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Creoles of Color (New World-Born People of African descent)

and persons of mixed African

New Orleans is a city in southern Louisiana

New Orleans is a city in southern Louisiana, located on the Mississippi River. Most of the city is situated on the east bank, between the river and Lake Pontchartrain to the north. Because it was built on a great turn of the river, it is known as the Crescent City. New Orleans, with a population of 496,938 (1990 census), is the largest city in Louisiana and one of the principal cities of the South. It was established on the high ground nearest the mouth of the Mississippi, which is 177 km (110 mi) downstream. Elevations range from 3.65 m (12 ft) above sea level to 2 m (6.5 ft) below; as a result, an ingenious system of water pumps, drainage canals, and levees has been built to protect the city from flooding.

New Orleans was founded in 1718 by Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, sieur de Bienville, and named for the regent of France, Philippe II, duc d’Orleans. It remained a French colony until 1763, when it was transferred to the Spanish. In 1800, Spain ceded it back to France; in 1803, New Orleans, along with the entire Louisiana Purchase, was sold by Napoleon I to the United States. It was the site of the Battle of New Orleans (1815) in the War of 1812. During the Civil War the city was besieged by Union ships under Adm. David Farragut; it fell on Apr. 25, 1862.

And that’s what it say’s in the books, a bit more, but nothing else of interest. This is too bad, New Orleans , as a city, has a wide and diverse history that reads as if it were a utopian society built to survive the troubles of the future. New Orleans is a place where Africans, Indians and European settlers shared their cultures and intermingled. Encouraged by the French government, this strategy for producing a durable culture in a difficult place marked New Orleans as different and special from its inception and continues to distinguish the city today.

Like the early American settlements along Massachusetts Bay and Chesapeake Bay, New Orleans served as a distinctive cultural gateway to North America, where peoples from Europe and Africa initially intertwined their lives and customs with those of the native inhabitants of the New World. The resulting way of life differed dramatically from the culture than was spawned in the English colonies of North America. New Orleans Creole population (those with ancestry rooted in the city’s colonial era) ensured not only that English was not the prevailing language but also that Protestantism was scorned, public education unheralded, and democratic government untried. Isolation helped to nourish the differences.

From its founding in 1718 until the early nineteenth century, New Orleans remained far removed from the patterns of living in early Massachusetts or Virginia. Established a century after those seminal Anglo-Saxon places, it remained for the next hundred years an outpost for the French and Spanish until Napoleon sold it to the United States with the rest of the Louisiana purchase in 1803.

Even though steamboats and sailing ships connected French Louisiana to the rest of the country, New Orleans guarded its own way of life. True, it became Dixie’s chief cotton and slave market, but it always remained a strange place in the American South. American newcomers from the South as well as the North recoiled when they encountered the prevailing French language of the city, its dominant Catholicism, its bawdy sensual delights, or its proud free black and slave inhabitants; In short, its deeply rooted Creole population and their peculiar traditions. Rapid influxes of non-southern population compounded the peculiarity of its Creole past. Until the mid-nineteenth century, a greater number of migrants arrived in the boomtown from northern states such as New York and Pennsylvania than from the Old South. And to complicate its social makeup further, more foreign immigrants than Americans came to take up residence in the city almost to the beginning of the twentieth century.

The largest waves of immigrants came from Ireland and Germany. In certain neighborhoods, their descendants’ dialects would make visitors feel like they were back in Brooklyn or Chicago. From 1820 to 1870, the Irish and Germans made New Orleans one of the main immigration ports in the nation, second only to New York, but ahead of Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. New Orleans also was the first city in America to host a significant settlement of Italians, Greeks, Croatians, and Filipinos.

THE AFRICANS:

African Americans compile about half of the city of New Orleans population to date. How did this come about? Well, during the eighteenth century, Africans came to the city directly from West Africa. The majority passed neither through the West Indies nor South America, so they developed complicated relations with both the Indian and Europeans. Their descendants born in the colony were also called Creoles. The Spanish rulers (1765-1802) reached out to the black population for support against the French settlers; in doing so, they allowed many to buy their own freedom. These free black settlers along with Creole slaves formed the earliest black urban settlement in North America. Black

American immigrants found them to be quite exotic, for the black Creoles were Catholic, French or Creole speakers, and accustomed to an entirely different lifestyle. The native Creole population and the American newcomers resolved some of their conflicts by living in different areas of the city. Eventually, the Americans concentrated their numbers in new uptown neighborhoods. For a certain period (1836-1852), they even ran separate municipal governments to avoid severe political, economic, and cultural clashes. Evidence of this early cleavage still survives in the city’s oldest quarters.

During the infamous Atlantic slave trade, thousands of Muslims from the Senegambia and Sudan were kidnapped or captured in local wars and sold into slavery. In America, these same Muslims converted other Africans and Amerindians to Islam. As the great Port of New Orleans was a major point of entry for merchant ships, holds bursting with human, African cargo, the Port was also, unbeknownst to many, a major point of entry for captured Muslims (most often prisoners of local wars) who certainly brought with them their only possession unable to be stripped from them by their captors, their religion, Islamic.

The historical record of shipping manifests attests to the fact that the majority of slaving merchant vessels that deposited their goods at the mouth of the Mississippi took on their cargoes from those areas of West Africa with significant Muslim population. As the Islamic belief system forbids suicide and encourages patient perseverance, the middle-passage survival rate of captured African

Muslims was quite high. For example, one such courageous survivor was Ibrahima Abdur Rahman, son of the king of the Fulani people of the Senegambia region, named “The Prince”” by his master Thomas Foster of Natchez

NEW OFFERING AND THE TARGET MARKET AN ADVANCED SMARTWATCH

NEW OFFERING AND THE TARGET MARKET: AN ADVANCED SMARTWATCH

Author

Course

Instructor

Date

The Product

Core Product Description

Smartwatches are becoming popular by the day and many people have accepted this technology and gotten hooked to the idea of a wearable that is as smart as their mobile phone. Some of the greatest features of smartwatches and other wearables is how they are able to monitor pulse rate, record pedometers, track physical activities, monitor the blood pressure, record sleep and sleep patterns, and couple up as time keeping gadgets (Dutot, Bhatiasevi, & Bellallahom, 2019). However, as technology advances, these gadgets have been somewhat slow to adapt new changes. Therefore, the proposed smartwatch will go a step further to include maps, voice-activated commands, full screen picture taking, and video call features to add on to the already amazing features. The idea is to make the smartwatch operate fully like a smartwatch, with the convenience of being hands-free. The problem of having so many smart gadgets can be solved by enabling the smartwatch to have similar features to a smartphone, allowing one to stay without using their mobile phone for some time when at work, in meetings, in class, doing physical exercises, on a plane, driving, and so on. By giving the smartwatch more features, the bulkiness of the smartphone will be avoided. I love the smartwatch and I am addicted to the benefits it presents. As a frequent user, I noticed that sometimes I needed to use my phone mid-activity and wished that my watch had the same capabilities. Upon researching, no company manufactures smartwatches will all of the features mentioned. Therefore, I began with a product I love and considered ways to make it even better.

SWOT Analysis

Strengths

Access to huge amounts of data relevant to one’s health and fitness including nutrition and weather information for purposes of exercising and other outdoor activities. These amounts of data will eventually be used to provide suggestions based on one’s registered weight, height, physical activities, sleep patterns, health and nutrition data, and so on.

Creates a community of individuals with similar fitness, health, nutrition, and other goals via the many apps that show you other people with similar devices around one’s area.

Many designs to choose from in relation to one’s tastes and preferences

Availability of many apps for working out and better features such as navigation, voice activated texting while using other apps, vice command picture taking, and other brilliant features unavailable in the wearables market today

Can be used to call for help for the elderly and children in case of an emergency without the need to physically dial numbers

Low cost of production

Hardware integration with other open systems such as sound systems, smart TVs, and so on.

Language control

Weaknesses

Very new in the market and may not be accepted by users

Very low profit margins

Does not have its own operating software and will need to partner with other third party providers

Inaccuracy may lead to poor decisions because the smartwatch uses sensors and estimates to make recommendations

Striking similarity to a mobile phone may not be appealing to price sensitive consumers

Opportunities

More apps are needed as people begin to embrace the idea of meeting online for comparisons

More accurate measuring apps will be needed in the near future and the use of maps may help to achieve this

Growing demand for smartwatches and other wearables

Changing customer needs and preferences

Growth of a culture of physical exercising and nutrition conscious users

More people getting into sports

Threats

Competition from already established brands such as Samsung and Apple

Acceptance from users who already own reputable brands

Rapid changes in technology

Changing needs of consumers

Desirability of the Wearables Market

The wearables market is one that is changing rapidly due to the advancement of technology versus the changing consumer needs and preferences.

Six Forces of Competition

Threat of New Entrants

The threat of new entrants into the wearables industry is high. There are many players entering the market including small startup companies to global giants like Samsung and Apple. The money is open to all players. The Chinese manufacturers have also flooded the market with cheap alternatives making it easier for new entrants to penetrate the market. The number of new entrants are increasing due to the growth of the wearables market (Nasiri, 2019). As such, more companies will continue to enter as technology improves and the cost of production remains low.

Rivalry among Existing Firms

Competition is low for the top-tier wearables including products with many features. However, for mid-level products with basic fitness and health features, the competition is very high. The changing technological advancements have made the industry very unpredictable (Ferreira et al., 2021). As a result, heavy investments into wearables are only made by well established companies. Other players invest in low cost production for the mid-level market.

Threat of Substitute Products

Threat from substitutes is very low because of the newness of products relating to smartwatches and other smart designs. Apart from mobile phones, no other gadget comes close to replacing smartwatches in the wearables industry. However, as more companies continue to enter the market, the alternatives will flood the industry (Singh & Majumdar, 2018). At that moment, the substitute products will be a major threat. Currently, issues relating to regulations, technological limitations, battery technology issues, acceptable weight, and the operating systems will dictate whether new products will reach their target markets.

Bargaining Power of Buyers

The bargaining power of buyers is at a medium level currently because of the uncertainty of new technology and the economic impact of buying another gadget with limited features compared to the smartphone. At the moment, the bargaining power of buyers is highest for wearable sin niche markets such as health and fitness tracking as well as medical monitoring (Singh & Majumdar, 2018). The industry is battling several challenges such as the accessibility of pricing, uniqueness, specialization, operating system competitiveness, battery supply, and other issues. As such, buyers are finding ways to leverage their bargaining capacity.

Bargaining Power of Suppliers

The bargaining power of suppliers is very low. The entry of more players into the wearables industry and market and the gradual entry of more products has led to the loss of their bargaining power (Singh & Majumdar, 2018). As more companies enter the market, the suppliers have also flooded the market, meaning more choices for the buyer and a loss of leverage.

Power of other Major Stakeholders

The main stakeholders include governments, the public, and the shareholders. Government have power to impact every other force (Chatfield & Reddick, 2018). Through regulations, taxation, and other legal issues, governments can directly and indirectly affect the industry, both positively and negatively. The public also dictates direction of technology through needs and preferences. Lastly, shareholders are becoming more active participants in decision making, with the potential to change the direction of the industry.

The Target Market and Positioning of the Product

For the smartwatch, the market will be segmented according to income, age, and other devices used. The product relies on the user already having a smartphone that supports it in terms of the extra features such as messaging, video calling, navigation, and infotainment. Therefore, the target market for the product will include millennials aged between 18 and 33 years in age because as noted by Dash, Kiefer, & Paul (2021), they are one of the largest groups of smartphone owners and users. However, the said group is not in the income group that favors the pricing strategy of the product. Millennials are largely low-income earners and have been classified as discount/deal shoppers (Anshari et al., 2019). Therefore, the target market will further include another group of older individuals of working class health and fitness enthusiasts looking for a device that applies for physical activities and can also be used at the office because of its convenience.

As noted above, the millennials group is worth pursuing because of how they fit the criteria of a large group of smartphone users. The segment brings huge numbers and influence on social media and other e-word of mouth avenues. The older working class fitness and health enthusiast category is chosen for the financial capability to afford the higher end models. They bring high disposable income. Combined, these two segments will create a culture and influence others to buy the product.

For the target market, the positioning of the product is based on the features available and the benefits it brings to users. The product is positioned as a time teller, a travel companion, a device to help find other gadgets, good fitness and health trackers, a nutrition companion, easy to make calls and reply messages while doing other things, a multitasking accessory, beauty and aesthetics, notifications on the user’s wrist, navigation, vice command, and full connectivity everywhere.

Product Pricing Justification

The product will have three distinct prices for the two target markets identified above: the entry level price for the basic model going for $62-$70, the mid-level model going for $94-$170, and the top tier model going for $180-$300. The first prices are for the larger market of millennials looking to own the popular gadgets but do not have enough money to buy the high end models. It is also a competition-based price aimed at penetrating the market and creating a following (Sammut‐Bonnici & Channon, 2015). The mid prices are for both the younger and older target markets with the ability to own the high end brands but are price sensitive due to income and other issues such as uncertainty. This price uses the cost-plus pricing strategy to create profits in the long term (Guilding, Drury, & Tayles, 2005). The last category of prices is for the price insensitive individual with high disposable income. Here, prestige pricing is used to create an image and capture value for the long term needs of the company (Kumcu & McClure, 2003). These strategies will ensure that the product is acceptable in the target markets.

References

Anshari, M., Alas, Y., Razzaq, A., Shahrill, M., & Lim, S. A. (2019). Millennials Consumers’ Behaviors between Trends and Experiments. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning (IJCBPL), 9(4), 45-60.

Chatfield, A. T., & Reddick, C. G. (2018). The role of policy entrepreneurs in open government data policy innovation diffusion: An analysis of Australian Federal and State Governments. Government Information Quarterly, 35(1), 123-134.

Dash, G., Kiefer, K., & Paul, J. (2021). Marketing-to-Millennials: Marketing 4.0, customer satisfaction and purchase intention. Journal of Business Research, 122, 608-620.

Dutot, V., Bhatiasevi, V., & Bellallahom, N. (2019). Applying the technology acceptance model in a three-countries study of smartwatch adoption. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 30(1), 1-14.

Ferreira, J. J., Fernandes, C. I., Rammal, H. G., & Veiga, P. M. (2021). Wearable technology and consumer interaction: A systematic review and research agenda. Computers in Human Behavior, 106710.

Guilding, C., Drury, C., & Tayles, M. (2005). An empirical investigation of the importance of cost-plus pricing. Managerial Auditing Journal, 20(2), 125-137.

Kumcu, E., & McClure, J. E. (2003). Explaining prestige pricing: an alternative to back-bending demand. Marketing Education Review, 13(1), 49-57.

Nasiri, N. (2019). Introductory Chapter: Wearable Technologies for Healthcare Monitoring. Wearable Devices: the Big Wave of Innovation, 3.

Sammut‐Bonnici, T., & Channon, D. F. (2015). Pricing strategy. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, 1-3.

Singh, R. R., & Majumdar, S. K. (2018). Wearable internet of things (WIoT): Opportunities, challenges and business models for digital entrepreneurs. International Journal on Recent Trends in Business and Tourism (IJRTBT), 2(4), 43-52.

New Instruction for Car Production

New Instruction for Car Production

This business simulation is for student to practice business. We use CESIM, An on-line simulation designed for strategy and international business studies. It develops students’ understanding of the complexity of global business operations in a dynamic, competitive environment.

For my assignment, my product for this case study is Mobile phone. We are set as a team consists of 3 members and will have to compete with other 3 teams in our classroom. There are 6 rounds and each round I will have different role. First and Fourth round I will act as head of marketing department which has to be responsibility for Production and R&D

But after 4th round is finished there will be a results and I have to write this Critical Appraisal Report 1

Read all contents!!!!

Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u 1. Instructions of my report PAGEREF _Toc263352737 h 1

2.Report requirement structures PAGEREF _Toc263352738 h 2

Example report note that content is different from my group PAGEREF _Toc263352739 h 5

Review theories and concept to your decision area2 PAGEREF _Toc263352740 h 8

1. Instructions of my report

Study market outlook / Result of round / Example report

Access to the CESIM.com / cesim handbooks

ID. Paknikop@culcuni.coventry.ac.ukPW. 123456

Go to decision topic and study each topic from left to right Start from suggested steps – decision checklists

Study the result from the round available in attached file(result) there’ll be all group results in the the CESIM.com ID. Paknikop@culcuni.coventry.ac.uk PW. 123456

For the result of each round click RESULTS on the top of the page and choose the latest round It will show result of each group, my group named: CRIT

Use the sources from the required reference lists files only (see attached file) There is an online libraly of my university

http://locate.coventry.ac.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=1&fromLogin=true&vid=LON_VU1&fromLogin=truePlease log-in to read the textbook for research

ID. Paknikop

PW. P123456!

(a minimum list of 10 sources including 5 academic textbook and 5 academic journal in subject area under review presented in CU Harvard style)

Note: If there is additional sources you need to write, please make sure it is academic textbook and journal and it is available online for everyone to access.

2.Report requirement structures

Please cover all required elements

1.Background

1.1 Justification of your department role – minimum 100 words

my role is which response for Production and R&D director which is responsible for Investment of plants / capacity allocation/ investment in R&D please see CESIM handbook

explain what is this role / how this role is important in this business

Position analysis (environmental analysis) 150 words

covering three dimension which is Micro analysis Micro analysis and Internal firm analysis in position analysis- (study from market outlook below: and answer

Macro- whats market environment is like? ( from market outlook)

Micro- analysis of micro position such as details what competitor is like and needed / life cycle of stage /SWOT

Market outlooks  

Demand

The war in Oilistan is over and oil exports have returned to normal levels. There are however other news impacting the demand of handsets: It has already become a standard that passengers can freely use mobile phones on airplanes. Now there has been a suspicious case regarding an airplane crash in southern China. The plane had crashed immediately after taking off, but luckily the amount of casualties was rather limited. Some of the survivors said that they had seen a mobile handset exploding while a passenger was using it intensely for video-conferencing. This event was widely published all over the world and it has tamed the markets for new handsets. In the USA the demand for handsets is expected to decrease by about 3% and in Asia by about 7%. European demand is expected to remain unchanged.

Costs

Transportation costs diminish by approximately 6% as the price of oil takes corrective downward action. Production costs are expected to remain constant. Outsourcing capacity continues to rise: expected capacity is 13% in USA and 19% in China. As a result, outsourcing costs have fallen 4-6%.

Finance

Once again the corporate tax-rate in Asia is raised. It is now up to 22%. Concerns about the competitiveness of the Chinese economy results in the Central Bank of China selling a large amount of Rmb into the FX market. Consequently Rmb falls nearly 10% against USD. The Euro rebounds. Interest rates are up half a percentage point in China, and up a quarter in the USA. European interest rates are down a quarter.

2. Critical review of academic literature (theories, concept and frameworks) appropriate and relevant to your department/decision area/operation focus. (minimum 1000 words)

Make sure you cover all these

how these stategies relate to this business

how it will effect on the business simulation decision

how these strategy/theories will apply to the business

( must include figures n tables graphs – see example page 5 for guideline you can use same flame work as example just analysis in you own words)

Minimum 3 theories

Required theories are!!!!!!!!!!!!

Ansoff’s matrix theory:

Product life cycle

References

(a minimum list of 10 sources including 5 academic textbook and 5 academic journal in subject area under review presented in Harvard style)

Use the sources from the required reference lists files only (see attached file) There is an online libraly of my university

http://locate.coventry.ac.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=1&fromLogin=true&vid=LON_VU1&fromLogin=truePlease log-in to read the textbook for research

ID. Paknikop

PW. P123456!

(a minimum list of 10 sources including 5 academic textbook and 5 academic journal in subject area under review presented in CU Harvard style)

Note: If there is additional sources you need to write, please make sure it is academic textbook and journal and it is available online for everyone to access.

Example report note that content is different from my groupResource-Based Theory

This is the theory that related to achieve competitive advantage (Barney and Clark, 2007). There are five factors to strategy analysis as following:

Resources – identify and classify the organisation’s resources. Appraise strengths and weaknesses of the organisation.

Capabilities – identify the organisation’s capabilities: what can it do more effectively or efficiently than its competitors?

Competitive advantage – appraise the potential of resources and capabilities in terms of their potential to lead
to sustainable competitive advantage and immediate return.

Strategy – Select strategy which best exploits organisation resources and capabilities relative to external opportunities.

Resources – Identify resource gaps which need to be filled. Invest in replenishing, augmenting and upgrading the resource base of the organisation.

This theory can identify the resources that the organisation focused on competitive advantage which make an organisation more successful than other in a competitive environment.

Ansoff’s matrix theory

Figure 9: Ansoff’s Matrix

Source: Aburto, t. (2010)

Ansoff’s matrix theory can define about the market growth strategy in term of product and market (Ansoff, 1965). There are four criteria to identify in this theory such as market penetration, product development, market development and diversification (Figure 9). In this round, I expected to use the market penetration criteria to analyse the business focuses on selling existing products in the existing markets. There are many solutions to maintain and increase more market share of current products. First, I can use the competitive pricing strategy to set and dumb the selling price to beat and gain more sales revenue. Advertising and sales promotion can help the organisation to attract the customer for purchasing more on our products due to the interested in features and image of organisation. Moreover, restructure a mature market by driving out competitor can be the difference strategy that will drive the organisation look difference from the other. I can use the promotional campaign and supported by pricing strategy to gain more attractiveness. I can use this theory to analyse R&D department to develop more features and make attractive to the customer.

Product Life Cycle

690880-32385

Figure 9: Product Life Kotler and Keller (2012)

According to Zolfani et al. (2012), they pointed out the concept of Sakai et al. (2003) and Chen et al. (2006) that Product Life Cycle (PLC) could describe the possible product policies in different stages of PLC as well as helps the enterprise to compare its product with the former similar product to estimate the performance of the products that would be introduced to the market. Kotler and Keller (2012) divided the PLC into four main stages included introduction, growth, maturity and decline. The PLC was appropriated approach to help me define the stage of product in the overall market. As illustrated in figure 9, there was no sale for introduction and decline stages. Tech 3 and 4 were decided to place into growth stage and tech 1 and 2 were placed into maturity stage by based on the analysis of last round.

BCG matrix

The Boston Consulting Group or BCG matrix was useful tool to determine the attractiveness and balance of business portfolio under market share and market growth criteria (Johnson et al. 2012). It was relevance to estimate the growth demand of each product in order to expand capacity properly. As described in figure 10, tech 4 was in stars stage, which had a highest market share (94.75%) in a growing market from last round. The company needs heavy investment to sustain or raise the market share of product in this stage. Tech 2 and tech 3 had high market growth but did not have high market share yet. Tech 1 had a high market share in a mature market that less investment needed.

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Figure 10: The Portfolio Analysis (BCG matrix) during round 6 adapted from Johnson et al. (2011)

Review theories and concept to your decision area2As Roth et al have indicated that significant of competitive advantage of the manufacturing function as the cost, delivery, flexibility, and the quality and the significant relation of the function and the company’s business strategy which the function will support business successfully (Roth et al, 1989). This contributes to the developmental strategy of company according to the situation analysis.

Initially, the simple way to generate the strategic direction of the company from the four aspects is Ansoff Matrix strategy (Johnson et al, 2011). The company developed strategy as market penetration to the exiting market with existing product as the product with low growth according to the situation analysis and product development as adding feature to the growth product. The based situation analysis of the company conduct the cooperate strategy of the company according to the product category and geographic (See figure5).

Figure 5: Anoff Matix

In additional, the market share and market growth of the company are determined the business portfolio of BCG matrix (Johnson et al, 2011). As the main four aspects in BCG matrix, as the star defined as the tech 4 of company in both Europe and USA due to the continually high growth of this product as well as high market share. Importantly, the tech 1, especially in Asia, is cash cow as the first position in the market of the company and it is the highest profitably product of the company (See figure6).

Figure 6: BCG Matix

As well as, the Product lifecycle demonstrate the stage of the product in the market from the introduction, which product is high and rapidly grow to the market to the decline stage (Kotler et al, 2009). Due to the situation analysis, there are an obvious product stages which emphasized to the developmental strategy of the product such as the promotion to ensure the increased of demand of customers towards the company.

Figure 7: Product lifecycle

Although the above framework are supporting the business strategy in perspective of demand and production in this round, the law of demand and supply are examined. Basically, there is an increased of price due to demand higher that supply, meanwhile, there is a decreased of price, if supply over than demand as its call surplus (Peterson, 1986). There is also the essential of equilibrium point, which encourage the company to balancing the demand and supply (See figure8). As Fisher mentioned that the company has first step of demand consideration before contrive the supply of the company (Fisher, 1997).

Figure 8: Demand and supply graph

Despite of the underlying of demand, the “just in time” model are applied to emphasized effectiveness of manufacturing of the company as leads to zero wasted, and zero inventory which impact the cost (Proctor, 2012). Meanwhile, the economic of scale, which there is a dominant of relation of the average cost and produced units, contribute the to cheaper unit cost (Spencer, 1974)

– References)

Aburto, T. (2010) Ansoff’s Matrix For Marketing Objectives [online] available from http://taydeaburto.com/ansoff-matrix-for-marketing-objective/ [4 June 2013]

Ansoff, I. (1965) Corporate Strategy. New York: McGraw-Hill

Avadhani, V. (2010) Investment management. Mumbai: Himalaya Pub. House.

Barney, J. and Clark, D. (2007) Resource-based theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Brooks, R. and Barnett, S. (2006) IMF Working Papers : What’s Driving Investment in China? Washington: International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Cesim (2013) Ratio and key financial indicators [online] available from http://sim.cesim.com/results/gc/AreaReportGlobalPage?51 [16 June 2013]

Grant, R.M., “The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: implications for strategy formulation”, California Management Review, Vol. 33 No. 3, Spring 1991, pp. 114-35.

Reid, P., P. and Schriesheim, A. (1996) Foreign Participation in U.S. Research and Development: Asset or Liability? Washington: National Academies Press

Becker, B.E. and Olson, C.A. (1992) Union and firm profit. Industry relation, 31.

Cesim, (2013) [online] Available at: http://sim.cesim.com/results/gc/FinancialStatementsGlobalPage?82 [Accessed: 4 Mar 2013].

Douglas, D. and Raghuram, R. (2001) Liquidity Risk, Liquidity Creation, and Financial Fragility: A Theory of Banking. journal of Political Economy, 109 (2).

Johnson, G., Whittington, R. and Scholes, K. (2011) ‘Exploring Strategy’

Kotler et al, (2012) Marketing Management, 2ed edition, 2009, Pearson Education Limited, Essex, England

Lumby, S. (1988) Investment Appraisal and Financing Decision, third edition, VNR Co. Ltd, Berkshire, England.

Masulis, R.W. (1983) The impact of capital structure change on firm value: some estimates. Journal of Finance, 38.

Mcmanus, I. et al. (2006) Payment history, past returns and the performance of UK zero dividend stocks. Managerial Finance, 23 (6).

Merton, R.C. (1974) On the Pricing of Corporate Debt: The Risk Structure of Interest Rates. Journal of Finance, 29.

Mello, A.S. and Parsons, J.E. (1992) Measuring the agency cost of debt. Journal of Finance 47(5),

Proctor, R. (2012) Managerial Accounting: Decision Making and Performance Management. English: Pearson Education Limited

Rozeff, M.S. (1982), ‘‘Growth, beta, and agency costs as determinants of dividend payout ratios’’ The Journal of Financial Research, Vol. 5,

Shetty, A. and Manley, J. (2006) Analysis of currency impact on international investment. Managerial Finance, 32 (1), p.5.

Smith, F., Puleo, V. and Casey, K.M. (2008), ‘‘Dividend policy and corporate governance: a research note’’, Corporate Ownership and Control Journal, 5 (3)

Tauringana, V. and Clarke, S. (2000) The demand for external auditing: managerial share ownership, size, gearing and liquidity influences. Managerial Auditing Journal, 15 (4).

Watts, R.L. (1977), “Corporate financial statements, a product of the market and political process”, Australian Journal of Management.

Wessels, W. J. (2000) Finance. 4th edition, Barron’s Educational Series Inc, New- York, U.S.A

Wood, A. (1975) A Theory of Profits. Cambridge University Press. London.

Zelgalve, E. and Berzkalne, I. (2011) Role of Financial Manager in the Provision for Effective Capital Structure of an Enterprise. Management of Organizations: Systematic Research, (57), p.16.

New Imperialism, Taiping Rebellion and Opium Wars

New Imperialism, Taiping Rebellion and Opium Wars

Student’s Name

Institution

New Imperialism, Taiping Rebellion and Opium Wars

World history is among the significant study in human lives that helps people to keep track of the past in regards to the social, economic and political development of various nations. During the colonialization period, many transformations occurred which significantly affected the world then and the impacts are experienced up to date. The New Imperialism, Taiping rebellion, and opium wars are among the historical chronologies that are read globally, and significant in learning system as well as a remembrance of the ancient nations struggle for overseas acquisition and independence. In the first part, the two questions regard opium and the Taiping Rebellion as well as the New Imperialism. While on the second portion the query regarding the analysis of the Taiping Rebellion. The Opium Wars and the Taiping Rebellion are discussed in consideration of the problems in the Chinese government, economy, and society that led to their emergence. Furthermore, the Taiping Rebellion is analyzed with regards to the changes that occurred in both the leaders and the movement, the groups that joined and opposed the move as well as its consequences to the government and the people of China.

The problems the led to the start of Opium Wars and the Taiping Rebellion.

The Opium Wars and the Taiping Rebellion were experienced in the China lands both involving the Western colonizers and the emperors of China. They were significantly caused by the government, of China, society and the economy. The Opium Wars are the two armed conflicts that were experienced in China between the Qing dynasty and the Western nations during the 19th century. From 1644 to 1912 China was under the rule of the Western countries such as the Britain and French that were involved in the Opium Wars (Brook, & Wakabayashi, 2016). In the first Opium War, China fought with Britain while in the second war they fought with both Britain and the French. In both the Opium Wars the China loose and the foreign powers gained commercial, civil liberties, territorial and legal refreshment stands in the country. The first Opium war emerged due to the China attempt to suppress opium trade in the country. The opium was being imported by the British merchants from India to China, and the cause of government intervention to the trade was because of the widespread addiction of the civilians to the drug the deprived the nation’s economic development.

The major problem the frustrated the British allies was the act of Chinese government confiscating and destroying large quantities of opium. The destroyed drugs belonging to the British merchants included more than twenty thousand opium chests, and around one thousand four hundred tons of the drug was stored in a warehouse in Canton. Also, the government forced Britain to surrender their people who killed a Chines so that they can be sentenced as per the China law. The British power was against that, and they reacted with hostility leading to fierce and tension in the country. The interference with Britain’s opium trade in the country and the act of attempting to sentence the Britain civilians that killed Chinese in the country were the major problems that caused the beginning of first Opium War. The society of China can be blamed for the emergence of Opium War to the acceptance and absorption of Britain will of abusing opium for their economic beneficiaries. Also, economic deprivation, on the other hand, led to the beginning of the war as the resistance of Opium trade was the best sound solution to the problem.

The second opium war was caused by the act of the British trying to extend the opium trading rights in China while the Qing government was entangled in their attempt to quell the Taiping Rebellion and it which was against the Chinese will. The major problem that facilitated its start was the act of Chinese officials getting into the Britain registered ship by the name Arrow as it was curtailed in Canton, captured the Chinese members of the group who were later freed and intentionally lowered the Britain flag (Brook, & Wakabayashi, 2016). Later, Britain avenges by bombarding Canton leading to considerable degradation of the Chinese economy. Furthermore, the joining of French into the second Opium war was facilitated by the act of Chinese killing a French missionary during early 1856. Later China was forced into negotiations by signing the treaties of Tianjin that granted the westerns various rights such as the freedom of movement for Christian missionaries and granted the foreigners right into interior China.

The Taiping Rebellion is a religion and radical political upheaval the occurred during the 19th century significantly impacting China. The Rebellion started in the southern part of Guangxi after the local Chinese officials launching a movement of religious oppression against a millenarian sect commonly known as the God Worshipping Society led by Hong Xiuquan. Hong supposed himself to be a brother to Jesus Christ thus attracting the attention of many peasant civilians whom he mobilized with the hope of being helped. The Chinese government can to a significant extent be blamed for the toleration of specific movements that got to the extent of capturing several states and causing deaths of many people. The unstable economy was also a problem that led to the survival of Hong’s movement that had any intention of conquering the government by the use of the poor public.

The beneficiaries of the New Imperialism and the methods applied.

The New Imperialism was significantly felt by the Africa and Asia nations as the European nations struggled to expand their boundaries and search new markets for their products. The European nations were the potential beneficiaries of the new imperialism as they intended to gain economic benefits from the new markets found as well as maintaining their name as superpowers. The leading causes of new imperialism in Africa were to find a market for their products and raw materials due to industrial development in Europe. Also, the European nations believed that they were superior to others thus had the urge to own as much vast land as possible and dominate many countries globally (Auerbach, 2014).

In Asia imperialism was as a cause of French desire to take over the Pacific Rim where agriculture, plantation, and trading were excellent considering the productive lands on Southern Asia. The European nations faced lots of resistance and challenges on the newly acquired colonies, but they ended up the beneficiaries. Their will of getting market, raw materials, productive lands and many colonies was accomplished even though it was under severe struggle. They used armaments to conquer the resisting empires, and they later ended up exploiting the resources found in these nations for their benefits. However, the Asians and Africans, on the other hand, benefited from industrial development and advancement in technology as well as agriculture.

The Analysis of the Taiping Rebellion.

Over the cause of the rebellion, the Taiping movement and leaders incurred significant changes. At first, the rebellion was established under the leadership of Hong Xiuquan who greatly influenced the Christianity teachings and had some visions as well as believing that he was a brother to Jesus Christ who was sent to reform China. The attempt of Yang to gain more power of the Tainwang he was assassinated together with a thousand other followers. Wei Changhui the Taiping general who had killed Yang was later murdered by Hong and the action made Shi Dakai the current Taiping general fear abandoning their fertile land and left with many of his followers. The Taiping rebellion fought for property and their attempt to regain Shanghai was prevented by the western military. Although the resistance group had ailed and refused all the requests of Qing government to release the Nanjing city, its power ended after the death of Hong after committing suicide. The rebellion weakened the Qing dynasty to the extent of having no capability of efficiently holding over the country. The Taiping Rebellion resulted in the deaths of millions of people and also a significant loss of property (Chappell, 2016). The Taiping was a significant movement that enhanced the origin of Chinese nationality, as well as Chinese communist which, are fundamental up-to-date. It facilitated peace and cohesion in the nation and also significantly enhanced social-economic and political development.

As discussed above, the world history is vital to people and development of the nations as it plays a significant role of enhancing them trace their roots and be aware of the things that can create difference as well as civil wars among the counties. The Taiping Rebellion as the necessary foundation of the Chinese Nationality postulated the need for humanity and act of following ethical, cultural beliefs. The New Imperialism, the Opium Wars as well as the Taiping Rebellion, are all educative and significant to the present and future generations.

References

Auerbach, S. (2014). “We cannot bury him, only strangers can”(Achebe 1958). It seems appropriate to begin an essay on the New Imperialism with the words of one of its most prominent chroniclers and critics, Chinua Achebe. Achebe’s passage, uttered by an Igbo villager following the death, by suicide, of the protagonist in Things Fall Apart (1958), evokes the violence of imperial conquest and the loss of power and culture (to say nothing of life) experienced by those in colonized territories. There was much that was new about …. The Fin-de-Siècle World, 335.

Brook, T., & Wakabayashi, B. T. (2016). The Opium Wars. Shooting Up: A Short History of Drugs and War, 58.

Chappell, J. (2016). The Limits of the Shanghai Bridgehead: Understanding British Intervention in the Taiping Rebellion 1860–62. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 44(4), 533-550.

New Hope Of Mangum

New Hope Of Mangum

www.newhopeofmagnum.com is a website belonging to the New Hope of Mangum, a chemical dependency reform centre. The New Hope of Magnum is a website that highlights the services offered at the center, which has the mandate of dealing with cases of drug and substance dependency. It has links to other information but on the home page the information availed is that of the mission statement and the vision. Links of the website include that of philosophy & services that the facility offers to the individuals admitted there. Treatment, admission, satellite clinics, resources, and contacts are some of the information available at the website (New Hope of Mangum, 2012). While navigating through the website, there are pictures of the facility that allow interested parties to have experience or evaluate the facilities of the center. This paper concentrates on the website majoring on the merits, limitations and the relevance of the website.

The website boosts major strengths. One of the advantages of the website is that it is quite resourceful. Once an individual accesses the website, there are able to access contact information, a brief history of the centre, its location, and other information. The link on treatment gives interested parties on various modes of treatments available at the facility. It is in accordance to this that this website is superior to some of the competitors. Not only does an individual acquire information on treatment from the webpage but also admission details by following the admissions link. On the issue of information, the site offers the much-needed resource to an individual that is seeking to have services at the centre or has relatives that require the services. Accordingly, the strength of the website is that it is resourceful and provides vital information.

Although the webpage has its strengths, it also has some limitations. The webpage eloquent demerit is lack of events or a calendar. It is essential that visitors to the website have a event/calendar that informs the interested parties of the ongoing of New Hope of Magnum. Lack of such crucial information is a setback to the organization. On the other hand, the company lacks faces. That is, there is no message from the authorities of the facility nor are there faces of stakeholders of the organization. It is important that the website have individuals that are currently receiving treatment at the facilities and the psychiatrists that are treating them. It is hence necessary to upgrade the website to include individuals benefiting from the facility.

New Hope of Mangum is a drug and substance dependency facility located in Mangum, Oklahoma in the United States of America. The mission statement of the organization according to its website is that of offering chemical dependency treatment services at affordable prices in an environment that is habitable and luxurious (New Hope of Mangum, 2012). It has a website that has the mandate of not only providing information to the world but also marketing the organization. On one hand, the website is resource in that it offers the much-needed information to the world thereby informing the globe and marketing the company on that platform too. On the other hand, the organization does not have an events calendar on their website meaning that stakeholders are not able to follow the proceedings of the company. It also lacks personalities that will adorn the facility a face. Accordingly, while the company boosts strengths it also has its limitations.

Interpretation

New Hope of Mangum has its headquarters in Mangum, Oklahoma in the United States of America but has satellite clinics in other states.

Calendar or events tab has the application of indicating to interested parties what is going on at the center.

Webpage is a page in a given website.

Competitive advantage is a superior characteristic that a given company will have over other companies.

References

New Hope of Mangum (2012). New Hope of Mangum website. Retrieved from http://www.newhopeofmangum.com/

New Deal is a program created by Franklin Delano Roosevelt during the Great Depression to counteract various effects of it

New Deal is a program created by Franklin Delano Roosevelt during the Great Depression to counteract various effects of it. New Deal created many agencies and legislation to help the United States pull itself out of the Great Depression. Some of these agencies have tremendous effect even today.

When Roosevelt was elected as the president, he faced many problems such as banking failure and unemployment. Almost immediately, he called on Congress and began what is known as Hundred Days Congress. During this period of time, many legislation was passed to help banks recover, create jobs for the unemployed, and set up many agencies to help these causes. National Recovery Administration and Public Works Administration were created to help industries, labor, and the unemployed. Glass-Steagall Act created Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Unemployment Relief Act created Civilian Conservation Corps which hired many uniformed young men to do public works such as fire fighting and reforestation. Agriculture Adjustment Act also helped to solve overproduction of crops. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was created, which would build dams and power plants and in many other ways salvage a vast impoverished region. This agency was heavily criticized, although it did provide jobs for the unemployed and once completed, it would supply cheap source of electricity. The New Deal shifted more toward reform in 1935-1936. New Deal during this time is known as the second New Deal. Major second New Deal measures included Social Security Act, National Housing Act which created Federal Housing Administration, and Works Progress Administration. “…between 1935-1941 the WPA employed an annual average of 2,100,000 workers, including artists and writers, who built or improved schools, hospitals, airports, and other facilities by the tens of thousands” (Mortimer, p115). However even the great New Deal had to end sometime. Culmination of the New Deal was triggered by “court packing” of Roosevelt. The Supreme Court was very conservative at the time and was declaring many New Deal laws unconstitutional. Roosevelt tried to neutralize the court by proposing to the Congress to permit him to appoint up to six new justices, thus giving the court a liberal majority. Roosevelt was opposed furiously even by his Democrats-dominated Congress. He further lost more prestige when the United States plundered into sharp recession. By the time New Deal was over in 1939, it had permanently expanded the role of federal government, particularly in economical regulation, resource development and income maintenance.

Contrast to what people believe, New Deal did not end the Great Depression. However, through New Deal, Roosevelt sought to solve the immediate problems that threatened the United States. Author Kenneth S. Davis states, “…New Dealers pointed out that relief- not economy- had been the primary object of their multi-front war on the depression.” ( Davis, p147) Although long term goal of New Deal was to end the depression it really never did. Unemployment rates were down from before the election, but statistics show that it was steadily going up even after the New Deal recovery until the World War II.

Many economists believed that its greatest failure was its inability to bring about complete economic recovery. Many economists called for massive deficit spending to promote recovery. However Roosevelt remained unpersuaded. There were even more farm surpluses under Roosevelt than under Hoover. Also the national debt had skyrocketed from the already enormous figure of $19,000,000,000 in 1932 to $40,440,000,000 by 1939. This is an outrageous spending considering the nation was going through economic troubles. “Despite some $20,000,000,000 poured out in six years of deficit spending and lending, of leaf raking and pump priming, the gap was not closed between production and consumption” (Parrish, p195). After all that trouble to get consumption to match the production, New Deal really didn’t do much to close the gap. There were still overproduction of goods and not enough consumption to match the productions.

New Deal also became the template for the modern welfare system. For example, housing is a very important par of both programs. New Deal created FHA ( Federal Housing Administration ) to encourage improving or building new houses. Now, there is New York City housing projects where people without sufficient income can live in by paying very little rent. Also there is the Social Security program. Social Security was created by New Deal. Not much really changed since 1935 when this act was passed. Social Security was designed to guarantee the retired workers to receive regular payments from Washington and these payments were to financed by payroll tax on both employers and employees. Now Social Security includes: 1) old age, survivor’s, disability insurance, 2) Medicare 3) Supplemental security income 4) Unemployment compensation 5)Aid to families with children, and 6) Medicaid. Another similarity between them is the social service to help the unemployed to find jobs. New Deal really focused on this problem. National Recovery Administration set maximum hours of labor so that employment could be spread over more people. Now there are social services to help unemployed financially and to find jobs. Under New Deal, more specifically, Social Security Act, unemployment insurance was created. Initially an eligible worker had to wait for up to 2 weeks before receiving benefits. Unemployment insurance in present day guarantees benefits given for period of up to 20 weeks with little or no waiting period.

New Deal definitely played an important role in rescuing the United States from the grasps of the Great Depression. Great Depression really devastated the United States. However through this program it was really able to regroup itself and make efforts to end the depression. “… it provided federal government not only with increased control over money supply and federal policies but also with increased understanding of economic consequences of its spending, borrowing, and taxing” (Davis, p189). Through this program the United States learned how to manage itself when another such disaster happens. Also New Deal changed the relationship between people and the government. Government became more involved in people’s lives. In addition, the agencies setup by this program really have huge impact on people’s lives even today. One good example of such agency is the Security Exchange Commission which was created to watch over the stock market. Prior to the Great Depression, stock market was kind of like a casino where many speculators just gambled. However through the creation of this agency, stock market became more of a controlled trade market.

New Deal was also important because it was responsible for the rise of organized labor. When the depression struck, only 5 percent of the work force was unionized, compared to 12 percent in 1920. However things began to change, when the American Federation of Labor’s Committee for Industrial Organization broke away. As the Congress of Industrial Organizations, CIO began unionizing the mass production industries after 1938. Strikes were successful because of the combination of the reluctance of authorities to act against the labor and unique method of strikes CIO used. They would close the factories down from inside so that the employers cannot hire other non-union workers. By 1941 some 10,500,000 workers were unionized, three times as much from a decade before. Fair Labor Standards Act (Wages and Hours Bill) was passed in 1938, to protect the labor. This act required industries that are involved in interstate commerce to set the maximum hours of labor and minimum wage. It also prohibited all labor by children under the age 16; under 18 if it was dangerous. New Deal really tried to clean the issue of labor. However new rise of unions did have negative impact on Roosevelt. Middle class Americans really despised the strikes and Roosevelt was attacked for it.

In conclusion, New Deal was and still is an essential part of the nations. Agencies and acts still existing have tremendous effects on us. Even though it was criticized for an enormous expenditures, every dime spent on it was worth it. It also paved the way for new programs such as Truman’s Fair Deal. New Deal was a great program because it acted in a way as a first aid to the dying United States. It helped the United States just enough so that it would slowly recover. New Deal’s greatest achievement was to restore faith in American democracy at a time when many people believed that the only choice left was between communism and fascism.

New Ability for Next Year

New Ability for Next Year

Name

Professor

Institution

Course

Date

I select audacity or bravery as my quality or ability for that would act as my rallying call next near. From the evaluation of this year and some past years the insufficiencies actualization of my full potential has been limited by fear. I have always rethought when it came to doing things that involved my exposure to multitude. Numerous activities are achievable when undertaken in front of a supporting audience. I have come to realize that the fear forms the basis of underperformance and after overcoming it one is freely released to any achievement. Fear inhibited me from seeking help from well abled people, fear undermined my socialization, fear killed the ambitions in me, fear deactivated the morale I had and subjected me into being losing my personality. It killed the leadership qualities and lowered my instrumental skills and potential. I have placed critical resolution to counter the corresponding features created by the monster or the fear. Most of my plans remains shelve due to the fear of starting low while many people started low but have step wisely improved to commendable levels.

In my new year’s resolutions I have a plan to meet my church pastor and a psychiatrist to help me transform from my current state. While may be my upbringing could be the main cause for the low self-esteem or perhaps the friends I move could be the chief source the state. Leadership qualities are sharpened and nurtured through escalated socialization which is highly undermined by fear. I harbor great hopes in future and for them to be achieved I have to work harder and smarter. With overcoming fear other merits shall follow by.

Neurotransmitters And Sensory Adaptation

Neurotransmitters And Sensory Adaptation

Part 1

Located in the brain, neurotransmitters are a vital feature in the regulation and control of the functions of the central nervous system. One of the qualities of neurotransmitters is that they are stored in chemical form giving them the name chemical transmitters. Neurotransmitters have different roles that they perform depending on the category they belong. There are a variety of neurotransmitters which perform different duties in relation to the communication of the body organs. The most common neurotransmitters are the Biogenetic neurotransmitters which are responsible for the regulation of anxiety, appetite sleep, mood thoughts stress and motivation. Lack of proper transportation of these neurotransmitters causes several issues such as brain damage, Alzheimer’s and schizophrenia. Such conditions impact on the behavior of an individual’s communication with the outside environment, reasoning memory and mental development (Coon, Mitterer, Talbot, & Vanchella, 2010).

Another category of neurotransmitters are the Peptide neurotransmitters which contribute significantly in the regulation of appetite and nutrition of the body in relation to the brain. The inability of the peptide neurotransmitters to perform their work can lead to various illnesses such as bipolar disorder, eating disorders Huntington’s disease. The third category of neurotransmitters is the amino acid transmitters which control the anxiety and memory of the brain. Improper function of amino acid transmitters leads to the degeneration of the cells. This in turn, leads to the acquisition of Alzheimer’s disease which involves the loss of a substantial percentage of memory (Comer & Gould, 2013).

Neurotransmitters cannot function without the activity of the neurons which are responsible for the transfer of chemical messages from the body to the brain and back. The neurons are part of the central nervous system. They receive messages from different parts of the body to the brain. The messages are converted by the brain and later redirected to the body through the same neurons. The messages in this case are the neurotransmitters that which have the chemical element suitable for identifying an issue in the body (Berger, 2001).

Part 2

Abstract

Sensory adaptation is the reaction to the change of a different environment when a sensory organ is introduced. There are five different sensory organs responsible for feeling the change in temperature. The introduction to an environment leads to a response in stimulus that affects the comfortable environment. Repeat of a certain activity can cause the organ to adapt to the new environment. The following experiments are intended to display the process of sensory adaptation when sensory organs are exposed to a different environment (Domjan, Grau & Krause, 2010).

Experiment 1

The first experiment involves rubbing of the index fingers on a course surface. This then repeated on the same surface so as to determine the different reaction from the initial stage. On the first attempt, the feeling of rubbing the hands is uncomfortable due to the course surface that rubs against the fingers. The coarseness is rates 6 on the scale of 1-7 making it considerably high. The second time, the feeling is relatively different in that the fingers still register a course feeling. It is however different from the first time seeing as it is not as uncomfortable making the rating of the coarseness at 3. The fingers adapt to the new surface making the activity less strenuous than before. Adaptation is evident in the fingers are more receptive to the course texture of the first surface as opposed to the first. The friction between the fingers and the coarse surface is transferred to the brain through the skin which is one of the sensory organs. The brain receives the messages from the neurons through the neurotransmitters. This information is then transmitted back to the body through the same avenues. The second reaction is different because the first reaction interferes with some of the sensory organs affected by the course surface. This makes the receptors have a weaker response compared to that of the first experiment (Domjan, Grau, & Krause, 2010).

Experiment 2

The second experiment involves drinking a cup of sweet water and swishing it around the whole mouth until the sweet taste disappears gradually. The next step involves tasting fresh water immediately after tasting the sweet water. The experiment is mainly to prove whether the taste of the fresh water changes after. On completion of the task, the water of the fresh water is different in that it acquires a slightly sour taste. The sensory organ in this case is the tongue which is responsible for the sense of taste. The sensory nerves transmit the messages received from the first experiment to the brain. The brain receives the message and registers the information transmitted. The information is then returned back to the tongue which records the sweetness that deteriorates with time. The same process occurs during the second step but using different circumstances. The nerve transmitters dictate the interference of the sensory nerves in the tongue delivering a different message to the brain. The information is then returned back to the body registering a slightly sour taste (Lawless & Heymann, 2010).

Experiment 4

The fourth experiment involves the assembling of three bawls with three different temperatures of water. The first bawl has hot water the second bawl has lukewarm water and the third bawl has cold tap water. The next step involves submerging of the left hand into the cold water and the left hand into the hot water. Both hands are then dipped into the lukewarm water at the same time. The initial dip gives two reactions due to using two different temperatures. The left hand becomes cold and the rights hand becomes hot. When both hands are dipped into the lukewarm water, the left hand becomes warm and the right hands delays to adapt to the warm water. The feeling in the right hand is numb due to the heat of the water that it has been submerged. The sensory organ that is affected in this case is the skin which is the largest organ in the body. One the submerging of both hands into the two bawls of water, the two adapt to the temperatures in the bawls. When both hands are dipped into the lukewarm water, the sensory organs in the skin transfer the massage to the brain. The brain responds by interpreting the information from both temperatures. The messages are returned back to the body which causes the skin to react to the new environment. The numb skin is a result of the heat in the second bawl that affects the sensory organs of the skin causing it to detect a feeling of numbness (Coon & Mitterer, 2011).

References

Berger, D. S. (2001). Music therapy, sensory integration and the autistic child. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Comer, R. J., & Gould, E. (2013). Psychology around us. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.

Coon, D., Mitterer, J. O., Talbot, S., & Vanchella, C. M. (2010). Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Cengage Learning

Learning

References

Coon, D., & Mitterer, J. O. (2011). Psychology: A journey. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning.

Domjan, M., Grau, J. W., & Krause, M. A. (2010). The principles of learning and behavior. Australia: Wadsworth CenageLawless, H. T., & Heymann, H. (2010). Sensory evaluation of food: Principles and practices. New York: Springer.

Neuroanatomy, Brain Lesion

Neuroanatomy, Brain Lesion

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Right Hemispheric Damage PAGEREF _Toc380607432 h 1Left Hemispheric Damage PAGEREF _Toc380607433 h 2Brain Hemisphere in Children PAGEREF _Toc380607434 h 2

Brain lesion is an area where injury or damage of brain tissues has occurred. The symptom of brain lesion varies depending on the type, location and size of the lesion (Huttenlocher, 2002). Some common brain lesions include: Abscesses which is a brain lesion that occurs after an injury to the skull. Multiple Sclerosis is a brain lesion that damages the nerve linings in a brain and the spinal cord. These lesions affect the way messages are sent and received within the body. Cerebral infarction is a brain lesion which brain cells die due to lack of blood while a Tumor is a clump of cells that grow abnormally in metastatic or from the brain.

The brain is divided into right and left hemispheres brain; each hemisphere has its behaviors’ and communicates through corpus collosum. CITATION Pet02 l 1033 (Huttenlocher, 2002). The left side hemisphere (LH) controls muscles on the right side of body and the right side hemisphere (RH) controls muscles on the left side of body.

Right Hemispheric DamageThe right hemisphere brain injury is the injury to the right side of the brain. The right side hemisphere controls cognitive functioning hence, injury to this side leads to cognitive communication problems.

Adults with a right hemisphere brain damage undergo anosognosia and asprosodia. They lack concentration in their work. The (RH) damage produces a left homonymous hemianopsia thereby leading patients to neglect the left side of their bodies CITATION Pet02 l 1033 (Huttenlocher, 2002). They have impaired visual spatial skills and, partial paralysis may occur. Thus they do not see things in the left for instance: a patient reads from the center and not from the left side of a page. The right hemisphere brain damage leads to loss of memory and even disorientation of oneself. They are dominant in the perception of emotional information. They reason poorly and cannot solve common problems .when left unsupervised they can cause injury to themselves and to others.

Left Hemispheric Damage

Adults with left hemisphere brain damage cannot recognize or recall any familiar input, order of information, conceptual of actual plans and formulation of motor. Persons with left brain damage cannot remember any personal information and get frustrated easily. They are much disorganized and show problems in speech, memory, writing and cognitive processing. The reading and speech loss can be rehabilitated with a speech therapy. (LH) injury may produce a right hemianopsia whereby patients will neglect the right sides of the bodies and spaces..

Brain Hemisphere in ChildrenThe right hemisphere brain damage in children is more delicate and do not follow the adult with RH damage pattern CITATION Pet02 l 1033 (Huttenlocher, 2002). Right hemisphere brain damage is specialized early in lives of children CITATION Wil08 l 1033 (Sons, 2008). The cognitive functions like visual spatial and comprehensiveness of oneself is affected. Children with focal brain lesions experience speech delay in both right and left hemisphere. They try to express themselves and, due to Lack of an understandable language it is hard to adhere to their needs CITATION Pet02 l 1033 (Huttenlocher, 2002). After brain injury in children, there is plasticity in the developing of the right hemisphere that allows reorganization and may account for good malfunction recovery (Reynolds & Janzen, 2009).

Focal damage of brain leads to aphasia in adults and not in children, because brain focal only affects children when they are very young but at a later age in life it are reversible. Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) and cerebral palsy (CP) are types of brain lesions that occur to children. A CP is a brain lesion that happens when babies are still in the womb and affects the baby’s ability to move. While AVM brain lesions occurs during early development and may cause seizures.

With all the hemispheres brain neuroimaging should be done to research and diagnose to the needs of the patient.

REFERENCE

Huttenlocher, P. R. (2002). Neural plasticity : The Effects of Environment on the Development of the Cerebral Cortex. UK: Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.

Reynolds, C. R., & Janzen, E. F. (2009). Handbook of clinical child neuropsychology. TX USA: A&M University.

BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Sons, W. &. (2008). Child Neuropsychology: Concepts, Theory, and Practice. UK: Blackwell publishing ltd.