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Definition of old and new advertising Plus how you think is going to be, in the future, around the whole this world

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Introduction

Advertising or marketing in general is one of the most fundamental aspects of any business. In fact, it holds a bearing on the profitability of a business thanks to its influence on the number of people who get to know about the business, as well as the consequent volume of sales or rather the conversion rates. It is worth noting that marketing, or advertising have undergone a tremendous change in the course of time. It has incorporated new techniques all in an effort to expand its reach and enhance its effectiveness.

1. Definition of old and new advertising? Plus how you think is going to be, in the future, around the whole this world?

A customer’s reflection on an experience is largely influenced by his or her anticipation of that experience, which is created prior to or in the initial visceral moments of that experience. It is worth noting that the brand pertaining to a product is essentially a person’s gut feeling about the product, organization or service. In essence, brands are the customers’ personal reflection of a certain experience, which is influenced by their anticipation. This marks the difference between new and old advertising (Tuten, 57).

Old advertising revolves around creating the appropriate anticipation and making that the participant has the best possible outset prior to the experience, as well as coloring the reflection and the usage. On the other hand, new advertising revolves around the experience. It involves the creating the experience, participating in it, as well as adding some extra experiences so as to enforce and diverse the brand (Tuten, 89).

The differences between old and new advertising go deeper than the definition. They go into the different techniques that are used in the old and new advertising. However, as much as the techniques may not have undergone such a tremendous change the venues have changed almost entirely.

One of the techniques of old advertising was newspaper advertising. Prior to the advent of the internet in many households, the consumers spent quite a lot of time perusing the newspapers from the front page to the back. This was, in fact, the best way of getting information on what was happening in the neighborhood, as well as finding vendors of certain products and services. Of course, people still “peruse” papers for such information, but the venue has changed entirely. Consumers can get the information that they need online. In fact, the information is updated in real time, which has forced newspapers around the world to shut down and adopt the online version of offering the information.

In addition, old advertising involved in-person social networking, or one-on-one marketing. In this case, new business owners would benefit immensely from attending numerous social functions that were sponsored by the local civic organizations. Many people in such localities would gather for drinks and hors d’oeuvres and close business deals, which were based on the adage, “scratch my back, and I will scratch yours”. In new advertising, social networking occupies quite a crucial component of marketing, but the venue has been modified entirely. This has been made possible by the advance in science and technology, which has allowed for digital communication in social media websites such as MySpace, LinkedIn, Twitter and Facebook. It is worth noting, however, that the rules pertaining to polite interaction have remained intact. Business relationships, even in the social media websites, would not be developed in a manner that does not support face-to-face interactions. In essence, it is always imperative that businesses adopt respectful tones when advertising online and take an interest in other members via written word (Constantinides et al, 49).

Old advertising also involved cold sales calls, where marketers would go through long lists of telephone numbers and make calls while hoping that the individuals on the other end of the line would be interested in the products and services they were selling. New advertising, however, involves websites where the customers would do their shopping online (Scott, 69). In essence, the vendors only have to create websites and list their products on sales letters, then use fundamental website optimization techniques for the search engines and voila! They have the customers streaming to their websites (Constantinides et al, 78).

In my opinion, advancement in technology is yet to show or exploit its full potential. In essence, it is extremely likely that new advertisement that involves social media websites is here to stay and is essentially the future of advertising (Dury, 59).

2. Traditional and nontraditional – VS – New Social Media.

Social media have formed an enormous part of advertising. As I stated earlier, social networking is not an entirely new phenomenon. It has always been incorporated in advertising with many vendors aiming at expanding their reach through business conventions, where deals are made between them. However, there has been a complete modification of the medium that is used in the modern times.

Traditional and nontraditional social media mainly involved the print media such as magazines, newspapers, as well as network radio and television. This has, however, changed entirely in the recent times, thanks to the entry of new social media. In this case, social media websites have become the key marketing grounds for many companies (Scott, 78). It goes without saying that, this new social media has had tremendous success with every other business seeking ways of tapping into the numerous opportunities that the social media presents. There are various reasons that have led to the tremendous success of the social media over the traditional and nontraditional methods of advertisement (Gladwell, 97).

First, the new social media allow for increased interaction between the vendors and their customers, whether potential or existing. It is worth noting that, the customers not only get an opportunity to place their order online but also communicate with the vendors in real time especially when they need more information on the services and products for which they are looking. In essence, the communication channels are opened while the exposure of the company’s products and services is expanded. Conventional media were limited as far as instant access to communication channels is concerned. New social media, therefore, provides companies with an almost real-time reaction, which is indeed beneficial for companies in dealing with the emerging communication crisis (Qualman, 64). They have come up with a dedicated, and around-the-clock, close monitoring of the online social spaces, thereby giving them the capability to address minor complaints in a speedy manner before they develop into public relations disasters. It goes without saying that consumers have an opportunity to view the varied products that the company may be offering than in the case of tradition media, which essentially involved word of mouth.

New social media have also allowed for real-time customer management. It is worth noting that close customer management via the social media translates into enhanced customer service experience (Qualman, 43). For example, most of the queries made by customers in companies’ twitter accounts are fundamentally responded to in full public view. In essence, the new social media create a perception in customers and noncustomers that they are responsive. This, in effect, provides for the manifestation of powerful results through impressive service. The approach provides for an enhanced level of transparency, as well as genuine authenticity to the profile of the company and ultimately enhances its customer retention efforts. This adds to the advantage that the use of new social media is arguably more cost effective in the long term than the traditional media (Qualman, 89).

However, it is worth noting that the new social media has led companies to loss control over the consumer perceptions of their brand. There has been a reduction in the control that companies have over their corporate message, as well as the individuals that are responsible for disseminating information pertaining to the organization. It is noteworthy that any individual with a computer and internet connection in capable of commenting or reviewing varied brands whether on the social media or in other websites, in the internet. The effect of “media democratization” comes as a crucial inducement for the reevaluation of the manner in which companies and brands communicate (Qualman, 67).

3. Compare Traditional and nontraditional between USA against Middle Eastand Saudi Arabia and how the different?

There are evident differences and similarities between traditional and nontraditional advertisement methods in Middle East or Saudi Arabia and the United States. These differences have a bearing on the impact of the two types of advertising in the different settings. It is worth noting that the key differences in the two regions mainly pertain to the media used.

One of the similarities between the advertising in the United States and Middle East and Saudi Arabia is the incorporation of social networks in the traditional advertising. It is worth noting that the United States and the Middle East both used social networks such as organizational conventions in their advertisement (Evans and McKee, 47)..

However, the difference comes as to the extent of advertisement in the case of traditional methods. In the United States, traditional methods of advertisement such as newspapers, magazines, televisions and radio networks were highly used and regarded to the extent that they went beyond borders. This was, however, not the case in the Middle East and Saudi Arabia. It is noteworthy that, most adverts targeted the local markets in which case companies and businesses never saw the essence of advertising with them as they were already conversant with the various regions. In fact, multinational corporations had to have their own advertisement agencies or departments to cater for such needs (Evans and McKee, 56)..

As for nontraditional advertisement, the uptake of such techniques in the United States is considerably higher than that of the Middle East. In fact, websites and internet shopping is regarded as the main way of business, which is not the case in Saudi Arabia and Middle East.

4. Write about the advertising agencies and ARE they still use the traditional way or they change to be one of the new social media. And why they change from old style way to the newest ways.

The role that advertising agencies play in enhancing the profitability of businesses cannot be understated. These refer to outside companies that meet the advertising and marketing needs of other organizations and businesses. They provide a full range of services pertaining to advertising, as well as advice that is based on studies conducted on the market, advanced sales techniques and popular culture (Evans and McKee, 57). It is worth noting that they can be objective as to the promotional needs of the client thanks to their independence from the client business or company.

Advertising agencies come up with logos, thereby creating attractive and effective color schemes that draw the attention of the customers to their clients’ adverts. In addition, they prepare brochures and slogans in which they incorporate descriptive copies for the sales materials. In some cases, they may come up with public service announcements for social programs and charitable organizations, as well as produce press releases for new products, events or programs of their clients. It is noteworthy that advertising agencies use varied forms of media in the promotion of their clients’ organizations or businesses, as well as goods and services. These include radio and television commercials, infomercials, magazine advertisements, social media websites, as well as newspaper ads. In some cases, advertising agencies may plan events, give away some promotional items or even offer booths at conventions (Hameroff, 17).

The working of advertisement agencies mainly revolves around getting a clear knowledge of the services and produces that the client is offering. Once they have this information, they determine the demographics that provide the most appropriate audience for the promotion of these goods and services (Hameroff, 67). For example, in case the client company sells designer, lady handbags, the advertising agencies are likely to strive to position the clients’ television adverts in channels that are geared towards women or during programs that target women. It is worth noting that the tone and look of the advertisement campaign depends on the demographics. For example, in cases where the company targets mature audience, the design elements are likely to take on a traditional look (Hameroff, 79).

Evidently, advertising agencies have numerous mediums through which they can serve their clients and execute their roles. Most of these methods of advertising use traditional advertising methods. This, however, does not undermine the fact that there has been a tremendous shift in the mediums that advertising agencies use, with many of them opting for the new social media. These include social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, MySpace, as well as the advertising companies’ own websites. This has been triggered by the need to keep up with the ever-changing marketing and advertising options. As much as the adoption of new social media advertising has been slow, numerous companies have realized the importance of keeping up with the emerging trends. There are various reasons for this shift in favor of new social media (Hameroff, 40).

One of the key reasons on why advertising agencies are shifting to social media advertising is the magnitude of exposure that the social media avails. It goes without saying that many consumers do their shopping online. In essence, the appropriate social media campaign has the capacity to reach millions of people who use social media every day. Reaching such an audience would have been a herculean task for the agencies if they used traditional means of advertising (Hameroff, 67).

In addition, the new social media advertising offers relatively immediate results. It is extremely possible for companies to have their website visitor increase tremendously depending on their adverts’ effectiveness. This provides an excellent ground for launching events and products (Hameroff, 27).

5. In terms of advertising, how OLD and NEW advertising impact the societyin USA?

It goes without saying that there exist some fundamental differences between old and new advertising. This is not only as to the techniques but also the venues where such marketing occurs. In essence, there are fundamental differences in their impacts on society (Bughin, 69). These differences are compounded by the variations among the different communities or societies as they define the absorption of such forms of advertisement. This, however, does not undermine the fact that there exist some similarities between the impacts of the two advertising methods whether in the same or different communities regardless of the absorption (Simmonds, 78).

In the United States, it goes without saying that the absorption of new advertising has been quite high. This has been partly due to the freedom and democracy that the country enjoys especially as far as sharing information and speech is concerned. In the same way, the impact of both old and new advertisement has been tremendous (Simmonds, 67).

First, these forms of advertising have opened up communities and new markets for businesses. This is especially due to their tremendous reach in the market, which allows many users to be reached every day especially in the case of new advertising. Of course, there are variations as to the reach of both forms of advertising, which consequently leads to differences in their impacts. Either way, they have opened up communities and allowed for enhanced communication between the varied stakeholders (Petley, 34).

In addition, new advertising has enhanced the participation of individuals in the building of varied brands. It is worth noting that the increase in internet usage coupled with the simultaneous decrease in the viewing of television has enabled the consumers in the United States to have increased control on their view of and interaction with advertising, as well as their capability to filter the same (Spurgeon, 22).

In addition, new advertising has allowed for the incorporation of peer-delivered and user-generated content, as well as ad-revenue-sharing models, where amateurs and semi-professionals have the opportunity to come up with low-cost advertising content. This has, consequently, resulted in an expansion, in the realm of adverts’ creativity (Spurgeon, 23).

On the same note, it is noteworthy that there has been a change in the advertising format from impression-based to a relatively impact based format. In essence, marketers now have the capacity to measure beyond the ad-reach to the actual engagement of the service or product. In addition, the adverts space that is currently available via efficient and open exchanges has led to the replacement of proprietary marketers by open platforms (Stafford, 67).

The proliferation of new advertising has made people almost immune to the consuming culture process. It has become imperative for the advertising industry to revive itself, thanks to the fact that the numerous products in the culture industry have regenerated to a something akin to a visual distraction (Fox, 45). It is worth noting that the viewers’ attraction is captured by the novelty and excitement with which adverts come, which also props up the culture industry thereby making sales. The success of any advert lies on getting noticed, which explains the reason as to why people continue buying advertised products even when they can see them (Stafford, 45).

6. In terms of advertising, how does old and new advertising impact the society in Middle East and Saudi Arabia?

In understanding the impact of new and old advertising on the society of Middle East and Saudi Arabia, it is imperative to examine the regions involved. This is because each region incorporates its own culture, as well as likes and dislikes, which effective marketing aims at exploiting to their advantage. It is worth noting that the Middle East and Saudi Arabia have not been left behind as far as the incorporation of new advertising is concerned. This, however, does not undermine the fact that their incorporation is a bit low compared to other regions such as the United States. In essence, the magnitude of advertising impact may be different. However, there are various similarities between the impacts between the impacts of old and new advertising in Saudi Arabia and United States (Stoklossa and Rempen, 69).

Until the late stages of the 90s, Saudi Arabia’s advertisement was mainly restricted to the local media. Most companies saw no need for advertising agencies since most the media were mainly local. After all, they had a perfect knowledge of the local market, in which case they preferred to create their own in-house creative departments which would sell their services and products to the local consumers (Kavoossi 36). This cheap and seemingly efficient status quo remained for decades. However, this has changed immensely in the recent times with close to 50% of internet users in the Middle East and Saudi Arabia being on social media. Research has also shown that for a fifth of internet users (20 percent) in Saudi Arabia, following and liking a brand mostly translated to purchasing products that appear under the brand name (Fox, 78).

One of the principal impacts of old and new advertising is opening up societies in these regions to each other, as well as to other societies around the world. It is worth noting that as much as old advertising was the main thing until the late 90s, it still enabled the interaction between the societies in these regions (Kavoossi, 45). This was complemented by the entry of the new advertising, which opened up societies in these areas to other societies in the world. Evidently, there is a considerable uptake of new advertising in Saudi Arabia and the Middle East. In essence, the communities in this area have expanded their view on the outside world.

On the same note, the opening up of these markets has not only allowed for changes in market structures but also increased the competition between local and international market players. Evidently, the competition has led to a reduction in the prices of commodities (Darouni, 67).

In addition, old and new advertising has led to an increase in innovation in the two regions. This is especially having in mind that there has been an increase in the level of competition. As stated, the attraction of potential consumers is mainly piqued by the attractiveness of the adverts, as well as the creativity or innovation that has been incorporated in the making up of the adverts. In essence, both amateurs and semi-professionals in adverts have had to enhance their creativity so as to have an edge in the market and increase their market share (Darouni, 57). Obviously, this has also involved the establishment of numerous advertising agencies in these regions. It goes without saying that the advertising techniques have also led to the expansion of existing markets in these regions.

However, old and new advertising has also created relative insecurity among the people in these regions. This is especially in the case of new advertising, which involves the internet. It is worth noting that some of these websites share their customers’ private and confidential information with other websites, thereby endangering the lives of their customers (Stoklossa and Rempen, 78). This was unheard of in the case of old advertising techniques, as all the consumers would do was watch television adverts or listen to radio commercials and peruse papers for information on the various vendors.

Works cited

Scott, David. The new rules of marketing and PR. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. 2007. Print

Gladwell, Malcolm. The tipping point. New York: Back Bay. 2000. Print

Dury, Glen. ‘Opinion piece: Social media: Should marketers engage and how can it bedone effectively’, Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice. 2008 print

Constantinides, Efthymios., Romero, Carlota Lorenzo and Boria, Miguel A. Gómez. Social media: A new frontier for retailers?’,European Retail Research, (2008). Print

Bughin, Jacques. The rise of enterprise 2.0’. Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice. 2007. Print

Tuten, Tracy L. Advertising 2.0: Social Media Marketing in a Web 2.0 World. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008. Print

Evans, Dave. Social Media Marketing: An Hour a Day. New York: John Wiley & Sons 2008. Print

Qualman, Erik. Socialnomics: How Social Media Transforms the Way We Live and Do Business. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2009. Print

Evans, Dave & McKee, Jake. Social Media Marketing: The Next Generation of Business Engagement. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2010. Print

Anderson, Eric. Social Media Marketing: Game Theory and the Emergence of Collaboration. London: Springer, 2010. Print

Petley, Julian. Advertising. New York: Black Rabbit Books, 2003. Print

Simmonds, William G. Advertising Barns: Vanishing American Landmarks. New York: Voyageur Press, 2004. Print

Fox, Stephen R. The Mirror Makers: A History of American Advertising and Its Creators. Illinois: University of Illinois Press. 1997. Print

Darouni, Kamal, G. Advertising and marketing communications in the Middle East. London: Notre Dame University Press, 2002. Print

Kavoossi, Masoud. The Globalization of Business and the Middle East: Opportunities and Constraints. London: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. Print

Spurgeon, Christina. Advertising and New Media. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2007. Print

Stafford, Marla, R. Advertising, Promotion, and New Media. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2005. Print

Stoklossa, Uwe & Rempen, Thomas. Advertising: new techniques for visual seduction. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2007. Print

Hameroff, Eugene J. The Advertising Agency Business: The Complete Manual for Management & Operation. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 1998

Definition of justice in relation to courts

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Pursuing Criminal Justice Outline

Definition of justice in relation to courts

In the world, people are bound to arrive at disagreements a number of times. They revert to courts to arbitrate over the disagreements and arrive at a decision. Justice entails fairness in arriving at a decision. For courts it will involve an independent investigation of the truth in the circumstances. Courts of law are supposed to be fair in their determination of cases. Fairness in this case does not involve establishing the truth at all costs but truth within the law. If one is not able to prove their truth to the court, then it is not the business of the court to assume the truth. In an adversarial system, the court’s definition of fairness and justice is based on the evidence presented by parties and using this evidence within the law to arrive at a decision. These parameters of law include due process of law and rule of law.

Three components of court that illustrate justice

Justice in courts is exhibited when we consider courts procedure, legitimacy as well as independence in the investigation of truth.

Court’s procedure

The court in hearing or in resolving a certain case should adhere to due process of law. This entails not condemning any person until they are heard on their defense. The court should always work on the presumption that every one should be presumed innocent until they are proved guilty. Such people should be given an opportunity to present their case and defense to the court.

Legitimacy

The courts should always observe legitimacy in their attempt to resolve a dispute. For example if it involves acceptance of evidence for the prosecution, it should only accept evidence that has been collected within the law and avoiding accepting evidence that has been collected using trickery. Further courts can only enforce agreements that are legitimate and within the law. Legitimacy is very crucial in assisting courts in arriving at a fair and just decision as it ensures the court acts within the law.

Independence

In any court proceedings, the judge, lawyers as well as the jury are expected to act independently in their investigation of any crime. The judge, jury and should not be biased or influenced by any motives in the court. If a person involved in a certain have a certain interest in the case under consideration, they should always declare their interest and step down from being involved in hearing the matter. This will ensure that they are not influenced by anything in the arrival of a conclusion.

Changes that have occurred to courts as a result of September 11 attacks

After the September 11 attacks courts have adopted in a major way so as to be able to deal with the various changes that happened in the Criminal Justice System. This is especially so following the much legislation that was passed by the congress to deal with the emerging terrorist threats. These laws introduced new crime definitions especially the Patriotic Act that was meant to counter all acts of terrorism.

Biggest challenges to the courts in the next 10 years

One of the biggest challenges facing the court is pertaining its independence. As much as we talk of independence of judiciary owing to separation of powers, complete separation is not possible and therefore some influence especially from the executive is bound to happen.

Secondly, there are many controversies following the constitutionality of some legislation. Without a conclusion on the legality of these laws the courts will always arrive at conflicting conclusions.

Finally, courts are faced with the problem of backlog of cases. This is attributed to the fact that the number of judges especially in federal courts is less if compared to the number of cases that are presented to the courts. This results in delay in hearing and determination of cases.

Definition of heroism

Introduction

Conceived in Brazil on December 15, 1944, Chico Mendes experienced childhood in a group of elastic tappers (otherwise called seringueiros). Elastic tapping has been drilled by families in the Amazon for eras. It is a procedure whereby one innocuously concentrates sap from elastic trees, which is then utilized as a part of such items as auto tires, pencil erasers, and even Tupperware. Elastic tapping is one of the numerous courses in which the assets of the Amazon are misused without for all time hurting the biological system. It is a reasonable farming framework, and Chico Mendes emulated his father’s example in turning into a seringueiro. For the dairy cattle farmers and mining hobbies in Brazil, “supportable horticulture” obstructs benefit making. Much cash can be made by tearing down the timberland as quick as could be expected under the circumstances and supplanting it with pasture land and strip mines. What the farmers and mineworkers desert is a smashed no man’s land, a destroyed desert where once stood a woodland more than 180 million years of age. Brazilian elastic tapper and area rights pioneer Chico Mendes spearheaded the world’s first tropical woods preservation activity progressed by backwoods people groups themselves. His work prompted the foundation of Brazil’s extractive stores secured timberland ranges that are occupied and oversaw by neighborhood groups.

Dolores Clara Fernandez was conceived on April 10, 1930 in Dawson, a little mining town in the mountains of northern New Mexico. Dolores Huerta is a union pioneer and a lobbyist for the privileges of ranch laborers and ladies. Alongside Cesar Chavez, she established the first effective ranch specialists union in the nation, the United Farm Workers, in 1963 (King, 2010).

Extended definition of heroism

Heroism comprises of activities that must help other people, regardless of the fact that it is a probability and danger of the partner s harm or even passing. Some individuals consider gallantry to be near charitableness, however it is distinctive. Where charitableness stresses denying toward oneself demonstrations that help other people, heroism implies an individual tribute. The part of valor pivots around of the commitment of the individual to an honorable objective and status to acknowledge an outcome of battling for this objective. Heroism is old as mankind itself. The human curved post remembering saints is an all-inclusive nature of human society. Saints are regarded in aged canvases, fables and myth. Social orders dispatched such stories in oral conventions and legends, and myths into epic lyrics. Present day social orders maintain the custom of respecting legends in actually showstoppers as well as in motion pictures and news-casting. Some of gallant thoughts are getting to be lost or changed by general society. Being a legend is not simply being an exceptional figure. We trust it has gotten to be needful to overhaul the verifiable faculties of the saying, and to compel it to land in current time periods. Verifiably, valor has been nearly associated with military administration, albeit social heroism additionally merits close research. For example, Achilles is the prototype war legend, whose qualities were strong to the point, that Socrates readiness not to be taken lightly it was likewise a heroism endeavor. Heroism that comprise a striking thought is generally not all that sensational like heroism that involves immediate physical danger. These diverse methods for urging with the heroism perfect mean a deeper, more tangled meaning of heroism. Activities considered as chivalrous are conventionally boded well that they are not urged by outside weights or at any rate go out the limits of the conduct usually provoked by outer weights. By understanding of chivalry as an issue normal for free will, not as a surprising gimmick, valor gets to be something that stands in the line of conceivable outcomes for everybody, conceivably moving us to answer that call. The pondered the cliché of heroism undresses the myth of the brave choose. It is a myth that reinforces two basic human inclinations: to trait exceptionally uncommon individual peculiarity to extraordinary individuals who do unique accomplishments – to see them as superhuman, contrasting with whatever remains of us and the trap of inertial some individuals call it as the spectator impact. Examination has demonstrated that this impact is frequently inspired by dispersing of obligation. Causes of Heroism

Researchers have long realized that both individuals and creatures are more prone to help those to whom they are hereditarily related, an idea known as tribe’s choice. By helping the individuals who impart our qualities, we help guarantee the probability that those qualities will be passed on to future eras. In others cases, we help other people with the desire that sometime they may help us as an exchange, a thought known as proportional unselfishness (Pilger, 2010). It is clear that that the family is one of the key causes of heroism.

Anyway shouldn’t we think about the sorts of selflessness that don’t rely on helping relatives or expecting some sort of payback? In such cases, situational, social, and identity variables can assume significant part is crafting heroism. After individuals take chivalrous activities, they frequently guarantee that they don’t see themselves as legends; that they were basically doing what anybody in that circumstance would have done. Notwithstanding prompt life and demise circumstances, the force and promptness of the circumstances can motivate some individuals to make a move. The cultural beliefs and taboos determine the heroism status of an individual.

These same situational constrains that electrify a few people to gallant acts can really obstruct others from making a difference. At the point when an emergency emerges in the vicinity of numerous individuals, we frequently fall into a trap of inaction by accepting that another person will offer support, a sensation known as the onlooker impact. Since moral obligation is diffused by the vicinity of others, we accept that another person will tackle the part of the legend.

Some individuals might likewise have identity characteristics that incline them to act in philanthropic and gallant ways. Analysts have recommended that the individuals who have a specific personality set that leads them to act certainly and ethically in troublesome circumstances have a tendency to demonstration instantly and unknowingly when a crisis happens.

Differences

It is clear that there is huge difference between the two leaders that lead to the actions they took for the people or the society. For example, Chico was there to save the environment while the later was there to ensure rights of individuals.

Similarities

The two heroes have a lot in similarities. They were they to help the people and the society. The ideal step to change the law in order to uphold rights of women can be considered as a gender rights such as that of Clara as compered to that of Chico that covered all gender by protecting the environment.

References

King, N. (2010). Heroes In Hard Times. Temple University Press.

Pilger, J. (2010). Heroes. Random House.

Notes any barriers to PR professional acquiring and demonstrating such capabilities in practice

Notes any barriers to PR professional acquiring and demonstrating such capabilities in practice

There are a number of factors that can hinder the PR professional from acquiring and demonstrating capabilities that are communicative and geared in the same direction as the CSR strategic agenda. One of these factors relates to how the organizational culture of the particular institution is driven in terms of its public relations. First, if the PR does not encourage or use interactive communication but rather only uses one way communication this can act as a barrier to achieving the communicative capabilities relevant to CSR agenda. Moreover, unethical activities intermarried with self-promotion can make it difficult for the professional to exhibit these capabilities. Rigidity can also deny the professional to realize the importance of flexibility in a dynamic world that changes with needs and interests of the stakeholders (Francesco 2010).

Meanwhile, if the professionals are embroiled in skeptic approach to the importance of CSR and merely look at it as an attempt for organizations to achieve positive publicity, this alone can act as a blocking veil to them (Sehic & Sabanovic 2008). In addition, there is tendency, as observed by Hart and Sharma (2004), to ignore some stakeholders that are basically non-human on the grounds that they are not central to the operation of the business and hence cannot help in achievement of the CSR strategic agendas. Yet, this point is intricately tied to the ability of the PR professionals to realize that flexibility in a dynamic environment is important such that every stakeholder is very important in determining the success of the strategic CSR agenda (Redington 2005). CEO leadership styles can also affect the end results of the strategies laid down in the organization-wide campaign to achieve CSR agenda. If the top-most management predominantly engages in short-term incentive based business approaches, this can deter them from seeing the bigger picture of a long-term approach that incorporates the strategic CSR agenda for the organization.

Reference

Francesco P. (2010) Developing Corporate Social Responsibility: A European Perspective. London: Edward Elgar Publishing

Hart, S. and S. Sharma: 2004, ‘Engaging Fringe Stakeholders for Competitive Imagination’, Academy of Management Executive 18, 8–18.

Redington I (2005). Making CSR Happen: the contribution of people management. London: Sage Publications

Sehic, D. & Sabanovic J (2008). Corporate social responsibility of B&H companies in globalization. – 5th International Scientific Conference in Business http://leidykla.vgtu.lt/conferences/BUS_AND_MANA_2008/soc-economical/598-605-G-Art-Sehic_Sabanovic.pdf

Note making on Diversity

Note making on Diversity

These are notes derived from the various sources of information we used in our research on diversity and other issues.

1] Notes on:

Brislin, R. W. (2008). Working with Cultural Differences: Dealing Effectively with Diversity in the Workplace. Westport, Conn: Praeger

Definition

Diversity is generally defined as acknowledging, understanding, accepting, valuing, and celebrating differences among people with respect to age, class, ethnicity, gender, physical and mental ability, race, sexual orientation, spiritual practice, and public assistance status.

Adaptation of the workplace to suit diversity

Demographic changes (women in the workplace, organizational restructurings, and equal opportunity legislation) will require organizations to review their management practices and develop new and creative approaches to managing people. Changes will increase work performance and customer service.

Company profile and attractiveness

From the marketplace perspective, a company that promotes workplace diversity and an inclusive work environment adds to its attractiveness as an employer. A work place that is open to exploring new ideas and styles is especially appealing for the adventurous open-minded employees of Generation Y.

Competitive advantage

Diversity of the workforce is clearly here to stay. Business owners and managers, experts say, will still need to maintain or step up efforts to recruit and advance ethnic minorities each year. Essentially, because having a diverse work force a gives the company a lot more advantages to their competitors

Notes on:

Johnson, C. E. (2012). Meeting the Ethical Challenges of Leadership: Casting Light or Shadow. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE.

Diversity is beneficial to both associates and employers. Although associates are interdependent in the workplace, respecting individual differences can increase productivity. Diversity in the workplace can reduce lawsuits and increase marketing opportunities, recruitment, creativity, and business image.

Notes on:

Cornelius, N. (2002). Building Workplace Equality: Ethics, Diversity and Inclusion. London: Thomson Learning

Globalization

The world’s increasing pace of globalization requires more interaction among people from diverse cultures, beliefs, and backgrounds than ever before. People no longer live and work in an insular marketplace; they are now part of a worldwide economy with competition coming from nearly every continent. It calls for the opening of non-traditional occupations to men and women of all creeds, colors, religions, races and social groupings and for making reasonable accommodations the workplace and work life for this to happen.

Dimensions of diversity

Diversity calls for diversity beyond just gender, race, or physical and intellectual abilities to include diversity in opinions, sexual preferences, social customs and mores, and other aspects of the variations in lives and lifestyles. There is a compelling generic business case for achieving and managing diversity in the workplace. There is also a model used to help organizations better understand diversity.

Four Layers of Diversity is used in many organizations across the country to frame the issue and encourage discussion and involvement in managing diversity. The multiple dimensions of diversity around which there is inclusion and exclusion are depicted in four concentric circles. Personality, relating to individual style and characteristics, is in the center. Whether a person is an introvert or extrovert, reflective or expressive, quick paced or methodical, a thinker or a doer, for example, all influence how the individual will be treated, get along with others, and progress in the organization.

The second layer, the Internal Dimensions, comprises the six aspects of ourselves over which we have little control. Our gender, age, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, and physical ability are for the most part not choices, yet they influence our treatment in organizations, the roles we play in life, and the expectations of us, both our own and others. The third layer, External Dimensions, comprises those that are the result of life experiences and choices. Aspects such as religion, education, marital status, work experience, and recreational habits are areas around which employees can connect or disconnect, be valued or disrespected, depending on how these dimensions are seen and used. The last layer, Organizational Dimensions, contains those aspects of similarity and differences that are part of work in the organization. What difference might it make if someone is the CEO or an entry level employee, in marketing, manufacturing, human resources, or customer service, a manager or a union shop steward? These dimensions also affect both treatment of employees and productivity of the organization. All these aspects represent areas in which there may be similarity and common ground as well as differences. When well-managed, these differences have the potential to bring new perspectives, ideas, and viewpoints needed by the organization. However, if mismanaged, they can sow the seeds of conflict and misunderstanding that sabotage teamwork and productivity and hinder effectiveness. To maximize the ability to manage this complex set of differences, organizations need to have a framework and strategy.

Diversity as a tool for business enhancement

Having inside information on how to communicate and what a community wants in a product is a great asset. A multicultural company can penetrate and widen their markets with the knowledge of political, social, legal, economic, and cultural environments. Further, having someone within the organization who can negotiate and speak the language of the country is a very valuable asset to the corporation.

Diversity programs are considered to be good investments whose returns have been very beneficial to organization. Successful professionals are learning to demonstrate the contribution of diversity programs to the business on macro and micro levels.

The business case is about capturing talent, understanding markets, utilizing diverse perspectives for innovation, knowing how and how not to pitch products, and, ultimately, how to generate employee commitment. Executive leaders need to be role models and advocates for this strategic focus.

Effective management

Diversity is not a liberal ideological movement, to be supported or resisted. Rather, it is a reality in today’s business environment.

Managed well, diversity provides benefits that increase success However, when ignored or mismanaged, it brings challenges and obstacles that can hinder the organization’s ability to succeed. The right question then is not, do we have to deal with diversity, but rather, how do we manage it to reap its potential benefits? At its core, diversity is about inclusion and exclusion. The foundation for effectively leveraging diversity lies in defining it in a broad and inclusive way. Organizations that define it broadly, involving all dimensions of similarity and difference around which there are inclusions and exclusions that affect the business, find that there is greater buy-in and strategic relevance. There is also a stronger business case and less resistance when all in the organization can see themselves reflected in the definition and can identify inclusions and exclusions that play out in the organization every day through us-versus-them attitudes, stereotypes, assumptions, preconceived expectations, and differences in treatment. These dimensions also affect both treatment of employees and productivity of the organization. All these aspects represent areas in which there may be similarity and common ground as well as differences. However, if mismanaged, they can sow the seeds of conflict and misunderstanding that sabotage teamwork and productivity and hinder effectiveness. To maximize the ability to manage this complex set of differences, organizations need to have a framework and strategy. The following three areas of focus offer a framework. Understanding the Evolving Role of Cultural Diversity in the Workplace.

For an organization to get its arms around the complexity of diversity culture change, it needs to focus on three arenas:

(1) Individual attitudes and behaviors,

(2) Managerial skills and practices, and

(3) Organizational values and policies.

Not exactly considered a serious poet or author, Publius Ovidius Naso, or Ovid as he is more commonly called

Not exactly considered a “serious” poet or author, Publius Ovidius Naso, or Ovid as he is more commonly called, captured the spirit of Greek and Roman mythology in his most noted work The Metamorphoses. The stories told in this work are commonly thought of as not serious enough for adults. Therefore, many of these stories have been “dumbed down” and transposed into child book form. Though most of these stories are very serious, many do not see them as sophisticated literature. True as this is, his works are still great and reflect much of the attitude and culture of his time. Behind his fables, Ovid was a fantastic storyteller and a master at capturing the spirit of the ancient times as well as portraying his own life through his work.

Like many poets of that time, Ovid’s father wished him to be a lawyer. His father sent him from his home in Sulmo, where he was born, to Athens to obtain a legal degree and study rhetoric. “Indeed rhetoric was the core of Roman education in Ovid’s time, as it had been for almost a century before his birth as it was for centuries after his death” (Luce 785). When his formal training was complete, Ovid studied philosophy. Ovid then came home to start a serious career.

“It did not work. Fathers of poets seem to have a penchant for trying to turn their male offspring into lawyers, doctors, or engineers. Usually this stratagem is effective because most sons are not poets. Most fathers confronted with the problem of a versifying son, therefore, turn out to be right; Ovid’s father turned out to be wrong” (Luce 785).

Ovid sincerely attempted to satisfy the demands of his father, but failed horribly. He abandoned his law studies and he drifted off to book merchants and poetry readings. He also married, but swiftly divorced, the woman his father had chosen for him. He was clearly strong-minded and independent. Ovid became more interested with the world of poetry. He also became acquainted with most of the leading poets of the time. Thus, at approximately at the age of twenty, Ovid launched into his career as poet. Up to this point, the poet’s life was basically ho-hum.

“Until the catastrophe in A.D. 8, when Augustus exiled him to Tomis on the Black Sea, Ovid’s life appears to have been uneventful” (Luce 785). In the next years of his life, he married a total of three times.

“…This might suggest domestic turmoil of an unusual sort; but given social fragmentation of his time, even this apparent disorder may have been merely ordinary. In any case, the third and final marriage seems to have been an extraordinary one, and Ovid’s devotion to the wife he left in Rome when he went to Tomis is manifest to her in his final volumes” (Luce 785).

Soon in Ovid’s life appeared an adversary, though. Augustus Caesar, the grand nephew to Julius Caesar, took the empirical throne. Augustus was bent on reforming Rome in a time of spiritual freedom. He saw the “free love” attitude of Ovid’s time as wrong and demeaning to the family. He soon made laws against certain acts between two unmarried people. At this point Ovid was just discovering and enjoying this time of freedom.

“While Augustus was devoting himself to the reform of a social order that nearly a hundred years of cival war had left in ruins, Ovid devoted himself to the refinement of his craft and of his observations of Roman high society and politics” (Luce 786).

The difference between the two’s mind set is described by T. James Luce as

“…The confrontation between two irreconcilable visions of human life, the collisions of political necessity with poetic freedom, of pragmatic with a humanism that is grounded in religious intuitions, of the contingencies of history with moral imagination” (Luce 788).

Ovid found himself exiled to Tomis from Rome. The exact circumstances of this exile are unknown, for even Ovid himself shrouds them in mystery. He and his friends who practiced the same loose mindset did not take Augustus’s efforts seriously.

“What Ovid and his playmates did not understand, what would have appalled them had they been able to grasp it, was that Augustus was utterly, deadly serious in his efforts to purify and revitalize the social patterns of Rome” (Hendry 250).

Yet Ovid continued in his activities and his writings. He poked fun at the members of high society and publicly criticized the movements of the emperor and other politicians. “Ovid, whose eye is on the beautiful people and their foibles, glances at the emperor in these years (23 – 3 B.C.) occasionally, and his attitude is one of mild flippancy and tolerant good humor” (Luce 786). Augustus was not pleased, nor was he amused, with Ovid. He banished the poet to the island of Tomis with no explanation left in history. There are speculated versions of the story. “Ovid laments having seen something, but refuses to specify what it was for fear of reawakening the imperial wrath” (Luce 787). Ovid was banished, suspiciously, from Rome about the same time that Augustus himself also mysteriously exiled his granddaughter, Julia, from Rome. A connection between the two is plausible. It is thought that perhaps Ovid was a semi-innocent bystander in a scandal in which adultery was discovered. Ovid may have been a confidant to either Julia or to her lover, had sympathized, and had helped in the concealment of this scandal.

“Ovid discusses his banishment and its causes in a long poem, but though he fastens the blame for his exile directly on himself, the precise nature of his wrongdoings eludes us, for what seems an apology to his prince is in fact an elaborate self defense and self-justification” (785).

In his days in exile, Ovid spent his energy writing apologies and justifications to his “crime” in attempt to escape from exile along with love letters to his last wife. Despite his attempts to be released, Ovid died exiled from Rome.

“Ovid’s poetry falls into three divisions: the works of his youth, of his middle age, and of his years in exile. In the first period, Ovid continued the elegiac tradition of Roman poets Sextus Propertius and Albius Tibullus, both of whom he knew and admired. Ovid’s Amores are erotic poems centered on Corinna, but they display little real feeling and are characterized by artificiality and cleverness. Other works of his are didactic poems, including Medicamina Faciei Femineae, a fragment of writing on cosmetics; and Remedia Amoris, a kind of recantation of the Ars Amatoria. Ovid’s Medea, a tragedy highly praised by ancient critics, has not been preserved. His interest in mythology is reflected in his Heroides, or Epistulae Heroidum, 21 fictional love letters, mostly from mythological heroines to their lovers” (Redmond).

“The commentator of his day, he presented most of his findings in the form of love elegies on themes from seduction to abortion, and distilled his professorial wisdom into the witty and comprehensive art of love” (Godolphin xxvi). Ovid’s works reflected the issues of the time and the attitude of its people. His poems and writings left an impression in history that, maybe not completely accurate, was entertaining. In his middle period Ovid wrote The Metamorphoses in 8 A.D., his greatest poetic achievement. Using Greco-Roman mythology as the material of his 15 books and change as his theme, he particularly isolates love as the agent of change, love now seen in its more profound ethical dimensions. Among readers of the late Middle Ages, the Metamorphoses rivaled the Bible in popularity. The other work of his middle period is The Fasti, a poetic calendar describing the various Roman festivals and the legends connected with each. Of the projected 12 books, 1 for each month of the year, only the first 6 survived into the present. “Ovid is the storehouse of classical mythology” (Godolphin xxvii). The Metamorphoses provided extensive insight on mythology of the times. Melancholy and despair pervade the works composed during his exile. They include The Tristia, five books of elegies that describe his unhappy existence at Tomis and appeal to the mercy of Augustus; The Epistulae ex Ponto, poetic letters similar in theme to The Tristia; The Ibis, a short invective invoking destruction on a personal enemy; and The Halieutica, a poem extant only in fragments, about the local fish. The Nux and The Consolatio ad Liviam are usually considered wrongly attributed to Ovid. A poem written in Getic, the native language of Dacia, has not survived. With the exception of the Metamorphoses and the fragmentary Halieutica, both of which are in dactylic hexameter meter, all the poetry of Ovid is composed in the elegiac couplet. These works contained some history of ancient Rome and the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of Ovid himself. “Whenever the characters of an author suffer, they do so at the behest of their author- the author is responsible for their suffering and must justify his cruelty by the seriousness of his moral imagination” (Trilling 88). Ovid transposed his own pain and suffering to his characters.

The love elegy was one of Ovid’s trademark writings. He was one of the few poets who used this style of writing. “In classical Latin poetry there would be no more love elegy after Ovid” (Luce 792). Love was a small subject of his poems in the way that most of his major works did not involve it. His middle stage poems are characterized by a lack of caring and most of his exiled work is that of sorrow and melancholy.

“For although love will continue to haunt him throughout his career, the genre that Catullus began and that Propertius and Tibullus developed Ovid has let go of- because, in effect, he has demolished it” (Luce 792). So, basically, Ovid took out a style of writing with him.

“Ovid must be counted as a major figure in the making of modern literature. His ability to tell a story, as shown in the vast number of tales in the fifteen books of The Metamorphoses, and his keen interest in psychology…helped to bring about the shift from medieval to modern literature” (Godolphin xxvii).

Ovid was truly a writer of his time. He showed the mentality of the times of ancient Rome intermixed with his own feeling and views. Though much of his life is shrouded in obscurity, he still managed to adequately convey Rome and its mythological side. In addition to this he passed along a bit of history with his entertaining works.

Works Cited

Godolphin, Francis R.B. The Latin Poets. New York: Random House, 1949.

Hendry, Michael. “Ovid. Ex Ponto, III 8,6.” Museum Criticum (1995-1996): 249-252.

Luce, T. James. Ancient Writers: Greece Rome. New York: Charles Schribner’s Sons,

1982.

Redmond, Sean. “Island of Freedom.” Online posting: http://www.island-of

freedom.com/OVID.HTM. Internet. Date Unknown.

Trilling, Lionel. “A Gathering of Fugitives.” New York: Random House, 1973.

North Korea And US Relations

North Korea And US Relations

North Korea vowed to launch a nuclear strike which is to be pre-emptive against United States as a way of retaliating against new sanctions against rogue communist state which are currently under consideration by United Nations. The new sanctions will make it very difficult for North Korea to be able to finance and obtain the materials they need for their weapons program. They warned against a war they termed as thermonuclear on the aggressor’s headquarters since Washington is pushing for the launch of a nuclear war against the North. They accused the united states of being at the forefront in leading efforts to slap these sanctions on North Korea North Korea claim that Washington and other states are going beyond economic sanctions and they are now expanding into military acts and blunt aggression. Their aim is to launch surgical strikes at no specific target or time without being bounded by any armistice accord. This is because they view the United States as their enemies (FOX News Network, LLC, 2013).

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has its main responsibility as protecting United States and its territories from any form of disaster that might strike .it responds to responding to any form of terrorist attacks, natural disasters and man-made accidents. Such kind of threats fall under the jurisdiction of DHS .the DHS is responsible for ensuring that United States and its territories remain safe under these threats. Therefore, DHS ensure that they tighten the security within the United States and its territories. They are always on the look out and prepared to retaliate against these threats that have been made by North Korea. The DHS is always alert in preparation for any attacks that might be launched. They also try to source for any information that will guide them in fighting these attacks. Therefore, we can say that the department of homeland security is doing all it can in its power to ensure that the situation is diffused.

I do not think that North Korea is making the right step when preparing to launch an attack against the United States .Despite this threats is till believe that North Korea can not live up to the threats. This is because eve though they boas of pre-emptive strikes and nuclear bombs they have not mastered the ability of producing warheads that are small enough for putting missiles that are capable of reaching the united states. Though they have enough nuclear fuel it can only be enough for crude nuclear devices. Therefore, North Korea can not successfully launch attacks on the United States since their nuclear devices are not capable of doing so (Homeland Security News ,2013).

Let us say they go ahead with their threats of the attacks many innocent people might end up loosing their lives. Furthermore, there are better ways of dealing with the situation other than declaring war against United States. If they are not contented with the decision the United Nations have made then they can peacefully deal with the situation. Leaders from North Korea can arrange for a meeting with United Nations leaders where they can state their grievances. I am sure the United Nations leaders can surely find time to listen to these leaders and come up with some form of agreement. Retaliation is not the way to go since it might not lead to the United Nation changing their stand.it will just lead to the death of people without a solution being found. I also feel that North Korea should not abuse the use of Nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons are very dangerous and they have a potential of causing a lot of harm to many generations that come. Therefore, they should go out of their way in trying to peacefully come up with a solution to their problem.

References

Adams, B. (2013). North Korea Says It Has ‘Approved’ Nuclear Strikes On the U.S. Retrieved July 13, 2013 from http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/04/03/report-north-korea-says-it-has-approved-nuclear-strikes-on-u-s/FOX News Network, LLC. (2013). North Korea vows nuclear attack on US, saying Washington will be ‘engulfed in a sea of fire’. Retrieved July 13, 2013 from http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/03/07/north-korea-vows-nuclear-attack-on-us-ahead-un-sanctions-vote/Homeland Security News. (2013). North Korea vows nuclear attack on US, as UN prepares to vote on sanctions. Retrieved July 13, 2013 from http://www.nationalterroralert.com/2013/03/07/north-korea-vows-nuclear-attack-on-us-as-un-prepares-to-vote-on-sanctions/

North American Archaeology

North American Archaeology

Position Paper #1

Your first position paper focuses on the early settlement of North America during what archaeologists call the Paleoindian period (ca. pre-12,000 to 10,000 before present – B.P.). Many questions exist concerning when, where, how, and why the first people entered North America. Despite these issues, archaeologists agree that the first groups arrived no later than about 13,000 years ago, and probably considerably earlier. When the first groups arrived, the latest Pleistocene glaciation (Wisconsin) was retreating to the north, but environmental conditions were still much colder than today’s. Over the next 5,000 years, glacial conditions gradually ameliorated and by about 8,000 years ago, essentially modern environmental conditions existed throughout much of the North American continent.

Directions:Compare and contrast the ways of life associated with the Early PaleoIndian archaeological culture (Clovis – pre-12,000 B.P.) with those of Late PaleoIndian groups (ca. 8,000-10,000 B.P.). Address issues such as paleoenvironmental conditions, subsistence practices, population distributions and densities, group mobility and settlement strategies, and technologies. How have archaeologists interpreted evidence for greater cultural diversity among Late Paleoindian groups compared to earlier Clovis groups?

Your paper should be 2-3 pages long (double spaced) and include a bibliography of sources used for the assignment.

Normally, when we think of worlds, the planet Earth comes to mind

Normally, when we think of worlds, the planet Earth comes to mind. What we don’t often remember is that the word world can mean more than the Earth. Webster’s New World Dictionary states that the true definition of the word world is, “some part of the earth, or an individual experience, outlook..” Keeping that definition in mind, it is true to say that the boys in Lord of the Flies were in their own world, so to speak. And it is also true that every world has its problems. A contemporary psychiatrist wrote , “The problems of the world – and they are chronicled daily in headlines of violence and despair – essentially are the problems of individuals. If individuals can change, the course of the world can change. This is a hope worth sustaining.” This quote can apply both to the larger world of the Earth, and the smaller world of the island.

On the island, the boys had problems from the beginning. Both Ralph and Jack wanted to be chief and when the rest of the biguns and littluns voted for Ralph, it caused friction between Jack and Ralph. Ralph tried to deal with this problem by appointing Jack the leader of the hunters and keepers of the fire. He had hoped this would repair any damage that had been done to their short friendship. Ralph was doing his duty as the chief and tried to deal with their individual problems. However, this solution ended up doing more harm than good. The friction between Ralph and Jack flourished throughout the book.

Jack soon became obsessed with savagery and killing pigs. The only

thing he cared about was meat. And Jack does kill a pig; however killing that pig sacrificed the fire and the boys missed a rescue

opportunity because the fire went out. But Jack doesn’t seem to care.

“Jack, his face smeared with clays, reached the top first and hailed Ralph excitedly, with lifted spear.

‘Look! We’ve killed a pig-we stole up on them-we got in a circle-’

They seemed to share one wide ecstatic grin. Jack had too many things to tell Ralph at once. Instead he danced a step or two, then remembered his dignity and stood still, grinning.

Ralph spoke. ‘You let the fire go out.’

Jack checked, vaguely irritated by this irrelevance but too happy to let it worry him.

‘There was lashings of blood,’ said Jack, laughing and shuddering.

‘You should have seen it!’ Ralph spoke again, hoarsely.

He had not moved.

‘You let the fire go out.’”

Jack doesn’t care that he screwed up; all that really matters to him is that he killed a pig. Ralph is very upset that Jack let the fire go out because being rescued is his top priority. Having fun is Jack’s top priority, and his callousness towards things Ralph sees as important adds to the friction building up between the two boys.

As the book continues, more and more Jack tries to assert himself as the chief. He comes up with wild games that the boys can play after the kill. He became the leader in the forest, where it’s all dark and scary, and Ralph was the chief on the beach where there was order. Even here, it’s evident that Jack is the type of ruler who wants an absolute monarchy – he likes to give orders, not take them. Ralph is a more democratic leader who listens to other people and takes advice. Jack offers protection and direction; Ralph offers goals, steadiness. Even at the basic personality level, there is a wide difference between Ralph and Jack. And most importantly, Jack is very ambitious. Jack wants power and to be chief. All of these differences and anxieties come to head after Simon, Ralph, Jack and Roger try and slay the beast. Jack says:

“‘He’s not a hunter. He’d have never got us meat. He isn’t a prefect and we don’t know anything about him. He just gives orders and expects people to obey for nothing. All this talk-’

‘All this talk!’ shouted Ralph. ‘Talk, talk! Who wanted it? Who called the meeting?’

‘All right then,’ he said in deep tones of meaning, and menace, ‘all right. Who thinks Ralph oughtn’t to be chief?’

He look expectantly at the boys ranged around, whohad frozen. Under the palms there was deadly silence.

‘Hands up,’ said Jack strongly, ‘whoever wants Ralph not to be chief?’

The silence continued, breathless and heavy and full of shame…[Jack]licked his lips and turned his head at an angle so that his gaze avoided the embarrassment of linking with another’s eye.

‘How many think-’ His voice trailed off.

‘I’m not going to play any longer. Not with you. I’m not going to be a part of Ralph’s lot–’

He blundered out of the triangle towards the drop to the white sand.

‘Jack!!’

Jack turned and looked back at Ralph. For a moment he paused and then cried out, high-pitched, enraged.

‘–NO!’

It is at this moment that the group splits apart. Once they are not together and strong, chaos takes over. Jack becomes a tyrant, going more and more towards savagery, backing up his orders with physical abuse. Jack and his hunters kill two very good people and try to kill Ralph before all of this is stopped by the appearance of a naval officer. It is the problems that Jack causes that create the rift between the group of boys. Jack is the savage one, Jack is the problem maker. This whole book would have turned out differently had Jack thought about more than himself. If he had thought about the good of the group and what would benefit everyone, some of the problems would not have occurred.

Imagine if Jack had decided to accept Ralph as his chief for the good of the group. If he had taken it upon himself to be a good hunter and flame-keeper, the fire would have never gone out and the group would have been rescued. Piggy and Simon would still be living. The island would have been more than a dead rock. The psychologist said, “If individuals can change, the course of the world can change.” If Jack had changed, the outcome of the island group would have been

drastically altered.

I feel that the message in the book is that a society is never a sum of its parts. If there are savage people in a society, then the society will be savage. Maybe not outright, and maybe not right away, but the savageness is always lurking right beneath the surface. If a society was made up of all saints, it would be a purely good society where everything was beautiful (as Simon was) and nothing was vicious. If individuals would change, change their morals and their ethics, a society could become greater and stronger. However, if individuals refuse to change, society could degenerate into all violence and savagery, as it did in Lord of the Flies. If people are willing to change, the world (any world) will become stronger and “better”. And that is, indeed, a hope worth sustaining.

Normalization. To convert database tables to first normal for, you first of all attribute value in a relation has a single va

Normalization

Name:

Course:

Tutor:

Date:

To convert database tables to first normal for, you first of all attribute value in a relation has a single value only. Second is to ensure that all values for a given attribute are of similar dada types. Third step is to ensure that each attribute name is unique. Finally, you ensure that no two or more tuples (rows) in a relation are similar. All these steps ensures that the definition of a relation is met hence first normal form is achieved (Teorey et al., 2011, Singh, 2011).

To convert a database to second normal form, you list down the functional dependencies (FD) which may be FD1 and FD2 if a given relation is to be split up in to two relations. Then find out whether all non-key attributes are dependent on the entire key. If knowing one attribute in a relation can help you figure out other attributes, and then split the table further in to two relations. Then sample the data and functional dependencies for the two relations. You finally confirm whether the resultant two relations meet the definition of first normal form where each relation has well defined unique key field in addition to checking whether the relations meet the definition of second normal form where there is no partial key dependencies (Teorey et al., 2011, Singh, 2011).

To convert a database in to third normal form, you first check whether the existing relations are in second normal form. If they are, then check whether there is any transitive dependency existing between or among the relations. Next is to find out where there are anomalies in the second normal form relations. The split the relation in to functional dependencies, say FD1 and FD2, resulting to another two relations. Sample the data again and functional dependencies created. Finally, you check the resulting relations to find out if they indeed meet the definition of first normal and second normal forms. If they do, and there is no transitive dependency between or among the relations, then the relations are in third normal form (Teorey et al., 2011, Singh, 2011).

The illustration of bellow uses particular and course tables to explain why conversion of database to first, second and third normal form is appropriate in a college environment.

Particular (Name, course_Code->course_Number, department)

Course (course_Number, department->Lecturer_Room, Tutor)

In terms of first normal form, the two relations above must meet the definition of a relation as explained above in order for then to be safely stored in the database. In the second normal form, the two relations must meet the definition of a relation where each relation has well defined unique keys with no partial key dependencies. As an example, course_Number has partial dependency on Course_Code which in turn has a partial dependency on Name within particular table. A gainLecturer_Room has a partial dependency on department which in turn has a partial dependency on Course_Number within Course table. These dependencies must be removed in order to attain second normal form for easy creation of rules in the database for storage of student details. Assuming that the second normal form relation for the first relation is Particular (Name, course Code-> department), a transitive dependency is created between name and department which is again normalized too third normal form, resulting in to two other relations.

Denormalization table is accepted in situations where the process of updating a fact in the database is to be optimized by storing it in one place.. It is also accepted where performance is of the database is to be maximized as well as storing the past history. This can be justified in situation where accompany stores information of customers in project table and customer table where the company management may want to require customer name from the time a project was started. In this case, the database administrator will just maintain the current name only in the customer table. However he will have to add the customer_Name attribute to the project table in addition to the date itself when the name was valid. As a result more fields are added to the project table which optimizes future update process as well as maintaining past history of the customer in the customer table (Teorey et al., 2011, Bagui & Earp, 2011).

Business rules impact both database normalization and the decision to denormalize database tables in a significant manner in that normalization helps to create rules and patterns that can be applied to any changes in the database. This is very significant in business where the same rules are required to manage business changes in trends and patterns of seasonal sales. Denormalization helps to optimally update the day to day business transactions stored as facts in one place within the database.

References

Teorey, T. J., Lightstone, S. S., Nadeau, T., & Jagadish, H. V. (2011). Database modeling and design: Logical design. Elsevier.

Singh, S. K. (2011). Database systems: Concepts, design and applications. Pearson Education India.

Bagui, S., & Earp, R. (2011). Database design using entity-relationship diagrams. CRC Press.