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Night Summative Assessment Essay Outline

Night Summative Assessment: Essay Outline

STEP#1:

Choose from ONE of the following to write a fully developed, formal literary analysis essay. Show your choice by highlighting your chosen prompt below and by signing to the academic honesty policy below.

Identify one or more symbols, motifs, OR examples of imagery. What role does it/they play in developing the theme of the work?

Note that you must identify the overall theme of the text in order to answer this prompt.

Use evidence from the text (symbols, motifs, or examples of imagery) to argue the theme.

At the end of the memoir, Wiesel writes of looking in a mirror for the first time since leaving the concentration camp. He writes:

“From the depths of the mirror, a corpse was contemplating me.

The look in his eyes as he gazed at me has never left me” (115).

Why is this an effective ending to the text? How does the ending help emphasize the

theme of the text?

Note that you must identify the overall theme of the text in order to answer this prompt.

Use evidence from the text (the quote above as well as other examples) to argue the theme.

NOTES:

*This entire packet is due on: Thursday, 11/19 or Friday 11/20.

*Because this is the foundation for the rest of the essay, it is imperative that you thoroughly complete the outline. Failure to complete the outline will result in a deduction of 10 points on your final draft.

*Putting in the work on this outline will ultimately allow a more efficient transition into writing the essay!

*Remember to have academic integrity for all parts of the essay, including the outline. Students who choose to plagiarize on the final draft will earn a zero. Please type your name below, acknowledging that you understand this policy:

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Step #2

Planning the Essay:

Topic/motif: literary analysis of the night by Elie Wiesel

Theme (universal message/lesson learned): inhumanity

THE INTRODUCTION

THE INTRO YOUR WORK

HOOK

Grab your audience’s attention with an intriguing or shocking statement, anecdote, analogy, appropriate and fitting question or quote. Elie Wiesel’s “Night” is a short tale describing the most painful time in human history (1941-1945). In it, Elie raises questions and tries to answer them while internally focusing on the current tribulations. Among the concerns discussed are God’s way of dealing with humanity, that a group may be dealt with atrociously. In contrast, the other group is represented by criminals who remain immune from retribution. This is expressed in his statement regarding witnesses who want to testify that they have no right to rob future generations of knowledge about the past. Elie claims that to forget the dead is tantamount to re-enacting their execution. Elie’s faith in the preservation of humanity is solid and is founded upon the deep conviction that the universe is a Supreme power. The human heart remains adamant that the principle of perfect science is vital. Also, he stresses the importance of forgiveness considerably as he is opposed to people who forget about the tragic events to emphasize the theme.

BACKGROUND INFO

Provide your audience with some sentences of background information about your topic. Make this topic relevant and interesting for your audience. Do not overly summarize the text. In short: Think of this as a way to blend your hook with your claim statement. In Night, Elie Wiesel explores how countless religious people were heading to death chambers with hollow faces. He sees the Germans putting the little in nocent children in the gas chambers or sending them to the gallows. The essence of this life on earth and creation was why he took an interest in religious studies and religion. When he reaches the concentration camp, he starts to doubt the presence of God. He also thinks that if such great force existed, God would not allow such occurrences, and he would protect the chosen people. As the internal struggle for the faith continues, he insists that “man is bigger, greater than God.” Indeed, most of the camp’s inmates face the same question of God’s reality. It is evident that every person is questioning the very presence of God, weeping, ‘Where is God? ‘Elie is numb and loses faith in God as he feels he will never believe in God. The theme of faith in God, therefore, also goes along with other thematic ideas like faith.

Claim Statement (Final sentence of intro. paragraph):

In night is used in the book as a metaphor for death, the soul’s darkness, and lack of faith. It comes up repeatedly as an image. And when the scene is set during the day, the night may be invoked. Remember all the horrible things that happen at night: Mrs. Schächter has her dreams of flames, hell, and death; Eliezer and his father arrive at Auschwitz and see the smokestacks and stand in line all night long with the scent of death in their noses; the night the soup tastes like corpses; they walk through long nights and, piled on top of each other, smothering each other to death. As Eliezer himself says, “The days were like nights, and the nights left the dregs of their darkness in our hearts” (7.22). The night is also a metaphor for how the soul was immersed in pain and hopelessness.

Elie offers a comprehensive account of the deplorable conditions faced by refugees who have been imprisoned against their will in the Nazi concentration camp. He vividly recalls the babies’ brutal slaughter that Nazi soldiers threw in the gas chambers and mercilessly murdered. He also does not fail to note the paralyzing terror that hit all the detainees during transfer to another concentration camp. His account of the gruesome changes shows that many prisoners have lost their lives. Elie referred to the mass killing of Jews as a barbaric act that he could not rationalize. In his disillusioned condition, Elie resorted to the sarcasm with which he congratulated Hitler for keeping his pledge to rid Germany of vermin, citizens of Jewish descent (Wiesel 80). Elie found reassurance and comfort in the fact that his dad stayed at his side for years of hard work; however, he struggled to understand why God allowed such inhumanity to endure.

Claim Statement Frames–use these sentence starters to guide your essay focus:

1. In Night, Elie Wiesel applies, argues, describes, explains, explores _________________(Context–MOTIF/SYMBOL/EXAMPLES OF IMAGERY)______________ to support/develop/emphasize the theme _____________________________________.

2. The theme of __________________in Night, by Elie Wiesel, is developed/described/explored through ____________ (context–MOTIF/SYMBOL/EXAMPLES OF IMAGERY)__________________.

THE BODY PARAGRAPHS (x2)

Body Paragraph # 1. Write the paragraph’s main idea. All of the sentences in this paragraph should support this main idea.

Elie responded to Jewish mass murder as a barbarous act he could not rationalize. In his frustrated situation, Elie used the sarcasm with which he thanked Hitler for having retained his undertaking to rid Germany of vermin, Jewish descent people and he was encouraged by the fact that his father had remained with him for years of toil, but struggled to understand why God allowed this inhumanity to persist.

BODY ❡ YOUR WORK

TOPIC SENTENCE Begin with a direct sentence that states the topic of the paragraph.

**This should be an opinion (no “I”!). Elie suggests that people ought to consider negative aspects of the experience to avoid making errors in the present and future. Finally, the last appeal for Elie involves people who would prefer non-violent alternatives to violent explosions leading to death. The security of mankind is unchangeable and is based on a firm conviction that the world is ruling by the Supreme Power. The book material should not be focused on technical study, but is based on memories of experiences and their cognitive assessment (Wiesel) It must be remembered.

BLEND + EXAMPLE Blend your first direct quote. This is also known as “the says” section of an academic Paragraph.

**Use Blending Methods #1-#3. Remember to CITE the quote!

“Quote…” (Wiesel 23). You may refer to Slide Decks 10/1-10/2 and 10/5 – 10/6 to help you review how to blend, quote, and cite properly. At the end of the memoir, Wiesel writes of looking in a mirror for the first time since leaving the concentration camp. He writes:

“From the depths of the mirror, a corpse was contemplating me.

The look in his eyes as he gazed at me has never left me” (115).

Why is this an effective ending to the text? How does the ending help emphasize the theme of the text?

EXPLANATION Explain how your example supports your topic sentence and claim. This is also known as the “means” section. **You may refer to Slide Decks 10/26 – 10/27 to see the student models for our first Academic Paragraph Assignment (from The Kite Runner unit) to help you review how to organize your body paragraphs. With this picture, Wiesel leaves us at the end of his career, and it is a haunting vision in which Wiesel no longer recognizes the individual before him. By identifying himself as a skeleton, Wiesel also reveals that he is living death; merely being alive does not mean that his soul or humanity has survived. That Wiesel separates himself from this corpse is also a strong way to indicate that his conscience did not know this being before him; whatever had happened in the death camps deprived him of his sense of self.

TRANSITION STATEMENT

Transition to your next piece of evidence.

**Consider using one of these TRANSITIONAL PHRASES to the right.

TRANSITIONAL PHRASES:

To compare or link similar ideas: also, moreover, in addition, furthermore, likewise…

To contrast ideas: however, nevertheless, on the other hand, although, conversely, neither…nor, and yet…

To indicate time: meanwhile, eventually, while, ultimately…

To show cause and effect: therefore, as result, thus, unless, in order to…

To add information: moreover, furthermore…

THE CONCLUSION

THE CONCLUSION YOUR WORK

RESTATE THE TOPIC Bring the topic of your paper back to your audience’s attention. Emphasize the importance of this topic. Elie is against people forgetting the horrific events that occurred. Elie argues that people need to consider unpleasant aspects of the experience to avoid making mistakes in the present and future.

RESTATE CLAIM Using different words, restate your claim and your key points (not every point…your MAIN points). This should be a brief summary of what you’ve already written, but written in a fresh and entirely new way. Finally, Elie’s last plea is about people preferring nonviolent solutions over violent outbursts that result in the loss of life. The protection of the human race is unwavering and is founded on a strong belief in the presence of the Supreme Power ruling the universe.

FINAL THOUGHT Provide your audience with a final thought that brings the reader full circle. This can be a call to action, a reference back to something in the introduction, an insight into something larger, or a theme. It should be remembered that books’ content is not focused on technical research; however, it is based on memories of experiences and their cognitive evaluation. He remembered vividly the horrific killing of the babies which Nazi soldiers threw in and mercilessly killed in gas chambers. He also states the paralysing fear that afflicted all the prisoners when they were transferred to another concentration camp. His account of the horrific changes suggests that many inmates have died.

Nietzsche vs. Hobbes

Nietzsche vs. Hobbes

ANDREW LANGILLE GRADE 13 PHILOSOPHY COURSE, How are the philosophies of Nietzsche and Hobbes different on topics of Christianity, Human Nature, and Morality. The philosophies of Nietzsche and Hobbes are radically different, Hobbes philosophy is dominated by loyalty to the crown, riddled with references to the Christian scriptures, and a belief that life is nasty, brutish, and short (Leviathan, 133); while Nietzsche s philosophy was dominated by the pessimistic Schopenhauer, a belief that the human race was a herd, and that God is dead (Thus Spoke Zarathustra, S. 13). Hobbes and Nietzsche look at the world completely differently. Hobbes was a Christian who defended the bible, while Nietzsche called Christianity the one great curse (The Anti-Christ, s. 62). On the topic of human nature Hobbes thought life to be aware…of every man, against every man (Leviathan, 232) while Nietzsche took a nihilistic approach and declared that human nature is just a euphemism for inertia, cultural conditioning, and what we are before we make something of ourselves… (Human, all too human, 67). On morality these two philosophers have opposing views, Hobbes views on morality were straight out of Exodus, while Nietzsche holds that morality is a hindrance to the development of new and better customs: it makes stupid [people] (Daybreak, s. 19). These two philosophers lived at different times, in different locations, and their differing philosophies reflect the lives that they lived. Thomas Hobbes was born into an English upper class family in 1588, his father was the parish priest. Thomas was educated by his uncle until he was fifteen, when he was sent to Oxford to continue his studies. In 1608 he finished his formal education and took up with the son of Lord Cavendish, they undertook an adventure which saw them travel across Europe. Hobbes remained in England until the start of the English civil war when he fled to France. The civil war took place from 1642 till 1649, this conflict had a profound effect on Hobbes, particularly the execution of Charles I in 1649. All his writings after this event reflect Hobbes quest to find a peaceful, stable form of government. Hobbes died in 1679. Fredrich Nietzsche was born into an upper class family in Germany, on 15 October 1844, his father was tutor for the royal family and also a priest. Nietzsche father died when he was twelve, this had life-long impact on him. At age eight-teen he discovered the philosopher Schopenhauer, the basis for much of his early work, and gave up Christianity. He was educated at the University of Bonn, at the age of twenty-five Nietzsche was appointed Professor of Philosophy at the University of Basle. He became close friends with composer Richard Wanger, whose work he enthusiastically supported. Nietzsche most productive years were to be his last, he drove insane by syphilis and died at the dawn of this century. Nietzsche declared in that modern Christian civilization is sick and must be overcome (The Anti-Christ, 156), Hobbes would have found that excerpt to be repugnant having declared that God…when he speaks to any subject…he ought to be obeyed (Leviathan, 492). Hobbes was a Christian, while Nietzsche was an atheist, their views on Christianity are completely opposite. Nietzsche held the belief throughout his life that Christianity has taken the side of everything weak, base, ill-constituted, it has made an ideal out of opposition to the preservative instincts of a strong life; it has depraved the reason even of the intellectually strongest natures by teaching men to feel the supreme values of intellectuality as sinful, as misleading, as temptations, (The Anti-Christ, S. 5) Professor Howard Rainer of Davis University states that Nietzsche was uncompromisingly anti-Christian, for Christianity was the most potent force against those values which he prized most highly. Nietzsche felt that Christianity would hinder the emergence of the overman (The Will to Power, 546), a human being that follows their own path and not the herd s. Hobbes while being a Christian to the end, had a rather pessimistic view of it; Professor Ian Johnston of Malaspina University states that Hobbes believed the public religion of the artificial state must serve the need for security to protect the selfish economic interests of the individuals composing it. Hobbes view of Christianity was quite radical for his time and he publicly scorned for his belief that Christendom was nothing more economic security blanket; Hobbes attacked the elements in the Christian church which profited from religion. The times in which Hobbes and Nietzsche lived in were very different, in Hobbes times deadly religious wars were fought across the European continent. It was in this climate the Thomas Hobbes proposed… [his] philosophy. (Howard Rainer, Lecture Notes) Nietzsche did not have to worry about being hunted as a heretic if his ideas were not like by members of the Christian community, Hobbes did. Hobbes makes references to the scripture quite frequently in his works, he uses them to strengthen his ideas surrounding philosophy; Nietzsche never quotes from the Bible but he make many references to the parables of Jesus, he uses these in his critiques on modern Christianity. Hobbes and Nietzsche views on Christianity could never be reconciled, Hobbes died a Christian, while Nietzsche is reputed as saying let me go to my grave a honest pagan. Both Nietzsche and Hobbes share a pessimistic view of human nature, Hobbes asserted that life was nasty, brutish, and short (Leviathan, 278) while Nietzsche believed that human nature was akin to that of an animal herd. Professor Howard Rainer of Davis University states that Nietzsche thought that human nature was nothing more than cultural conditioning on a mass scale. Nietzsche and Hobbes both shared the view that human nature changed depending on the situations a person found themselves in. Hobbes ideas on human nature were gloomy, in Leviathan Hobbes states in the nature of man, we find three principals causes of quarrel. First, Competition; Secondly, Diffidence; Thirdly, Glory. The first, maketh men invade for Gain; the second for Safety; and the third, for Reputation. (Leviathan, 345) Most of Hobbes ideas were born out of his experience with the English Civil War, Hobbes; attitude toward man, whom he considered a wicked animal, knowing no restraint to his passions, was, doubtlessly formulated in England during the turbulent years of the Revolution. (Ethics:Origins and Development, 172). Nietzsche thoughts on human nature are revealed in this quote: It is not things, but opinions about things that have absolutely no existence, which have so deranged mankind! (Daybreak, s. 563) Nietzsche held the belief that man had no such thing as human nature to battle against, his belief that the idea of human nature was fictitious creation of past philosophers who sought to explain life. Nietzsche advanced the opinion that mankind has a Herd mentality [that] overcomes master morality by making all the noble qualities appear to be vices and all weak qualities appear to be virtues. Mediocre values are the values of the herd. (Helen Grayman, Lecture Notes). Nietzsche s writings on human nature, for the most part are an attack on the herd mentality, which he holds great contempt for. Nietzsche put forth this idea our entire sociology simply does not know any other instinct than that of the herd, i.e., that of the sum of zeros-where every zero has equal rights, where it is virtuous to be zero. (The Will to Power, 33) Nietzsche believes that not mankind but overman is the goal! (The Will to Power, 519 ), this means that the goal of the human race, in Nietzsche s mind, should be the development of a class of human beings that is not part of the herd, which hinders mankind s development. Both Hobbes and Nietzsche s views on human nature were misanthropic, Nietzsche held the belief that mankind was nothing more than a herd, and Hobbes views on human nature can be summed up wonderfully with three words: competition, diffidence, and glory. Hobbes and Nietzsche have differing opinions on morality, Hobbes adhered to the Christian mores during his time, Nietzsche would have found this funny because he was an atheist and also because he did not believe in any moral code. Nietzsche thought Morality makes stupid. — Custom represents the experiences of men of earlier times as to what they supposed useful and harmful – but the sense for custom (morality) applies, not to these experiences as such, but to the age, the sanctity, the indiscussability of the custom. And so this feeling is a hindrance to the acquisition of new experiences and the correction of customs: that is to say, morality is a hindrance to the development of new and better customs: it makes stupid. (Daybreak,s. 19), he believed that morality prevents people from reaching their full potential in life, he uses the example of the head mentality to show how people are controlled by their morals. Nietzsche believed that morals are one of the root problems of society, Howard Rainer of Davis University states Nietzsche felt morals destroyed the basic framework of society. Hobbes view on morals was affected by his fanatical belief in Christianity, he basically referred back to the scriptures for all his idea on morality; his greatest source for ideas on morality was the Book of Exodus. Many of Hobbes ideas concerning morality have their base in the Bible, which he constantly refers to in his works. (Howard Rainer, Lecture Notes) Hobbes defends Christian morality in Leviathan, he believes that only a society with a strong moral base is capable of keeping the wicked nature of man in check. Hobbes was also a hypocrite, he believed that a King could violate God s laws if they were in the best interests of the state. Hobbes maintained that everything must be done to protect the commonwealth, even morals could be tossed aside for the advancement of the commonwealth. Nietzsche believed that Because we have for millennia made moral, aesthetic, religious demands on the world, looked upon it with blind desire, passion or fear, and abandoned ourselves to the bad habits of illogical thinking, this world has gradually become so marvelously variegated, frightful, meaningful, soulful, it has acquired color – but we have been the colorists: it is the human intellect that has made appearances appear and transported its erroneous basic conceptions into things. (Human, all too Human, s.16) these morals compounded themselves over the centuries making errors seem like truths, Nietzsche was against these commonplace errors in our societies morals. Hobbes and Nietzsche have absolutely nothing similar in the realm of morals. The beliefs of Hobbes and Nietzsche contradict each other at every available opportunity, their philosophies are totally different on almost every level. Nietzsche has a hatred of Christianity which is unsurpassed, he believed that Christianity was one of the leading reasons for a herd mentality in society; Hobbes embrace Christianity and uses the scriptures as one of his main sources of inspiration. Only on the topic of human nature do Hobbes and Nietzsche ideas come closer together, both of these philosopher held a pessimistic view of human nature; Hobbes believed it was aware…of every man, against every man (Leviathan, 232), while Nietzsche held the belief that the human race was a large herd. On morality Nietzsche and Hobbes do not see eye to eye, Nietzsche did not belief in any sort of morals while Hobbes used the Bible as his main moral cookbook, these two radically different ideas do not match up whatsoever. In conclusion Nietzsche and Hobbes are two philosophers with very different life philosophies.

Bibliography:

Primary Sources: Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. Toronto, 1985. Penguin Classics. Nietzsche, Friedrich. Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Toronto, 1982. Penguin Books. Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Anti-Christ. Toronto, 1982. Penguin Books. Nietzsche, Friedrich. Human, All Too Human. Toronto, 1986. Penguin Books. Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Will to Power. Toronto, 1982. Penguin Books. Nietzsche, Friedrich. Daybreak. Toronto, 1984. Penguin Books. Secondary Sources: Grayman, Helen. Broward College. Lecture Notes. Johnston, Ian. Malaspina University. Lecture Notes. Kropotkin, Peter. Ethics: Origins and Development. 1989. George E. Harrap & Co.,Ltd. Rainer, Howard. Davis University. Lecture Notes. Biography: Book of Exodus, the Bible. Hobbes, Thomas. The Citizen: Liberty-Dominion-Religion. Toronto, 1981. Penguin Books Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Gay Science. Toronto, 1982. Penguin Books Nietzsche, Friedrich. Twilight of the Idols. Toronto, 1982. Penguin Books

De-criminalization of Illicit Drugs

De-criminalization of Illicit Drugs

Student’s Names

Institution

De-criminalization of Illicit Drugs

Serious discussion and debating on the subject of legalizing substances and drugs within the United States has received little public support. Top scholars and other government officials have since backed the idea since the move would be an alternative to the fight against drug-related issues (McKeganey, 2013). The U.S government is losing billions of dollars in the fight against illicit drugs, money that it can use for other purposes. Furthermore, many citizens will escape the penalty of serving jail terms for drug-related crimes. If the government can decriminalize small amounts of illicit drugs in the United States then the judicial system would not be as burdened. Moreover, emphasis could be placed on helping the persons who are plagued and are suffering from compulsion and addiction with plans of treatment, thus reducing the number of persons incarcerated. My goal is to substantiate this hypothesis that the current judicial system in the United States is being used as a treatment plan for individuals who are suffering from addiction.The theory of social deviance, as argued by Harshi, is one of the applicable sociological concepts that we can use in this text. According to this theory, society enacts laws but individuals decide to go contrary to these due to loss of social attachment. There are clear and strict rules against the use of illicit drugs in the United States but still there are criminal offenders. If the government could de-legalize illegal drugs and govern its use, then there would be reduced crimes because people will not be subject to these regulations again (Reid, 2008). Researchers argue that the government waste resources that it can use on other projects in enacting laws. Legalization of drugs will result in a reduction in the number of prisoners. That is because drugs will be affordable and there will be no scrupulous business individuals since the government will be able to set prices of drugs (Wyler, 2010).The practical implications of this move will be evident in the reduced cases of crime. People will use drugs wisely based on the education received and simple regulations set. Prisons will also cease being rehabilitation centers as it has always been. Moreover, Decriminalization will provide safer avenues for accessing drugs since the government will take charge and, as a result, individuals will turn to the recommended drugs. Decriminalization will not lead to increased drug use; it will only provide easier ways of accessing drugs.EvidenceThere have been varied reactions to the debate of legalization of illicit drugs. Some countries have since taken this move and it is evident that it has come with positive feedback. A typical example is Portugal, which took this direction in 2001. This country came up with well-defined reforms on enactment of rules on drug use. The results are positive since there has been a reduction in drug consumption. Cases of drug-related crimes have since reduced and arrests due to crimes have gone down (McKeganey, 2013)Decriminalization has reduced the cost of fighting drug-related crimes in Portugal. Instead of the US government channeling funds to enforce rules on drugs, it can use these funds for building rehabilitation centers and encourage the willing individuals to find help in these institutions. Other countries that have embraced this move and realized its results include Netherlands and Mexico. There might be some bias since people might decide to make individual decisions on the use of drugs. Economic differences can also play a role in these disparities hence the US government should consider doing an extensive research on this move. Scholars and government agencies should be involved to come up with clear guidelines on this matter (Rushefsky, 2013).In conclusion, decriminalization of drugs does not result in increased cases of drug consumption and crime. As research clearly shows, countries that have legalized drug use have reported positive effects. There have been reduced cases of drug use and crimes since these countries have put up clear reforms on this. If US can consider legalization of illicit drugs, the researchers predict similar results. The government will take charge of the whole issue and come up with government recommended drugs. Regulation of prices will come in and this will eliminate drug traffickers, authorized shops companies will channel taxes to the government, hence more funds to use in other projects. It will, therefore, employ resources in building rehabilitation centers that will attract interested individuals instead of using prisons to rehabilitate drug addicts and law offenders. Researches have shown that the effects of decriminalizing drugs will work towards solving the problem of drug abuse and its eventual crimes.If the US government can consider this move, it will still engage in research that is more extensive. Law enforcing agencies and scholars can offer more insight in this since this can directly or indirectly fall under their area of expertise.

References

Mckeganey, N. (2013). A-Z of Substance Misuse and Drug Addiction. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Reid, J.M. (2008). Drug Use Sequencing and Kandel’s Gateway Hypothesis. New York: Proquest Publishers.

Rushefsky, M. (2013). Public Policy in the United States. New York: M.E. Sharpe Publishers.Wyler, L.S. (2009). International Drug Control Policy. Pennsylvania: DIANE Publishing.

Deconstructive Analysis Of Dubliners

Deconstructive Analysis Of Dubliners

Dubliner is a collected works containing short stories that were written by James Joyce. The short stories are a major boost to today’s play writers as well as essay writers. The first publication of the collection of the stories was first done in the year 1914. The stories were meant for the middle class of the Irish people in Dublin. Joyce’s stories were published at the time when nationalism of the Irish was leaning t its peak (Jeri & Johnson, 2000). At that time identity of the nationalists was at rage and also in its peak as well as with cultural backgrounds and history. This led to several influences been converged at Ireland. Joyce’s idea was mainly for epiphany was about experiences of a certain character and self understanding (Bowen & Zach 1974).

Actors of Dubliners

Several characters that are found in the Joyce’s Dubliners later appeared acting as minor actors in the famous novel of Ulysses which was liked and admired by many people all over the world. Stories found in the Dubliners today are a source of encouragement to many play writers. Child protagonists narrate the stories very well. The stories have passion for the lives of the older generation and their concerns. That was because Dubliners is in a collection of young generation, adult and the most mature generation.

The tale of the ‘The dead’

In the collection of Joyce’s Dubliners, the dead is final story but the longest and the most liked for its sweetness while reading. Gabriel Conrol finds himself in the center of the story. This is at the night when sisters of the Morkan were preparing for the annual dinner which was been celebrated annually, Gabriel surprises himself for discovering that he never understood much about the past experiences of his beloved wife

How and when- he discovers this by just making a joke hen he arrived at the party. The joke not towards his wife but towards the prediction of the maid’s marriage but in the process he is seriously and funky poked by his wife by bringing an old conversation that concerned about wearing of clothes hen the weather is very bad. This leads Gabriel to find himself in a pathetic situation but to show that he is a strong gentleman, he overcompensated some of his statements that he had dedicated to miss Ivors who was a citizen of the Irish origin (Jeri & Johnson, 2000). The two were dancing together at that evening.

Gabriels conventions led to Miss Ivor escaping away from the celebration before serving of dinner. Gabriel had talked issues that praised Irish nationals at the same time considered to hearing the past story on experiences of his wife. He never noted that his wife was standing far away from the staircases when he was talking all that. He got surprised at the last minute when he noticed her deep in thought. This was so amazing; he couldn’t believe it was her. What could he do next, just to stare on her as a real stranger? But Gabriel gains courage goes to her and envisages her as a real model in his illumination of distant heavy music.

Mrs. Gabriel was later so much diverted to a mood of sexual attention towards him but later becomes unresponsive when Gabriel confronted her to a private room. Gabriel notices that her wife had heard the song sung by D’arcy. Gabriel presses on his wife Gretta to openly tell him the reason she was that much affected by the Arcy’s song. Gretta agreed to tell her husband the whole story from her childhood when she fell in love with Michael Furey, a boy of her close age mate at the time when she was staying at her grandmother’s home. Later afterwards she was send away to Dublin and this led to distraction from her beloved boyfriend (Bowen & Zach 1974). Michael was so in deep with her such that regardless been very sick and bedridden he walked a long distance while raining to Gretta’s home whereby he climbed to the window and wished her all the best in her future. In one week’s period, Michael passed away. Michael’s death in the story of ‘the dead’ is like the death of Evelines mother’s death in the story of Eveline. Deaths of the two characters in these symbolize how they brought much effect to the lives of the main characters: that is Gabriel and Eveline. Gabriel was not aware of his wife’s past experiences and when he came to understand to notice, his life was not the same again. There is an indication in Gabriel’s mind that he believed his wife loved someone who was dead more than she loved him. In Evelines case, she realizes that she has to keep the promise of a dead mother rather than that of her boyfriend Frank.

Most of readers claim James Joyce wanted to prove to the world about the power of love (Bowen & Zach, 1974). The love in two dimensions-towards the parent and love towards the boy-girl relationships. The confession of Gabriel’s wife took him to another world of imagining about himself as well as of his wife, does he really feel insecure? This is what many readers ask themselves. Gabriel is also left imagining more about the living and the dead.

The tale of Eveline

This is a story of a young lady who passes through many experiences. She experiences the death of her mother as well as his older brother called Earnest. She tries to imagine how life has treated her poorly to an extend of thinking about leaving home. But will she really make it. The other brother of hers is busy with church activities that concern decoration. The girl is so much full of fear that her father will punish if he came to realize that she had a keen interest on jobs that do concern sales. She too like Greta in the story of the dead falls in love with a young man called frank. Frank has promised her girlfriend that they will tour Buenos Aires (Bowen & Zach 1974). The girl was much anticipating for that time and she hoped Harry, her boyfriend will keep the promise. Eveline hears music on organ grinder been played outside and this takes her memories back to the time her mother passed away. Eveline had promised her mother that she will always protect the home with due respect (Jeri & Johnson, 2000). The situation is very confusing to her. The sad memories over calm her, but will she leave her home and go away with harry.

Love that hurts

When ones love someone and he gets hurt, painful feelings come across. Frank was hurt by Eveline decision to remain at her own home; Gabriel was hurt by his wife’s confession- ‘Michael loved me to an extend of been rained on his way to visit me I was in love with him since childhood’ A difficult situation indeed. Frank was ready prepared for the journey but after been let down by her girlfriend will be a very hurtful situation. Gabriel was hurt by hearing the confession of his beloved wife that before him, he loved someone else. Greta’s love was for her first love Michael while in the tale of Eveline, the love is towards memories of her beloved mother who had died a few days ago. The big question several readers of the Eveline tale ask themselves is that; did Eveline really love frank?, why do they ask this? Its because after she declined to accompany frank in their adventurous journey, she never showed any emotions at all. She knew the situation will be so painful to frank but why did she not show any feelings. In the tale of the dead the readers can confirm that Michael truly loved Gretta! Why? This is because at one point he is seeing travelling all the way to the home of Gretta while it was raining and at the same time very sick, he goes to an extend of climbing to the top of the window to as to talk with his love. Eveline finds herself in an indecisive situation been confused on which way to go. After Michael passed away, Greta had no otherwise other than just to accept the fact and go ahead with his life. Another aspect that leaves readers of the dead tale with suspense is whether truly Greta loved Gabriel? Why? Because after Greta listened to Arcy’s song, his mind went back to the memories of his long time love, Michael. This shows that her true love was not Gabriel but Michael. The situation put Gabriel in an awkward position because he started becoming unsecure of his wife. Maybe he himself asked many questions starting with whether his wife’s heart was really for him or somebody else who passed a long time ago.

Gabriel may also have wondered why in all those years he never understood the life of her wife. In the tale of Eveline, frank may also wonder why he requested Eveline for an adventurous journey a few days after passing away of her mother. The confusing issue is that in the story of Eveline we are not told any other man she had fallen in love with. This to some readers can create a feeling that Eveline loved frank but due to the promise she had whispered to her mother at the time she was dying, her conscience can’t allow. Also in the story of the dead, Greta may have not had any option other than getting married to someone else despite her love death.

These two tales on James Joyce, elaborate on the decisions one may be able make when finds himself in a confusing situation, Greta is pressured by his husband to say why he was so emotionally affected by Arcy’s song. She never knows whether to confess the truth or to ignore, but she takes courage and tells her whole truth about her past. At some point Gabriel was put in a pathetic situation whereby he never knew how to quote one of the poem from the poet of browning Robert. This was mainly because he never wanted to be seen as just pretending. Gabriel gave himself courage and the audience believed on him (Jeri & Johnson, 2000). Eveline is confused whether on whose promise to keep. She gains confidence and decides o keep the promise of her dead mother over the promise of her man in love.

Journeys

There is involvement of journeys in the two stories. Frank was to take Evelina to the Buenos Aires, for an adventurous tour while Greta was to be sent off away from Galway to Dublin at the time her love Michael visited him on the window of her house (Bowen & Zach 1974).

Emotional moments

The story of the dead and Evelina is full of emotional moments- Evelina tries to think of her mother’s death as well as that of her brother and feels sorry for herself and the life before her ahead. When Greta confesses her love for Michael, Gabriel is over calmed by an epiphany of artistic and emotions. Greta is also filled with emotions of Michael’s death. The tale of the ‘the dead’ and ‘Evelina’ sympathize so much on the feelings of love of the Irish nationality.

Works cited

Bowen, Zach, Musical Allusions found in the Works of James Joyce: Early Poetry Through Ulysses Albany: Suny Press publishers, 1974.

Jeri Johnson, “Composition and Publication History”, in James Joyce, Dubliners, Oxford University Press, 2000.

Deconstruct an image and tell more about what the artist failed to bring out clearly

Deconstruct an image and tell more about what the artist failed to bring out clearly

600 Media 2day

Deconstruction refers to a technique which brings into a discussion what the same discussion expels in its formation. Deconstruction generally helps us to have an understanding of a text through identifying its dependency on what is excluded. This means that deconstruction is used to provide more information about information that is not clear in a text. This paper seeks to deconstruct an image and tell more about what the artist failed to bring out clearly. In this case, the paper will focus on Newcastle and Gateshead. The main aim is to deconstruct the scene of the Newcastle and Gateshead which was viewed from the rope works on the Newcastle bank of the River Tyne. This is a drawing which was taken from a distance and the artist drew what was seen from that particular point. In this case, there are some details which were omitted because the clarity was not attained.

As the drawing is constructed in relation to a long distance, it is clear that some features can be seen but it is not clear what they represent. The picture is drawn being viewed from rope works. This means that many features are expected because within this region there are various activities that take place. This is not the case because the artist does not show everything. There is information which is omitted which makes the viewer not to have a clear understanding of what the artist is trying to put across. There is an old stone Tyne Bridge which is seen at a distance. It is not clearly drawn as it is seen from afar. This gives a clear impression that the artist would have done something more to make certain that the bridge is seen as one (Norris, 2002, 112). To effectively do this, naming can be done on the drawing to show all features by names. Since the bridge is seen from afar, denoting it by name will help the viewer know exactly what the feature is. This ought to be done because viewers are different sighted. Labeling the drawing would be advisable because every viewer would then be able to notice it.

The artist also shows a church which is on the left at the top part of the hill. This church is St. Mary’s Gateshead. There is smoke seen billowing from the Windmills Hill. The artist in this case has not clearly shown what it is that is producing smoke. This becomes quite hard for the viewer to understand the drawing (Royle, 2000, 213). It is hard to understand what the viewer is trying to put across. There are a few buildings seen at the scene. It is not therefore clear if the smoke is really originating from the buildings or elsewhere. The artist ought to have clearly separated the buildings from the smoke or shown the origin of the smoke for clarity. This is meant to make the viewer have a clear view to avoid confusion. A paddle steamer is also in the centre of the river. This is quite hard as a viewer who does not have knowledge of the place is not able to understand the feature (Parker, 1969, 12). They are a bit mixed up making it hard to understand what the artist is trying to put across. In this case, the artist should have used order to avoid confusion. Arranging them in an understandable manner also helps them to produce neat work which is attractive to the eye. All artists should have in mind that clarity of work does not only benefit the viewers but also benefits them because they get to market their products and make more sales hence earn more as their goal is to earn more.

References

Norris, C. (2002). Deconstruction: theory and Practice. London: Routledge.

Parker, H. P. (1969). Henry Perlee Parker Exhibition. New Bridge Street: Laing Art Gallery.

Royle, N. (2000). Deconstructions: A User’s Guide. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Decision Support Systems

1. Identify the problem the DSS will help decision makers solve

Implementation of the Decision Support Systems in running of organizational management needs will target specific problems in order to increase efficiency and eliminate poor performance. The most important elements of the DSS that every management setting aims to achieve are mainly driven by the need to remain vigilant on quality service delivery as well as cost benefit analysis results. While profitability may not be a reason good enough to facilitate appropriate performance reviews, certain industries must represent quality service delivery in their effective decision making processes. One of such industries is the healthcare industry whose sensitive interaction with human life dictates focus on quality ahead of profitability (Malhotra, 1989). It is imperative therefore that the effective DSS in such industries include some of the most important healthcare issues on the system blueprint to assist in tackling both quality and profitability in a single agenda. Patients’ needs are important in the system as human resource needs encompassed under the DSS. Some of the problems that will be targeted in the designed DSS will include various departmental issues that need management input in different respects such as;

Management of patients’ health records in terms of entry and retrieval

Provide an efficient patient progress tracking procedures

Consolidation of various facilities under the institution’s capacity for enhancement and elimination of idle capacity

Following up specific patient care through real time caregiver’s activities tracking systems

Collection of patients’ satisfaction scores for application in performance enhancement through efficient customer experience backed service delivery reviews

Assist in control and management of staffing needs through staff monitoring data

Drugs and equipment procurement management systems

Facility administration and related allocation and delegation of responsibilities to track performance

Human resource monitoring, performance appraisal and motivation management

2. Build: Describe the major steps in developing the DSS and define the various types of testing the DSS will need before implementing the prototype

Development

Initial stages of the building process of a customized DSS will involve the internalization of the organization needs and outline in the basic structure. This will include determining the needs of the organizational decision making process and integrate them in the structural component of the DSS. The organizational and management structural designs will be dissected for integration in the DSS structural design to make it compatible with the computer based system. Various management areas that require focus and input through the decision making highlight will be pointed out and roles attached for enhancement through DSS (Dahm and Wadensten, 2008). Functional units of the entire organization will also be pointed out for easier monitoring via the computer system.

Using this functional and structural integration, it will be easy for the DSS to pick up various decisions making needs and prompt the management to act on a number of options that the system has. This will be the case for patient care processes, employees monitoring and welfare needs as well as the facility control and management decision making inputs. Connecting all the decision making needs to a central detection system will facilitate the building phase to be completed.

Testing

Testing the workability of the DSS will include various phases of implementation to avoid a system failure or clash disabling the operations of the entire organization. The three basic areas of input will be implemented and tested differently while the current management systems are still in place. Once the desired results are received, the new system will be full implemented and the ineffective system laid aside. Performance efficiency in coverage of the important input areas will be compared between the current system and the new DSS application.

Buy: Define the type of DSS you will buy and describe the major steps and criteria you will use in selecting the DSS vendor and software

Type

The Horizon Expert system will be implemented as it befits the healthcare system as observed by McKesson (2007). Horizon Expert DSS application is a management program that enables the management of the healthcare facility needs with a side range of specificity and optimization opportunities. Some of the most important data sources that enable the implementation of Horizon Expert cover patient care needs, employee management as well as various facility monitoring and control needs making it an important tool in healthcare.

Selection Criteria

When determining the DSS vendor and type for buying, it was important to consider the cost element and the quality of the product with an aim of determining the best package in the market. Besides the quality and cost, the implementation aspects, ease of operation as well as compatibility with the organizational setting became very instrumental in the purchasing process. Based on the internal needs that need to be included in the decision making framework, it was inevitable to include the most important targets list that the effective DSS must cover. It came out clear that the Horizon Expert is better than most other healthcare DSS packages that the market had.

3. Describe the user and management involvement in the implementation approach, goal development and implementation and evaluation planning and how you will obtain management and user “buy-in?”

Implementation Approach

In order for the DSS package to meet the intended needs, both the users’ and the managements’ attention in the implementation program is irreplaceable. Cooperation and assistance from all sections of the organization are needed in the implementation of a new system that brings in changes to old ways of carrying out business. In respect to a healthcare needs that the management ought to streamline in a comprehensive management plan, the need to facilitate the appropriate understanding must be well served (Dahm and Wadensten, 2008). Some training may be needed to ensure that there is cooperation among the various stakeholders in the DSS implementation program.

Goal Development and Implementation

It is imperative that initial implementation targets are outlined in advance to enhance the realization of the desired changes. Various management levels and staff must set out their targets to be met through the DSS, to act as implementation yardsticks. Goal development regarding the implementation will need to be focused on the new management capacity created by the DSS application likely to factor in enhancements.

Evaluation

The evaluation of the DSS performance will be evaluated on the performance enhancement criteria that will focus on the changes brought in upon implementation. Since the DSS has clearly defined areas of management where input is needed in terms of enhancement, it is easy to monitor changes.

Obtaining Buy-In

Where some aspects of outsourcing are needed for the implementation of the DSS, it will be identified on the technical implementation needs against the current internal capacity. In case there are aspects of implementation that demand a buy-in arrangement, the necessary implementation outsourcing will be procured from the program supplier.

References

Dahm, M. & Wadensten, B. (2008) “Nurses’ Experiences of and Opinions about Using Standardized Care Plans in Electronic Health Records – A Questionnaire Study,” Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(16):2137-2145. <Doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02377.x>

Malhotra, N. K. (1989) “Decision Support Systems for Healthcare Marketing Managers,” Journal of Healthcare Marketing, 9(2):20-28

McKesson, (2007) Making Care Planning Relevant. Retrieved from: HYPERLINK “http://www.mckesson.com/static_files/McKesson.com/MPT/Documents/Making%20Care%20Planning%20Relevant_HorizonExpertPlan_WHT259.pdf” http://www.mckesson.com/static_files/McKesson.com/MPT/Documents/Making%20Care%20Planning%20Relevant_HorizonExpertPlan_WHT259.pdf.

Decision on Expanding Medical Surgical General Unit

Question One: Decision on Expanding Medical Surgical General Unit

Situation Definition

In general medical care service provision, patients who need specialized and sensitive treatment and operation are held in a separate wing for extra care before being discharged completely. This implies that the patients for instance from the Intensive care Unit (ICU), need to extra care at the healthcare facility in a specialized wing referred to as Medical Surgical General Unit. It is important that the short duration of time is facilitated for monitoring and specialized care. The current situation is that there are more patients in need of neuro-intensive medical care than before. On the other hand, there are more medical conditions arising from failure of the intensive care treatment sooner after patients’ discharge. Failure has directly been linked to, little or lack of extra care after intensive medical services. It is a concern that urgent measures be taken to avoid intensive treatment failure.

Available Options

There are a few intervention options that can be used to correct the challenge. Due to the significance of healthcare services to the society and the nature of complications observed in neurological operations, it is important that extra caution is taken while handling the challenge. Due to the magnitude of healthcare in the society, various alternatives must be explored despite the implementation difficulties. Firstly, patients can be discharged as the current program does with an improvement in patent follow-ups instead of expanding the Medical Surgical General Unit. Alternatively, patients can be discharged with special transportation to and from their homes for specialized care. Discharge can also be followed by referral to a nearby facility that can handle Medical Surgical General Unit services better than at our current capacity. Lastly, expansion of our Medical Surgical General Unit can also be explored for possibilities.

Choice and Action

The best choice for the inadequacy in light of the circumstances is expansion of the specialized facility. This implies the current capacity in the facility needs to be enhanced to handle the increased cases. Action in form of constructing extra facility segment and space maximization will necessitate construction and procurement of extra facility equipment. This will be better than other alternatives due to the efficiency improvement in terms of cost and benefit analysis. Healthcare will also be well handled at the facility before discharge, which increases chances of recovery. However, this is on the assumption that long term costs and benefits are factored in, instead of short term analysis.

Evaluation

The expansion project must deliver the projected targets in line with healthcare objectives. This will be ensured by a comparison of current inadequate capacity with new operations under expansion. Continued failure will necessitate exploration of other options.

Question Two: Roadblocks and Overcome

There are different challenges that will act as challenges and roadblocks towards the implementation. In light of the current inadequacy at the facility, it illustrates how vulnerable the project will be to further challenges which must be confronted once and for all. The improvement plan which has adopted the expansion project will begin by highlighting the specific challenges and coming up with tenable solutions. Among the challenges, the following are perhaps the most potent and that are likely to act like roadblocks to the implementation will include the following.

Finances

Constructing a modern medical facility to take care of the medical needs of patients from intensive medication will need funding that can withstand all financial constraints in an economy faced by the current constraints. It follows that funding from the internal sources must be sought first to ascertain how far the facility is capable of facilitating the entire project. External sources will also need to be sought for purposes of ensuring internal constraints do not completely disable the project. Specialized construction attention will be ensured for neurological medical attention that the project seeks to enhance, bearing in mind that it is one of the most expensive elements of medical care.

Equipment

Besides the construction elements of the project, other costs such as equipping the facility will also be considered, posing as a challenge due to the specialized nature of neurological healthcare needs. Modern equipment might not only be difficult to find but will also be difficult to procure due to financial consideration involved. Outsourcing for best quality will be sought within fund limits.

Staffing

Staffing challenges for modern neurology facilities will find a challenge in necessary manpower and the costs of sustaining the staff needs. Current capacity will be enhanced by making additions and training within reasonable limits.

Maintenance

The initial phase of maintenance of the equipment might be easy to be factored in the installation program, but future operation issues will be uncertain until extra planning is ensured.

Technology

There will be a special necessity of specialized equipment and technology for the specialized care to capture the missing link between treatment and full recovery. Extra technology costs will be factored in the budget to cater for the gap in terms searching for the best

Decision Making

Decision Making

As a judge with a reputable name in the US to warrant consideration as a future candidate into the Supreme Court, decision-making procedures are clearly defined by the constitution as well as by court precedents on similar decisions. In line with the premise that constitution is the supreme law and any other law is rendered invalid to the extent of its inconsistence with the constitution, the work of a judge is cut out. For judicial rulings sought by the public where they are not clearly spelt out in the constitution, a judge is free to make rulings setting precedents that may not bind the courts. In view of the flexibility of a judge to rely on judicial precedents, it follows that the freedom to make reliance on past rulings is reserved to the judge. Based on the above facts, it is correct to state that all the rulings delivered as highlighted below pass the test of legal definitions.

In the case of farmers from a different state being barred from selling their wares in Oklahoma, it is against the constitution to exclude someone on a state-related reason. The inconsistence with the constitution renders the law enforced in Oklahoma null and void. In the second case, Oklahoma and Texas are inconsistent with the constitution since enforcement of the order that they are requesting does not serve the best interests of the public as protected by the constitution and the Statute assented to by the president. In the case of Julie Abrams, seeking to compel the Utah state to allow her to operate by circumventing around the laid out state laws is inconsistent with state laws. The election date case in Colorado is consistent with the constitution as it complies with the provisions of the constitution. In the case of Texas having a commemorative coin against the provision of the constitution regarding legal tender, it is inconsistent with the law therefore void to the extent of that inconsistence.

In view of the basic compliance with the constitutional provisions, all the rulings were correct. There were no major contestations on the application of contentious judicial interpretation such as in judicial precedents. Where the constitution is expressly clear on the position of a legal impasse, there are no discussions within the circumstances of the presenting legal challenge other than to implement the constitutional provisions. Apparently, I achieved the goal of a judicial officer under the oath to protect the constitution of the US. To this end, public opinion and ratings leading to proposals as a federal judge does not have an impact on the independence of my judgment. This would affect my duty to discharge my judgment as impartially as possible and without bias originating from conflict of interest.

I have learnt that the decision making process in certain independent positions may face obstacles such as conflict of interest. However, following the laid out procedures is always important in upholding professional values and protecting and national interests. In certain instances, independent judgment may call for extra strength of mind and character by rising above conflicting positions. Understanding the rules and guidelines for a specific job is important in the delivery of expected input, which calls for deliberation on all the available options and choosing for the most appropriate one. As an illustration, it would be embarrassing for a judge of a junior court to continuously make decisions that are contested in an appellate court and having all decisions reversed. This can be avoided by making accurate estimation that can be adopted by appellate court judges.

Decision Making Models

Decision Making Models

All people need to make decisions from time to time. Given the limited time in formulating policies and addressing problems, people have to enjoy a particular degree of discretion and good judgment in planning, revising and implementing their own course of action. That is, they must engage in decision-making (Giannakos, 2004; Verma, 2009). Over the years, scholars have come up with different decision-making models to account for the course of action taken.

The various decision making models which have been put forwards include, the rational models, the intuitive models, the rational-iterative models and the 5, 6, 7 as well as the 9 step decision models among others.

Rational decision-making model

This model allows decision-makers to make the best decisions and judgments and subsequently realize maximum efficiency and competency out of inadequate time and resources as well as knowledge in generating decisions. This model presumes that there exists only one most ideal and best outcome, thus at times it is referred to as the optimizing decision-making model. The model presumes that it is practicable to take into account every option available to a problem and also be knowledgeable of the future consequences of each.

Presented with the critical need to select the best alternative solution to a significant challenge, decision makers are confronted with the need to make the best possible decision. If that decision can maximize an individual’s rewards and meet his goals and objectives, there is an incentive to seek out information that will enlighten the decision and thereafter execute it. (Swoboda & Georgalu, 2008, p. 77)

It comprises of a structured four step sequence, these steps being; the identification of the problem, the generation of alternative solutions, the selection of a solution and finally the implementation and evaluation of the solution

One of the disadvantages that are associated with this model is that they require a great deal of time and a vast deal of information (Verma, 2009, p. 225). Other impediments are; the impossibility of distinguishing facts from values and of analytically separating ends from means, the improbability of obtaining consensus among decision makers on predetermined goals, pressure of time to make a decision when it is needed and the ability of decision makers to handle only a partial amount of information at any particular time. Other disadvantages associated with the rational approach include, the difficulty of giving one’s undivided attention to a single problem or decision, the cost of information acquisition, failure to secure all possible data because of time constraints, excessive costs or oversight and the inability to predict all the consequences of a given option among others (Milakovich & Gordon, 2008, pp. 209-211)

7step decision making model

This model was conceived and meant for those individuals who sought after a decision-making model which would assist them in making a decision about which career path to take or in deciding what action to take in regards to a job offer. Therefore, several steps are designed to achieve this.

The 7steps involved are; identification of the decision to be made, knowing your strengths, weaknesses, skills, values and interests, identifying your options, gathering information, facts and data about each alternative, evaluating the options that are likely to solve the problem, selecting the best option and the seventh step being to develop a plan of action and implementing it.

This model has the disadvantage of being extremely cumbersome, and information overload may actually inhibit the decision-making, that is, it is tedious especially when trying to figure out which information is relevant and which is not. Moreover, this model is not practical as it does not demonstrate how human beings naturally make decisions.

Other lesser known models include,

The Simon’s Normative Model. This model is founded on the assertion that the decision-making process is not rational. Herein, decision making is characterized by, limited information processing, excessive use of rules of thumb and, or shortcuts and satisficing

The 9 step decision-making model was proposed by David Welsh in his book ‘Decisions, Decisions’. This model allows the individual to consistently aim to maximize his pleasure and will be beneficial in the long run than in making decisions in any other way.

The intuitive decision-making models, herein decisions are considered to be lucky guesses, unlikely coincidences or a sort of hocus-pocus.

Reference

Milakovich, M. E., & Gordon, G. J. (2008). Public Administration in America (10, illustrated

ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning.

Swoboda, D., & Georgalu, S. (2008). Managing Nonprofit Financial and Fiscal Operations.

Management Concepts.

VERMA, D. (2009). Decision Making Style: Social and Creative Dimensions. Global

India Publications.

Decision making is fundamental

Midterm

Name

Institution affiliation

Date

Introduction

Decision making is fundamental in order to have successful public administration. However, there could be an uphill task to choose the most suitable model for policy choices. Decision making is important and one must be ready to face consequences of decision made

Root decision making has following advantage and disadvantages. Advantage is that there is increased accuracy and efficiency of decision making because of comphrensive analysis of decision and considers also appropriateness of decision. Disadvantages include ignorance of inability to take action as result of comphrensive analysis. It does not also favor community participation hence has centralized bias. Root decision making is not also adapted to sufficiency of information and costliness analysis.

Branch decision making has the following advantages and disadvantages. Advantages include it encourages democratic politics and also avoids colossal mistake which happen due to inappropriate decision making. Interest of both parties involved is catered for due to comprehensive analysis. It is elastic and can accommodate changes before implementation. Disadvantages include lack of innovativeness in finding suitable decision to problems. It may also underestimate policies which have not been proposed by successive chain policies.

There are major differences between root and branch decision making. Firstly, in root decision making, there is clarification of objectives prior to marginal evaluation and empirical analysis. The end refers to goals and objectives to be pursued and not a particular outcome.it is rational and aims at maximizing value of decision makers while branch decision making there is close intertwining of marginal evaluation and empirical analysis rather than being distinct as it is in root decision making (Henry, 45).Secondly, in root decision making, there is thorough analyzing comprehensively policies with relevant factor taken into account. While branch decision making depicts limited analysis(Stillman, 78).Branch decision making tends to ignore alternative possible and significant potential outcomes.Thirdly,Root decision making uses mean end analysis that entails isolation which is opposite to branch decision making where there is no isolation.

Hurricane Katarina disaster case was one of the most tragic encounter in USA history. Failure of government in managing disasters and poor response from Katarina led to this tragic occurrence. This was as result of poor decision making.

There were basic coordination problem. This caused disagreements on what is to be done at specific time and who is to do it. This led to delay in disaster management, recovery bodies and attending to those affected. For example FEMA tried to push for government to take control but the officials and locals were overwhelmed and disagreed accusing FEMA of slowness to act accordingly.(House report,2006:75).Although management literature suggest that large disaster are difficult to manage, the government should have been able to take full control of situation.

Unresponsiveness to early warnings. The disaster that happened cannot be classified as a surprise as scientists had already warned about that yet no action was taken. The consequences of major Hurricane had been long anticipated especially in New Orleans and there were fears of collapse of coastal city because it was built below sea level. But concerns about such danger were not met with required way of curbing them. It took 5 years for FEMA to file report of Hurricane hitting New Orleans which is extremely long time. Scientists warned people adequately consequentially convincing Governors of Mississippi and Louisiana to issue states of emergency three days before disaster. However some decided to stay because of previous false alarm and others due to lack of transport. Lack of urgency from federal government eventually led to disaster happening.

Failure of Government to understand system nature of risk led to delay. There unprecedented demand for services e.g medical attention, search for survivors, evacuation and setting temporary shelter proved impossible to cover fully. Reduction of response and communication due to scope of disaster made transportation of food difficult due to flooded roads. Many rescue and police vehicles were flooded and rendered unusable. Wireless phones were also affected and emergency calls were difficult

Problem of dealing with dispersed responsibilities. There was lack of clearly authority to guide through disaster in major organs of state. Federal responders waited for so long for certain Aid from the government. Lack of clear directing authority led to freelance hence coordination problem.

Organizational capacity. The size of disaster was so huge for ant network to control. However failure in deployment of personnel, not taking sufficient measures to deploy communication gadgets, not prestaging enough commodities and failure to unite and form joint office led to management of disaster so hard.FEMA for example had been run by political appointee with limited experience in natural disaster management.Furthmore under President bush administration FEMA had lost key functions political influence and resources. All this factors contributed to failure of Katrina

Conclusion

Natural Disasters can cause a lot of harm and we cannot be able to control them fully, however we can take anticipatory measures in order to curb with this menace. Many Lessons emerge from Katrina we must covert the failures into successes of the future. Taking responsibility, assigning roles, faster responsiveness of emergence lines are example ways to stir forward.REFERENCES

Stillman, R. J. (2005). Public administration: Concepts and cases. Boston [u.a.: Houghton Mifflin.

Henry, Nicholas. Public Administration and Public Affairs. New York: Pearson Education Canada, 2009.

Milakovich, Michael and George Gordon. Public Administration in America. New York: Cengage Learning, 2012.

Stillman, Richard. Public Administration: Concepts and Cases. New York: Cengage Learning, 2009.