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SECTION GUIDELINES

HDEV 302: Research Methods in Human Development

Dr. Rachael Stryker

METHODS/RESEARCH DESIGN SECTION GUIDELINES

Instructions

The second draft section of your Research Proposal to complete this semester is the Methods/Research Design section. It is due on Sunday, November 13th by 11:55 pm. Please be sure to completely read the Course Skills Notes for Weeks 11 and 12 before you begin this assignment. The Methods/Research Design section for a Research Proposal should be about three to five pages, typed and double-spaced. Please use a 12- point font and provide the assignment with the heading titled, Methods/Research Design.

Rubric

The assignment must include the following four subsections (and content within each subsection) to be considered for full credit:

1. Variables and Data [suggested length: approx. one to one-and-a-half pages] In this subsection, please be sure that you do the following: Clearly state once more, your proposed research question, and, if you have one, your hypothesis for the proposed study. And please restate what each of your variables are in the study. Then provide details about how you might propose to operationalize [define in a way that is measurable] each of your variables. Again, what this usually means is, how do you propose to measure each variable (for example, stress can be measured by taking someone’s blood pressure, and so one can thus define “stress” as blood pressure; or one can ask participants to self-report about stress or rank their stress level, and so one can simply define stress as self-report measurements). Please also provide details about the kind(s) of data [N, O, I, and/or R] that each operationalization will produce. You can name and briefly discuss more than one type of data in this paragraph. Also, please remember, if you are going to propose to try to examine or prove a relationship between variables for your proposed study, then you will, in fact, have both independent variables (factors that you think influence the other factors in the study] and dependent variables [factors that you think may be influenced by the independent variable(s)] in the project]. If this is the case for you, then please state which variables in your proposed project are independent [the one that is influential] and dependent [the one that is likely to be influenced] and why. If you will not propose to have independent/dependent variables in your study, then please clearly state the reasons why you do not have these types of variables in the study and what outcomes you hope to achieve instead in terms of intellectual pursuit.

2. Subjects/Sampling: [suggested length: approx. one to one-and-a-half-pages] In this subsection, please be sure that you answer the following questions: What are you proposing your subject criteria be (in other words, who, exactly, is allowed in your study [are you soliciting by gender, age, religion, student status, etc)? From what specific sampling frame do you propose to try to draw all of your subjects from, and why? What sample size (sample size is represented by N, as in, N=10 if you will have ten participants) will you propose, and why? And are you proposing to conduct probability or non-probability sampling for the study, and why?

3. Instruments and Procedures: [suggested length: approx. half to one page] In this subsection, please be sure that you answer the following questions: Are you conducting an experiment? If not, what type of the other common types of research designs that we’ve covered this term are you proposing to conduct – qualitative and/or descriptive (quantitative), and why? How do you propose to administer it? Where would you administer it? If yes, why do you feel this is the best type of research design to propose? What is your test group? What is your control group? What is your intervention (the independent variable)? How will you administer it? Where will you administer it? Then please provide details about whether you will be collecting your data using any of the following common instruments and why: via a pre-existing data set; via survey or questionnaire; via interviews; via observation. If you are not using any of these instruments, what others (for example, participant journals, social media content, or something else) are you proposing to use and why? And if you are using surveys/questionnaires, will you use any scales? Why or why not? Finally, please explain what the term “least harm” means [this is from the Week 13 course materials]. What is an example of “harm”, if any, that could come to your participants during your particular proposed research, and what are two ways that you might attempt to do “least harm” to your participants while administering this instrument? Even if you are not working directly with human subjects in your proposed research, you do need to discuss any ethical issues that can come up in your proposed research project.

4. Validity [suggested length: approx. half to one page] In this subsection, please be sure that you answer the following questions: What is the validity of a study? What is internal validity? Please list two types, and briefly discuss at least two ways that you would propose to attempt to achieve it in your research project. What is external validity? Please introduce two types and briefly discuss two ways that you would attempt to achieve it in your research project. Finally, please be sure to define what a confound is, and name and define two kinds of confounds that may be associated with your specific proposed project. Then speculate how you, as a researcher, might be able to plan your research in such a way as to prevent them from influencing the outcomes of your proposed research.

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Please remember: You can always post questions about this assignment to the “Questions for the Professor” thread on our Blackboard course Discussion Board or email the professor at: rachael.stryker@csueastbay.edu Also, please be sure to be reading the professor’s feedback on your RCR for Weeks 10 through 12 assignments, as there will be helpful feedback and clarifications there that will help you draft this section of your Research Proposal.

The affordable care act

Health Care Delivery System

Name of the Student

Name of Affiliate Institution

The affordable care act

Main features for the provision of affordable care act

In the past one decade, the Affordable care act was passed by the U.S Congress to law. It strategized on almost every aspect of the delivery of healthcare services. It was also formulated in such a way that it would enhance more considerable efforts on the provision and prevention of more quality primary care to encouraged hospitals, doctors, and other healthcare providers to coordinate care through the act (Dolgin & Dieterich, 2011). The act provided that the provision of a more equitable and quality healthcare would be increased through the introduction of a federal level insurance exchange, which provided an online marketing strategy where individuals and small businesses would buy health insurance services (Blumenthal & Collins, 2014). Most of the provisions of the act were administered by the federal government with tax subsidies that were income related.

On matters of consumer protection, several ACA provisions were effected. These included the elimination of lifetime limit to which the coverage was to be restricted. The removal of the on the limits that were to be covered annually, preventing the prohibition to access of coverage except in cases where there was the involvement of fraud, and reforming the existing condition that prevented the inclusion of children from the health care coverage (Blumenthal & Collins, 2014). The act also provided that, all individuals and health plan groups were unconditionally obliged to provide coverage to any applicant, without discrimination (Dolgin & Dieterich, 2011). Before the ACA, health insurance providers that operated in the individual market were allowed had the permission to deny coverage to people based on the conditions of their health risk. The act also provided that all individual health plans and groups were obliged to provide benefits and coverage that is equal to all applicants.

On the coverage of preventive services, the act stipulates that all private health insurance plans are obliged to provide coverage for all preventive health services without demanding any payment from the patients. It also provides that the private health institution must cover for all additional set of preventive health services for women with no cost-sharing requirements. Another provision of the act is the expansion of dependent coverage to young adults. This rule was kept in effect to allow young adults to access healthcare services under the coverage of their parents until they turn 26 (Blumenthal & Collins, 2014). The act also provided different health plan benefit designs. It provided that the act had to make significant changes to health plan benefit designs. It provided uniform standards that were to apply for fro covered benefits and cost sharing in small markets and individuals. In the same case of health plan benefit design, it also provided that the state was the one with the obligation to select an EHB benchmark plan. This plan was the one to be used in the provision of the needed health benefit plans that were supposed to be offered by policies in the states instead of establishing a uniform benefits package that would be offered by all plans.

Leading arguments for and against this act

The Affordable care act have for a long period of time been received more negative than positive messages. This has provided misleading information about the main aims of the Act. The main aim of the ACA is to make healthcare services affordable for all American citizens and make sure that all citizens are provided with care at the best of its quality regardless of health, racial or social status of an individual (Blumenthal & Collins, 2014). For the Congress to offer ACA as an alternative, it had recognized that the high costs of Medicare and Medicaid and that of employee health benefits were becoming a huge budget for the federal government.

The main benefit of ACA is that it makes insurance affordable. Through ACA, middle-class citizens can get tax credits. As recorded in 2017, the act limits individual spending to $7, 150 and $14, 200 for a family plan. The act also increased Medicaid coverage by 187 percent of the federal poverty level, and it can provide the full healthcare coverage to adults for children without children for the first time (Dolgin & Dieterich, 2011). The case is however different from that advocated by the Trumpcare since the Medicaid expansion is to be eliminated by 2020.

In 2014, the federal government provided a provision that required states to have insurance exchanges or use the federal government exchange lessen the burden of getting an insurance plan. With the online insurance platform, health insurance coverage is made easier since all the required information about the service needed and the service provider can be accessed online. By allowing the coverage of young adults up to the age of 26, the Act aided in reducing healthcare cost (Blumenthal & Collins, 2014). The Act also provided that organizations with more than 50 employees were supposed to offer them with health insurance coverage, this aided in making sure that all employees health risks have been fully covered by the organization that they are working for.

Another importance of the ACA is that people with health conditions that were existing before the coverage are also able to get the health insurance coverage (Blumenthal & Collins, 2014). Before the Act was made a law, people with preexisting conditions such as cancer were not able to get health insurance coverage. Most insurance companies denied treatments for such people by providing an exception that the illness or the injury existed or occurred before one was covered by the plan. Under the ACA, everyone is covered regardless of once condition. It is also under ACA that there is no set limit for people with chronic illnesses. Before the act, health insurance companies had set limits on the amount of money that an individual consumer would spend (Dolgin & Dieterich, 2011). It is also only through the affordable act care that the cost of prescribed drugs was lowered. Before the act, many people, mostly the elderly citizens, were unable to cater for their medications. Within the first five years of the administration of Obamacare, a record of more than $16 billion on saving has been recorded.

The implementation of the Affordable Care Act, however, had its side effects. After its application, insurance companies were required to provide a wider range of benefits and were also to cover people with pre-existing conditions (Blumenthal & Collins, 2014). This led to an increase in health premiums for people who had already had health insurance. The act also led to the creation of new taxes to help in its payment. People with higher earnings were subjected to more tax payments while at the same time taking the savings that came from Medicare payment (Dolgin & Dieterich, 2011). Research has also indicated that businesses are reducing the working hours of their patients to avoid higher coverage. This provides a direct implication on job creation.

Leading arguments for and against universal healthcare

The main advantage of universal healthcare in the United States is that it ensures equal access to heal care. Through this health care system, people that are no able to access some healthcare services and care are able always covered. The provision of any healthcare service is always made available to everyone without keeping regard to their social status (Gluckman et al., 2008). Universal healthcare system also aids in the improvement of public health. Healthcare contribution is evenly distributed among the entire population hence, making sure that everyone can access the basic care that they need.

Universal healthcare has a platform that is easily navigated. Healthcare practitioners can concentrate on one patient at a time without being affected by like insurance and other healthcare related problems (Gluckman et al., 2008). The healthcare system also encourages entrepreneurship since people can start their businesses without having to fear the risk of losing their healthcare coverage.

The system, however, has its backdrops. It results in long waiting time, hence making access to care more difficult for others since there might lack enough time to cover all patients. Studies have indicated that the system leads to a socialism like a state (Shi & Singh, 2014). This can be seen in cases where the government raises its taxes to gather enough money for the coverage of healthcare. The government’s action of government increasing the level of taxes indicates a case of socialism where the government is the one that controls the distribution of goods and services. The U.S practices a system of a free market where the delivery of goods and resources is controlled by market forces (Gluckman et al., 2008). This could be an indication of the first step by the government to take control of other aspects of the economy.

The implementation and running of a universal health care system increase government debt and spending. Running a single health care system leads to increase in the level of taxes since the money being used to manage the system is being gained from the public (Shi & Singh, 2014). The current U.S government is spending a huge budget on healthcare more than any other developed country due to some of its programs like the Medicare and Medicaid.

References

Blumenthal, D., & Collins, S. R. (2014). Health care coverage under the Affordable Care Act—a progress report.

Dolgin, J. L., & Dieterich, K. R. (2011). Social and legal debate about the affordable care act.Gluckman, M. D., Liebow, M., McLean, R. M., Musana, K. A., Nichols, P. M., Purtle, M. W., … & Kathleen, M. (2008). Achieving a high-performance health care system with universal access: what the United States can learn from other countries. Ann Intern Med, 148, 55-75.

Shi, L., & Singh, D. A. (2014). Delivering health care in America. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Main denominations or sects of Hinduism

Hinduism

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Beliefs PAGEREF _Toc381000106 h 1Ethics PAGEREF _Toc381000107 h 2Rites and rituals PAGEREF _Toc381000108 h 2

Hinduism is among the world’s oldest religion that has no beginning it was there before recorded history. Unlike most other religions, it cannot be linked to a single founder as it is formed from diverse traditions. It is a predominant religion in the Indian subcontinent and is one of its indigenous religions (Sen, 2005) Due to the fact that it cannot be clearly defined and does not have rigid guidelines various forms of religious expressions coexist in Hinduism. It is actually a way of life since there are no set customs or rituals that make a person a Hindu if followed. It has four main denominations or sects which are saivism, Shaktism, vaishnavism and smartism.

BeliefsWithin Hinduism there is the belief of a supreme God whose qualities are represented by deities which emanate from him. The Supreme Being is all-pervasive that is both immanent and transcendent and is also the creator and unmanifest reality (Kumar, 2003.)

In Hinduism there is also the belief in karma the law of cause and effect. This belief is based on the fact that every individual has a way of creating their own destiny by his thoughts, words and deeds. It governs the fact that life exists in a cycle from birth, death and rebirth.

There is also the belief of reincarnation of the soul that evolves through many births until all karmas have been resolved and the liberation from rebirths cycle has been attained. This means that death of the body does not mean everything is over since there is continuity of life. Each incarnation depends on how the previous life was lived (Kumar, 2003.)No single soul will be deprived of his destiny. There is also the belief in upholding righteousness in material and spiritual affairs, they believe in the existence of a natural moral code that ensures justice for all when followed diligently. Hindus believe that all life is sacred since all creatures are a manifestation of the Supreme Being. Life should therefore be loved and reserved.

Hindus recognize three paths to salvation, the first is through work. Its emphasis is that one can get salvation when they do their duties and hence escape the weight of bad karma. The second way of attaining salvation is through deep medidation.the third way is through devotion. This requires the longing for a more emotional and personal approach to religion. It involves self-surrender to one of the many gods and goddesses in Hinduism (Kumar, 2003.)

EthicsThe medical ethics in Hinduism rise from the principle of non violence.hinduism advocates for making choices that do not cause harm. Abortion is one of the unacceptable deeds in Hinduism since it can cause harm to a mother, foetus, father and the society at large. The doctrine of reincarnation forma another basis against abortion since killing of the foetus causes a major karmic setback to it. Since it is deprived the opportunity its potential human existence would have given it to earn good karma and is immediately returned to the cycle.hinduism is against suicide since they view it as assisting death and this brings about bad karma since it violates the non violence principle.hinduism includes teachings that condemn violence and war and promote moral duty through teaching(Hebbar,2009) Hinduism also opposes capital punishment since it is not in line with the non-violence code of Hinduism.

Rites and ritualsAt birth there are baby rites that are performed to the baby. This are performed to welcome the baby to family. It involves placing honey in the baby’s mouth and whispering the name of God into his ear. There are also precise details and rituals that are performed in a wedding ceremony. There are also sacraments involved at that time of the wedding.

The whole essence of Hinduism is difficult to grasp since there are varied thoughts and concepts or lack of set rules governing the religion. The uniqueness of Hinduism and the fundamental concept is that it accepts all religions as being true and can lead one to salvation. It also acknowledges that there is no one path that can unveil the divine intervention in all humans. It is an evolving religion that is constantly influenced by various thoughts, ideas and cultures that requires humans to lead lives that seek knowledge and truth hence they attain true enlightening.

ReferencesShattuck, C. T. (1999). Hinduism. London: Routledge.

Sen, K. M. (2005). Hinduism. London: Penguin. (Chapter1 and 2)

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Bottom of Form

Hebbar, N. (2009). Ethics of Hinduism

Kumar, V. (2003.). Hinduism Beliefs Major Facts about Hinduism. Retrieved October 15, 2012, from http://www.godrealized.com/hinduism_beliefs.htmlPustak ,M (2006).The Philosophy of Hinduism : Four Objectives of Human Life ; Dharma (Right Conduct), Artha (Right Wealth), Kama (Right Desire), Moksha (Right Exit (Liberation) ISBN 81-223-0945-3Bottom of Form

Introduction of the religion

Hinduism

Student’s Name

Affiliation

Course

Date

Introduction of the religion

Hinduism is known to be the world’s oldest and the 3rd largest religion. Christianity is the first followed by Islamic and then Hinduism. Hinduism in India is the main religion with approximately 84% of the general population. The term Hinduism originated from a Persia word that meant a river in the north India (Sindhu). However, it is difficult to allocate the exact source of Hinduism. It is marinated that its timeless pronouncement about a religion has always existed though historians say that it originated from prehistoric Valley of Indus. Hinduism is called as Sanatan Dharma signifying the undying religion. Hindus believe in a ultimate God whose personalities are characterized by divinities that originate from him. The Supreme Being is imminent and magnificent as well the creator and invisible reality (Kumar, 2003.) Hindus believe in karma the law of effect and cause, and this belief is based on the fact that each individual has a method of creating his own fate by his thoughts, words and deeds.

Hinduism has four major divisions of denomination such as shaivism- this is the oldest sect of Hinduism comprising of followers known as Saivas. Smartism- it can be determined as a denomination of Hindu religion. Smarta means adherents who follow Vedas. Shaktism- this is a value that focus on ultimate Godhead. Vaishnvism- it is differentiated from other denominations by mode of worship. The central Hindu scriptures are the Brahmanas, Sruti, the Upanishads, and epics, Smriti, the Vedas, and the Puranas (Zaehner, 1962). The Sruti are such as intensely spiritual things correspond to a seer and evidence. Hindus recognize three paths to salvation, the first is through work. Its emphasis is that one can get salvation when they do their duties and hence escape the weight of bad karma. The second way of attaining salvation is through deep mediation. The third way is through devotion. This requires the desire for an additional emotional and personal move towards to religion. It involves self-surrender to one of the many gods and goddesses in Hinduism (Kumar, 2003). It rules the idea that life exists in a cycle from birth to death and to rebirth.

Hindus religion is based on the notion that animal and human spirits return to earth to live various times in diverse forms. Hindus think that a person moves up and down a chain of command on the basis of performance. Hindus believe that for a person to be born into the superior class must have done performed well in his/her past life whereas for a person to be born poor must have poorly performed in his/her previous life. Central to Hinduism are the notion of recreation, the background system, finding morality, integration with Brahman, and attaining Nirvana (Min, 2010). The paths to deliverance in Hinduism consist of loyalties, rituals and the way to understanding of reality and self-reflection. When the practitioner follows the paths, one will attain salvation. Unlike most other religions, it cannot be linked to a single founder as it is formed from diverse traditions. It is a predominant religion in the Indian subcontinent and is one of its indigenous religions (Sen, 2005). Due to the fact that it cannot be clearly defined and does not have rigid guidelines various forms of religious expressions coexist in Hinduism. It is actually a way of life since there are no set customs or rituals that make a person a Hindu if followed.

The medical ethics in Hinduism rise from the principle of non violence. Hinduism advocates for making choices that do not cause harm. Abortion is one of the unacceptable deeds in Hinduism since it can cause harm to a mother, fetus, father and the society at large. The doctrine of reincarnation form another basis against abortion since killing of the foetus causes a major karmic setback to it. Since it is deprived the opportunity its potential human existence would have given it to earn good karma and is immediately returned to the cycle. Hinduism is against suicide since they view it as assisting death and this brings about bad karma since it violates the non violence principle. Hinduism includes teachings that condemn violence and war and promote moral duty through teaching (Hebbar, 2009) Hinduism also opposes capital punishment since it is not in line with the non-violence code of Hinduism.

Location and review of the physical site

I travelled to Vancouver BC where there is a large population of Hindu community and Interviewed several and learned about their religion. They are welcoming and ready to help since they believe in doing well to everyone. I then went to Houston to visit their temple. Here I visited a temple situated in Brandt Street of United States of America.

Experiences of worship place

In this place of worship I was asked to take of my shoes as everyone else and when I entered I noticed all type of food but there was no meat. Hindus are vegetarian and believe that when you kill an animal you might be killing one of your relatives who came back after death inform of an animal. Then there are several book and tapes sold in the lobby which contain Sanskrit (Min, 2010). The women and men worship in different rooms. They do their worship differently men guided by the Guru, if a woman touches a Guru she should fast for 24hours.

What did you observe and experience?

Their mode of worship is different from the normal way. For instance, they lay down like push up and stand up again and go down many time as they are chanting. From there was a different building and here I was served with rice with pine nuts, pita bread and chapattis. It was a great experience to be treated with kindness and attention. Below are the questions I made to ask from them.

Interview summary

Who is or are the founders of your religion? And why did they create this religion?

Hinduism is not credited to a particular founder. The religion was created to break the cycle of birth, death and reincarnation, and to get salvation.

Where do you worship and how often do you visit your house of worship?

Hindus worship in Temples and for Orthodox schools prescribe three prayer times a day: at dawn, noon and dusk.

Do you find it difficult to live and practice according to your religion here in America?

In America, one can practice Hindu and anywhere else. This is because Hindus believe good deeds and moral behaviors is being a Hindu believer. Having a family, parents teach their children at home about the religion. They celebrate all the religious ceremonies which are celebrated in India. When one does the basic things, like looking after the family, the friends, and those around you, that’s the best way to worship God.

What social problems have you encountered if any in regards to your faith here in the US?

Non Hindus think of Indians as having many gods. However, Hinduism is not polytheistic, it’s monotheistic. It’s just that God is being viewed in different ways. We believe God has no form; you can view God in many different ways.

What is your holy scripture called and is it available to everyone?

The holy scriptures are Puranas, Vedas, Gita, and Upanishad. It is available to everyone.

What are your views on how others practice their religion? Specifically does your religion preach to people of other faiths?

The Hindus Follow dharma thus do righteousness, is their eternal law. The only people interested in Hindus faith can listen but normally they use their language. People admire to do meditation and yoga learned from Hindus.

What is your view on marriage outside of Hindus faith?

The family of the woman finds a man for her. Hindu believes that marriage brings two persons to pursue dharma, artha, kamaas well as moksa .the marriage is followed by traditional rituals for consummation. People wear red and gold in this occasion. A man can to marry a single woman but for kings they can marry more than one woman.

What is your view of what happens after death?

When a person dies, he becomes a spirit and is judged to his deeds when he was alive. Then he comes back to each as a different person in different family grounds. When one did good deeds he is born in royal family if he was bad he is born to poor family

How is your body handled after death? Is there specifically burial methods?

 Most Hindus do not bury a dead body. They burn and cremate it. The dead body is cleaned with water from river Ganges and then burned with a slow fire that is considered by the hindus to be the final one. The Hindus perform rituals for 13days since the person died to help the soul to rest and settle. Their children under the age of a year are buried since they are considered to be holy men. We do not use caskets. They believe it is a natural burial.

What learned about practicing the religion from observing people engaged in a ceremony or service?)

At birth there are baby rites that are performed to the baby. This are performed to welcome the baby to family. It involves placing honey in the baby’s mouth and whispering the name of God into his ear. There are also precise details and rituals that are performed in a wedding ceremony. There are also sacraments involved at that time of the wedding. The whole essence of Hinduism is difficult to grasp since there are varied thoughts and concepts or lack of set rules governing the religion. The uniqueness of Hinduism and the fundamental concept is that it accepts all religions as being true and can lead one to salvation. It also acknowledges that there is no one path that can unveil the divine intervention in all humans. It is an evolving religion that is constantly influenced by various thoughts, ideas and cultures that requires humans to lead lives that seek knowledge and truth hence they attain true enlightening. Hinduism has developed into different forms over the years so that it could be able to remain important and meaningful to its people. For example, the Vedic form that was composed of hymn has been transform today inform of Hinduism Musicians. We can be able to state that Hinduism has for decades been on a constant process of change, absorbing and combining various religions and cultures of different people. Thus, it has been noted that Hinduism has developed from array of combination of cultures.

Comparing and contrasting Hinduism and Judaism

This study compares and contrasts the essential principles of Judaism and Hinduism and their religious practices of marriage and death, and how it affects one’s personality (Kurien, 2007). The Jewish origin is based on the narratives found in Hebrew Bible in the Levant. Though, the narratives suggest that the origin of Judaism come from Abraham- a herder who made a covenant with God his son Isaac, Jacob, and Moses and they worship in the synagogues as well as the western wall of the temple in Jerusalem. While Hinduism has no particular founder and they worship in (Mandir) Temple and it its origin is from Indian Subcontinent.

The Hindus are Dependent on school of thought. Their concept of Deity rely on Monism meaning (all is a manifestation of God), or polytheism (many deities managing different aspects of life), Monotheism (one God, perhaps with many manifestation or manifestations) while Judaism Belief in one God and teachings of the tradition, prophets and rabbis. Monists/Smarta considers that only Brahman exists, Pantheists believe all things are God, Monotheistic sects believe God as transcendent and immanent as well as different from others. The Nasadiya Sukta even discovers creation-ex-nihilo. God is the only one True Creator called HaShem—Hebrew for ‘The Name’, or Adonai and He. Is Omnipresent, none existed before him and will exist forever. He goes beyond life and death. God is one and the only holiness. He is beyond human perceptive, he is omnipotent.

Judaism developed into illumination one of the political and social movement. For example, enlighten movements led to the decline of harsh European laws. Jewish identity occurs from interaction of many tribes such as Christians, Canaanite and Hellenistic (Walker& Veigh, 2006). Orthodox- this can be considered as the major divisions. Here men and women are not allowed to sit together in the synagogue. Reform Judaism- it is considered as the liberal branch since individuals determine the fate of the commandments. Hindus consider Vaishnava, Shaivaya, & Shaktism as their major divisions. Jews forbid worship of idols while Hindus allow idol worshipping. Both of them believe the holy one will come back but have different names. Hindus call Him Kalki, the 10th Avatar of Vishnu while the Jews call them the Messiah.

According to Hinduism the contemporary issue facing it is abortion issue. Hindus have no legal framework that stops people from conductions an abortion meaning that is legal to them hence face challenges and opposition from different religions at most Christians. Violation of human rights from discrimination of women in the society is yet another contemporary issue facing Hinduism. Judaism is faced with leadership problem. They cannot be able to share power with their people and at most leads to war.

How does each compare to the Dionysian and Apollonian traditions of the past?  

Dionysian and Apollonian traditions relied on the logic reasoning and passionate understanding but both Judaism and Hinduism depended on the views of the people, but were similar to by nature of wildness shown at initial stages. Both religions have developed and adapted by accepting the nature of the world and its people. For example the have been transforming so that they could remain relevant to the contemporary community. Hinduism had Gnostic features such as magic, and gods while that of the while that of Judaism was the Bible and magic.

Conclusion

All religions are alike in a way, being grateful for life, doing well and respecting others are one of the virtues practiced. However they have their unique differences as well as the people that practice it and the way they do it.

Reference

Min, P. G. (2010). Preserving ethnicity through religion in America: Korean Protestants and

Indian Hindus across generations. New York: New York University Press.

Kurien, P. A. (2007). A Place at the Multicultural Table the Development of an American

Hinduism. Piscataway: Rutgers University Press.

Walker, J., & Veigh, R. M. (2006). Hinduism and Judaism. United States of America: Hodder

Gibson.

Chakravarti, S. S. (1991). Hinduism, a way of life. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers

Zaehner, R. C. (1962). Hinduism. London: Oxford University Press.

Shattuck, C. T. (1999). Hinduism. London: Routledge.

Sen, K. M. (2005). Hinduism. London: Penguin. (Chapter1 and 2)

Top of Form

Bottom of Form

The affordable care act

Health Care Delivery System

Name of the Student

Name of Affiliate Institution

The affordable care act

Main features for the provision of affordable care act

In the past one decade, the Affordable care act was passed by the U.S Congress to law. It strategized on almost every aspect of the delivery of healthcare services. It was also formulated in such a way that it would enhance more considerable efforts on the provision and prevention of more quality primary care to encouraged hospitals, doctors, and other healthcare providers to coordinate care through the act (Dolgin & Dieterich, 2011). The act provided that the provision of a more equitable and quality healthcare would be increased through the introduction of a federal level insurance exchange, which provided an online marketing strategy where individuals and small businesses would buy health insurance services (Blumenthal & Collins, 2014). Most of the provisions of the act were administered by the federal government with tax subsidies that were income related.

On matters of consumer protection, several ACA provisions were effected. These included the elimination of lifetime limit to which the coverage was to be restricted. The removal of the on the limits that were to be covered annually, preventing the prohibition to access of coverage except in cases where there was the involvement of fraud, and reforming the existing condition that prevented the inclusion of children from the health care coverage (Blumenthal & Collins, 2014). The act also provided that, all individuals and health plan groups were unconditionally obliged to provide coverage to any applicant, without discrimination (Dolgin & Dieterich, 2011). Before the ACA, health insurance providers that operated in the individual market were allowed had the permission to deny coverage to people based on the conditions of their health risk. The act also provided that all individual health plans and groups were obliged to provide benefits and coverage that is equal to all applicants.

On the coverage of preventive services, the act stipulates that all private health insurance plans are obliged to provide coverage for all preventive health services without demanding any payment from the patients. It also provides that the private health institution must cover for all additional set of preventive health services for women with no cost-sharing requirements. Another provision of the act is the expansion of dependent coverage to young adults. This rule was kept in effect to allow young adults to access healthcare services under the coverage of their parents until they turn 26 (Blumenthal & Collins, 2014). The act also provided different health plan benefit designs. It provided that the act had to make significant changes to health plan benefit designs. It provided uniform standards that were to apply for fro covered benefits and cost sharing in small markets and individuals. In the same case of health plan benefit design, it also provided that the state was the one with the obligation to select an EHB benchmark plan. This plan was the one to be used in the provision of the needed health benefit plans that were supposed to be offered by policies in the states instead of establishing a uniform benefits package that would be offered by all plans.

Leading arguments for and against this act

The Affordable care act have for a long period of time been received more negative than positive messages. This has provided misleading information about the main aims of the Act. The main aim of the ACA is to make healthcare services affordable for all American citizens and make sure that all citizens are provided with care at the best of its quality regardless of health, racial or social status of an individual (Blumenthal & Collins, 2014). For the Congress to offer ACA as an alternative, it had recognized that the high costs of Medicare and Medicaid and that of employee health benefits were becoming a huge budget for the federal government.

The main benefit of ACA is that it makes insurance affordable. Through ACA, middle-class citizens can get tax credits. As recorded in 2017, the act limits individual spending to $7, 150 and $14, 200 for a family plan. The act also increased Medicaid coverage by 187 percent of the federal poverty level, and it can provide the full healthcare coverage to adults for children without children for the first time (Dolgin & Dieterich, 2011). The case is however different from that advocated by the Trumpcare since the Medicaid expansion is to be eliminated by 2020.

In 2014, the federal government provided a provision that required states to have insurance exchanges or use the federal government exchange lessen the burden of getting an insurance plan. With the online insurance platform, health insurance coverage is made easier since all the required information about the service needed and the service provider can be accessed online. By allowing the coverage of young adults up to the age of 26, the Act aided in reducing healthcare cost (Blumenthal & Collins, 2014). The Act also provided that organizations with more than 50 employees were supposed to offer them with health insurance coverage, this aided in making sure that all employees health risks have been fully covered by the organization that they are working for.

Another importance of the ACA is that people with health conditions that were existing before the coverage are also able to get the health insurance coverage (Blumenthal & Collins, 2014). Before the Act was made a law, people with preexisting conditions such as cancer were not able to get health insurance coverage. Most insurance companies denied treatments for such people by providing an exception that the illness or the injury existed or occurred before one was covered by the plan. Under the ACA, everyone is covered regardless of once condition. It is also under ACA that there is no set limit for people with chronic illnesses. Before the act, health insurance companies had set limits on the amount of money that an individual consumer would spend (Dolgin & Dieterich, 2011). It is also only through the affordable act care that the cost of prescribed drugs was lowered. Before the act, many people, mostly the elderly citizens, were unable to cater for their medications. Within the first five years of the administration of Obamacare, a record of more than $16 billion on saving has been recorded.

The implementation of the Affordable Care Act, however, had its side effects. After its application, insurance companies were required to provide a wider range of benefits and were also to cover people with pre-existing conditions (Blumenthal & Collins, 2014). This led to an increase in health premiums for people who had already had health insurance. The act also led to the creation of new taxes to help in its payment. People with higher earnings were subjected to more tax payments while at the same time taking the savings that came from Medicare payment (Dolgin & Dieterich, 2011). Research has also indicated that businesses are reducing the working hours of their patients to avoid higher coverage. This provides a direct implication on job creation.

Leading arguments for and against universal healthcare

The main advantage of universal healthcare in the United States is that it ensures equal access to heal care. Through this health care system, people that are no able to access some healthcare services and care are able always covered. The provision of any healthcare service is always made available to everyone without keeping regard to their social status (Gluckman et al., 2008). Universal healthcare system also aids in the improvement of public health. Healthcare contribution is evenly distributed among the entire population hence, making sure that everyone can access the basic care that they need.

Universal healthcare has a platform that is easily navigated. Healthcare practitioners can concentrate on one patient at a time without being affected by like insurance and other healthcare related problems (Gluckman et al., 2008). The healthcare system also encourages entrepreneurship since people can start their businesses without having to fear the risk of losing their healthcare coverage.

The system, however, has its backdrops. It results in long waiting time, hence making access to care more difficult for others since there might lack enough time to cover all patients. Studies have indicated that the system leads to a socialism like a state (Shi & Singh, 2014). This can be seen in cases where the government raises its taxes to gather enough money for the coverage of healthcare. The government’s action of government increasing the level of taxes indicates a case of socialism where the government is the one that controls the distribution of goods and services. The U.S practices a system of a free market where the delivery of goods and resources is controlled by market forces (Gluckman et al., 2008). This could be an indication of the first step by the government to take control of other aspects of the economy.

The implementation and running of a universal health care system increase government debt and spending. Running a single health care system leads to increase in the level of taxes since the money being used to manage the system is being gained from the public (Shi & Singh, 2014). The current U.S government is spending a huge budget on healthcare more than any other developed country due to some of its programs like the Medicare and Medicaid.

References

Blumenthal, D., & Collins, S. R. (2014). Health care coverage under the Affordable Care Act—a progress report.

Dolgin, J. L., & Dieterich, K. R. (2011). Social and legal debate about the affordable care act.Gluckman, M. D., Liebow, M., McLean, R. M., Musana, K. A., Nichols, P. M., Purtle, M. W., … & Kathleen, M. (2008). Achieving a high-performance health care system with universal access: what the United States can learn from other countries. Ann Intern Med, 148, 55-75.

Shi, L., & Singh, D. A. (2014). Delivering health care in America. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Regularly

Health is Wealth. Why Should You Exercise Regularly?

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Why Should You Exercise Regularly?

Do you want to have more energy, feel better, and add years to your life? Just exercise regularly. One of the proven facts of exercise is that it periodically reduces a person’s probability of premature death by 30% (Amin et al., 2018). Additionally, running for 15 minutes every single day reduces the risk of depression by 26%. The significance of exercise cannot be overemphasized. As we all know, exercise reduces the risk of diseases and generally improves a person’s health. Regardless of age, physical ability, and sex, every person benefits from exercising regularly. Without a doubt, exercising regularly leads to a healthier and happier life.

To begin with, exercise helps in controlling body weight. Exercise helps in maintaining weight loss and prevents excess weight gain. Whenever one engages in physical activity, they burn calories. The amounts of calories burnt are dependent on how intense the activity is. If the activity is intense, you burn more calories. Making regular trips to the gym is good, but not to worry if you do not have a huge chunk of time to carry out exercise regularly. Doing any activity is better than none. If one wants to enjoy the benefits of exercising, they have become more active in their daily activities. For instance, they can take the stairs instead of taking the elevator or carry out the household chores by themselves. Consistency is of essence.

Secondly, exercise improves mood. Do you need to blow off steam after a stressful day at work? Do you need an emotional lift? A walk or a session at the gym can be of help. Physical activity helps in stimulating specific brain chemicals which leave one feeling less anxious, happier, and more relaxed. One also feels better about themselves and their physical appearance whenever they exercise regularly, improving their self-esteem and boosting confidence.

Thirdly, exercise combats health diseases and conditions. Do you hope to avoid high blood pressure? Are you worried about heart disease? No matter your current weight, being active and exercising regularly decreases unhealthy triglycerides and boosts high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (Kreindler & Amoroso, 2019). The one-two punch keeps blood flowing smoothly which reduces one’s risk of suffering cardiovascular disease. Regular exercise prevents or manages various health concerns and problems, including stroke, high blood pressure, metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes, falls, arthritis, depression, anxiety, and various types of cancer. Furthermore, exercise helps boost cognitive function and reduces the risk of death from other causes.

Fourthly, exercising regularly helps in boosting energy. Feeling overwhelmed by household chores or grocery shopping? Carrying out exercises on a regular basis helps in boosting a person’s endurance and muscle strength. Exercise delivers nutrients and oxygen to one’s tissues helping one’s cardiovascular system function more efficiently. When an individual’s health and heart improves, they have more energy to carry out their daily chores.

Additionally, exercising regularly helps in putting a spark in one’s sex life. Are you feeling too out of shape or tired to enjoy intimacy? Carrying out physical exercise regularly helps in boosting one’s energy levels and increases their confidence regarding their physical appearance which can boost their sex life. But there is even more to this. Exercising regularly helps enhance arousal, particularly among women. Further, men who exercise regularly are less prone to problems with erectile dysfunction than those who do not exercise.

Furthermore, exercise is fun and social. Physical activities and exercise can be enjoyable. Exercise provides one an opportunity to unwind, enjoy the outdoors and simply engage in activities that make them happy. What’s more, physical activity can also provide one with an opportunity to connect with friends and family within a fun social setting. So join a soccer team, hit the hiking trails, or take that dance class that you always wanted to join. Find something you enjoy, and do it. If you are bored, try something new with family or friends.

Moreover, exercise leads to a better quality of sleep. Exercise helps one fall asleep longer and faster because it fights insomnia and ensures that one is sufficiently tired by the time they are going to bed. Exercise helps in regulating one’s body circadian rhythm. Additionally, the increased body temperature that results from physical activity improves one’s quality of sleep by helping it reduce during sleep.

Another benefit of exercise is that it leads to healthier and younger skin. Exercise helps in stimulating the flow of blood to the skin. This helps in delivering more nutrients and oxygen to the skin which improves it. Through sweating, the body is able to excrete wastes on the skin’s surface. Exercise benefits one skin and triggers the production of antioxidants. Oxidants help in repairing damage caused to skin cells and improve the skin’s health.

Finally, regular exercise is helpful in managing addictions. Addictions can occur in any form, including food, alcohol, drugs, and nicotine (Pelletier et al., 2017). The brain releases various chemicals in response to any pleasure that is derived from addiction. Exercises such as running release chemicals which release with the addiction. For instance, running makes one feel exhilarated and euphoric. Regular exercise has proved helpful in helping people recover from addictions. Physical activities also distract people from cravings when they are in the process of quitting smoking.

The bottom line is, physical activity and exercise are great ways to boost one’s health, make them feel better and have fun. For healthy adults, it is recommended to have at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity per week or strength training exercises at least twice a week. It is important to spread activities throughout the week. Also, remember to consult with a medical practitioner before commencing a new exercise program, especially if you suffer chronic health problems such as heart disease or have not exercised in a long time.

References

Amin, F. M., Aristeidou, S., Baraldi, C., Czapinska-Ciepiela, E. K., Ariadni, D. D., di Lenola, D., Fenech, C., Kampouris, K., Karagiorgis, G., Braschinsky, M., & Linde, M. (2018). The association between migraine and physical exercise. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-018-0902-yKreindler, J., & Amoroso, P. (2019). Daily exercise is daily medicine. BJU International, 123(2), 200–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.14625Pelletier, L., Shanmugasegaram, S., Patten, S. B., & Demers, A. (2017). Self-management of mood and/or anxiety disorders through physical activity/exercise. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada, 37(5), 149–159. https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.37.5.03

Malaria health issue

Health Issue

Many People in the world suffer from health issues where harmful conditions may be determined. Most people do not understand how they end up losing their lives for some curable or non-curable diseases (Chan, 2010). An example of a health issue is Malaria which is a viral disease affecting both poor and rich people in the world as well as being transmitted to anyone. It affects approximately 106 countries and can be cured or even controlled for a country to live Malaria free such as in Morocco.

Malaria health issue

In the governor’s diary, Malaria is seen to cause 225 million illness affecting children and adults, and more than 780,000 deaths annually. The world health organization estimated that in 2010 there were 219 million cases of malaria whereby 660,000 to 1.2 people died most of them being African children under 15years. Malaria is associated with poverty and is a hindrance to economic development. Pregnant women are also at risk of being infected with maternal malaria being estimated to 200,000 infant deaths annually. Travelers contract the disease if they are not well treated to prevent from contacting it.

Malaria occurs in tropical and subtropical areas where there are mosquito parasites, and people have not taken extreme measures to prevent and cure it. By using insecticides sprays and sprayed nets is one way to prevent mosquito bites. Draining stagnant water prevent mosquitoes from multiplying. There are no Vaccines to prevent malaria but researchers are findings ways to prevent malaria by vaccines. In the mean time, treated nets and medicine to cure malaria are being used.

Summary

The world health organizations (WHO) efforts to prevent malaria have brought about changes in malaria transmission. They hold campaign on malaria preventions, train people on how to use and treat nets, explain on symptoms of malaria so that when noticed at once the person with the symptoms to be taken to hospital for further check up. Malaria is a disease that can be cured when essential measures are taken to an ill person. Malaria symptoms include headache and fever, if not treated in time it can cause one to go into a comma or even death.  

Reference

Chan, M. (2010). World malaria report2010: World health organizations. Retrieved from

http://www.who.int/malaria/world_malaria_report_2010/worldmalariareport2010.pdf

 

 

 

 

Justice at risk! An evaluation of a pseudoscientific analysis of a witness’ nonverbal behavior in the courtroom.

Hello everyone. Thank you for joining me in this presentation.

I begin by providing a background of the article I critiqued. My critique was based on Denault and Jupe, (2018) article, Justice at risk! An evaluation of a pseudoscientific analysis of a witness’ nonverbal behavior in the courtroom. The authors presented nonverbal behavior to be a critical part of any form of communication. Nonverbal behavior is an important communication tool because it significantly improves the ability of a person to engage, establish, and relate to meaningful interactions. In their presentation, Denault and Jupe, (2018) mention the consequences of nonverbal communication to include the creation of stereotypes and biases unique to people who speak the same language. They then link these outcomes in communication to the courtroom and by extension the justice system. The article explains that nonverbal communications are dangerous because of how they leave basic interpretation of intention and message to another party. Overall, courtroom decisions are affected by nonverbal communication because they may be used to show the credibility of a witness.

There are several methodological gaps and limitations to the article. For example, the authors mention the use of synergology in the courtroom as a way of utilizing knowledge on nonverbal communication, yet there is no scientific reference of such studies or their effectiveness in the determination of a witness or suspect’s intention in communication. The definition of terms is somewhat lacking, but the authors contribute positively to the understanding of these concepts by offering key examples and their applications to the courtroom. A notable limitation is that the authors only focus on the use of nonverbal behavior in a courtroom and fail to mention how it also applies in other legal processes. Nonetheless, the authors are careful to provide a review of extant literature on several matters, adding credibility to their argument, for example by using evidence from experts on matters such as court biases, nonverbal cues, behavior detrimental to court processes, and other current analysis of nonverbal communication. The article is also very current and uses materials from the last decade to draw conclusions on how nonverbal communication affects courtroom processes. Overall, the article is specific to its purpose and is professionally presented making it easier to understand the technical terms involved.

Thank you for your time. I will take any questions that you may have on the article or any parts that need clarification.