h 96.1 Appendix I PAGEREF _Toc112401411 h 96.2 Appendix II PAGEREF _Toc112401412 h 9

1. Executive SummaryThe well-known Chinese winery Grace Vineyard has been in business for 20 years. The business is now concentrating on growing. It has already started to grow into more recent markets like China and Hong Kong. Although the winery has historically concentrated on Bordeaux blends, it has recently experimented with new grape varieties, such as Saperavi, Tempranillo, and Sauvignon Blanc. Grace Vineyard wants to grow its worldwide markets with these new items on the market. Particularly, Grace Vineyard finds the Taiwan wine market to be highly appealing. Based on its success in China and Hong Kong, Grace Vineyard is well positioned to dominate the Taiwan wine industry. The business is in an excellent position to appeal to a market that is keen to adopt international wine standards while maintaining its commitment to local origins. Taiwanese wine lovers are searching for a brand that rivals well-known global brands in terms of quality while retaining certain characteristics of regional Chinese and Taiwanese vineyards. The best course of action for Grace Vineyard to pursue in order to create a presence in Taiwan’s fiercely competitive wine market is to export wine products directly from China to that country.

2.1 Company IntroductionGrace Vineyard is a prominent Chinese winery that has been in operation for two decades. For the most part focusing on the home market, the winery’s wines are said to have more than 50% of the market share just within the local Shanxi province in China (Jiao & Ouyang, 2019). With such impressive growth over the last decade, Grace Vineyard has surpassed the sales of major domestic businesses as well as the state-owned wineries within the Chinese market including firms like Changyu and Great Wall (Hao, Li, & Cao, 2015). The winery has traditionally focused on Bordeaux blends, but in recent years has been experimenting with other varietals including Saperavi, Tempranillo, and Sauvignon Blanc. The company is now focusing on expanding. It has already begun expanding into newer markets within China and Hong Kong. The aforementioned new wineries are only some of the newer types that have been planted in smaller amounts. With these new products in the market, Grace Vineyard is looking to expand internationally markets. Specifically, the Taiwan wine market is very attractive for Grace Vineyard.

2.2 Justification for the Destination Country and the Market Entry StrategyUsing the purchasing power parity measure, Taiwan’s economy is ranked as the seventh largest in Asia and the twenty-second largest in the world, indicating its economic might. Taiwan’s commercial profile has improved as a result of legislative reforms and economic liberalization, and the procedure for licensing new foreign investments is more transparent and straightforward (Anderson & Wittwer, 2015). Taiwan has a large wine sector that is expanding quickly. According to a recent survey, Taiwan is one of Asia’s top five wine markets, and business analysts expect that wine consumption there will continue to rise in the coming years (Chi, 2018). During the 1990s, when customers in Taiwan’s successful corporations were supposed to drink wine as a status symbol, the wine industry in Taiwan grew exponentially. This is consistent with the rising worldwide demand for Taiwanese wines. The modern wine enthusiast seeks for wines that provide more than simply a good reputation and a high price.

Exporting wine goods straight from China to Taiwan is the most advantageous course of action for Grace Vineyard to take in order to establish a presence in Taiwan’s highly competitive wine business. The process of exporting goods is one of a variety of strategies that go under the umbrella term market entry techniques. These strategies are used by businesses in order to increase their presence in international markets. Exporting is considered to be the most risk-free and conventional method of entering a market (Ho, 2021), especially when compared to the various techniques that may be used to do so (Chi, 2018). When Grace Vineyard enters the new market in Taiwan, the objective of its exporting strategy should be to maximize the likelihood of its business being successful in that market. When a product is exported directly to a customer who expresses interest in purchasing it, rather than going via a middleman distributor, this practice is known as direct exporting (Li & Ho, 2019). Grace Vineyard is going to be solely responsible for all aspects of the business, including but not limited to market research, shipping logistics, international distribution of their goods, and invoicing for their products. When it comes to saving money and avoiding the hassle of dealing with a middleman, direct exporting is often the best option for enterprises (Stoian, Dimitratos, & Plakoyiannaki, 2018). In addition to this, Grace Vineyard will have a greater degree of control over sales and will be able to communicate directly with both its existing and potential new consumers. 

3.1 Value propositions for the company, its target customers, and its collaborators in the destination countryGrace Vineyard is well positioned to take over the Taiwan wine market based on its success in China and Hong Kong. The company is uniquely positioned to appeal to a market that is eager to pick up global wine standards while remaining true to regional roots (Carter, 2017). Taiwanese wine drinkers are looking for a brand that has the same quality as trusted foreign brands yet has some elements of the local Chinese and Taiwanese wineries.

Even while Taiwanese women are showing more of an interest in wine, it is common knowledge that they are picky drinkers overall, especially when it comes to alcoholic beverages. The majority of this demographic has a strong preference for wines that are delicate and light in taste and texture (Chi, 2018). Red wines are thought to have beneficial effects on one’s health, which may be one reason why female wine drinkers like them. In particular, that they enhance the complexion and lessen the signs of aging that appear on the skin.

Young urban dwellers are young people from Taiwan who have received an education and have honed their taste for wine to a more sophisticated level. These individuals are often referred to as young professionals. The vast majority of young urbanites who study in other countries, most notably in China, the United States, in Australia, and in Western Europe, are given the opportunity to get acquainted with the wine culture of the destination country (Ho, 2021). Customers that fall within this category are more likely to be open to trying new things and going to wine tastings and seminars in order to learn more about wine. They are also renowned for trying out different tastes and brands on a regular basis. When they go out with their groups of friends, they search for wines that will stand out in their memories, such as full-bodied and semi-dry varieties, so that they may enjoy social life and its unique elements.

3.2 Market Segmentation and Target CustomersIncreasingly popular local wine events have benefited the wine industry. Attendees will get the opportunity to learn more about wines from all around the globe, as well as the many grape varietals and growing regions. In the past, wine consumption was associated with successful enterprises. Today, educated wine fans are interested in learning more about wine and proper wine tasting skills, and they consume wine in restaurants (Chi, 2018). Taiwan’s purchase patterns have altered due to the influx of new customers. Women and young people, who make up the bulk of these new clients, see wine consumption as an essential component of the ideal lifestyle (Anderson & Wittwer, 2015). As a consequence, consumption patterns have shifted. Consequently, those interested in launching a business in the wine sector have a variety of options in Taiwan. The fragmented nature of Taiwan’s wine business necessitates that exporters tailor their goods to the preferences of consumers and importers, and distributors adapt their marketing and promotional efforts to the price range of each product.

Because wine is increasingly becoming a culture beverage and more appropriate and preferred by a broader variety of Taiwanese consumers, there is an increased need for Grace Vineyard to comprehend the values, patterns of consumption, and profiles of wine consumers. The company hopes to improve its ability to segment the market and target the clients it wants by improving its knowledge of the market. In order to better serve its Taiwanese customers, Grace Vineyard will categorize them according to age, geography, social life, and money. The many categories include those who consume premium wine for an undisclosed reason, wine lovers with a focus on visible rituals, people who drink wine for the sake of socializing and pleasure, wine drinkers concerned with image and fashion, and basic consumers of wine. In addition, the firm will target young people who live in cities as well as women who are interested in wine.

4.1 Internal Analysis of Grace Vineyard in Taiwan (Strengths and Weaknesses)Since Grace Vineyard’s current customers are very loyal to the brand, the company might be able to increase its market share by making its products and services better. Grace Vineyard must keep a high level of brand equity and brand awareness in order to be successful, since the company is in charge of some of the most well-known brands in the domestic market where it operates. A brand’s name recognition is a very important part of bringing in new clients from other industries that are looking for solutions. Because Grace Vineyard has good relationships with its suppliers and other people in the supply chain in China (Li & Bardaji de Azcarate, 2017), it will be easier for the company to get a foothold in Taiwan. In this area, Grace Vineyard is now the market leader. Grace Vineyard will need to put more money into research and development if it wants to join the Taiwanese world market and do well there. On the other hand, it is easy to grow the local market without making many new products.

Grace Vineyard’s weaknesses come from the fact that it doesn’t have or has less than five important resources and skills. These can be put into groups like people resources, physical resources like land and buildings, historical experiences and victories, financial resources, activities and procedures, and so on (Liu et al., 2014). The fact that the organization’s culture will have to change in order to meet the needs of the Taiwanese market will also be a bad thing. Appendix I below summarizes the internal environment.

4.2 External Analysis of Grace Vineyard in Taiwan (Opportunities and Threats)The expansion of the wine business in Taiwan may be attributed to a number of factors, including favorable natural circumstances, an expanding economy in the country itself, robust backing from the government, and improved managerial and technical abilities. However, there is a pressing need for more changes to take place in a number of different areas, such as the development of a complete legal framework for wine and a law that specifies how wine should be categorized (Li & Bardaji de Azcarate, 2017). The Taiwanese wine industry looks to benefit from developments such as consumer education and the rise of e-commerce, both of which are on the rise. Nevertheless, the nation is also confronted with challenges that cannot be disregarded, such as an unstable economy and the effects of climate change. This research reveals a variety of approaches that the government, industry, and enterprises in Taiwan might take to support the expansion of the country’s wine sector in the years to come. Appendix II below summarizes the external environment.

5. References

Li, Y., & Bardaji de Azcarate, I. (2017). A new wine superpower? An analysis of the Chinese wine industry. Cahiers Agricultures, 26(6), 1-8.

Liu, H. B., McCarthy, B., Chen, T., Guo, S., & Song, X. (2014). The Chinese wine market: a market segmentation study. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 26(3), 450-471.

Jiao, L., & Ouyang, S. (2019). The Chinese wine industry. In The Palgrave Handbook of Wine Industry Economics (pp. 225-246). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

Hao, L., Li, X., & Cao, K. (2015). Toward sustainability: Development of the Ningxia wine industry. In BIO Web of Conferences (Vol. 5, p. 01021). EDP Sciences.

Carter, L. (2017). The rapidly changing Chinese wine industry-an Australian winemaker’s perspective. Wine & Viticulture Journal, 32(2), 20-22.

Anderson, K., & Wittwer, G. (2015). Asia’s evolving role in global wine markets. The International Economics of Wine, 347-377.

Chi, C. H. (2018). Learning to Drink Sorghum Liquor: Taste and Consumption in Military Front-Line Jinmen, Taiwan. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 47(2), 165-191.

Ho, H. K. (2021). Twenty-first century wine consumption trends in East Asia: History, luxury and transformation. Journal of Cultural Analysis and Social Change.

Lin, F. J., & Ho, C. W. (2019). The knowledge of entry mode decision for small and medium enterprises. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 4(1), 32-37.

Stoian, M. C., Dimitratos, P., & Plakoyiannaki, E. (2018). SME internationalization beyond exporting: A knowledge-based perspective across managers and advisers. Journal of World Business, 53(5), 768-779.

6. Appendices6.1 Appendix IStrengths

Superior product quality

Strong brand equity

Brand awareness

Strong relationship with the Chinese wine industry players

20 years’ experience

Successful market share Weaknesses

Organizational cultural barrier

Lack of critical talent in Taiwan

Inexperienced management

Table 1: Summary of the internal analysis

6.2 Appendix IIOpportunities

Favorable natural circumstances

An expanding economy in Taiwan

Robust backing from the government

Improved managerial and technical abilities

E-commerce growth and social media proliferation

Lifestyle changes

Young urban dwellers with a wine drinking lifestyle

More women with high disposable income

Positive wine drinking culture Threats

Sticky prices in the wine market

International factors such as the poor Taiwan-China relations

Increasing costs resulting from environmental regulations

New entrants

Growing protectionism in Taiwan for local companies

Competition from western firms

Table 2: Summary of the external analysis

Jim Crow

From Jim Crow to Civil Rights

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From Jim Crow to Civil Rights

Jim Crow Laws were a combination of local and state statutes that legitimized racial segregation. The laws that were named after a character in the Black minstrel show existed for 100 years; from post-civil war until 1968. The laws were meant to marginalize people of color by denying them the right to an education, vote, and hold jobs and other job opportunities. People that tried to defy Jim Crow laws faced jail sentences, arrest, violence, death and fines. Jim Crow laws began as early as 1865 after the ratification of the 13th amendment, which declared slavery unconstitutional across the United States. Black codes dictated how and where former slaves could work and for how much pay. The black codes were common in the south and were a legal way of incorporating black people in indentured servitude to control where they lived, take their voting rights and seize children for the purpose of labor. For instance, the codes limited the property black people could own and in excluded them from skilled trades and business.

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 criminalized racial discrimination in public facilities and places such as public transport and restaurants. However, in 1883, the Supreme Court declared the act unconstitutional. In 1896, there was a challenge to the Separate car Act of 1896 that warranted all railroads functioning in the State to provide separate but equal accommodations for white passengers and those of color (Bishop, 2017). Although the separation laws in Louisiana were upheld by an 8 to 1 majority, John Marshall Harlan, a famous dissent, opposed the decision. Harlan advanced the idea that the U.S. constitution is “color blind.” The decision of Plessy v. Ferguson case was later overturned by Brown v. Board of education in 1954. The case brought forth the case of Plessy v. Ferguson before the Supreme Court. This led to separate but equal segregation among white and black populations across the country. Other laws such as miscegenation laws that made cohabitation and marriage with black people illegal only exacerbated segregation. The effects of the Jim Crow laws are that they made it difficult for former slaves to attain economic independence. The segregation in public transport carriers made travel for black people difficult. The equal but separate doctrine led to poor facilities for people of color, including housing and school. Compared to their white counterparts, children of color had limited opportunities. Jim Crow laws made it impossible for people of color to be elected to a public officer, serve on juries, vote and partake as equals in social and economic spheres of life.

Brown v. Board of Education of 1954 was a Supreme Court case that marked the turning point of racial segregation across America. The court made a unanimous decision that racial separation in public spaces, particularly schools violated the 14th amendment of the Constitution (Onwuachi-Willig, 2019). According to the amendment, states could not deny people (irrespective of race) equal law protection within its jurisdiction. The Supreme Court deemed separate schooling facilities to be inherently unequal hence reversing the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling of 1896. However, the ruling of Brown v. Board of education only applied to school spaces, but it was meant to imply that racial segregation was not permissible in other public spaces. The guidelines for putting an end to racial segregation were offered, and school boards instructed to proceed with deliberate speed. Years later, Congress passed the Voting Rights of 1965 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968, all meant to curb racial discrimination against people of color in voting, housing, employment and other sectors of life.

References

Bishop, D. W. (2017). Plessy v. Ferguson: A reinterpretation. In The Progressive Era in the USA: 1890–1921 (pp. 353-361). Routledge.

Onwuachi-Willig, A. (2019). Reconceptualizing the harms of discrimination: How Brown V. Board of Education helped to further White supremacy. Va. L. Rev., 105, 343.

Some Things can wait, but the House Foundation Should be Repaired Right Away

Foundation RepairSome Things can wait, but the House Foundation Should be Repaired Right Away

Normally, foundation problems are because of moisture. Typically, soil expands when it gets wet and contract when it dries out, and these kinds of movement will cause the base of the building to shift. In seismic areas, this problem is compounded because the movements of the earth increases the instability of the soil. It is important to make sure that any issue with you foundation is repaired as soon as possible to avoid base from getting worse; urgent attention is needed to stop the damage from spreading. If left unattended to, it can lead to costly repairs not to forget that, it is a safety hazard. Make sure that you hire professional foundation repair contractors to work on the problem; they have the right skills, and tools and equipment to carry out the task in the right way.

Evidence of foundation problems is normally apparent in the interior and the exterior of the building, as well as in the base itself and the ground around the house. There are many reasons why you should not ignore any problem with the base of your house. To start with, your home could collapse anytime. Though this does not happen often, without any doubt, it is a tragedy has happened and claimed many lives. The foundation supports thousands of pounds. So, if it has a great deal of damage, it cannot support the structures above. This may cause bricks or chunks of veneer to fall off, and this is bad for the safety of your family. However, you can protect yourself and your family from these extreme conditions by not waiting to repair any foundation problems your home may have.

Foundation problems also manifest by ugly cracks that form either in bricks or sheetrock. These cracks often form around windows and doors and cause these structures to malfunction. Some of the faulty things that you will notice with these structures if the foundation is damaged include doors that drag or stick and windows that stick or won’t open at all. Besides this affecting the aesthetic value of your house, it can cause more repairs and costs that must be dealt with as time goes on.

Fixing foundation problems helps you protect the resale value of your home. No one wants to buy a home that has a foundation problem. You do not want your biggest investment be compromised or destroyed. Also, cracks and spaces can become a haven for insects and rodents. Call a professional foundation repair specialist to assess your problem and make a plan to fix it.

There has been a long-existing history of expert scientific witnesses serving in court

Forensic Science

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Forensic

There has been a long-existing history of expert scientific witnesses serving in court. The late eighteenth century gave rise to what people see as a modern expert witness, which was something awkward and contentious. In the early days of the eighteenth century, our modern eyes would recognize the English court, but barely. The judge could actively question the witnesses, but for the attorneys, they were marginally involved. For the accused, they had to represent themselves. Toward the end of that century, there were some changes as judges saw their power reduced to a neutral referee, and the new stars of the courts were the attorneys as they took control of the trial processes. At that time, scientists were regarded as gentlemen and active members of elite groups who concentrated much on grooming their image as opposed to making some ridiculous sums of money. Perhaps, this could be the reason why scientists were allowed to make testimonials even in the proceedings that did not concern them, and by then, any slight mistake automatically disqualified someone as a witness. Scientists we regarded as both independent and disinterested body who took their time to find out who considered themselves to be above the law. What surprises me is how those scientists were deemed to be righteous. They, too, are human beings, and they can make mistakes and, at the same time, hold some conflict of interest.

Expert witnesses take part in pleadings and discovery preparation. They may also review the completeness and technical consistency based on requests and integrity. Before trial, experts help in the development of demonstrative charts, exhibits, tests, among others. It is a prerequisite before the hearing to test any demonstration. During the trial or hearing, the expert witnesses are examined their credentials through summoning by the court attorneys. In essence, experts are required to present their academic qualifications, training, and relevant experiences as a prerequisite to qualify to obtain the right to speak on your examined evidence authoritatively. Considering all the parties involved during a court trial, the expert witnesses are the only ones under oath. It means that anyone could lie to them intentionally or unintentionally on the basis that they promised to be truthful. At the trial, testimonials are always crucial and should be taken with much emphasis, more precisely, the inconsistent testimonies between deposition and trial. As an expert witness, one is reprimanded only to speak the truth and organize trial testimonials by analyzing the case and your work effort. One speaks naturally, clearly, and slowly, and by any chance, experts should not be overwhelmed by their emotions. What comes as a surprise for me is the fact that too much is expected from the expert attorneys.

A person or group values are referred to as ethics. It often sounds preachy or strident whenever statements of ethical behavior arise. The bottom line, what grooms or ruins a reputation, is the response toward ethical behavior. The criminal justice system serves to improve the quality of services it offers to the society at large as opposed to tricking expert witnesses serving to try to help in resolving the disputes. Some unethical expert witnesses may cook report and present it to the court based on what ought to be professional findings and research. Still, in the real sense, the work represented is not their findings. At times, courts always have to deal with manipulated or somewhat falsified data supporting the presupposed expert evidence. In the emergence of crucible cross-examination in the court, the most appropriate decision is to exclude the expert testimony. On numerous occasions, expert witnesses show their lack of professional knowledge and competence in rendering the opinions that are sought. In such situations, the expert testimonials are discounted on the basis that they lack sufficient weight to be regarded as persuasive.

Reference

Houck, M. M., Funk, C., & Feder, H. (2018). Successful Expert Testimony. CRC Press.