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Delinquency Prevention Program

Delinquency Prevention Program

(Author’s name)

(Institutional Affiliation)

Delinquency Prevention Program in the state of California

Youthful offenders in California up to the age of twenty five years are provided with treatment and education by the Division of Juvenile Justice. The program concerns itself with juvenile offenders with intense and criminal backgrounds, and who have extreme treatment needs. In the modern society, youth offenders are taken to various faculties in their communities in order to be close to their family. Also, the youth offenders need to access social and local services that will help them when being rehabilitated. The population represented by DJJ is quite low at one percent despite the fact that last year 225000 youth were arrested last year in California.

Treatment, vocational and academic programs are provided by the Division of Juvenile Justice. Furthermore it addresses medical care, mental health programs, substance abuse, sex offender behavior, criminogenic and violent behavior. The activities takes place in a secure and safe environment that is quite conducive for learning. The Alameda Superior Court is responsible for guiding the treatment plans as a result of the Farrell lawsuit settlement agreement. The youth offenders are assigned to live in houses based upon their specialized treatment needs, risk of institutional violence, gender and age. The youth in the different living units are housed in few numbers because of the limited staffing levels. This ensures that the youth receive effective rehabilitative and attention programming.

The DJJ has a framework that focuses on the Integrated Behavior Treatment Model. It has been specifically designed to reduce future criminal behavior as well institutional violence. It is intended to provide the youth with personal skills that will assist them in managing their environment much better. The staff at DJJ is from various professional fields and they work as teams to be fully aware of the youth’s needs. This in turn assists them to come up with a treatment program that is individualized to address the problems facing the youth offenders. The team collaborates with the youth in order to deliver a case plan that will take full advantage of the personal strength of the youth. Lastly, it seeks to administer treatment in the other areas in the life of the youth offender in order to ensure that they do not become repeat offenders.

The program being offered at DJJ has proven to be extremely successful in many ways. It has been able to operate as a school district that is fully accredited and provided the youth with high school education. Most of the youth have attended the education program and in turn some of them have become eligible for parole. In fact, since the year 2004, as many as 5632 youth offenders have achieved academic success. The education program aimed at the high school students has seen a 300 percent increase in the number of enrolled youth. At the same time, this has been taking place while the population at DJJ declined by at least 56 percent. The DJJ has also come up with a program whereby the youth raise butterflies in a habitat garden. This project has been effective in restoring the belief that the youth can change and have better lives.

In conclusion, the program at Division of Juvenile Justice is quite effective in many aspects. However, if there were some things that I would change about it would be increase the number and variety of activities the youth can participate in. Also, I would provide the youth with jobs that they would do while in the detention center. This would make them more productive once they are out of the program and in society.

Reference

California department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. (2013). Division of Juvenile Justice. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Juvenile_Justice/index.html” http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Juvenile_Justice/index.html.

deliverables of an early warning system

Output/ deliverables of an early warning system

Student name:

Instructor:

Institution

Introduction

As a labour intensive industry, hospitality employs large numbers of wage earners, whose taxes and disposable income add to gross domestic output and help to create further employment opportunities. Given that each hotel room typically requires one member of staff, every hotel room built has the potential to create an additional job [1].

Furthermore, for every dollar spent by a guest in a hotel, one additional revenue dollar is generated for the community. Referred to as the ‘multiplier effect’, this concept is used by economists to explain how money spent by a hotel guest travels through a community to purchase the goods and services required to meet the guest’s needs. In the United States, for example, the multiplier effect is approximately two; that is, for every dollar spent by a guest in a hotel, one additional revenue dollar is generated across a wide range of businesses [2].

`Captive’ customers and database marketing, combined with modern information technology, provide the means for achieving these goals and measuring company achievement in unlocking the potential expenditure from customers. Information systems provide early warning of resorts and/or product types that are losing customer appeal while identifying others that are growing in popularity [3].

Eco-tourism system, good or bad, is shown by the state of health index. The comprehensive index is decided by the pressure index, state index and response index. “Pressure index” shows reasons that tourism ecosystem health took place deterioration, which is indicated with its abundant tourism resources, socio-economic development pressure and intensity of human activity. Status Index refers to the situation of the quality of the eco-tourism system under the current period, shown by the quality of eco-tourism environment, the level of tourism development, and environmental awareness of the tourists. Status is the result that we continually put pressure on our natural environment, which decides anti-interference ability and buffering capacity or ability to the pressures. In the face of the state of the tourism ecosystem under the pressure, we have to take some of the policies and measures, which is response index which is characterized by preferential policies and environmental protection efforts.

The issue of multi-objective decision-making, as well as specific analysis of the levels is established by the index system, using layer-analysis and expert investigation methods to determine weight of the indicators. After identifying tourism ecosystem health evaluation index system, actual development of regional tourism is combined through a great deal of statistical analysis of survey data, regional tourism of the ecosystem health index is calculated, is analyzed and ecosystem health status is predicted through appropriate antitheses of the tourism indicators and the health diagnosis of tourism ecosystem is carried out, and finally countermeasures are proposed[4].

Airspace industry: The aerospace division of Diamler-Benz (acronym DASA) was a company most would recognize as a member of the Airbus consortium. It was also involved in manufacturing military aircraft, as well as related fields. Today it is no longer a division of Diamler, which in July 2000 merged it into the new European Aeronautic Defense and Space Agency (EADS) with the French Aerospatiale Matra and the Spanish CASA.

While still at Diamler, DASA had an elaborate strategic early warning system with some classic German characteristics (highly analytical and systematic process of identifying risk, an attempt to put the world into a clearly defined, fully mapped, orderly system, and measure as much as possible. As expected, this engineering company’s strategic early warning system (SEWS) was extremely analytical. At the heart of its methodology for identification of risks was a unique “driver driven analysis”, an analysis of the main factors influencing the future along the lines of system dynamics[5]. Once the scanners reported remarkable changes on the most critical descriptors, the issue which was pertinent to a particular business unit, the notice went to a special evaluation committee in this business unit. On issues pertaining to corporate decisions, the reporting and monitoring were initiated within the corporate staff and the early warning team did the analysis[6].

As increasing urbanization is taking place worldwide, earthquake hazards post strong threats to lives and properties for urban areas near major active faults on land or subduction zones offshore. Earthquake early warning systems can be useful. At least three countries have earthquake early warning systems in operation: (1) Japan, (2) Mexico, and (3) Taiwan. These systems can provide a few seconds to several tens of seconds of warning for large earthquakes. More significantly, a properly upgraded seismic network can provide a shake map within minutes after a disastrous earthquake, so that loss estimation can be quickly assessed to aid disaster response and recovery[7].

References

[1] Olsen, M. D., 1995: Into the New Millennium: A White Paper on the Global Hospitality Industry. International  Hotels &Restaurants Associations. France.

[2] Ibid

[3] Marketing in Travel and Tourism by Victor T. C. Middleton, Jackie Clarke; pg. 441

[4] FAN Qiumei, SUN Tieheng/Management Science and Engineering Vol.2 No.4 2008 59-65

[5] Early warning: Using competitive intelligence to anticipate..,Vol.2003 by Benjamin Gilad; Case study of CEW in Action; 184,185,186

[6] Early warning: Using competitive intelligence to anticipate..,Vol.2003 by Benjamin Gilad; Case study of CEW in Action; 188,189

[7] Earhquake Early Warning Systems: Current Status and Perspectives by Willy H. K. Lee, Juan Manuel Espinosa-Aranda./ Early Warning Systems for natural disaster reduction by Jochen Zschau, Andreas N. Kuppers.

Delivery-Partner Delivery Service Proposal

Name

Professor

Course

Date

Delivery-Partner Delivery Service Proposal

Executive summary

Delivery-Partner is an online based delivery service specializing in delivery of good bought from online store. The business is a service provider linking online store and their consumer to help overcome the challenges that have been experienced with traditional delivery companies. the business will hive both online existence and virtual existence and will use store located close to bust terminal or easily accessible points where good will be dropped and the customers can pick them up easily and conveniently. The delivery service will be offered to both business and consumers thus serving B2B consumers and B2C consumers. this proposal analyses the viability of this business in the industry using a SWOT analysis and proposes a marketing strategy the will enable the company to gain a market share in the delivery industry.

Contents

TOC o “1-4” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080787” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc332080787 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080788” Company overview PAGEREF _Toc332080788 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080789” Vision PAGEREF _Toc332080789 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080790” Mission PAGEREF _Toc332080790 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080791” Company organization PAGEREF _Toc332080791 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080792” Management PAGEREF _Toc332080792 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080793” Staffs PAGEREF _Toc332080793 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080794” Operation model PAGEREF _Toc332080794 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080795” Outsourcing PAGEREF _Toc332080795 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080796” Marketing PAGEREF _Toc332080796 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080797” Market Segmentation PAGEREF _Toc332080797 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080798” Market definition PAGEREF _Toc332080798 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080799” Marketing strategy PAGEREF _Toc332080799 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080800” SWOT analysis PAGEREF _Toc332080800 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080801” The 4Ps PAGEREF _Toc332080801 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080802” Product PAGEREF _Toc332080802 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080803” Place PAGEREF _Toc332080803 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080804” Price PAGEREF _Toc332080804 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080805” Promotion PAGEREF _Toc332080805 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080806” Financials PAGEREF _Toc332080806 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080807” Capital estimation PAGEREF _Toc332080807 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080808” Fixed Assets PAGEREF _Toc332080808 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080809” Transportation PAGEREF _Toc332080809 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080810” Human Resources PAGEREF _Toc332080810 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080811” Technology setup PAGEREF _Toc332080811 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080812” Miscellaneous PAGEREF _Toc332080812 h 9

IntroductionOnline business is among the fastest growing forms of business around the world. According to internet world statistics, internet usage worldwide rose by 400% between 2000 and 2010. This is an interesting development which undoubtedly encourages many service providers and sellers of commodities to sell the merchandise online. In most instances, companies or business are establishing B2C business creating web stores or online stores that sell commodities directly to customers. B2B which involves business selling goods or services to other business is also common. There is also an increase in the number of companies that have restricted their operation on the internet alone. All these companies encounter numerous challenges when it comes to delivering physical goods to customers. There are several delivery service which in unfortunately increase the cost of delivering good to the customer thus in turn increasing the costs incurred by the sellers. As usual this cost are also transferred to customers who end up parting with more that they intended or would have wished to acquire a product. This business proposal proposes a delivery business model that aims at enhancing the delivery process, increasing efficiency and convenience, and reducing the costs involved in the delivery of the goods.

Company overviewIn a nutshell the idea is to put up a delivery business that will act as an intermediary between online shop, e-shop, e-store, Internet shop, web-shop, web-store, online store, or virtual stores and their customers. The key elements of this business will be faster delivery and affordability.

VisionDuring the firsts year of operation the business will aim at gaining a good reputation by offering affordable prices, unbeatable customer service and fast delivery.

The company will also realize long term business partnership with online shops, e-shop, e-stores, Internet shops, web-shops, web-stores, online stores, or virtual stores and achieve a steady cash flow.

MissionTo be a trusted and reliable delivery service worldwide.

Company organizationManagementThe business will sue the service of a qualified manager with minimum of an MBA. The manager will have an assistant who will have a minimum of a bachelor’s degree in management.

StaffsThe other member of staff the will be instrumental provision of our services will be there office assistant, a receptionist, five drivers, and ten potters.

Operation model

The business will adopt an operation model that is both convenient to the online store and their buyers. Be an online business, customers purchasing goods online will have the option of choosing our delivery service while purchasing their good from an online store. When a customer chooses our delivery service he/she will be directed to our website where they will be requested to enter their information: name, cell phone number, email address, the order number of the goods bought from the online store, customer location and desired point of collection. Once this information has been entered, the customer will be directed to checkout where they will pay a nominal fee. In turn the customer will receive a receipt for payment both as a main in the email and as a SMS in his/her phone. Once the information is received in our system, the office assistant will issue it to the driver the details. The driver using the information will collect the goods from the physical location or warehouse of the online store and deliver it to the customers preferred collection point. When the customers go to the collection point, they will be required to produce some form of identification, the SMS receipt for payment of the goods or a print out of the receipt emailed to their mail.

OutsourcingThe business will outsource warehousing and storage services. These services will be outsourced from stores located close to bus terminals or easily accessible place in urban and suburban areas. it is these storage point or warehouses that the customers will chose from when selecting their convenient collection point.

MarketingMarket SegmentationThis section focuses on establishing the various divisions in the market consisting of groups with different needs. The main segmentations are buyer of fragile goods and the not fragile goods. Fragile goods such as electronics will require extreme care to ensure that they arrive in proper condition

Market definitionIn short, delivery-partner will focus on online sellers who want to minimize the cost the incurred in paying delivery companies to deliver goods to their customers and online shopper who want to minimize the amount to money the pay to have the goods they have purchase online delivered. Many shoppers incur expense up to 20% over what they paid for their goods. Delivery expenses incurred by online sellers also increase the operation costs. However this service will be a double edged sword cutting costs incurred by both the sellers and the buyer.

Marketing strategyIn order for delivery-partner to be successful, a functional marketing strategy must be used. A marketing strategy is an instrument that will evaluate the resources at our disposal and use them publicize our delivery service to give it a competitive advantage over its competitors. It consists of various market analysis instruments that will provide information necessary to create a functional marketing strategy. The analysis strategy will be SWOT analysis examining both internal and external dynamics of the business (Kern, 3). Using the SWOT analysis results the marketing strategy will emphasis the use of the 4Ps to reach the target market (Barker & Charles, 138).

SWOT analysis

Strengths Weaknesses

Strong business model.

Affordable service.

Reliable and convenient service. Little difference from other delivery services.

Since this is a competitive segment, the market share growth is limited

The brand might be dependent on endorsement by online sellers.

Opportunities Threats

There is great room for geographical expansion.

Online shopping is growing since many people are opting to shop online.

Many online shopper and seller need affordable and reliable delivery services. Stiff competition from already developed companies.

Continuous increase in oil prices will have a strong impact on delivery costs

Low operating costs will continue to encourage new entrants to join the industry.

The 4PsProduct

Product stands for the good or service that a business offers to the consumers. The product should meet the needs of the market segment that it intends to serve (Barker & Charles, 139). The product we offer to consumers is a delivery service the will ensure that they can receive goods purchase from online store at their convenience. There are many delivery service companies delivering goods to buyers worldwide. However, our service is different from what the other organizations offer. Our service will involve collecting goods bought from the sellers warehouses and taking to convenient store close to bus terminals where the buyers can pick the on their way home. Good can also be take to stores of customers’ choice where they can be accessed easily.

Place

Place stand for the location where the business can be found (Barker & Charles, 140). Our business will be online, and our clients will be able to reach us through our website. The will be able to order for our delivery services online. Other contact will also be on the website. These include our fax, email and telephone number. The business will also have a physical location where we will have an office with staff to act on the customs instructions. The other physical locations for our company will be our outsourced collection points.

PricePrice is what we will charge our customers for the services we provide them (Barker & Charles, 141). Price must be high enough to meet the costs of operation and low enough to attract customers to our services. At the start however we will not be keen at making the price. We will take penetration pricing strategy which will involve deliberately offer services at low prices to attract customers to use our delivery services. Once the business gets a ‘toehold’, our pricing strategy will change to a cost plus pricing strategy. This is common pricing strategy which involves totaling all cost involved in delivering the service the adding a margin for profit.

Promotion

Promotion involves making customers aware of the product (Barker & Charles, 142). When choosing a pricing strategy we will base on the target market and the cost incurred in creating the awareness. Since the business will start as a localized service provide operating only in a limited geographical area, advertisements will be conducted in local newspapers, radio stations, yellow pages, billboards and by word of mouth. Advertisements will also be conducted on the websites of the most popular online sellers in the area. Social media will also serve a s tool for advertising the business and popularize it.

FinancialsDelivery partner not only require online start up, but will also need a brick and mortar set up. The set up for the business will be minimal to enable realistic growth in future. The setup will cover a single metropolis and then incrementally take on strategic location in neighboring metropolitans.

Capital estimation

The initial set up will be based on renting space rather than buying it or building our own. This will certainly enhanced the flexibility of the business. For startup we will need the following:

Fixed AssetsA corporate center in New Jersey which will serve as the hub management, and monitoring and business development

Office furniture and computers

Outsourced storage or warehousing around the 50 bus terminals in the city.

TransportationWe will be equipped with four vans for collecting goods for sellers’ warehouse service providers to customers’ collection points.

Human ResourcesThe business will have Manager, an assistant manager, an ICT specialist, three office assistants a receptionist and five drivers, and ten porters.

Technology setupTechnological setup will include 7 computers of which three will be used by the top management and three by the office assistant to monitor movement of goods as well as track the customer orders for delivery. On e of the computers will be lead to the reception desk. We will outsource webhosting service from a reliable webhosting service provider.

MiscellaneousThis includes all other costs incurred in operating the business such as the inventory costs.

Start up and operational costs.

Investment Rate ($) Number Time (In Months) Total

Coordination office 400 pm 1 12 4800

Storage space (outsourced) 250 pm 10 12 30000

Total Infrastructure       34800

Transport Vans (Used Vans) $2,495 7 17465

Office Car 1 3000

Total Transportation Assets       20465

Manager 42000 1 12 504000

Assistant Manager 30000 1 12 360000

ICT specialist 25000 1 12 300000

Office Assistants 18000 3 12 648000

Receptionist 15000 1 12 375000

Drivers 15000 5 12 720000

Potters 15000 10 12 1800000

Total Human Resource Cost       4707000

Computers 200 7 1400

Website Setup 1000 1000

Webhosting 10 10

Internet $50 50

Software 40 40

Total ICT infrastructure Cost       2500

Vehicles 50000 50000

IT infrastructure 10000 10000

Total Maintenance cost       60000

Miscellaneous 20000 20000

Miscellaneous       20000

TOTAL       4844765

Funding sources

EMBED MSGraph.Chart.8 s

References

Barker, Rachel. & Charles, George. Integrated Organisational Communication. Cape Town : Juta Academic, 2006.

Internet World Statistics. Internet Usage Statistics: The Internet Big Picture World Internet Users and Population Stats. Web. August 7, 2012 HYPERLINK “http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm” http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

Kern, Russell. S.U.R.E.-Fire Direct Response Marketing: generating business-to-business sales leads for bottom-line success. New York: McGraw-Hall, 2001.

Noaa Vs Nasa On Budget

Noaa Vs Nasa On Budget

NOAA VS NASA

The national oceans and atmospheric administration is one of the most fundamental and active research organizations in America. This is because it is dealing with the one thing that no organism likes when it is hurt: the environment. Oceans are the places where animals live where the atmosphere is inclusive of the weather and the reactions of Mother Nature (Cameron, 2013). There is still more to be done especially with the current changes in the climate due to global warming. Not only are temperatures expected to increase but there will be differences in the climatic conditions and natural occurrences. This means that all the climatic data that has been collected since the 19th century is slowly being rendered useless.

Natural occurrences lead to increase in the deaths of people and loss of property with billions not to mention limiting the opportunities. The events include increase in hurricanes, tsunamis, tornadoes and wind directions and patterns. This means that more investment by the government because it is not a matter o if it is a matter of when. More money will aid in conducting better and more reliable pattern of occurrences. For instance people will be warned about earthquakes and tsunamis days before and not twenty minutes before it happens ( Eilperin, 2013). People will know how to be protecting themselves from the changes in the weather conditions and wind patterns.

Currently $20 billion has been invested in NASA for a project to make rockets to find space bodies. This is not a guaranteed project and there are even claims that even after sending all that money it may be fruitless, yet the government is willing to spend the money to try and satisfy curiosity instead of protection life on earth ( Achenbach, 2013). Most of the space trials are made in the water and even at times on land. If the government does not fund the organization that ensures the atmosphere is predictable enough for practice, then there will be nowhere for NASA to spend their money.

NOAA is the unsung hero and even from their slogan it is not heard of by many people. this is because most people think that it is obvious and given that before the government does anything else it ensures that the organization meant to take care of the environment is good to go.

References

Eilperin, Juliet, (January 22, 2013), NOAA’s proposed move raises questions about its role

Achenbach, Joel, (February 11, 2013), NASA’s science missions bring the universe into sharper focus even as agency struggles with manned flight

Cameron, James, (March 25 | Updated: Monday, March 26, 9:4 AM, 2013), Director James Cameron details 3 hours at Earth’s deepest spot, says it’s desolate, foreboding Associated Press

Non traditional petroleum resources

Non traditional petroleum resources

Traditionally, petroleum geologist has been concerned with the exploration of natural gas and crude oil as the sole source of energy. However, other non traditional petroleum resources hold large amounts of energy and include coal-bed methane, shale gas, oil shales, gas hydrates and tar sands. Their extraction has been difficult mainly since the cost involved in production petroleum from the traditional sources is low therefore inhabiting technological research on their extraction. With the increase in the production cost of the traditional petroleum resources, focus has shifted to development of production methods for the non traditional methods.

Solid and plastic hydrocarbons

These are mostly found as in sedimentary rocks of varied ages. They are mostly viscous but their viscosity would decrease as temperature increases. The hydrocarbons come as pools or lakes on the surface of the earth and distributed in pores and veins on the subsurface. They may occur as secondary deposits or inspissated deposits. Inspissated deposits refer to heavy hydrocarbons which are devoid of the light fraction. This happens where a combination of erosion, uplift and migration brings liquid oil accumulation to the earth’s surface. Secondary deposits may arise when oil flows extensively from oil leak. Secondary deposits are a combination of heavy degraded oil and sediment.

Solid hydrocarbon comes about with dissipation of crude oil at the earth’s surface where its composition progressively changes with the loss of lighter components. There are two types of solid hydrocarbons including waxy solid hydrocarbons and asphaltic solid hydrocarbons. Waxy solid hydrocarbons result from paraffinic crude oil insipissation. Generally, they are plastic substances with their colors ranging from dark brown to waxy yellow. Asphaltic solid hydrocarbons result from naphthenic crude oil insipissation. Both of these are composed of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen as well as inorganic compounds. Their only difference is in the molecular composition.

Tar sands

These are heavy, gluey oil deposits that occur near or at the surface of the earth and have API ranging from 5-15o. They generally occur in highly permeable sands. They undergo a gradational change from the typical crude oil, through heavy oil and to tar becoming heavier and incorporating higher amounts of inorganic impurities. They are more aromatic and sulfurous compared to the crude oils. They have less saturated hydrocarbons but more asphaltenes and resins.

In most cases, tar sands occur where the major basin cross over the Precambrian shields. They either occur in traps that are erosionally breached or migrate to surface seepages from the deep traps. Major deposits of tar sand may be found in Malagasy, Trinidad and Alberta. In extracting oil from the tar sands, subsurface extraction or surface mining approach may be used. After quarrying the tar sands, the constituent oil is extracted using steam or hot water to disaggregate the sand and separate the oil. In case the traditional open cast extraction is not possible due to a thick overburden, in situ extraction must be done either by dissolving oil through solvent injection or heating to reduce the viscosity of the oil.

Oil shales

These are small-grained sedimentary rocks that when heated yield oil. Unlike tar sands, their oil is contained in complex kerogen structures from where it is distilled. Oil shales contain organic components such as kerogens and bitumen as well as inorganic components like quartz, mica, feldspar, carbonates, accessory minerals, pyrite and clays. Oil shales come in two types with well known biological origin. These are Torbanite available from Scotland, and Tasmanite available from Tasmania in Australia as well as in North Alaska.

Oil is extracted from the shales through in-situ extraction method when underground or surface quarrying. Crushed shale is heated in a retort at 425 to 475o centigrade. Kerogen pyrolysis drives of the gas and oil while spent shale would collect the retort’s bottom.

Coal-bed methane and shale gas

Rarely would you have well-defined fields having gas in shales rather it comes in crooked fracture systems and siltstone bands. This gas has over 10% ethane, is commonly wet and has high calorific value. Coal-bed methane differs from shale gas in that it has lower calorific value thanks to the production of dry gas only by the coals. In most cases, coal beds are more permeable than the shales due to easier artificial or natural fracturing.

Normally, when we think of worlds, the planet Earth comes to mind

Normally, when we think of worlds, the planet Earth comes to mind. What we don’t often remember is that the word world can mean more than the Earth. Webster’s New World Dictionary states that the true definition of the word world is, “some part of the earth, or an individual experience, outlook..” Keeping that definition in mind, it is true to say that the boys in Lord of the Flies were in their own world, so to speak. And it is also true that every world has its problems. A contemporary psychiatrist wrote , “The problems of the world – and they are chronicled daily in headlines of violence and despair – essentially are the problems of individuals. If individuals can change, the course of the world can change. This is a hope worth sustaining.” This quote can apply both to the larger world of the Earth, and the smaller world of the island.

On the island, the boys had problems from the beginning. Both Ralph and Jack wanted to be chief and when the rest of the biguns and littluns voted for Ralph, it caused friction between Jack and Ralph. Ralph tried to deal with this problem by appointing Jack the leader of the hunters and keepers of the fire. He had hoped this would repair any damage that had been done to their short friendship. Ralph was doing his duty as the chief and tried to deal with their individual problems. However, this solution ended up doing more harm than good. The friction between Ralph and Jack flourished throughout the book.

Jack soon became obsessed with savagery and killing pigs. The only

thing he cared about was meat. And Jack does kill a pig; however killing that pig sacrificed the fire and the boys missed a rescue

opportunity because the fire went out. But Jack doesn’t seem to care.

“Jack, his face smeared with clays, reached the top first and hailed Ralph excitedly, with lifted spear.

‘Look! We’ve killed a pig-we stole up on them-we got in a circle-’

They seemed to share one wide ecstatic grin. Jack had too many things to tell Ralph at once. Instead he danced a step or two, then remembered his dignity and stood still, grinning.

Ralph spoke. ‘You let the fire go out.’

Jack checked, vaguely irritated by this irrelevance but too happy to let it worry him.

‘There was lashings of blood,’ said Jack, laughing and shuddering.

‘You should have seen it!’ Ralph spoke again, hoarsely.

He had not moved.

‘You let the fire go out.’”

Jack doesn’t care that he screwed up; all that really matters to him is that he killed a pig. Ralph is very upset that Jack let the fire go out because being rescued is his top priority. Having fun is Jack’s top priority, and his callousness towards things Ralph sees as important adds to the friction building up between the two boys.

As the book continues, more and more Jack tries to assert himself as the chief. He comes up with wild games that the boys can play after the kill. He became the leader in the forest, where it’s all dark and scary, and Ralph was the chief on the beach where there was order. Even here, it’s evident that Jack is the type of ruler who wants an absolute monarchy – he likes to give orders, not take them. Ralph is a more democratic leader who listens to other people and takes advice. Jack offers protection and direction; Ralph offers goals, steadiness. Even at the basic personality level, there is a wide difference between Ralph and Jack. And most importantly, Jack is very ambitious. Jack wants power and to be chief. All of these differences and anxieties come to head after Simon, Ralph, Jack and Roger try and slay the beast. Jack says:

“‘He’s not a hunter. He’d have never got us meat. He isn’t a prefect and we don’t know anything about him. He just gives orders and expects people to obey for nothing. All this talk-’

‘All this talk!’ shouted Ralph. ‘Talk, talk! Who wanted it? Who called the meeting?’

‘All right then,’ he said in deep tones of meaning, and menace, ‘all right. Who thinks Ralph oughtn’t to be chief?’

He look expectantly at the boys ranged around, whohad frozen. Under the palms there was deadly silence.

‘Hands up,’ said Jack strongly, ‘whoever wants Ralph not to be chief?’

The silence continued, breathless and heavy and full of shame…[Jack]licked his lips and turned his head at an angle so that his gaze avoided the embarrassment of linking with another’s eye.

‘How many think-’ His voice trailed off.

‘I’m not going to play any longer. Not with you. I’m not going to be a part of Ralph’s lot–’

He blundered out of the triangle towards the drop to the white sand.

‘Jack!!’

Jack turned and looked back at Ralph. For a moment he paused and then cried out, high-pitched, enraged.

‘–NO!’

It is at this moment that the group splits apart. Once they are not together and strong, chaos takes over. Jack becomes a tyrant, going more and more towards savagery, backing up his orders with physical abuse. Jack and his hunters kill two very good people and try to kill Ralph before all of this is stopped by the appearance of a naval officer. It is the problems that Jack causes that create the rift between the group of boys. Jack is the savage one, Jack is the problem maker. This whole book would have turned out differently had Jack thought about more than himself. If he had thought about the good of the group and what would benefit everyone, some of the problems would not have occurred.

Imagine if Jack had decided to accept Ralph as his chief for the good of the group. If he had taken it upon himself to be a good hunter and flame-keeper, the fire would have never gone out and the group would have been rescued. Piggy and Simon would still be living. The island would have been more than a dead rock. The psychologist said, “If individuals can change, the course of the world can change.” If Jack had changed, the outcome of the island group would have been

drastically altered.

I feel that the message in the book is that a society is never a sum of its parts. If there are savage people in a society, then the society will be savage. Maybe not outright, and maybe not right away, but the savageness is always lurking right beneath the surface. If a society was made up of all saints, it would be a purely good society where everything was beautiful (as Simon was) and nothing was vicious. If individuals would change, change their morals and their ethics, a society could become greater and stronger. However, if individuals refuse to change, society could degenerate into all violence and savagery, as it did in Lord of the Flies. If people are willing to change, the world (any world) will become stronger and “better”. And that is, indeed, a hope worth sustaining.

North American Archaeology

North American Archaeology

Position Paper #1

Your first position paper focuses on the early settlement of North America during what archaeologists call the Paleoindian period (ca. pre-12,000 to 10,000 before present – B.P.). Many questions exist concerning when, where, how, and why the first people entered North America. Despite these issues, archaeologists agree that the first groups arrived no later than about 13,000 years ago, and probably considerably earlier. When the first groups arrived, the latest Pleistocene glaciation (Wisconsin) was retreating to the north, but environmental conditions were still much colder than today’s. Over the next 5,000 years, glacial conditions gradually ameliorated and by about 8,000 years ago, essentially modern environmental conditions existed throughout much of the North American continent.

Directions:Compare and contrast the ways of life associated with the Early PaleoIndian archaeological culture (Clovis – pre-12,000 B.P.) with those of Late PaleoIndian groups (ca. 8,000-10,000 B.P.). Address issues such as paleoenvironmental conditions, subsistence practices, population distributions and densities, group mobility and settlement strategies, and technologies. How have archaeologists interpreted evidence for greater cultural diversity among Late Paleoindian groups compared to earlier Clovis groups?

Your paper should be 2-3 pages long (double spaced) and include a bibliography of sources used for the assignment.

North Korea And US Relations

North Korea And US Relations

North Korea vowed to launch a nuclear strike which is to be pre-emptive against United States as a way of retaliating against new sanctions against rogue communist state which are currently under consideration by United Nations. The new sanctions will make it very difficult for North Korea to be able to finance and obtain the materials they need for their weapons program. They warned against a war they termed as thermonuclear on the aggressor’s headquarters since Washington is pushing for the launch of a nuclear war against the North. They accused the united states of being at the forefront in leading efforts to slap these sanctions on North Korea North Korea claim that Washington and other states are going beyond economic sanctions and they are now expanding into military acts and blunt aggression. Their aim is to launch surgical strikes at no specific target or time without being bounded by any armistice accord. This is because they view the United States as their enemies (FOX News Network, LLC, 2013).

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has its main responsibility as protecting United States and its territories from any form of disaster that might strike .it responds to responding to any form of terrorist attacks, natural disasters and man-made accidents. Such kind of threats fall under the jurisdiction of DHS .the DHS is responsible for ensuring that United States and its territories remain safe under these threats. Therefore, DHS ensure that they tighten the security within the United States and its territories. They are always on the look out and prepared to retaliate against these threats that have been made by North Korea. The DHS is always alert in preparation for any attacks that might be launched. They also try to source for any information that will guide them in fighting these attacks. Therefore, we can say that the department of homeland security is doing all it can in its power to ensure that the situation is diffused.

I do not think that North Korea is making the right step when preparing to launch an attack against the United States .Despite this threats is till believe that North Korea can not live up to the threats. This is because eve though they boas of pre-emptive strikes and nuclear bombs they have not mastered the ability of producing warheads that are small enough for putting missiles that are capable of reaching the united states. Though they have enough nuclear fuel it can only be enough for crude nuclear devices. Therefore, North Korea can not successfully launch attacks on the United States since their nuclear devices are not capable of doing so (Homeland Security News ,2013).

Let us say they go ahead with their threats of the attacks many innocent people might end up loosing their lives. Furthermore, there are better ways of dealing with the situation other than declaring war against United States. If they are not contented with the decision the United Nations have made then they can peacefully deal with the situation. Leaders from North Korea can arrange for a meeting with United Nations leaders where they can state their grievances. I am sure the United Nations leaders can surely find time to listen to these leaders and come up with some form of agreement. Retaliation is not the way to go since it might not lead to the United Nation changing their stand.it will just lead to the death of people without a solution being found. I also feel that North Korea should not abuse the use of Nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons are very dangerous and they have a potential of causing a lot of harm to many generations that come. Therefore, they should go out of their way in trying to peacefully come up with a solution to their problem.

References

Adams, B. (2013). North Korea Says It Has ‘Approved’ Nuclear Strikes On the U.S. Retrieved July 13, 2013 from http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/04/03/report-north-korea-says-it-has-approved-nuclear-strikes-on-u-s/FOX News Network, LLC. (2013). North Korea vows nuclear attack on US, saying Washington will be ‘engulfed in a sea of fire’. Retrieved July 13, 2013 from http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/03/07/north-korea-vows-nuclear-attack-on-us-ahead-un-sanctions-vote/Homeland Security News. (2013). North Korea vows nuclear attack on US, as UN prepares to vote on sanctions. Retrieved July 13, 2013 from http://www.nationalterroralert.com/2013/03/07/north-korea-vows-nuclear-attack-on-us-as-un-prepares-to-vote-on-sanctions/

Not exactly considered a serious poet or author, Publius Ovidius Naso, or Ovid as he is more commonly called

Not exactly considered a “serious” poet or author, Publius Ovidius Naso, or Ovid as he is more commonly called, captured the spirit of Greek and Roman mythology in his most noted work The Metamorphoses. The stories told in this work are commonly thought of as not serious enough for adults. Therefore, many of these stories have been “dumbed down” and transposed into child book form. Though most of these stories are very serious, many do not see them as sophisticated literature. True as this is, his works are still great and reflect much of the attitude and culture of his time. Behind his fables, Ovid was a fantastic storyteller and a master at capturing the spirit of the ancient times as well as portraying his own life through his work.

Like many poets of that time, Ovid’s father wished him to be a lawyer. His father sent him from his home in Sulmo, where he was born, to Athens to obtain a legal degree and study rhetoric. “Indeed rhetoric was the core of Roman education in Ovid’s time, as it had been for almost a century before his birth as it was for centuries after his death” (Luce 785). When his formal training was complete, Ovid studied philosophy. Ovid then came home to start a serious career.

“It did not work. Fathers of poets seem to have a penchant for trying to turn their male offspring into lawyers, doctors, or engineers. Usually this stratagem is effective because most sons are not poets. Most fathers confronted with the problem of a versifying son, therefore, turn out to be right; Ovid’s father turned out to be wrong” (Luce 785).

Ovid sincerely attempted to satisfy the demands of his father, but failed horribly. He abandoned his law studies and he drifted off to book merchants and poetry readings. He also married, but swiftly divorced, the woman his father had chosen for him. He was clearly strong-minded and independent. Ovid became more interested with the world of poetry. He also became acquainted with most of the leading poets of the time. Thus, at approximately at the age of twenty, Ovid launched into his career as poet. Up to this point, the poet’s life was basically ho-hum.

“Until the catastrophe in A.D. 8, when Augustus exiled him to Tomis on the Black Sea, Ovid’s life appears to have been uneventful” (Luce 785). In the next years of his life, he married a total of three times.

“…This might suggest domestic turmoil of an unusual sort; but given social fragmentation of his time, even this apparent disorder may have been merely ordinary. In any case, the third and final marriage seems to have been an extraordinary one, and Ovid’s devotion to the wife he left in Rome when he went to Tomis is manifest to her in his final volumes” (Luce 785).

Soon in Ovid’s life appeared an adversary, though. Augustus Caesar, the grand nephew to Julius Caesar, took the empirical throne. Augustus was bent on reforming Rome in a time of spiritual freedom. He saw the “free love” attitude of Ovid’s time as wrong and demeaning to the family. He soon made laws against certain acts between two unmarried people. At this point Ovid was just discovering and enjoying this time of freedom.

“While Augustus was devoting himself to the reform of a social order that nearly a hundred years of cival war had left in ruins, Ovid devoted himself to the refinement of his craft and of his observations of Roman high society and politics” (Luce 786).

The difference between the two’s mind set is described by T. James Luce as

“…The confrontation between two irreconcilable visions of human life, the collisions of political necessity with poetic freedom, of pragmatic with a humanism that is grounded in religious intuitions, of the contingencies of history with moral imagination” (Luce 788).

Ovid found himself exiled to Tomis from Rome. The exact circumstances of this exile are unknown, for even Ovid himself shrouds them in mystery. He and his friends who practiced the same loose mindset did not take Augustus’s efforts seriously.

“What Ovid and his playmates did not understand, what would have appalled them had they been able to grasp it, was that Augustus was utterly, deadly serious in his efforts to purify and revitalize the social patterns of Rome” (Hendry 250).

Yet Ovid continued in his activities and his writings. He poked fun at the members of high society and publicly criticized the movements of the emperor and other politicians. “Ovid, whose eye is on the beautiful people and their foibles, glances at the emperor in these years (23 – 3 B.C.) occasionally, and his attitude is one of mild flippancy and tolerant good humor” (Luce 786). Augustus was not pleased, nor was he amused, with Ovid. He banished the poet to the island of Tomis with no explanation left in history. There are speculated versions of the story. “Ovid laments having seen something, but refuses to specify what it was for fear of reawakening the imperial wrath” (Luce 787). Ovid was banished, suspiciously, from Rome about the same time that Augustus himself also mysteriously exiled his granddaughter, Julia, from Rome. A connection between the two is plausible. It is thought that perhaps Ovid was a semi-innocent bystander in a scandal in which adultery was discovered. Ovid may have been a confidant to either Julia or to her lover, had sympathized, and had helped in the concealment of this scandal.

“Ovid discusses his banishment and its causes in a long poem, but though he fastens the blame for his exile directly on himself, the precise nature of his wrongdoings eludes us, for what seems an apology to his prince is in fact an elaborate self defense and self-justification” (785).

In his days in exile, Ovid spent his energy writing apologies and justifications to his “crime” in attempt to escape from exile along with love letters to his last wife. Despite his attempts to be released, Ovid died exiled from Rome.

“Ovid’s poetry falls into three divisions: the works of his youth, of his middle age, and of his years in exile. In the first period, Ovid continued the elegiac tradition of Roman poets Sextus Propertius and Albius Tibullus, both of whom he knew and admired. Ovid’s Amores are erotic poems centered on Corinna, but they display little real feeling and are characterized by artificiality and cleverness. Other works of his are didactic poems, including Medicamina Faciei Femineae, a fragment of writing on cosmetics; and Remedia Amoris, a kind of recantation of the Ars Amatoria. Ovid’s Medea, a tragedy highly praised by ancient critics, has not been preserved. His interest in mythology is reflected in his Heroides, or Epistulae Heroidum, 21 fictional love letters, mostly from mythological heroines to their lovers” (Redmond).

“The commentator of his day, he presented most of his findings in the form of love elegies on themes from seduction to abortion, and distilled his professorial wisdom into the witty and comprehensive art of love” (Godolphin xxvi). Ovid’s works reflected the issues of the time and the attitude of its people. His poems and writings left an impression in history that, maybe not completely accurate, was entertaining. In his middle period Ovid wrote The Metamorphoses in 8 A.D., his greatest poetic achievement. Using Greco-Roman mythology as the material of his 15 books and change as his theme, he particularly isolates love as the agent of change, love now seen in its more profound ethical dimensions. Among readers of the late Middle Ages, the Metamorphoses rivaled the Bible in popularity. The other work of his middle period is The Fasti, a poetic calendar describing the various Roman festivals and the legends connected with each. Of the projected 12 books, 1 for each month of the year, only the first 6 survived into the present. “Ovid is the storehouse of classical mythology” (Godolphin xxvii). The Metamorphoses provided extensive insight on mythology of the times. Melancholy and despair pervade the works composed during his exile. They include The Tristia, five books of elegies that describe his unhappy existence at Tomis and appeal to the mercy of Augustus; The Epistulae ex Ponto, poetic letters similar in theme to The Tristia; The Ibis, a short invective invoking destruction on a personal enemy; and The Halieutica, a poem extant only in fragments, about the local fish. The Nux and The Consolatio ad Liviam are usually considered wrongly attributed to Ovid. A poem written in Getic, the native language of Dacia, has not survived. With the exception of the Metamorphoses and the fragmentary Halieutica, both of which are in dactylic hexameter meter, all the poetry of Ovid is composed in the elegiac couplet. These works contained some history of ancient Rome and the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of Ovid himself. “Whenever the characters of an author suffer, they do so at the behest of their author- the author is responsible for their suffering and must justify his cruelty by the seriousness of his moral imagination” (Trilling 88). Ovid transposed his own pain and suffering to his characters.

The love elegy was one of Ovid’s trademark writings. He was one of the few poets who used this style of writing. “In classical Latin poetry there would be no more love elegy after Ovid” (Luce 792). Love was a small subject of his poems in the way that most of his major works did not involve it. His middle stage poems are characterized by a lack of caring and most of his exiled work is that of sorrow and melancholy.

“For although love will continue to haunt him throughout his career, the genre that Catullus began and that Propertius and Tibullus developed Ovid has let go of- because, in effect, he has demolished it” (Luce 792). So, basically, Ovid took out a style of writing with him.

“Ovid must be counted as a major figure in the making of modern literature. His ability to tell a story, as shown in the vast number of tales in the fifteen books of The Metamorphoses, and his keen interest in psychology…helped to bring about the shift from medieval to modern literature” (Godolphin xxvii).

Ovid was truly a writer of his time. He showed the mentality of the times of ancient Rome intermixed with his own feeling and views. Though much of his life is shrouded in obscurity, he still managed to adequately convey Rome and its mythological side. In addition to this he passed along a bit of history with his entertaining works.

Works Cited

Godolphin, Francis R.B. The Latin Poets. New York: Random House, 1949.

Hendry, Michael. “Ovid. Ex Ponto, III 8,6.” Museum Criticum (1995-1996): 249-252.

Luce, T. James. Ancient Writers: Greece Rome. New York: Charles Schribner’s Sons,

1982.

Redmond, Sean. “Island of Freedom.” Online posting: http://www.island-of

freedom.com/OVID.HTM. Internet. Date Unknown.

Trilling, Lionel. “A Gathering of Fugitives.” New York: Random House, 1973.