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Usability challenges that faced during implementation of HIT system

HIT Usability and Design Challenges

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Usability challenges that faced during implementation of HIT system

As a clinical administrator tasked with implementing, the case study given on new health information technology system, I faced a number of challenges during implementation process. The challenges include sophisticated user interface that is harder for users to understand, ineffective use of on-line help with context searching of different topics and poorly designed command menu structure that did not take into an account the use of short cut keys for experienced users. The system also lacked the aspect of user friendliness in terms of design skills, design terminology used as well as lack of consistency in menu design. Another usability challenge was lack of simpler and quick way to navigate between documents.

Factors that caused the challenges

The factors that led to the above challenges include poor human computer interaction (HCI), human factors, failure to include users in the development stages, concerns experienced during implementation and design failure. The main cause of nearly all problems in this case is the failure to include users of the system in the development process. This led to lack of straight forwardness in the implementation process. The users’ opinions can be very significant in all stages of implementation process especially at the design and testing stages. Since no user opinion was considered in this case, the result was a system that is not user friendly to health staff users.

Another important cause is the human factors which can be summarized into display and control. The display factor is where device like computer screen provides the user with information when needed. The final system was found to have very poor display to the individual users. The control part of human factors involves the use of devices such as keyboard or mouse to allow an individual or user to take an action. This was partially possible since menus were designed without considering short cut commands that permits communication with the keyboard.

Another cause is the poor aspects of human computer interaction. In this case, the human computer interaction (HCI) part of the system lacks significant principles such as consistency, predictability, satisfaction, and simplicity among many others that enhances user friendliness of the system. Poor interface design leads to lack of consistency especially in menus which varied from the expected standard and type of menu commands that are inherent in variety of applications. The complexity in the use of hard to remember commands and other features compromises the HCI principle of simplicity. The fact that the system is harder to understand by users makes it hard for them to predict how the system is likely to respond while executing a given command. As a result, users lack satisfaction with the total system. It should therefore be noted that all the challenges originated from two main factors namely, user absence in the implementation process a as well as in the design aspect.

It is thus safe to say that the challenges experience were as a result of design issues. The absence of users during the development cycle implies that the total system design was made without any opinion of the user. In other words, the design was not user centered. All the flaws that existed in the design were thus carried forward up to the final implementation stage. This is because, the final product implemented should be the exact blue print of the design.

Strategies for overcoming these usability challenges

The first strategy is to ensure that users are involved at all stages of development cycle right from the requirements acquisition, analysis, design, coding, and testing and implementation stages. This will ensure that users are well familiar with the system and its features. As a result, the system is likely to be user friendly to them even if it may contain some complexities and other problems. Second is that good user training should be conducted during and after implementation to make them more acquainted with the system. Third is to ensure that HCI design principles are applied in the design process of system interface for better simplicity, consistency, and user friendliness among others. Last but not least, the development team should strictly follow the system development stages straight forward from the start to the end without overlooking any phase.

References

Revenue from operations

Hooper co. income statement For the year ended Dec 31, 2018

Revenue from operations 90,000

Total operating income $90,000

Less: Operating expenses 26,000 Salaries 900 Provision for doubtful debts 26,900

Total operating expenses $26,900

Net operating income $63,100

Add: Non-operating income 100

Net income $63,200

Hooper company balance sheet as at Dec 31,2018

Assets

Cash 90,000

Notes receivable 20,000

Accounts receivables 12,000 Less: Provision for doubtful debts 900 11,100

Accrued interests 100

Total assets 121,200

Liabilities

Shareholder’s equity Common stock 60,000

Retained earnings Opening Add: Net income 63,200 Less: Dividend 2,000 61,200

Total stakeholders equity 121,200

Total liabilities and stakeholder’s equity 121,200

Hooper co. Cash flow statement for the year ended Dec 31,2018

Cash flow from operating activities

Inflows from customers 78,000 Outflows for expenses (26,000) Net cash-flows from investing activities $52,000

Cash flow from investing activities

Loaned to mosby co. (20,000) Net cash flow from investing activities $20,000

Cash flow from financing activities

Issue of common stock 60,000 Dividend paid (2,000) Net cash flow from financing activities $58,000

Net change in cash 90,000

Beginning cash (Add) Ending cash balance $90,000

The world is going through an era of information burst.

How mass media impacts women:

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Declaration

This report is as a result of the researchers’ independent investigation and has never been submitted for approval by any other researcher or institution.

Abstract.

The world is going through an era of information burst. To others the globe has developed into a global village. The use of electronic media has revolutionized the media. It does not matter where one is since the information flows from one location to another. Technological advancement has greatly modified the world environment in all manner. The changes are most noticeable among the young generation since the older people are slow to adapt or rather rigid. The types of media include radio, television, telephone, mobile phones, video conferencing, social networking, and newspapers. The world now is more sophisticated than it was in the 19th century (Perse & Lambe, 2016). Mass media are the intellectualized organizations indulging in the formation, selection, handling, and dissemination of content in the world. The media disseminates information to people. The media enlightens, teaches, advertises, and entertains its followers. Mass media is a chief asset for all liberal democracies. Politicians use mass media forums to champion for freedom in the American context. In this democracies, the media advocates for change and criticizes the government. This study investigated the influence of media on women. Literature review was carried out on previous researches on the topic. The study adopted both qualitative and quantitative research type. A cross sectional study design was selected for the study to allow collection of data over a period of time.

Chapter one: Introduction

1.1 Problem statement

The constant communication upheaval has unlocked up more prospects for women who have been denied representation for generations. The utilization of the media is still uninhibited and misguided. Children and women are still the most underprivileged groups in community despite the immense boast of technological progression. Women regularly demonstrate on issues of discrimination, disparity, and abuse by the male-dominated media staff. The media is predominantly active in selling injudicious concepts and stereotypes that hamper accomplishing gender equality. Scholars hypothesize that the media carries on the presentation of women as the fragile gender. For instance, in the United States, mass media broadcast sell the belief that men are merely sex-driven in relationships while women function as sexual entities. Feminists claim that the movies shown in the media have resulted to the anorexic Nervosa which is witnessed in the young generations (Cortese, 2015). The new generation has accepted the opinion that men are only fascinated by skinny, young and beautiful women. The aim of the paper is to determine the effect of mass media on women.

1.2 Scope of the study.

The research was undertaken in both rural and urban women.

1.3 Justification

Women have come a long way in the process of achieving gender equality. The gender protests of the 20th century increased women representation in media outlets, although the numbers are far from achieving gender equality. For instance, women only represent 10% of news stories, they only represent approximately 20% of the experts interviewed, television programs generally have less than 35% of women as actors (Patowary, 2014). Besides, women in films play supporting roles. The stereotypes towards women have been especially detrimental. Some of the stereotypes include: that role of the woman is at home where they have to do all housework duties, women cannot make crucial decisions, women must always be dependent on men, and women are sexual objects. Women have adapted to images sold by the mass media of how they should look. An ideal woman should be thin, white, fit, and with blonde hair. The effect of these is manifested in video games where creators display women with revealing clothes or even nude while the men are usually clothed appropriately.

1.4 Research questions

1.4.1 Main Research question

What is the impact of media among women?

1.4.2 Other research questions

What is the impact of media on women perception?

What is the impact of media on women’s involvement in various sectors such as agriculture occupation and entertainment?

How has media contributed to empowerment of women.

1.5 Research objectives

1.5.1 Broad objective

To determine the impact of media among women.

1.5.2 Specific objectives

To determine the impact of women’s perception by the media.

To determine the impact of media on women’s involvement in various sectors such as agriculture occupation and entertainment.

To establish the contribution of media to women empowerment

1.6 Hypotheses

The media has contributed significantly to the empowerment of women.

Women have a negative perception as a result of various media content and practices.

Women have engaged in various sectors as a result of information obtained from the media.

1.7 Limitations and delimitations

1.7.1 Limitations

Researchers experienced time constraints especially obtaining information from the respondents.

The cost of carrying out the research was too high. This is especially on activities such as printing questionnaires and transportation cost.

Some correspondents were unwilling to give information.

There was a language barrier as some respondents could not speak in a national language.

1.7.2 Delimitations

Researchers maximized on carrying out the research during the available time. The sample size was reduced as appropriate.

The researchers hired a means of transportation to be able to reduce on the cost of acquiring one each day. The cost of carrying out the research was cost-shared among the researchers.

Incentives were used to encourage respondents to give information.

Researchers identified a member from among the samples who was conversant with the local language and could speak a national language to interpret when needed.

1.8 Assumptions

That the researchers obtained permission from relevant authorities to carry out the study within their jurisdiction.

That the researchers duly obtained consent from the respondents.

That the information given by the respondents is accurate and can be used to generalize the study on the population.

That the researchers have not violated the ethical code of carrying out a research.

Chapter two: Literature review

2.1 Impact of media on women perception

2.1.1 Body image

Attitude refers to one’s opinion, feelings or thoughts about something. In this subtopic, we review literature conducted on how the media has influenced women’s attitudes to various aspects of life. Of particular interest is body image. A lot of resources are being used to adventure on how women can change their body image. Many women confess to being body conscious and as such will pull all strings to ensure that their body shape is appealing. This has informed the flourishing of the cosmetic industry. Even in the medical field, pharmacological therapies are being used off label to enhance beauty. Some go to the extent of abusing such drugs, sometimes with the aid of the healthcare workers. Media has significantly contributed to this ideas of body image.

Many people especially the young adults have access to information about the ideal state of beauty. Incorporation of these ideas has led to the differentiation between oneself and the ideal state. This has led to the public health problem of body dissatisfaction (Uchoa, 2019). Body dissatisfaction is especially observed among the female gender. As the young girls grow from childhood into adolescence, they identify with their older peers. Its at this point that they learn the ideal state if attractiveness that makes them acceptable among the society. Of note is that the sources of information from which they learn includes social media platforms (Bearman, 2006). Mass media may result in adolescents incorporating the ideal state and consequently go into body dissatisfaction when they can’t measure up to the ideal state (Vries, 2019).

2.1.2 Perception on eating and effects.

With the advancement in technology and evolution of dietary practices, many have drastically transformed their nutritional practice to achieve a certain goal. Professional nutritional advice has also been accessible hence people make informed nutritional choices. However, of interest to this study is the perception that women have on eating. Some women believe that eating some food substances will result in gaining weight and an undesirable body shape. This informs the decision to undertake drastic activities to reduce their body weight. Through the social media people have access to information about the consequences of ingestion of some substances. Others learn through the experience of their peers that are shred in the social media.

Through the media, women learn the standard beauty practices from the actresses, models and the female presenters. Majority of these groups have adopted a slim body shape, hence their viewers end up engaging in drastic body weight reduction practices. The social media seems to glorify some body shapes and discredit others (Spettigue, 2004). There have been shown an increasing trend of eating disorders with the advancement of technology and use of social media. Mass media has promoted the acceptance of the thinness standard. It has portrayed it as an ideal state and as the way to achieve social approval in terms of attractiveness (Peroutsi, 2011).

2.2 Impact of media on women involvement in various activities.

Advancement in media has revolutionized the practice of advertisement. Hitherto, advertisements could be done through the mainstream media platforms including radio and televisions. This was a disadvantage to many women since men were the ones known to be viewers and listeners of televisions and radios respectively. However, with the evolution of media practices, advertisements can be done in any platform including the social media platforms. Its important to note that even social media draw part of their earnings through advertisements. This is quite an advantage to women as majority are known to prefer use of social media than the mainstream media.

2.2.1 Influence on women’s practice of agriculture

For many years, women have been known to provide casual labour in the farms rather than managerial or administrative duties. In the ancient Egyptian culture and the early civilization, the role of women was negated in many aspects. A gender role is a set of standards dictating the activities that are appropriate to be carried out by a certain gender. The women could only engage in certain farming activities while the men could carry out the more lucrative chores (Khalil, 2017). In the current civilization, women still perform most of the labor work in terms of agriculture. However, unlike before, they also enhance in managerial duties. Unfortunately, women still do not measure up to men in terms of their productivity. This partly is due to the discrepancies that exit in terms of education. Women have not benefited much from the educational programs being run in the mainstream media with regards to agriculture (Diiro, 2018).

As in other sectors, agriculture is not left behind in revolution of its media practices. Advertisement of agricultural produce and inputs has evolved to include social media platforms. As aforementioned, these is likely to benefit women who are known to use social media more than men. These practices create awareness and invokes interest among women to engage in agricultural practices (Evans, 2016). In an average, women tend to be use social media more than men (Alnjadat, 2019).

2.2.2 Effect on healthcare practice

Media can influence the kind of occupation one wants to undertake. Women are known to prefer lighter engagements with respect to any duty. Therefore, the efficiency brought about by the media seems to resonate well with them. With healthcare practice in particular, the advancement of telemedicine, professional networking, health information technology and electronic health records has resulted in the field being attractive to women (Ventola, 2018). Physicians utilize media to advertise their services, to refer patients, monitor patients who are on home based care and even carry out patient education

2.2.3 Effect on the media profession.

The articles reviewed reveal that the women are often disproportionately affected by information inequality in mass media. Women are vastly underrepresented in top positions in media outlets. There is no refuting the benefits of mass media on women empowerment. However, women lag behind men in terms of internet accessibility. Women who have been exposed to the internet are prone to sexual harassment (Hanson, 2016). The situation is worse when women do not conform to social norms.

2.3 Contribution to the empowerment of women

2.3.1 Effect of media on women leadership.

At the workplace, majority of the leadership positions are occupied by men. These positions are either reserved for men or the men outshine the ladies in a competitive process to acquire the positions. This has resulted in gender equality. However, through the influence of media, a lot is being done to undo this inequality. At the age of 11-17, girls are believed to be in the stage of “seeing is believing”. They draw inspiration and encouragement from their counterparts who occupy various leadership positions. The women identify with such role models when they have similar characteristics, one of them being the same gender. The internet confers a media of connection between the professionals and those who view them as role models (Katlyn, 2014).

In the united states, despite women making almost half of the workforce, there still exists a significant rift between them and men in terms of occupation of lucrative jobs. Numerically, although the female gender forms almost half of the united states population, they are not proportionally represented in the workforce. This is partly accredited to the negative stereotyping of women with respect to leadership. The media has been shown to perpetuate these stereotypes. Exhibition of photos showing men and women engaging in different traditional activities propagates these stereotyping. The effect of such media activities is profound as it even impacts negatively on women perception on their capabilities (Stefanie, 2012).

2.3.2 Political empowerment

Women have been enlightened on their right to be politically represented. However, this has not achieved much in terms of addressing gender disparity in political positions. It has led to some jurisdictions to draft constitutional laws enforcing the gender parity. The Kenyan two thirds gender rule is a prototype. In the American congress, women hold only 90 of the 535 seats (Stefanie, 2012b). The male gender is evaluated more favorably than the female gender in terms of political positions. Media has aided in propagation of this stereotype by giving more coverage on male political activities than they accord to women (Aaldering, 2016).

Chapter three: Methodology.

3.1 Study area

The research was carried out in an urban area and its outskirts. The outskirts was assumed to be a rural area.

3.2 Study population

The study was limited on adult women. The urban and outskirts designation classified the women into those living in urban areas and those living in rural areas respectively. The researchers obtained information from women in various sectors. In the urban area, the respondents were drawn from those at the workplace and those in various leadership positions. In the outskirts, data was obtained from those in the agricultural sector and those carrying out casual duties.

3.3 Study design

A cross sectional study design was adopted for this study. It merits for this study as information obtained from the sample will be generalized among the women population. It will be used to collect data from the sample drawn from the population. Its strengths are as follows: it is fast, it is cost-effective, there’s no loss to follow-up, it allows collection of data over a short period and there is an in-depth collection of data. Among its weakness is that it is not ideal for testing a hypothesis. Besides, it is difficult to explain a causal relationship from data collected in a cross-sectional time frame.

3.4 Sample size determinationFischer’s et al formula of 1998 for a population less than 3500 was used to determine the sample size.

n=z2 (pq)/d2

Where;

N=desired sample

Z= standard normal deviation set at 1.96 which corresponds to confidence level (1%)

P=proportion of target population estimated at 30% to have characteristic being measured who attend Kabarnet level 4 Hospital. This is 0.30.

Q=1-p

D= margin of error allowed 0.05

In substitution, N = (1.96×1.96) *(0.30[1-0.30]/ [0.05×0.05]) = 322

The desired sample size is 322 women.

3.5 Sampling procedure

Purposeful sampling method was adopted for this study. This was appropriate so as to obtain information only from relevant correspondents.

3.6 Inclusion and Exclusion criteria

3.6.1 Inclusion criteria

Women who are of the adult age (>18 years old).

Women who are of sound mind and were willing to offer information.

Women who were within the designated study area as per the time of data collection.

3.6.2 Exclusion criteria

Women of unsound mind.

Women who fall under the age of minors

3.7 Variables

3.7.1 dependent variable

Impact on engagement on various sectors.

Impact on the perception.

Impact on empowerment.

3.7.2 independent variable

Media.

3.8 Data collection instruments

The researchers administered approved questionnaires so as to help in obtaining information. A total of 330 questionnaires were distributed equally according to the two target groups. Of these, the questionnaires that were obtained back were 301. After cleaning and sorting, a total of 285 questionnaires were used for data analysis.

3.9 Ethical consideration.

The researchers sought permission from the research ethics committee. Upon obtaining permission, the researchers adhered to the ethical code of carrying out a research. The respondents were given information about the research and granted informed consent.

References

Aaldering, L., & Vliegenthart, R. (2016). Political leaders and the media. Can we measure political leadership images in newspapers using computer-assisted content analysis?. Quality & quantity, 50, 1871–1905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-015-0242-9

Alnjadat, R., Hmaidi, M. M., Samha, T. E., Kilani, M. M., & Hasswan, A. M. (2019). Gender variations in social media usage and academic performance among the students of University of Sharjah. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 14(4), 390–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2019.05.002

Bearman, S. K., Martinez, E., Stice, E., & Presnell, K. (2006). The Skinny on Body Dissatisfaction: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Girls and Boys. Journal of youth and adolescence, 35(2), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-9010-9

Cortese, A. J. (2015). Provocateur: Images of women and minorities in advertising. Rowman & Littlefield.

De Vries, D. A., Vossen, H., & van der Kolk-van der Boom, P. (2019). Social Media and Body Dissatisfaction: Investigating the Attenuating Role of Positive Parent-Adolescent Relationships. Journal of youth and adolescence, 48(3), 527–536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0956-9

Diiro, G. M., Seymour, G., Kassie, M., Muricho, G., & Muriithi, B. W. (2018). Women’s empowerment in agriculture and agricultural productivity: Evidence from rural maize farmer households in western Kenya. PloS one, 13(5), e0197995. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197995

Evans J, Heiberger S. Agricultural Media Coverage of Farm Safety: Review of the Literature. J Agromedicine. 2016;21(1):91-105. doi: 10.1080/1059924X.2015.1106376. PMID: 26506853.

Hanson, R. E. (2016). Mass communication: Living in the media world. Sage Publications.

Ibrahim, F. (2018). Women, development, and the mass media. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 5.

Katlyn G. (2014). How Women’s Consumption of Media InfluencesLeadership Development

Khalil, R., Moustafa, A. A., Moftah, M. Z., & Karim, A. A. (2017). How Knowledge of Ancient Egyptian Women Can Influence Today’s Gender Role: Does History Matter in Gender Psychology?. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 2053. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02053

Patowary, H. (2014). Portrayal of women in Indian mass media: An investigation.

Peroutsi A., Gonidakis F.,psychiatriki. 2011 jul-sep 22(3):231-9

Perse, E. M., & Lambe, J. (2016). Media effects and society. Routledge.

Spettigue, W., & Henderson, K. A. (2004). Eating disorders and the role of the media. The Canadian child and adolescent psychiatry review = La revue canadienne de psychiatrie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent, 13(1), 16–19.

Stefanie S. (2012)Exploring the effect of media images on women’s leadership self-perceptions and aspirations

Uchôa, F., Uchôa, N. M., Daniele, T., Lustosa, R. P., Garrido, N. D., Deana, N. F., Aranha, Á., & Alves, N. (2019). Influence of the Mass Media and Body Dissatisfaction on the Risk in Adolescents of Developing Eating Disorders. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(9), 1508. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091508

Ventola C. L. (2014). Social media and health care professionals: benefits, risks, and best practices. P & T : a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management, 39(7),

The world is passing through an age of information explosion.

How mass media impacts women

Student’s name

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The world is passing through an age of information explosion. Others use the words “the world has become a global village” to illustrate the changes that have occurred with achieving technological milestones. The electronic media has completely changed the scope of media. Information can easily flow one part of the world to another in a matter of seconds. The advancement in media has had huge impact on all fronts of the world. Perhaps the young generation is the most affected. The older generation was slow to adapt to the massive changes. The forms of media include radio, television, telephone, mobile phones, video conferencing, social networking, and newspapers. The society today is more complex than it was in the 19th century (Perse & Lambe, 2016). Mass media are the conceptualized agencies involved in the creation, selection, processing, and distribution of messages across the globe. The media plays a fundamental role in society as the adage goes information is power. The media informs, educates, advertises, and entertains her listens and readers. The mass media is a top asset for every liberal democracy, and the politicians recognize this hence champion its freedom. In this democracies, the media serves to champion for change and critic the national government.

The ongoing communication revolution has opened up more opportunities for women who were despised for generations. The use of the media remains uncontrolled and misguided. The women and children remain the most disadvantaged groups in society despite the massive brag of technological advancement. Women usually take to the streets to protest the inequality, disparity, and exploitation by the male-dominated media personnel. The media has been particularly active in selling misguided notions and stereotypes that impede achieving gender equality. Scholars postulate that the media continues to display the women as the weaker gender. For example, in the US, mass media outlets sell the notion that men are only sex-driven in relationships while women serve as sexual objects. Feminists argue that the films displayed in the media have contributed to the anorexic Nervosa syndrome observed in the young generations (Cortese, 2015). The new generation has been led to believe that men are only attracted to thin, young and young women.

The articles reveal that women are often disproportionately affected by information inequality in mass media. Women are vastly underrepresented in top positions in media outlets. There is no refuting the benefits of mass media on women empowerment. However, women lag behind men in terms of internet accessibility. Women who have been exposed to the internet are prone to sexual harassment (Hanson, 2016). The situation is worse when women do not conform to social norms. The researchers used various methods to assess the impact of mass media on women. Women have been the punching bags of toxic masculinity. The study incorporated various methods to conduct the research. The researchers conducted their research on both rural and urban women. They used open-ended questionnaires, interviews, and targeted discussions. Some articles analyzed the field research of other articles forming the secondary sources. One study involved sampling 400 women and conducting interviews and questionnaires with them (Patowary, 2014).

In this study, questionnaires and interviews were used to conduct the research. The researchers shall use the Fischer’s formula to determine the representative population. A total of 330 questionnaires shall be distributed equally to the two target groups based on the above formula. The study selected adult women as the only source of information. It will be a cross-sectional study utilizing a purposeful sampling technique to identify the representative population for the research. The study will also be carried out in urban settings as well as in the outskirts.

The researchers trained their personnel on how to conduct impartial interviews to source out information. The statement problem was to determine the impact of mass media on women. It is important to discuss these to identify the stereotypes and the negative influence of the media on women. The papers had several aims. First, it aimed to increase women empowerment. The study aimed to determine the influence of mass media on women in various sectors such as agriculture, occupation, and entertainment. Thirdly, to investigate the changes that have been made by mass media on women (Ibrahim, 2018). The research hypothesis includes: mass media has increased women empowerment, the media has degraded the decency of women through their stereotypic representations, and women have been denied prestigious opportunities because of their genders.

The research was limited by time. It is hard to quantify the number of women who have been empowered through this research. The sample size was small and may not be representative of the population. It was also difficult to assess the impact of mass media on women based on this methodology. A better methodology needs to be reviewed to extrapolate the impact on women. Future studies should focus on the impact of online information on women.

References

Cortese, A. J. (2015). Provocateur: Images of women and minorities in advertising. Rowman & Littlefield.

Hanson, R. E. (2016). Mass communication: Living in the media world. Sage Publications.

Ibrahim, F. (2018). Women, development, and the mass media. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 5.

Patowary, H. (2014). Portrayal of women in Indian mass media: An investigation.

Perse, E. M., & Lambe, J. (2016). Media effects and society. Routledge.

The world is passing through an age

How mass media impacts women

Student’s name

Institution affiliation

References

Cortese, A. J. (2015). Provocateur: Images of women and minorities in advertising. Rowman & Littlefield.

Hanson, R. E. (2016). Mass communication: Living in the media world. Sage Publications.

Ibrahim, F. (2018). Women, development, and the mass media. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 5.

Patowary, H. (2014). Portrayal of women in Indian mass media: An investigation.

Perse, E. M., & Lambe, J. (2016). Media effects and society. Routledge.

traditions are Beneficial

How Oral traditions are Beneficial and Challenging

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How Oral traditions are Beneficial and Challenging

Introduction

Written documents are often seen as significant sources of history. Documents such as diaries, letters, and old shopping lists can tell a lot about how a person lived, their thoughts, and feelings regarding what was happening around them. Oral tradition refers to the information that is passed down from one generation to the next through word of mouth without being written down, including law, traditions, and literature (Jansen, 2017). Some examples of oral tradition include proverbs, customs, legends, and folktales. For a long time, Africa was deemed a barbaric continent because it did not have widespread writing. Additionally, people thought that something could only be taught if it was written down. This begs the question of how people learned about societies without written records and with very few illiterate people. The cultures that did not store their history in writing instead told their children stories about what transpired, and this way, culture was passed down from generation to generation. This way, history was kept alive. Worth noting, today historians recognize the role of oral traditions in preserving history. Various investigations conducted on studies found evidence indicating oral history as a source of African history. Oral traditions are useful because they help people know what happened in their societies, help people understand cultural beliefs, solve problems, and handle stressful situations, but they are challenging because of inaccurate transmission, unreliability, and language barrier.

Benefits of Using Oral Traditions

Oral Traditions Help People Know What Happened in Their Societies

To begin with, one of the benefits of oral traditions is that they help people know what transpired in their society long before their existence. At the time, in Africa, written communication was rare, and hence oral communication was the only way to preserve history. Oral traditions are critical in explaining events, including when and why events happened the way they did to people or a community. Stories, in particular helped in passing along key messages to future generations about a community. The stories are beneficial because they give explanations for events in life that even the members of the community themselves cannot explain. For example, fictional stories can explain how leopards came to have spots or a serious matter such as what happens when a person dies.

Oral Traditions Help People Understand People’s Beliefs

Another reason why oral traditions are significant in that they help people understand the cultural beliefs that African held and how they came to have those beliefs. By explaining occurrences and events, they help people understand why their predecessors believed what they did. Additionally, oral traditions also help people understand their feelings about the environment in which they live. Through oral traditions, people understand why a community named mountains, rivers, and other landmarks the way they did. Oral traditions also explain why people carried out practices such as rainmaking dances. Additionally, oral traditions also extend to explaining medical practices. For example, among communities such as Black, Afrikaans, and San people learned how to treat wounds and illnesses from what they observed or learned from their elders. This kind of learning was called apprenticeship. Among the Black and San cultures, medicine men were the ones who had knowledge about treating illnesses but among Afrikaans, medicine men were known as boererate, and anybody could use them.

Oral Traditions Help People Solve Problems and Handle Stressful Situations

Another reason why oral traditions are beneficial is that they help people resolve problems and overcome stressful situations. Particularly tall tales help resolve problems and are commonly used among children to boost their creativity. Tall tales are a type of oral story in which the hero is a supernatural being who possesses unusual strength and is large in size. In tall tales, the hero believes they are ordinary beings, uses ordinary language, and often exaggerates details (Vansina, 1985). Exaggeration is what defines a tall tale as it is often very difficult to believe. Noteworthy, since tall tales are developed using a person’s imagination, it encourages creativity. Tall tales can be silly or funny. They are also filled with descriptive language, metaphors, and similes. These metaphors and similes can be used to refer to a problem indirectly.

Challenges of Oral Traditions

Inaccurate Transmission

Oral traditions grapple with the challenge of inaccurate transmission. The fact that oral traditions rely on word of mouth to pass information from one person to the next and one generation to the next leaves room for mistakes. When a culture does not have a culture language or has very limited writing tools means that somewhere along the way, the information is likely to be distorted. For example, South Africa is a country rich in oral traditions. The stories from South African are numerous and they reference the various cultures existing in the country. For many years, these stories were passed from one generation to the next through word of mouth. Most of them have since been preserved. Before being written and being preserved, each story has its own version. This leads to one tale having several versions because as the narrator tells the story, they are likely to distort it. The fact that the story is told repeatedly and by different people means that some sections were likely to have changed. There is a possibility that the narrator may have omitted an important detail, added new information or simply switched information up in a bid to make it easy for the audience to understand. Despite this, the main stories in oral tradition remain the same and give people important clues concerning the past.

Unreliability

Another challenge associated with oral traditions is their unreliability. One cannot tell if and which account of a story is true and which one is false. As a result, one cannot tell which account of history is accurate, making it unreliable. This is evidenced by the stories narrated to young children growing up, including stories about the lions, the hare and others. This makes it hard to tell which tale if imaginary and which one is true.

Language Barrier

One major challenge associated with oral traditions has to do with language barriers. Oral traditions are passed from one person to the next using word of mouth. If the people are not familiar with the language, telling a story about African history can be challenging. For instance, a person may be having valuable information they want to talk about, but the language may get in the way of telling the story. If all parties involved do not understand the language, the process of communication is limited.

Conclusion

In closing, oral traditions use the word of mouth to pass history from one person to another and one generation to the next. Oral traditions are beneficial but, at the same time, are filled with challenges. Oral traditions are beneficial because they help people understand their cultural beliefs, understand what happened to their societies and resolve problems and overcome tough situations. On the other hand, challenges associated with oral tradition have to do with unreliability, language barrier and inaccurate transmission. Since oral traditions rely on word of mouth to transfer information, the narrator likely distorts the information. All in all despite oral traditions having their downsides, they remain beneficial in transmitting African history from one generation to the next.

References

Jansen, J. (2017). Sunjata: A New Prose Version.

Vansina, J. M. (1985). Oral tradition as history. Univ of Wisconsin

This GeoTrust, Inc. (GeoTrust) Certificate Practice Statement

GeoTrust SSL

This GeoTrust, Inc. (“GeoTrust”) Certificate Practice Statement (the “CPS”) presents the principles and procedures GeoTrust employs in the issuance and life cycle management of GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificates, GeoTrust True BusinessID Trial Certificates, GeoTrust Organizational Certificates, GeoTrust SecureMark Certificates and GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificates. This CPS and any and all amendments thereto are incorporated by reference into all of the above-listed GeoTrust Certificates.

For the purposes of this CPS, all capitalized terms used herein shall have the meaning given to them in Section VIII, Definitions, or elsewhere in this CPS.

C. Description and Use of Certificates

GeoTrust Trial Certificates are X.509 Certificates with SSL Extensions which allow a web administrator to test SSL functionality. GeoTrust Trial Certificates are signed by the Trial CA and do not require business authentication. GeoTrust Trial Certificates are not intended to provide identification of a Subscriber’s server. GeoTrust does not accept any liability whatsoever in the issuance and/or management of GeoTrust Trial Certificates. GeoTrust Trial Certificates do not in any manner chain to a Thawte CA nor is the Trial CA embedded within any browser software. To initiate a test of the GeoTrust Trial Certificates, a web administrator must install the GeoTrust Trial Certificates on their server and mark such GeoTrust Trial Certificates as trusted within the test browsers.

2.GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificates

GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificates are X.509 Certificates with SSL Extensions that chain to a Thawte CA and which facilitate secure electronic commerce by providing limited authentication of a Subscriber’s server and permitting SSL encrypted transactions between a Relying Party’s browser and the Subscriber’s server.

3.GeoTrust Organizational Certificates

GeoTrust Organizational Certificates are X.509 Certificates that chain to a Thawte CA and which facilitate secure electronic commerce by providing limited authentication of a Subscriber’s browser.

GeoTrust SecureMark Certificates are X.509 Certificates that chain to a Thawte CA which are S/MIME enabled to permit a consistent way to send and receive secure MIME data and provide limited authentication of a Subscriber’s browser.

5.GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificates

GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificates are X.509 Certificates that chain to either a Thawte CA or Equifax Secure CA which are S/MIME enabled to permit a consistent way to send and receive secure MIME data. These GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificates are issued to the employees, contractors, vendors and other related individuals on behalf of GeoTrust’s institutional clients. A GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate may reference the specific institutional client for which the GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate was issued.

6.Operational Period of Certificates

GeoTrust Trial Certificates have an Operational Period of two (2) weeks from the date of issuance, unless another time period or expiration date is specified on such GeoTrust Trial Certificate, or unless the GeoTrust Trial Certificate is revoked prior to the expiration of the GeoTrust Trial Certificate’s Operational Period.

GeoTrust Server True BusinessID Web Certificates, GeoTrust Organizational Certificates, GeoTrust SecureMark Certificates and GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificates have an Operational Period of three hundred seventy-nine (379) days from the date of issuance, unless another time period or expiration date is specified on such GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificate, GeoTrust Organizational Certificate, GeoTrust SecureMark Certificate or GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate, or unless the GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificate, GeoTrust Organizational Certificate, GeoTrust SecureMark Certificate or GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate is revoked prior to the expiration of the GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificate’s, the GeoTrust Organizational Certificate’s, the GeoTrust SecureMark Certificate’s, or the GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate’s Operational Period.

GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificates, GeoTrust True BusinessID Trial Certificates, GeoTrust Organizational Certificates, GeoTrust SecureMark Certificates and GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificates may not be installed on more than a single server at a time.

8.Technical Requirements of Certificates

In order to use a GeoTrust Trial Certificate or a GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificate, the appropriate server software must support SSLv3. In order to use a GeoTrust Organizational Certificate, a GeoTrust SecureMark Certificate or a GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate, a Subscriber must use Lotus Notes Web Navigator 5.x (or later release), Netscape Navigator 4.X (or later release) or Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.X (or later release) (so long as any of such browsers can handle 128 bit encryption).

GeoTrust will: (i) issue Certificates in accordance with this CPS; (ii) perform limited authentication of Subscribers as described in this CPS; (iii) revoke Certificates; and (iv) perform any other functions which are described within this CPS.

Subscribers will submit truthful information about itself, its business entity, domain ownership and contacts, as applicable. Subscribers will not install a Certificate on more than a single server at a time. Subscribers will at all times abide by this CPS and a Subscriber will immediately request revocation of a Certificate if the related Private Key is Compromised. The Subscriber will only use the GeoTrust Trial Certificate and GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificate for purposes of initiating SSL sessions. The Subscriber will only use the GeoTrust Organizational Certificate for purpose of authenticating the Subscriber. The Subscriber will only use the GeoTrust SecureMark Certificate for authenticating the Subscriber and/or utilizing S/MIME applications and GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificates for authenticating the Subscriber and/or utilizing S/MIME applications in connection with applications supported by the applicable institutional client. The Subscriber is!

solely responsible for the protection of its Private Key and for notifying GeoTrust immediately in the event that its Private Key has been Compromised.

With regard to GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificates, Relying Parties must verify that the Certificate is valid by verifying the status of the Certificate with GeoTrust’s institutional client specific to the Certificate’s Subscriber before initiating a transaction involving such Certificate.

With regard to the other Certificates, Relying Parties must verify that the Certificate is valid by examining the Certificate Revocation List before initiating a transaction involving such Certificate.

GeoTrust does not accept responsibility for reliance on a fraudulently obtained Certificate or a Certificate that is on the CRL.

GeoTrust provides the following limited warranty at the time of Certificate issuance: (i) it issued the Certificate substantially in compliance with this CPS; (ii) the information contained within the Certificate accurately reflects the information provided to GeoTrust by the Applicant in all material respects; and (iii) it has taken reasonable steps to verify that the information within the Certificate is accurate. The nature of the steps GeoTrust takes to verify the information contained in a Certificate is set for in Section III of this CPS.

EXCEPT FOR THE LIMITED WARRANTY DESCRIBED ABOVE, GEOTRUST EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATION, WARRANTY OR COVENANT OF ANY KIND, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, EITHER IN FACT OR BY OPERATION OF LAW, WITH RESPECT TO THIS CPS OR ANY CERTIFICATE ISSUED HEREUNDER, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ALL WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE OF A CERTIFICATE OR ANY SERVICE (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY SUPPORT SERVICES) PROVIDED BY GEOTRUST AS DESCRIBED HEREIN, AND ALL WARRANTIES, REPRESENTATIONS, CONDITIONS, UNDERTAKINGS, TERMS AND OBLIGATIONS IMPLIED BY STATUTE OR COMMON LAW, TRADE USAGE, COURSE OF DEALING OR OTHERWISE ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW. EXCEPT FOR THE LIMITED WARRANTY DESCRIBED ABOVE, GEOTRUST FURTHER DISCLAIMS AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATION, WARRANTY OR COVENANT OF ANY KIND, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, EITHER IN FACT OR BY OPERATION OF LAW, TO ANY APPLICANT, SUBSCRIBER OR ANY RELYING PARTY THAT (!

A) THE SUBSCRIBER TO WHICH IT HAS ISSUED A CERTIFICATE IS IN THE FACT THE PERSON, ENTITY OR ORGANIZATION IT CLAIMS TO HAVE BEEN (B) A SUBSCRIBER IS IN FACT THE PERSON, ENTITY OR ORGANIZATION LISTED IN THE CERTIFICATE, OR (C) THAT THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE CERTIFICATES OR IN ANY CERTIFICATE STATUS MECHANISM COMPILED, PUBLISHED OR OTHERWISE DISSEMINATED BY GEOTRUST, OR THE RESULTS OF ANY CRYPTOGRAPHIC METHOD IMPLEMENTED IN CONNECTION WITH THE CERTIFICATES IS ACCURATE, AUTHENTIC, COMPLETE OR RELIABLE.

IT IS AGREED AND ACKNOWLEDGED THAT APPLICANTS ARE LIABLE FOR ANY MISREPRESENTATIONS MADE TO GEOTRUST AND RELIED UPON BY A RELYING PARTY. GEOTRUST DOES NOT WARRANT OR GUARANTEE UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES THE “NON-REPUDIATION” BY A SUBSCRIBER AND/OR RELYING PARTY OF ANY TRANSACTION ENTERED INTO BY THE SUBSCRIBER AND/OR RELYING PARTY INVOLVING THE USE OF OR RELIANCE UPON A CERTIFICATE.

IT IS UNDERSTOOD AND AGREED UPON BY SUBSCRIBERS AND RELYING PARTIES THAT IN USING AND/OR RELYING UPON A CERTIFICATE THEY ARE SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR RELIANCE UPON THAT CERTIFICATE AND THAT SUCH PARTIES MUST CONSIDER THE FACTS, CIRCUMSTANCES AND CONTEXT SURROUNDING THE TRANSACTION IN WHICH THE CERTIFICATE IS USED IN DETERMINING SUCH RELIANCE.

THE SUBSCRIBERS AND RELYING PARTIES AGREE AND ACKNOWLEDGE THAT CERTIFICATES HAVE A LIMITED OPERATIONAL PERIOD AND MAY BE REVOKED AT ANY TIME. SUBSCRIBERS AND RELYING PARTIES ARE UNDER AN OBLIGATION TO VERIFY WHETHER A CERTIFICATE IS EXPIRED OR HAS BEEN REVOKED. GEOTRUST HEREBY DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL LIABILITY TO SUBSCRIBERS AND RELYING PARTIES WHO DO NOT FOLLOW SUCH PROCEDURES. MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE SITUATIONS IN WHICH A CERTIFICATE MAY BE REVOKED CAN BE FOUND IN SECTION III(I) OF THIS CPS.

GeoTrust provides no warranties with respect to another party’s software, hardware or telecommunications or networking equipment utilized in connection with the use, issuance, revocation or management of Certificates or providing other services (including, without limitation, any support services) with respect to this CPS. Applicants, Subscribers and Relying Parties agree and acknowledge that GeoTrust is not responsible or liable for any misrepresentations or incomplete representations of Certificates or any information contained therein caused by another party’s application software or graphical user interfaces. The cryptographic key-generation technology used by Applicants, Subscribers and Relying Parties in conjunction with the Certificates may or may not be subject to the intellectual property rights of third-parties. It is the responsibility of Applicants, Subscribers and Relying Parties to ensure that they are using technology which is properly licensed or to otherwise o!

btain the right to use such technology

EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT CAUSED BY GEOTRUST’S WILLFUL MISCONDUCT, IN NO EVENT SHALL THE CUMULATIVE LIABILITY OF GEOTRUST TO APPLICANTS, SUBSCRIBER AND/OR ANY RELYING PARTY FOR ALL CLAIMS RELATED TO THE INSTALLATION OF, USE OF OR RELIANCE UPON A CERTIFICATE OR FOR THE SERVICES PROVIDED HEREUNDER INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY CAUSE OF ACTION SOUNDING IN CONTRACT, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), STRICT LIABILITY, FOR BREACH OF A STATUTORY DUTY OR IN ANY OTHER WAY EXCEED FIFTY THOUSAND U.S. DOLLARS ($50,000.00).

GEOTRUST SHALL NOT BE LIABLE IN CONTRACT, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), STRICT LIABILITY, FOR BREACH OF A STATUTORY DUTY OR IN ANY OTHER WAY (EVEN IF GEOTRUST HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES) FOR:

(I) ANY ECONOMIC LOSS (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOSS OF REVENUES, PROFITS, CONTRACTS, BUSINESS OR ANTICIPATED SAVINGS);

(II) TO THE EXTENT ALLOWED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE RESULTING FROM DEATH OR INJURY OF SUBSCRIBER AND/OR ANY RELYING PARTY OR ANYONE ELSE;

(III) ANY LOSS OF GOODWILL OR REPUTATION; OR

(IV) ANY OTHER INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL, MULTIPLE, SPECIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY DAMAGES

IN ANY CASE WHETHER OR NOT SUCH LOSSES OR DAMAGES WERE WITHIN THE CONTEMPLATION OF THE PARTIES AT THE TIME OF THE APPLICATION FOR, INSTALLATION OF, USE OF OR RELIANCE ON THE CERTIFICATE, OR AROSE OUT OF ANY OTHER MATTER OR SERVICES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY SUPPORT SERVICES) UNDER THIS CPS OR WITH REGARD TO THE USE OF OR RELIANCE ON THE CERTIFICATE.

BECAUSE SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, THE ABOVE EXCLUSIONS OF INCIDENTAL AND CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES MAY NOT APPLY TO AN APPLICANT, SUBSCRIBER AND/OR A RELYING PARTY BUT SHALL BE GIVEN EFFECT TO THE FULL EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW.

THE FOREGOING LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY SHALL APPLY ON A CERTIFICATE-BY-CERTIFICATE BASIS, REGARDLESS OF THE NUMBER OF TRANSACTIONS OR CLAIMS RELATED TO EACH CERTIFICATE, AND SHALL BE APPORTIONED FIRST TO THE EARLIER CLAIMS TO ACHIEVE FINAL RESOLUTION.

In no event will GeoTrust be liable for any damages to Applicants, Subscribers, Relying Parties or any other party arising out of or related to the use or misuse of, or reliance on any Certificate issued under this CPS that: (i) has expired or been revoked; (ii) has been used for any purpose other than as set forth in the CPS (See Section I(c) for more detail); (iii) has been tampered with; (iv) with respect to which the Key Pair underlying such Certificate or the cryptography algorithm used to generate such Certificate’s Key Pair, has been Compromised by the action of any party other tha GeoTrust (including without limitation the Subscriber or Relying Party); or (v) is the subject of misrepresentations or other misleading acts or omissions of any other party, including but not limited to Applicants, Subscribers and Relying Parties.

In no event shall GeoTrust be liable to the Applicant, Subscriber, Relying Party or other party for damages arising out of any claim that a Certificate infringes any patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret or other intellectual property right of any party.

GeoTrust shall not be liable for any default or delay in the performance of its obligations hereunder to the extent and while such default or delay is caused, directly or indirectly, by fire, flood, earthquake, elements of nature or acts of God, acts of war, terrorism, riots, civil disorders, rebellions or revolutions in the United States, strikes, lockouts, or labor difficulties or any other similar cause beyond the reasonable control of GeoTrust.

GeoTrust is not an agent, fiduciary, trustee, or other representative of the Applicant or Subscriber and the relationship between GeoTrust and the Applicant and the Subscriber is not that of an agent and a principal. GeoTrust makes no representation to the contrary, either explicitly, implicitly, by appearance or otherwise. Neither the Applicant nor the Subscriber has any authority to bind GeoTrust by contract or otherwise, to any obligation.

2. Indemnification by Applicant and Subscriber

Unless otherwise set forth in this CPS and/or Subscriber Agreement, Applicant and Subscriber, as applicable, hereby agrees to indemnify and hold GeoTrust (including, but not limited to, its officers, directors, employees, agents, successors and assigns) harmless from any claims, actions, or demands that are caused by the use or publication of a Certificate and that arises from (a) any false or misleading statement of fact by the Applicant (or any person acting on the behalf of the Applicant) (b) any failure by the Applicant or the Subscriber to disclose a material fact, if such omission was made negligibly or with the intent to deceive; (c) any failure on the part of the Subscriber to protect its Private Key and Certificate or to take the precautions necessary to prevent the Compromise, disclosure, loss, modification or unauthorized use of the Private Key or Certificate; or (d) any failure on the part of the Subscriber to promptly notify GeoTrust, as the case may be, of the Co!

mpromise, disclosure, loss, modification or unauthorized use of the Private Key or Certificate once the Subscriber has constructive or actual notice of such event.

The enforceability, construction, interpretation, and validity of this CPS and any Certificates issued by GeoTrust shall be governed by the substantive laws of the State of Oregon, United States of America, excluding (i) the conflicts of law provisions thereof and (ii) the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods.

Any dispute, controversy or claim arising under, in connection with or relating to this CPS or any Certificate issued by GeoTrust shall be subject to and settled finally by binding arbitration in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association (AAA). All arbitration proceedings shall be held in Portland, Oregon. There shall be one arbitrator appointed by the AAA who shall exhibit a reasonable familiarity with the issues involved or presented in such dispute, controversy or claim. The award of the arbitrator shall be binding and final upon all parties, and judgment on the award may be entered by any court having proper jurisdiction thereof. This CPS and the rights and obligations of the parties hereunder and under any Certificate issued by GeoTrust shall remain in full force and effect pending the outcome and award in any arbitration proceeding hereunder. In any arbitration arising hereunder, each party to the preceding shall be responsible for its!

own costs incurred in connection with the arbitration proceedings, unless the arbitrator determines that the prevailing party is entitled to an award of all or a portion of such costs, including reasonable attorneys fees actually incurred.

If any provision of this CPS shall be held to be invalid, illegal, or unenforceable, the validity, legality, or enforceability of the remainder of this CPS shall not in any way be affected or impaired hereby.

With regard to GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificates, GeoTrust shall operate a CRL that will be available to GeoTrust’s institutional clients.

With regard to all other Certificates, GeoTrust shall operate a CRL that will be available to both Subscribers and Relying Parties.

GeoTrust shall post the CRL every twenty-four (24) hours in a DER format.

1. Individual Subscriber Information

Information regarding Subscribers that is submitted on applications for Certificates will be kept confidential by GeoTrust and GeoTrust shall not release such information without the prior consent of the Subscriber. Notwithstanding the foregoing, GeoTrust may make such information available to courts, law enforcement agencies or other third parties upon receipt of a court order or subpoena or upon the advice of GeoTrust’s legal counsel. The foregoing confidentiality obligation shall not apply, however, to information appearing on Certificates, or to information regarding Subscribers that is already in the possession of or separately acquired by GeoTrust.

2. Aggregate Subscriber Information

Notwithstanding the previous Section, GeoTrust may disclose Subscriber information on an aggregate basis, and the Subscriber hereby grants to GeoTrust a license to do so, including the right to modify the aggregated Subscriber information and to permit third parties to perform such functions on its behalf. GeoTrust shall not disclose to any third party any personally identifiable information about any Subscriber that GeoTrust obtains in its performance of services hereunder.

1. GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificate Application.

An Applicant for a GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificate shall complete a GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificate application in a form prescribed by GeoTrust. All applications are subject to review, approval and acceptance by GeoTrust. All Applicants are required to include a Domain Name within the GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificate application and either an Organizational Name or Personal Name which will also appear on the GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificate. A GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificate may contain additional information as well.

2. GeoTrust Organizational Certificate Application.

An Applicant for a GeoTrust Organizational Certificate shall complete a GeoTrust Organizational Certificate application in a form prescribed by GeoTrust. All applications are subject to review, approval and acceptance by GeoTrust. All Applicants are required to include an Organizational Name within a GeoTrust Organizational Certificate application which will also appear on a GeoTrust Organizational Certificate. A GeoTrust Organizational Certificate may contain additional information as well.

3. GeoTrust Trial Certificate Application

An Applicant for a GeoTrust Trial Certificate shall complete a GeoTrust Trial Certificate application in a form prescribed by GeoTrust. All applications are subject to review, approval and acceptance by GeoTrust. GeoTrust does not authenticate the Applicant or any information contained in an application for, or in, GeoTrust Trial Certificates.

4. GeoTrust SecureMark Certificate Application

An Applicant for a GeoTrust SecureMark Certificate shall complete a GeoTrust SecureMark Certificate application in a form prescribed by GeoTrust. All applications are subject to review, approval and acceptance by GeoTrust. All Applicants are required to include a Personal Name and Email Address within a GeoTrust SecureMark Certificate application which will also appear on a GeoTrust SecureMark Certificate. A GeoTrust SecureMark Certificate may contain additional information as well.

5. GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate Application

An Applicant for a GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate shall complete an application in a form prescribed by GeoTrust and the applicable institutional client. All applications are subject to review, approval and acceptance by GeoTrust. A GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate will contain a Personal Name and Email Address and may contain additional information as well.

GeoTrust may obtain the Personal Name and Email Address from the applicable institutional client who provide to GeoTrust a list of pre-approved Subscribers, including each Subscriber’s Personal Name, Email Address and a Shared-Secret and other information that will be included onto a GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate. In this instance, GeoTrust and its institutional client have a shared responsibility for authenticating the Subscriber and GeoTrust relies on the institutional client to confirm that the Personal Name and Email Address provided for the Subscriber belongs to the Subscriber.

GeoTrust may also verify the Personal Name and Email Address in accordance with the CPS.

If a Certificate contains a Domain Name, GeoTrust will verify that the Subscriber had the right to use such Domain Name at the time it submitted its application. For instance, GeoTrust may perform this verification by confirming that the Subscriber is the same person or entity that holds the Domain Name registration from the relevant domain name registrar or that the Subscriber is authorized to use such Domain Name.

If a Certificate contains an Organizational Name, GeoTrust will make a reasonable attempt to establish that a Certificate request made on behalf of that organization is legitimate and properly authorized. GeoTrust will not include an Organizational Name in a Certificate without first ensuring the following: (a) the Organizational Name appears in conjunction with a country and possibly a state or province of other locality to sufficiently identify its place of registration or a place where it is currently doing business; and (b) in the case of an organization that could reasonably be expected to be registered with a local, state or national authority, in certain circumstances GeoTrust will obtain, view and verify copies of the registration documents. For instance, GeoTrust may (w) verify the validity of the registration through the authority that issued it, or (x) verify the validity of the registration through a reputable third party database or other resource, or (y) verify t!

he validity of the organization through a trusted third party, or (z) confirm that the organization exists if such organization is not the type that is typically registered or is capable of being verified under clause (y).

In addition, to prove that a Certificate is duly authorized by the organization, GeoTrust will typically request the name of a contact person who is employed by or is an officer of the organization. GeoTrust will also typically require a form of authorization from the organization confirming its intent to obtain a Certificate and will usually document the organization’s contact person. GeoTrust normally confirms the contents of this authorization with the listed contact person.

If a Certificate contains a Personal Name (i.e., the name of the Subscriber), GeoTrust will require some basic proof of identity. GeoTrust will make some attempt to obtain corroboration and confirmation of the Personal Name, but this does not require an absolute assurance of the Personal Name. For instance, GeoTrust may verify that the Personal Name is the name of the Subscriber by (a) the use of a Shared Secret or other similar form of identification, or (b) utilizing existing credit or other databases, or (c) corroboration of the identity by having a number of existing identified Certificate users attest to the identity.

If a Certificate contains an Email Address, GeoTrust will obtain reasonable information that the Email Address belongs to the Subscriber. At a minimum, GeoTrust will determine that the Subscriber has the ability to read email sent to that Email Address. In addition, GeoTrust may validate that the Email Address belongs to the Subscriber by (a) the use of an email “ping”, where a correspondence is sent to the Email Address to which the recipient must reply, or (b) obtaining proof that the Subscriber has the necessary mail server credentials to retrieve email sent to that Email Address, or (c) confirming from the email administrator or organization owning the email domain name that they regard the Subscriber as a legitimate holder of a Certificate containing that Email Address.

C. Procedure for Processing Certificate Applications

GeoTrust will process the Certificate Applications to confirm the information on the Certificates as discussed above. However, GeoTrust reserves the right to waive such procedures and issue a Certificate utilizing different authentication procedures in certain circumstances; provided that the general principles for verifying the application information is maintained. In addition, GeoTrust may use subcontractors or other third parties to assist in the performance of its operational requirements or any other obligation under this CPS.

At certain times during the application process in which GeoTrust is not able to verify information in a Certificate application, a customer service representative may be assigned to the Applicant to facilitate the completion of the application process. Otherwise, the Applicant may be required to correct its associated information with third parties and re-submit its application for a Certificate.

If GeoTrust finds that the Applicant’s Certificate application was sufficiently verified, then the Applicant’s Certificate will be signed by GeoTrust. Upon signing the Applicant’s Certificate, GeoTrust will attach such Certificate to an email and send such email to the appropriate contact. The email will include the date the Certificate was issued, the date the Certificate will expire, and the type of Certificate that was issued. In certain circumstances the email may include a GeoTrust customer service representative telephone number and email address for any technical or customer service problems. GeoTrust, in its sole discretion, may provide such technical or customer support to the Applicants/Subscribers.

The Applicant expressly indicates acceptance of a Certificate by using such Certificate.

The Subscriber is required to generate a new Public Key and complete a new Certificate request before the Subscriber will be able to obtain a renewal Certificate.

GeoTrust will attempt to notify all Subscribers of the expiration date of their Certificate, but in some instances will only notify the institutional client that the applicable GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate is to expire.

Certificate revocation is the process by which GeoTrust prematurely ends the Operational Period of a Certificate.

A Subscriber may request revocation of its Certificate at any time for any reason.

A GeoTrust institutional client may request revocation of a GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate issued to a Subscriber of that institutional client at any time for any reason.

A Subscriber shall inform GeoTrust and promptly request revocation of a Certificate:

·whenever any of the information on the Certificate changes or becomes obsolete; or

·whenever the Private Key, or the media holding the Private Key, associated with the Certificate is compromised, or

·upon a change in the ownership of a Subscriber’s web server, or

·in the event the Certificate is installed on more than a single server at a time.

A GeoTrust institutional client shall inform GeoTrust and promptly request revocation of a Certificate:

·whenever it comes to the attention of the institutional client that any of the information on the Certificate changes or becomes obsolete; or

·whenever it comes to the attention of the institutional client that the Private Key, or the media holding the Private Key, associated with the Certificate is Compromised.

GeoTrust shall revoke a Certificate:

·upon request of a GeoTrust institutional client, but only for a GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate of a Subscriber of that institutional client;

·in the event of Compromise of GeoTrust’s Private Key used to sign a Certificate;

·upon the Subscriber’s breach of either this CPS or Subscriber Agreement;

·if GeoTrust determines that the Certificate was not properly issued.

In the event that GeoTrust ceases operations, all Certificates issued by GeoTrust shall be revoked prior to the date that GeoTrust ceases operations.

The only persons permitted to request revocation of or revoke a Certificate issued by GeoTrust are the Subscribers and GeoTrust, except in the case of a GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate in which the institutional client associated with that GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate may request revocation.

3. Procedure For Revocation Request

Subscriber or the GeoTrust institutional client, as applicable, must contact GeoTrust, either by a national/regional postal service, facsimile or o

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Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

Without a doubt, Steve and Michel Gleason demonstrate various leadership traits of an effective leader. They are both confident, emotionally stable, self-motivated, long-term thinkers, effective communicators, and people-oriented. Steve Gleason is a professional football player with New Orleans’ Saints when he receives the devastating news that changed his life forever. At the age of 34, he is diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) a fatal disease that affects a person’s ability to walk, talk and even breathe without hampering their cognitive function. The average life expectancy of ALS patients is 2-5 years although, with technology, it can be extended to decades. Six weeks after Gleason’s diagnosis, his wife realizes she is pregnant. Together, they start documenting sections of their life for the sake of their unborn child. Gleason and Michel show confidence in how they make decisions. Instead of giving up on each other and letting Steve’s condition come between them, they decide to fight for as long as it takes. They do this by talking to each other and trusting each other and members of their family. They decide to start a foundation to give other ALS patients hope while raising funds for the cause and they do this as a team. Another trait of good leadership which they possess is emotional stability. Gleason and Michel demonstrate their ability to control and regulate their behavior in times of frustration and stress. A good leader should be capable of not showing intense emotional reactions when things do not go as planned. Although they are scared to the bone by Steve’s disease, they still put on a strong face and continue leading their lives. Gleason and Michel are self-motivated because, despite the setback they face, they are still determined to achieve their goals. Good leaders do not give up rather they do what they can to be successful. Four months after the diagnosis, they decided to take a trip to Alaska with their family, which is something that most patients would not even consider. Another trait that Gleason and Michel exhibit is long-term thinking. Immediately they find out that they are expectant, they start documenting and recording videos for their unborn baby. Gleason knows that eventually he will lose his ability to talk and he wants to leave a piece of himself to his baby while he still can. He thinks about the future and not just the current situation. Effective communication is another which Gleason and Michel possess. They do not hesitate to talk about the problem at hand with each other. They also have open conversations with family and friends. There was an episode where Gleason has a heart-to-heart conversation with his father about his childhood days. Michel and Gleason are people-oriented, another important trait for leaders. They work as a team and with the help of friends and family, they find the motivation to continue with life despite the chaos they go through.

Without a doubt, Gleason and Michel exhibit positive psychology. Positive psychology is a strategy that keeps a person’s attention, memory, and expectation away from negative things (Moustafa, 2018). Throughout the film, Michel and Gleason show positive psychology in how they choose to concentrate on the good things that are happening in their life instead of pitying themselves. They choose to concentrate on their pregnancy and raising funds for ALS patients with the foundation. Although it is hard for them to do so, they choose to keep going because their aim is to enjoy life while Gleason can still move around. Instead of sitting around and pitying themselves, they take a family vacation to Alaska for the first time, and although their life changes drastically, they choose not to despair but rather focus on the positives.

Yes, without a doubt, Michel and Gleason possess some of the leadership styles discussed in the course textbook such as transformational leadership style. Gleason particularly, since the time he was informed about his terminal illness, he tried his best to enhance positive emotions with the people around him including his family members and with his team members. This is an attribute of a transformational leader. A transformational leader is characterized by a personality that wants the best for his people (Gandolfi & Stone, 2018). Although it is difficult, he makes peace with his condition and accepts that he will never play professional football again. He has a calm personality and he demonstrates perseverance. He tries as much as possible to be a role model to the people that look up to him. This is the reason he started the foundation for ALS patients in order to give them a voice. When he is at the Church with his father, he is still courageous enough to run in front of the congregation. He does not care about failing, he is just determined not to quit. These are qualities of a transformational leader.

From where I stand, I believe Gleason possesses relationship-oriented style of leadership while his wife Michel demonstrates task-oriented leadership style. This is not to mean that Gleason is not task-oriented, only that I feel his wife depicted this aspect more. Gleason is relationship-oriented because he is determined in having a relationship with his unborn child in the best way he could. He is well aware that his health is deteriorating and he takes advantage of this time to record vlogs that his baby will watch in the future. He knows that eventually he will lose his ability to speak clearly and he will not be able to have a conversation with his child until the baby is 4 years old. He records videos because he loves his baby so much and he does not know any other way of showing his love but to tell him through videos. Michel is more task-oriented because she is the one that steps up to take care of Michel when his health deteriorates completely. Michel becomes his personal caregiver while at the same time, being a wife and a mother to their baby. At this time, Michel has to step up and give her husband round-the-clock care while at the same time support him emotionally. Michel is relationship-oriented because she shows emotional intelligence. She knows that she has to be strong for the family especially because at this point, her husband’s health has worsened and she becomes the pillar of the family.

Over the duration of the semester, my definition of leadership has not changed much. However, this course has only enhanced my understanding of matters of leadership. Because of this course, I have expanded my knowledge about leadership styles and leadership traits. Before taking this class, I only had basic knowledge about leadership but I did not know much about the details. I have learned about the various leadership styles that include democratic leadership, coaching leadership, charismatic leadership, transformational leadership, autocratic leadership, bureaucratic leadership, transactional leadership, and collaborative leadership. Furthermore, I have also learned about the various traits that effective leaders should possess including confidence, effective communication, emotional stability, accountability and responsibility, motivation, long-term thinking, and being people-oriented. Additionally, I have learned that good leaders will go out of their way to do what is right for them and other people. Good leaders are also those that put other people’s needs before the needs of other people.

If life threw me this curveball, I honestly, would not know what to do. I bet I would be confused at first and with time, I would have to come to terms with the reality of my condition. I know it would not be easy, but I would pick up the pieces and try as much as possible to lead a happy life. The main thing that would worry me is the thought of dying before achieving the goals that I want to achieve in life. I have always wanted to start a family in my home, and if something like this were to happen before I have a child, I would be devastated. Life is unpredictable and nobody knows what tomorrow holds. The thought of living with a fatal illness such as ALS and having to face the reality that one day, I will no longer be able to walk, move or talk is terrifying. I can only imagine the agony that Gleason and his wife went through. The fact that they had a baby on the way makes this story even more sad and surreal. Knowing that you will never be able to hold a conversation with your child is unbearable. All in all, I would try as much to live a happy and fulfilled life for the remaining time I have. I would try out new things and do all the things that I have always wanted to such as traveling before my condition gets worse.

References

Gandolfi, F., & Stone, S. (2018). Leadership, leadership styles, and servant leadership. Journal of Management Research, 18(4), 261-269.

Moustafa, Y. (2018). Gleason: A rebirth.

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GLY 3083 Report Swear Words

We strongly encourage you to NOT use these words in your paper:

Major

Incredibly

Problem

Huge problem

Major problem

Incredibly huge problem (and other combinations)

Drastic

Terrible

Dramatic

Changing world

Massive

Destruction

Harm

Good

Bad

Sorta swear words-

“Factors”. I was advised when I was as an undergrad writing a similar type of paper for my chemical oceanography class to never use term “factors”. Just tell the reader what the things are that control this or that. For example, you might start off a paragraph like this:

“There are several factors that contribute to increased density stratification in coastal oceans. These include increased freshwater runoff, increased warming, reduced wind stress.”

A preferred, more concise version is:

“Density stratification is increasing in coastal oceans because of increased freshwater runoff, increased warming, reduced wind stress.”

Then spend the paragraph describing how each of these impacts the density stratification.

“Damage, Harm”-Try to be specific because these reflect value judgements. What one person considers harmful, another might see as a benefit (e.g., zebra mussels & water clarity, kudzu &soil erosion). Does damage/harm imply a change in population (biomass, diversity, etc.)? If so, state what has changed and let the reader decide if it is a significant change. Maybe provide some context too. For example:

“Carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere are now around 410 ppm and are rising at ~10 ppm/year (ref). In the past, ice core records indicate that atmospheric CO2 levels only varied from ~175-300 ppm over the past 500,000 years (refs).”

The reader can take from this that CO2 is really high right now and is way out of the norm for past climates. Stick to the facts in the paper and avoid words and phrases that come with a value (e.g., good/bad; harm/benefit)

Double check for this and similar phases in your introduction:

“This paper aims to address….”

“This essay will analyze some of the….”

“This paper aims to asses and explain the results of ..”

“I describe research done on the effects of..”

Remember, you are writing a paper that attempts to test a hypothesis or address a specific question. You only have ~ 5 pages of text to work with. You cannot in any depth cover all of climate change and the oceans’ response to it. Focus! Your last sentences in the Introduction should be something like:

“Together, these observations indicate that XX is reducing in YY. I hypothesize the ZZ is likely causing the reduction in YY. In this study, I will use existing published studies to determine the relative role (or lack thereof) of ZZ in the observed change in XX.”

Journal Article Report

Guidelines for Writing the Scientific Journal Article Report

Goal: The goal of this assignment is for you to research a topic of interest to you that has to do with the human body. This topic could be about human anatomy, exercise physiology, physiology, pathophysiology, or medicine. You’ll have to do a library research of the topic and then find a primary research article that you could summarize using the following format.

Format:

Title of the Report Page

Summary of the Report: 1 page

In this section, you should summarize the objectives, the methods and materials used, and the findings of the paper.

Discussion: 1-2 pages

Discuss the importance of the findings in the article to the science that it deals with (anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, medicine, nursing, etc.) Compare the results with similar research in this particular field of investigation. Evaluate the research done in the article using two other sources. Give your opinion as to the merits (or lack of) of this research. Elaborate on the future of such research and the direction it might take.

Cite reference articles and list the sources in the bibliography section at the end.

Bibliography Page:

Use at least 2 sources of reference. If you cite someone you must include him/her in the bibliography.

Bibliography format: Author (last name, first initials), “title of article”, title of magazine or journal, book or periodical (underlined), date, volume, number, page numbers. If the article(s) is(are) from a website, be sure to include a live hyperlink to the article(s).

Article(s) must be from 2012 or later. No articles from Encyclopedias.

Select a paper on a topic that is directly or indirectly related to human anatomy. Attach a copy of the article to your report or a weblink to the report if available .Article review must be typed. Allow one-inch margins everywhere. Typing must be done using 12 pt. font and 1.5 line spacing.

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The world is going through an era of information burst.

The world is passing through an age of information explosion.

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Without a doubt, Steve

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Journal Article Report

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