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Standards for lifting

Standards for lifting

Student’s Name

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Explain the complexities and difficulties in enforcing standards for lifting. Use specific examples to support your answer. 

Weight lifting standards refer to the set criterion regarding design, test, inspection and operation of lifting devices and equipment. It also gives guidelines on lifting procedures and certification of personnel allowed to operate lifting devices and equipment. Lifting refers to moving of a load either up or down. Lifting devices comprises of chainblocks, hoists, mobile cranes, overhead cranes, hydra-sets and slings.

In most countries, enforcement of lifting standards is done by the government through designated agencies (C. Wilkinson,2001).The government also enacts occupational health and safety legislations that also contain the standards of lifting. This by itself is the first major challenge when it comes to enforcing the standards for lifting due to the fact that most of these legislations are obsolete and weak. They do not give the agencies and safety inspectors enough power to enforce the standards for lifting. Furthermore, the said legislations do not address current lifting risks hence cannot be enforced on the current work environment. For example most lifting standards being used were set with only factories and workshops in mind and hence making the enforcement in other worksites difficult.

Insufficient resources and manpower also makes enforcement of lifting standards difficult. The number of inspectors required in order to carry out regular safety inspection on lifting operations is lacking in most countries. This therefore forces the inspectors, who are at times ill equipped, to only visit worksite with known major lifting risks. Enforcement of these standards is further hindered by the fact that most of the standards are unclear from the workers point of view and cannot be used to uphold the law (P. Chaturvedi, 2005).This results from the fact that the workers and the workers unions are usually not involved in drafting the standards making their enforcement an uphill task. Non-cooperation from the side of the employer is another challenge. It is usually the duty of the employer to train their employees on weight lifting standards and procedures, however most employers do not carry out the training.

References

C. Wilkinson. (2001)Fundamentals of Health at Work: Social Dimensions .Canada, Deerpark

Publishing Services. Print

P. Chaturvedi (2005).Managing Safety Challenges Ahead. New Delhi, India. Concept Publishing

Company. Print

Speech Essay

Speech Essay

Insert NameUniversity of Maryland University College

For me taking Foundations of Oral Communication was more than a required. At first I thought I was already decent at public speaking but I was in for such a surprise. After the first practice upload I knew what I wanted out of this class, I wanted to overall improve my skills. In just a few weeks with the help of my professor and fellow students I did as such and noticed a clear difference.

For our first assignment we were to create an Introduction Speech. This was to be a 2-4 minute introduction of ourselves that I didn’t do so hot on. I received a 65% on the presentation not because of how I talked it but the content I presented. Looking at the critea that was required to be in the speech I went down the check blocks putting in the bare minimums required. The meat of the essay was lacking. This is my first experience and I used it to make sure my other projects didn’t suffer as well. I learned that its important to put supporting information and lesser facts into the presentation instead of just saying the main topic and moving on. I spoke about different adventures that I went on extremely vague instead of giving one or two examples in detail. I talked about different wonders that I’ve seen, but instead of talking about how I’ve seen lighting storms onto of Mount Fuji or seeing the aural borealis while climbing in the Adirondack Mountains I just moved on. So overall in my first assignment I learned that main ideas need to be supported by reliable and relevant information.

Moving to the second assignment dealing with interviewing another person. Overall I felt personally that it went fantastic. Everything went smoothly and without much stutter or pause in conversation. I learned from my previous assignment to make sure that I went into detail with questions and responses. Making sure that there was substance to the questions was my number one concern at this point. This time I received a 38/50 (95%). I was very happy at this point, but even more so to see how I could further improve. When reading over the notes I found that I made a simple mistake right at the start… not engaging a handshake. After reading this it dawned on me how easy of a mistake it truly was. Shaking hands to me is not very important personally, but this is not personal choices but business choices. Truly more than just a gesture, the handshake is important to establish a connection with the person. Also this creates an opening to further set a comfortable climate and make the interviewee more engaged. The only other obvious mistake that I made was not having follow on questions for every response I received from my interviewee. When asking about his greatest challenge about being in the service he talked about missing his family. A clear obvious question that should be asked is how do you keep in touch? I will remember to listen more carefully to such delicate responses and make sure to ask follow up questions. On the flip side of negative is positive, and the feedback was mostly of that. I created a listing of questions that was clearly identified what was going on and covered many aspects of the interviewee life. Attempted with success to avoid filler words such as um and uh, being honest this is the biggest achievement I reached in this class, previously I would use these words but with some practice I stopped. Opening and closing questions were worded properly and with good balance. I received note of having good body posture, this is another skill that is invaluably learned in this class. Body posture keeps your energy high which makes the interviewee more active with better responses. At this point I’ve obtained a few new skills in talking with others and learned of more ways to fine tone other aspects.

My informative speech is next up, this was defiantly different than anything else I’ve done… for now I had an audience staring at me. When writing my script to read I thought it would be just like the interview but with two more people… Not the case at all. Right at the start I didn’t feel nervous, but instead I felt nothing at all. I forgot everything I wrote and couldn’t make it without flash cards. I know with practice I can overcome this small anxiety, but was fun to find out it’s there! Now reading with flash cards I was able to finish. What I learned from this project was no matter how comfortable you are around people when performing a new task you never know what to expect. At this point in the class we’re moving to starting the PowerPoint assignment in regards to a charity of your choice. Right off the start I knew that I would want to present the ALS foundation. I went to various websites collecting information, plugged it all in and thought I had created a decent PowerPoint. Where I went wrong here was obvious because it was in the reading. I had put too many words into various slides, some had little too much empty space, and I did not cite my references correctly. Reviewing and correcting the slides because I would use them in my presentation of my next assignment I saw exactly where I went wrong and saw how the correct format would help present more efficiently.

The last presented assignment was the persuasive speech which I felt I ran into the most roadblocks I could have. The first and foremost biggest disadvantage is the medicine I’m on for a pulled shoulder muscle. Presenting a speech or lecture while on any kind of drug is very difficult I believe even for the experienced, let the show must go on. So I slurred some words by mistake and looked at my screen maybe little bit more than usual, however there was more to come. My little angel, Mia she’s two years old, ran into the room screaming… I had to excuse myself for a moment to take her into other room and come back. I know that this kind of thing can happen to anyone but when I returned I had little mind freezes because I was still thinking of my child instead of my speech. When I snapped back to reality I still had the anxiety from leaving camera which didn’t help me finish off my speech. I know that I could do better, but I did my best and the experience alone is what’s most valuable. For our final assignment we had to write an essay with different choices. I wrote about my experiences with the class and how each project had left different impressions on me each time. I believed I would improve vastly on each skill never making the same mistake twice. This is far from the truth and what I realize that no one will be a professional speaker without much due practice. Instead I’ve identified what areas I’ve improved in and what areas are lagging behind. I will continue my practices in public speaking because it’s definitely one skill set that is required in today’s society.

All in all I’m very satisfied with the knowledge I’ve learned while taking the Foundations of Oral Communication class. Each time I read my professors reviews on my assignment I took her constructive critic with no salt and used it to become better. In just a few weeks I’ve become more confident with speaking in groups because of the skill sets this class has taught me. My goal for this class was to improve my skills and that goal has been met. I will be pursing in the future the means to further improve myself in this field.

D

D

SPECIFIC

SPECIFIC MEASURABLE ATTAINABLE REALISTIC TIMELY

I would like to lose weight by the end of August, to become healthy I aim to lose 10kgs I will create enough time for exercise to be able to achieve the goal Loosing weight will enable me to gain health benefits such as reduced risk of contracting chronic diseases eg. Hypertension and diabetes I will constantly monitor my weight and by the end of August I should be at 60kgs.

The whole family wants to increase vegetable intake from the month of July onwards, to improve their health statuses We will ensure that vegetables are included in at least one meal each day We will buy and store fresh vegetables in the kitchen, to avoid missing them in the meals. We will also save enough to buy more vegatbles. Increased vegetable intake will improve the health statuses of the family members by boosting their immunities; thus, reduced risk of contracting cohronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and cancer By the end July we shall analyse our dieting trend to determine whether we ate vegetables everyday

I want to spend more time with my kids from this month onwards, to help nurture their behaviours, academic performance, and self-confidence I plan to spend more time with them in the evening when am free from work I will create more time to spend with my kids by quitting one job, to relieve myself from excessive pressure. Spending more time with my kids will enable me to concentrate on guiding their conduct and behavior, as well as assist to boost their academic progress by helping them in their homework By the end of the month of June, I will evaluate the amount of time that I would have spent with my kids to determine whether it was sufficient and effective.

I plan to be walking in the evening while going back home from work, from the beginning of July to increase my level of activeness I will be walking everyday in the evening while getting home from work I will be able to walk back home; the distance from my workplace to my home is about 2KM, I will avoid wasting time after work to prevent myself from getting home late Walking will help increase my level of activeness; thus, help in burning down my calories which will in turn promote losing of weight By the end of June, I will count the number of days which I walked back home, to evaluate whether I would’ve achieved the goal

I want to save money to find my own place to rent by the end of 2022. This will help to cut the expenditure spent on rent, and help in saving the money for other purposes. I will be saving 5% percent of my total salary every month. I will find a better-paying job to be able to raise the funds. Finding my own place to rent will help me save more money for other purposes By the end of 2022 I should’ve managed to save enough money that would be sufficient to buy a house

I want to save money for my child’s baptism in 2 months to dedicate them to Christianity I want to save $150 by the end of July. I will save $75 this month and $75 in the next month. I will avoid spending excess money on unnecessary things to be able to save enough money for the baptism event Baptism is important for my children as it will help to dedicate their lives to Christianity By the end of July, I should’ve saved $150 for the plan

I want to get a better job by the start of 2023, to earn enough money that will help me fulfill my personal goals. I will search for better jobs in which I can specialize. I plan to improve my professional skills to be able to become an outstanding candidate for better job opportunities. Getting a better job will increase my chances of getting a better salary which will help improve my family’s lifestyle. By the end of 2022, I should’ve gathered enough professional skills which will make me an outstanding candidate for employment.

We plan to save for a car $6000; and buy it by the end of 2022 to be able to get to work early We already have $3000, and still have to save $3000 more for the purpose. We will ensure that we save $150 each month to raise the cash by the end of this year We will avoid spending too much to be able to save enough money to get the car Buying a car will help us to get early to work as well as provide the family which transport means during family vacations. By the end of 2022, we should’ve saved $6000 for the car.

I plan to read more storybooks to my children before their bedtime from the beginning of July, to improve their creative writing and academic performance at school. I will be reading at least one storybook every evening I will buy a variety of storybooks and keep them at home for use. I will be able to read one book every evening for my children before they go to bed. By the end of this month, I will make sure that I have stored enough books in the house

I plan to take English classes and learn it as a second language to perfect my communication skills before the end of the year I will enroll in the English classes before the end of September, and schedule at least one class per week I will create time during September to attend my English classes Taking English classes will help improve my communication skills s well as heighten my opportunities for better employment By the end of the year, I should be and to have completed my English classes

I want to file for sole custody of my daughter by the end of this year, to ensure sufficient protection and care for her. I will start filling for the sole custody in July. I will save enough money for the court fee to be able to finance the process. Filing for sole custody will enable me to provide sufficient care and protection for my child By the end of September, I should’ve filed for sole custody.

Am planning to save for a family vacation which will happen in December this year for our recreational purposes I plan to save at least $150 every month from June to December to be able to raise enough money. I will reduce my spending to allow myself to save enough money. Going for a vacation will improve our bonds as family members, as well as help to refresh our minds By the begging of December, we should’ve been able to raise enough money for the vacation.

I plan to open a bank account by the end of July, to be able to save my funds. I plan to save money before the end of July, to open the account. I will save at least $300 by the end of July to be able to open the account Opening a bank account will help me save my money for future plans. Before the end of the July, I analyze my savings to assess whether I would’ve saved enough money

I want to get a driver’s license before the end of September, to be able to drive my car legally. I plan to enroll in the driving classes in August. I will attend my driving classes to learn how to drive properly Getting a driver’s license will enable me to drive freely and safely to work. By the end of August, I plan to have completed my classes.

Sociolinguistic aspects of the code switching between English-Urdu bilingual online communications.

Sociolinguistic aspects of the code switching between English-Urdu bilingual online communications.

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u 1) INTRODUCTION PAGEREF _Toc385367405 h 31.1PURPOSE OF THE STUDY PAGEREF _Toc385367406 h 51.2 AIM OF THE RESEARCH PAGEREF _Toc385367407 h 61.3 CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE PAGEREF _Toc385367408 h 61.4 RATIONALE FOR THE CHOSEN TOPIC PAGEREF _Toc385367409 h 71.5 RESEARCH PROBLEM PAGEREF _Toc385367410 h 81.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS PAGEREF _Toc385367411 h 82) Literature Review PAGEREF _Toc385367412 h 93) Research Methodology PAGEREF _Toc385367413 h 133.0 Introduction PAGEREF _Toc385367414 h 133.1. Participants PAGEREF _Toc385367415 h 143.2. Data collection PAGEREF _Toc385367416 h 153.3. Data analysis PAGEREF _Toc385367417 h 163.4 Research instrument PAGEREF _Toc385367418 h 163.4.1 Linguistic features PAGEREF _Toc385367419 h 173.4.2 Functions and Reasons PAGEREF _Toc385367420 h 174) FINDINGS & ANALYSIS PAGEREF _Toc385367421 h 185) CONCLUSION PAGEREF _Toc385367529 h 305.0 INTRODUCTION PAGEREF _Toc385367530 h 305.1 Linking with Objectives PAGEREF _Toc385367531 h 305.2 Recommendations PAGEREF _Toc385367532 h 325.3 LIMITATIONS PAGEREF _Toc385367533 h 325.4 SCOPE OF FUTURE RESEARCH PAGEREF _Toc385367534 h 33References PAGEREF _Toc385367535 h 34

1) INTRODUCTIONThis topic is about Bilinguals and Bilingualism that has gain popularity over social sites over internet like TWITTER and FACEBOOK. Facebook is the most loved and popular social networking site today and with persons having knowledge of multiple languages, this study is about how they use their bilingual knowledge while any kind of informal chatting over online. There are several definitions as for the term Bilingualism. Some describes it as if someone simply using more than 1 language at a time is called a bilingual and is called bilingualism, where other as for some other researchers they say bilingualism is more about individuality; and individual bilingualism and this particular mainly focuses on individual command and accuracy over that particular and specific language and fluency in each written, oral, speaking and listening skills. Code switching is another important aspect of this topic as code switching is a frequent adaptation by bilinguals while having a chat on FACEBOOK (Arias and Casanova,(1993). Multilingual communication is now practiced all over the world because of its advantages as this actually is very helpful in every way possible this makes conversations much easier for persons as they don’t need to feel hesitated as they are free to talk either way they want. Educational requirement made it more popular due to this has an effective impact as on concerning parties. Talk about mass communication this has its special advantages in this criteria. As the topic we are talking about here is Bilingualism and this is in any way is a form of communication. Mass communication explains or gives us the way to communicate with the mass that is the people around and to talk properly and clearly we need to have a proper communication skill which includes a good sound knowledge of the related language and a strong hold and command over writing, speech, and listening skill over that language. Migration is another aspect that adds another dimension to this topic here that is migrating people needs to learn the language of that particular place or country they have migrated to, and they need to learn it properly as migration means that the migrated person has completely left and come to the current place from some other place permanently (Bautista,1980). And as of the importance of the being a bilingual at the place they have migrated to gives them fluency over language and so as fluency over everything they want to spread their hands to, being a bilingual in that new place can help someone drastically as they can adjust as the situation demands and at the right place. Trigger words such as lexical transfers, proper nouns and bilingual homophones, play a very important role in code switching between two languages. A trigger word is a word that initiates a process or course of action, if explained this means while in a conversation this kind of word initiates a course of action or this can start another set of course of action as in they will help initiating a new conversation. Code Switching is another aspect of Bilingual practice that effect the conversation in a big way, code switching means using more than one language at a period of time. This might appear while persons having knowledge of more than one languages converse with each other. They can either use code switching in one sentence or this might occur in more than one sentence. Sociolinguistic perspective of code switching is about the social factors such as the context, setting, role of the speaker etc. To go a little more vast way, bilingualism is while persons having knowledge of more than one language converse with each other is called bilingualism. However bilingualism is a more complex linguistic behavior dealing with three dimensions of psychological, social or cultural aspect (Centeno, Anderson, and Obler, 2007). Computer medicated communication is an expanded form as of the brief form is Computer medicated discourse; is majorly and solely concentrated upon the widely connected computer and their conversations. If explained, CMD (Computer Medicated Discourse) refers to communication carried out by sending and receiving messages via widely networked computers. The main focus of this process is concerned with the languages used throughout the conversation of the term CMC is normally and nature wise a texted based and people who desire to communicate can do it by transmitting messages through chatting, emailing. In present scenario a real time chat is more reliable and preferred using different social networking sites available over internet. As of code switching there are two types of code switching available, one deals with code switching over sentences, it is said to be the more simpler and easy form of code switching and do not demand any high level of proficiency in language. Another type of code switching is Intrasentential code switching, it is code switching within the same sentence, it means codes can be switched with the same sentence as we speak of, this form of code switching is said to be the more tough and needs more elaborating style and complexity and thus requires more proficiency and more strong hold over language (David, 2009). Studies say the first form of code switching is more in practice and the second type is less as the second type needs more strong hold and proficiency over language and the first one doesn’t demand any such proficiency and strong hold over language. Although there are a few restrictions as of while switching codes, studies say this restrictions results in a better and clearer communication. Those restrictions are free morpheme constraint, this restriction restricts from using codes in between any words or at the end of any sentence. The second restriction is Equivalence constraint; this restricts and tells to watch for the grammatical errors as “code switching should not violate the grammatical structure of both languages. There are several prominent aspects as of code switching in bilingual blogs are discussed as “socio pragmatic functions of oral code switching are also present in code switching in written discourse. Secondly, Code switching in bilingual blogs is used as an effective communicative tool of writing. Thirdly, code switching is used to reflect upon one’s culture as much as one’s linguistic background. Another aspect is Code switching and Cmd. Studies say linguistic properties, modes/variables and the social meanings attached to CMD (Computer medicated discourse) (Dorman, 1991). To be a little more descriptive Code switching and CMD could go hand in hand, studies show as social meanings, linguistic properties could as well be attached to CMD (computer medicated discourse), CMD can be in the form of synchronous real time chat, where both parties the receiver and the sender needs to be online as to do the real time chat messaging. . This study focused on online tandem learning, key features of text-based online social interactions and how students switched codes during the process of learning. The findings of this research also revealed that most of the switches were triggered due to lexical needs while working on the assigned projects due to some other reasons that might as well be online real time conferences.

1.1PURPOSE OF THE STUDYThis over all study is all about Urdu speakers communicate over internet and social networking sites like FACEBOOK and TWITTER. Data were examined for the following features as how much does this code switching occurs while people spent their time over online, what kind of linguistic features are there and what does this code switching serve for URDU bilingual speakers does their communication. The purpose for conducting this research is to study the code switching between Urdu and English bilinguals through online communication(Francis, Bork and Carstens,1979). Code switching is something that occurs very often while they communicate over very popular social networking sites as FACEBOOK nowadays. The general idea as for practicing this Code switching mostly is because it makes things way easy for people as CODE SWITCHING (switching to different languages as per your requirement or convenience) is you do when you want things to go in your way, people often does this for keeping things private. So the main purpose for this study is to find out if things are convenient for one.

1.2 AIM OF THE RESEARCHThe purpose of the study or the Aim of the research is almost the same in either way but things are a little different as for the AIM OF THE RESEARCH aims at remedies or way out for the same as well. Talk about remedies or the way out, there are not much; as code switching during conversation over internet are to make things or the conversations go easy, so as for remedies there is no need for the this. So the aim or this study is to look for code switching between URDU and ENHGLISH bilinguals through online communications. The question that might arise during the process of researching about code switching could be all about the prominent linguistic features of code switching in an online communication process between Urdu and English bilingual speakers. And this might as well be there if what could be the common reasons and functions for Urdu-English bilingual’s speakers to code switch when communicating via online networking sites. This is quite obvious that two people having common language knowledge would definitely use their common language in between while communicating, for example: Faiz and Fatima they both know Urdu and starts off their conversation over Facebook with Urdu language as that is their mother tongue, but while in process they might switch to English or some other language they might know.

1.3 CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGEBilingualism contributes to society in many prospects. Bilingual education has been practiced in many forms, in many countries, for thousands of years. Defined broadly, it can mean any use of two languages in school – by teachers or students or both – for a variety of social and pedagogical purposes. In today’s period of demographic transformation bilingual education means something more specific. It refers to approaches in the classroom that use the native languages of English language learner (Goldstein, 2004). If questioned that “How does this Bilingual education work” the answer to this would be; in different ways because during the process numerous program models are used. These are often classified as transitional development, or two way bilingual educations depending on the programs methods and goals. As discussed before code switching occurs during the process when a speaker changes his/her language and alternates between two or more languages or language varieties, in the context of single conversation and Multilingualism is speakers of more than one language sometimes use elements of multiple languages when conversing with each other. So by now we all know how this actually contribute to knowledge, to go on a little brief note, participants in communication over social networking sites does need to know more than one language for code switching as this code switching needs to be done by them only, meaning code switching needs more than one language in process.

1.4 RATIONALE FOR THE CHOSEN TOPICThe general idea of Rationale could be said as a set of reasons or a logical basis for a course of action or belief. To go on a brief note about being rationale for the chosen topic could consist of the reasons supporting the Code switching during the process of communicating with each other. Communication needs words that you might throw to express your views or thinking that needs and communication needs both parties to be literate and well equipped with the same language, to have a proper and healthy communication. Talk about being on logical base and set of reasons, most of us think the same I suppose, as to be in touch with our own people and the communication might even include some business proposals or it could be anything. If observed a common argument against bilingual education has always been in scene that is if anyone have succeeded without it; this has happened. It has been observed as well that code switching in classroom and any other kind of communication process is quite a common occurrence. The practice of code switching is often considered as a low prestige form, poor language skills or not so good command over the language and a result of incomplete mastery of those two languages. In spite of the negative perceptions of code switching it observed as a purpose oriented activity. There is a lack of Pakistani English language teachers as to how, when and to what extent they actually can code switch.

1.5 RESEARCH PROBLEM

The Problem that might only be one as far as this study can go that is how to collect data and research properties. The only solution to this problem could be “SURVEY METHOD”. Surveys are of two kind; Sampling survey and Census Survey. Sampling survey is one its kind. This methodology says to collect data in a sampling method that is choosing some samples from any selected universe; here universe refers to any selected group of participants. To go a little broad way the whole sampling method says “ First choose a group of participants then choose the topic to be surveyed about and then choose some participants as for the purpose of collecting data”. This sampling method has its advantages and disadvantages as well. To go with advantages sampling method is easier and less time consuming process, we talk about time here as because time is important in every process. The disadvantages with this process is the data collected could be less accurate, as there’s information but that is not a complete one, as the result will include only a percentage of the whole universe not the all of it. The other method is Census survey method, this methodology says to collect data from each and every aspect of the universe. The advantage of this method could easily be the accuracy, as here the information is collected from each and every participant, so the disadvantages of this method will be: this will definitely be lengthy and secondly this will be time taking and money consuming also. But since this is the most accurate process, thus will only be the choice for collecting data. And so will be the problem for the research as well.

1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONSQuestions related to code switching in bilingual communication will and always should be related to the same. Since this report is all about code switching and the reasons behind it, the questions should be quoted with the same context. We have been talking about communication over social sites like FACEBOOK and TWITTER and many others, so we can make the best of it, as social sites are nowadays affecting majorly the common people’s life, they love spending hour after hour over these social networking sites. What we can do to make the best out of it is we can make some questions asking about the same, samples for this question could be:

Name:

Age:

Sex:

For how long have you been using FACEBOOK? :

How long do you spent over FACEBOOK a day? :

What language do you use while chatting? :

How many languages do you speak? :

While answering these questions, we can only assume that people would answer them correctly, and then only would get to know the real data of the whole survey we’ve been conducting so far.

2) Literature ReviewHere we are discussing about the code switching and the bilingual method of communication. We are developing a thesis and the main objective of this thesis is to expand the views from the perspective of code switching and bilingual languages. So to carry on the process of the thesis, we need to have the proper idea and the clear view about what we are trying to evaluate. So it is needed to expand the whole idea about the subject chosen and by that to have the proper sense about the topic. In today’s world the technology is much advanced and over the top than before and everything seems to be in the doorstep of people. People find themselves so much superior by using the world of technologies. Needless to say that science has its big time contribution on this one as it always had its impact from the ancient ages as human develops themselves to be the most superior and intelligent species of them all. Human invented their inventions one after another to find the satisfaction and comfort in their work, according to their needs. This need and hunger of invention of human makes the science to the better development and the achievement today. It has achieved its unique level as the days passed by. But the topic of out thesis project is not the development of the modern science but some of the elements of modern science. Today’s modern science has its effect on the mankind as the biggest example of that are the social networking sites. It was introduced few years back as one more blessings of the technological science. Social networking is term i.e. as web based internet site that connect the people from North Pole to South Pole by just sitting on their home and just using the internet. So this strong invention earns the praises from all over the world and the effects were spread like a wildfire to the entire universe. People started getting themselves involved into this single thing and day by day the spending of time increased as people find it interesting to communicate with the unknown persons. The popularity of social network increased day by day since then and it had never looked back from that time. One of the most popular sites amongst the social network website is called Facebook. We all literally introduced with the name from earlier. The most popular social network website which has its millions of users all over the world (the most by any social network), was first invented by Mark Zuckerberg and his fellow members. So the main purpose of the social network site is the communication. The number of people communicate through a social network is its primary base. Human invented the method of communication to their favor, to build the relation with the fellow followers. From creating some sorts of sounds to use it as their medium of communication to the invention of different types of languages to help the communication to the better level, all are done by the human to make effective communications and to further the possibility of connecting with each other. So one of the most talked and revolutionary method is to introduce the social networking as the blessing. So this research is the effective effort to study about these things that are described in detail above. The effort is to study the bilingualism and code switching method to do the effective communication over the most popular social network websites. The bilingualism is the term that is the component of using two languages subsequently, probably seen in the social network sites when people communicate with each others. In our case we will take the example of using Hindi-Urdu bilinguals to do the effective communication. Now in case of bilingual for an example suppose two unknown person meet themselves over the facebook and started talking in Urdu as it became the primary language of their communication. But as the conversation goes on they came to know each other a bit further and they suddenly found out that both of them knew Hindi also. So they started to communicate with each other in Hindi also. So this typical thing is the instance of bilingualism (Kachman, 1991). It is a weird kind of thing as not much theory is presented by the researchers onto the topic of code switching. Also it is weird as the researchers can’t find or figure out the possible way or ways on how it comes into effect between two of individuals. Extensive researches are done in the following order to grab some possible way but nothing much is derived about the code switching. But I think there is still some great deal of study can be conducted over the matter to find out how the effective code switching have its impacts on facilitating the communication between two individuals over the social networking website. We selected facebook as the medium of study and the centering element to discuss about the review since; facebook is the most popular social network site of the world. Some of the main aspect of the study is to find out the procedure on how the process of code switching takes place and develops itself to do the effective communication between to individuals. This shape of structure of the effective code switching and the implication it will do in the near future are the purpose of study by generating some questions and trying to find the possible answer to that. So to do that session of question and answer we need to approach some of the participants i.e. some common people who are not much in quantity and are selected ones by us to help sort out the solutions that we are looking for. The participants are chosen by us according to some criteria they belong and the criteria should be in the age gap of 20 years to 35 years, they should know two languages like Urdu and English and they are settled for at least 5 years in an English speaking country. The questions that are to be asked are simple and all about some basic query about the facebook and the online chatting. The methods applied for the approach was the qualitative approach and that approach is dedicated along with the semi-structural interviews and some discussions if needed along with the group. So by applying the procedures and to emerge out into the result is one of the key perspectives of the thesis project and to ascertain the design of the research. This design will help to sort out and determine whether this code switching or the idea of bilingualism together is supporting to build the strong connection and the bond between the people or not. As the purpose of doing any thesis is to help the mankind with its good effects, that’s why we have choose some unique subject that is never been taken and researched before. This unique kind of thesis is all about some hard works, dedications and the proper skills to decide what type of data to be collected and the quality and the quantity of data need to represent the question of the research. So in the literature point of view of this project we need to discuss about the effective running of the project and decide whether it is going on the right path or not with the proper sense of literature to distribute. Also have to make sure that the whole theory of the project is understandable to all the readers.

So the two terms that come in discussing this literature review. In this aspect and till now the two terms come, known as the Code Switching and Bilingualism so far. We decide to put some sense on each of the matter to disclose the topic further and to support the literature review to help it proceed further. So the first thing comes first as we will discuss about the code switching now. So the code switching is that fundamental method which develops to be the main architect behind any communication where two bilingual individuals having their conversation and there is the presence of two different or multiple languages into their single line of conversation or utterance. Our research is all about expressing the views and finding the knowledge by doing the social and structural study behind the code switching behavior. The sociological structure includes the following things and entirely based on the conversation of the speakers, the role of an individual speaker, context and the settings. On the other hand, there is also the presence of structural aspect where the perfection of the utterance is reflected by rectifying the grammatical influence of the sentences. This study will represent the sociological aspect basically when it has to deal with the reflection of the speakers or the individuals who are speaking the bilingual of Urdu and Hindi via some online researches and online chatting. So the main aspect of code switching is depending on its structural aspect presenting the view. There are many researches are involved in the related term know as the code switching as we have learned earlier. So depending on the other studies we have developed our different point of view and we basically saw that this part of researches and the entire work on the code switching is divided into three parts like linguistic, sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic. As per the types suggest, sociolinguistic is all about the social influences that it brings with, where psycholinguistic always deals with the entire system where the bilinguals have their impacts on the linguistic method.

Now that we have the idea of the code switching, why not we have the clear view about the bilingualism? The bilingualism is a kind of art that is focusing on the skills and study of the individual of the group of individuals who are able to speak or write two different languages or can communicate with other persons in other than his own language without changing the meaning of the sentences. They are able to give the similar information without changing the meaning whether it is written or spoken. Another part that we have found through the research is that the bilingualism is a behavior that is full of linguistic complex and it has its multi dimensional aspect as well. This includes the social, cultural and psychological aspect of the whole thing. But again during the creation of the project we have study the variety of things and as we come across the multiple opinions of the other researchers we come to know that the there are multiple opinions that are given by them on bilingualism. One other thing that we also come to know that the simpler definition that they used is the sociological definition, and it is lot more simple than the other definitions like psychological definition. As per the sociological definition, the art of using two or multiple language alternatively is the bilingualism and the person who is able to do that with his skill alternatively is called the bilingual. The bilingual method is always attached with the code switching method and there we can see the multiple differences in the form of code switching. The two mostly observed code switching is the intra- sentential switching and the other is inter-sentential switching. These are the primary difference and the types of code switching, where the intra- sentential occurs into a sentence and the inter-sentential occurs between the sentences. This bilingual is totally situated or developed with the base of education. Due to the development of science and the increasing facility people are getting their chances to express themselves fully and also get their chances to educate highly. This expansion of education brings them the knowledge of knowing not only the bilingual but also the multilingualism. Also there are migrations and the technological advantages over mass communications. The extension of education result in the huge changes in the social environment throughout the world and this change is so much responsible for the literature aspect of the bilingualism. Some of the researchers done their researches on this background and to thoroughly execute their research they even learn and study about the bilingual also. Some of them according to our findings study about the English French speeches to their respective communities to learn about the method of conversation and the process of running the bilingualism to help their researches go further.

3) Research Methodology3.0 IntroductionThis particular research paper is the methodology paper that would discus in details the methods and approaches that were adopted for completing the research process. Besides illustrating the different measures and methods that were available for research this chapter would also illustrate the methods that the researcher chooses for this particular research work (Koenig, 1975). Each and every research is conducted in a number of stages and thus follows a specific procedure. And the success of any research depends on the procedure adopted by the researcher for this research .The chapter of research methodology would describe in details the methods that are available for research and the methods chosen by the researcher for this research along with the justification if choosing that method. Therefore, in this particular chapter we will get the information and the details of the Participants, Data collection, Data Analysis, and Research instrument.

3.1. ParticipantsThe four citizens of Pakistan, who aged between 22 to 27 years, are selected as participants. The selected participants of Pakistan can speak Urdu as well as English; therefore they are highly educated and have a permanent resident in the English countries since past three years. Some of the descriptions of the participants are discussed below:-

Linguistic background – the citizens of Pakistan selected as participants are native speakers of Urdu. Every selected participants is a non-native speaker of English, who residents in an English country from the past three years. The selected participants of Pakistan are confident and expert in speaking or writing English language because English plays a vital role in the society of Pakistan. Though English is an official language of Pakistan it also reflects on the symbol of status, fashion and modernism. From the nursery standard the children of Pakistan starts learning English language. In the various states of Pakistan it is much common for all the citizens of Pakistan to converse in English.

Gender – the various citizen of Pakistan who is selected as participants are female. The female participant is a result of using the ease sample of research participants which does not consist high amount of population.

Occupational and Educational Background- among the four selected participants, three participants had a degree of Masters Level and at present they are working in the firms and a bank whereas one participant is in a process of completing her master degree.

Age group- the selected participants of Pakistan are aged between 24 to 26 years. Out of four participants, two of the participants are 25 years old whereas, the rest two are 24 and 26 years old.

Participants Age Gender Location/ Origin Occupation Degrees

1 25 F Idaho/Pakistan Software Engineer Masters

2 24 F Ontario/Pakistan Banking Masters

3 26 F London/Pakistan MBA student Masters

4 25 F Idaho/Pakistan Human Resource Masters

Facebook users- Facebook is a social networking website. By this social networking site the friends as well as the members of the family can stay connected. Therefore, Facebook messenger, which is called as a way of instant messaging, is the element that is normally used for the resea

Sociologists perceive society in dissimilar ways

Social Institutions

Author’s name

Institutional Affiliation

AbstractSociologists perceive society in dissimilar ways. Some perceive the world fundamentally as an ongoing and stable entity. Sociologists are impressed with the fortitude of family, and other diverse social institutions. Some sociologists perceive society in relation to numerous factions in conflict, contending for inadequate resources. Other sociologists consider the most intriguing facets of the social world are the daily, regular interactions between individuals that are often taken for granted. Others lay focus on how disparities founded on gender are the outcomes of social, biology, cultural and historical factors. The most widely employed theories by sociologists include the conflict, functionalist, and interactionist, perspectives (Cohen, 2005).

Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Abstract PAGEREF _Toc315525339 h 2Introduction PAGEREF _Toc315525340 h 3Sociological Theories PAGEREF _Toc315525341 h 4The Family PAGEREF _Toc315525342 h 4Functionalism PAGEREF _Toc315525343 h 5How Functionalism Applies To the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525344 h 5How Functionalism Affects the Views of the Individual Who Is Part of the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525345 h 5How Functionalism Affects the Approach to Social Change in the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525346 h 5Within the Family How Does Functionalism Theory Affect the Views of Society? PAGEREF _Toc315525347 h 6Conflict PAGEREF _Toc315525348 h 6How the Conflict Theory Applies To the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525349 h 6How the Conflict Theory Affects the Views of the Individual Who Is Part of the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525350 h 6How the Conflict Theory Affects the Approach to Social Change in the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525351 h 7Within the Family How Does the Conflict Theory Affect the Views of Society? PAGEREF _Toc315525352 h 7Interactionism PAGEREF _Toc315525353 h 7How the Interactionism Theory Applies To the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525354 h 8How Interactionism Affects the Views of the Individual Who Is Part of the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525355 h 8How Interactionism Affects the Approach to Social Change in the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525356 h 8Within the Family How Does Interactionism Affect the Views of Society? PAGEREF _Toc315525357 h 8Similarities and Differences of the Three Theories PAGEREF _Toc315525358 h 9Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc315525359 h 10References PAGEREF _Toc315525360 h 10

Social Institutions

Family

IntroductionSocial theories provide unambiguous understanding of the bigger social picture in an individual’s life. The social theories help in understanding how individuals relate with each other in the society and the consequences of human behavior. The sociology of the family is characterized with a wide range of issues. All these issues affect an individual or the community at large. Some of these issues include abuse of drugs, domestic violence and divorce. Other issues include juvenile delinquency and teenage pregnancies (Adams, 2010). Family sociology helps to understand the structure of the family. This is in the perspective of an institution and the role it plays in the society in various sociological perspectives. This paper posits to evaluate the impact the Sociological theories, of Conflict, Functionalism, and Interactionism have on the social institution of the family.

Sociological TheoriesSociologists create theories to explain different social phenomenon. A theory is an anticipated relationship linking two or more conceptions. Sociological theory may be described as a set of interconnected ideas that facilitate for the systematization of information in relation to the social world. This information is then utilized to elucidate the social world as well as provide projections concerning the impending occurrences in the social world (Cohen, 2005).

The FamilyThe family is the smallest structure in the society. The family is also the most all-encompassing and inclusive agent in relation to socialization. A family comprises of in excess of one person and ends up making a group of people. Though the family tends to be small, various guidelines govern all functions that occur in the group (Adams, 2010). The guidelines create various behaviors within the group. These behaviors help to distinguish a family with the rest of the groups in society.

FunctionalismFunctionalism is fundamentally a structuralist theory. This means that it perceives social structure as more significant than individuals. Functionalists perceive society as held together through cohesion, or social consensus, whereby, family members agree upon, and collaborate to accomplish, what is most appropriate for society in general (Cohen, 2005).

How Functionalism Applies To the FamilyThe theory of functionalism helps to understand the roles that each member of the family ought to perform in order to maintain a strong relationship (Vissing, 2011). These roles also help in making sure that all the family members act and perform according to the set norms in the society. Functionalism helps in examining the effects that a family causes to the whole society.

How Functionalism Affects the Views of the Individual Who Is Part of the FamilyThis particular theory also helps to examine effects it causes to each individual in the family union. These means that functionalist helps to socialize every family member with the activities around in order to benefit both individually and society (Cohen, 2005).

How Functionalism Affects the Approach to Social Change in the FamilyFunctionalism theory affects the approach of social change in the fact that, government or state provides various needs to the family. That help, keeps the government running and after all, it benefits from payment of taxes (Adams, 2010). For example, the government provides education to the children and eventually the family is eligible to pay taxes to the authorities in order to keep the government running as required. This is how family approach to social change in the society as explained by functionalism theory.

Within the Family How Does Functionalism Theory Affect the Views of Society?This particular theory also affects the views of the society in the sense that when everything goes well in the family, various parts of society are able to attain stability and attain a high level of productivity (Adams, 2010). For example, when there is financial recession, most families tend to tighten their budget and this affects the whole society. In regard to its downside, functionalism is highly criticized for disregarding the depressing functions of an occurrence such as separation and divorce. 

ConflictThe conflict theory seeks to explain social structure and changes in it by alleging that actors follow their respective interests in conflict with other people in accordance with their resources for societal organization. The conflict theory expands the Marxist investigation of class conflicts, although it is disconnected from any ideological obligation to socialism. The theory of conflict broadly examines the manner in which families are deal with the occurrence of differences and change within the institution (Vissing, 2011).

How the Conflict Theory Applies To the FamilyThis particular theory defines that it is possible to curb the occurrence of conflicts in the family. The only requirements are that members are able to identify the source of conflict are who ought to hold power in the family (Cohen, 2005).

How the Conflict Theory Affects the Views of the Individual Who Is Part of the FamilyConflict theory apply to sociology of the family in the sense that it helps to make sure members of the family are able to solve their own differences and relate well with other members of the society. The theory affects views of various individuals in the family in the sense that every one has their role in the reconciliation process whenever conflict occurs (Adams, 2010).

How the Conflict Theory Affects the Approach to Social Change in the FamilyConflict theory tries to show how various members of the family struggle for power and disagree in a number of issues. The theory explains that all this conflicts occur because of the need to compete for available resources and power. The theme also explains that the occurrence of conflict in the family and the society is normal and inevitable. However, the problem related with conflict is the increase in its damaging levels that contribute towards making splits and separation in the family. Conflict theory also states that damaging levels that result after disagreements might result in to divorce and unresolved anger (Vissing, 2011).

Within the Family How Does the Conflict Theory Affect the Views of Society?Conflict theory affects the views of the society in the sense that it helps people to understand one another and offer respect hence encouraging human growth and development. Contemporary conflict theorists come across social conflict between every group, including the family, whereby there is potential for disparity. Conflict theorists posit that that disparities in families lead to conflicting agendas and values, and eventual competition amongst family members. This continuous competition amongst family members forms the foundation for the ever-transforming nature of the society in general. Critics of the theory point to its excessively negative analysis of society (Schlomer et al, 2011). InteractionismThe symbolic interactionist theory, also referred to as symbolic interactionism, persuade sociologists to reflect on the symbols as well as details of daily life. The sociologists in this regard focus on the implication of symbols, and how individuals interact with one another (Cohen, 2005).

How the Interactionism Theory Applies To the FamilyThis theory states that it is only through the social behaviors that the family can be able to transform and help the society to come together. Segregation may be witnessed in the family at even at the society levels (Nunes, & Dupas, 2011). This is because not everybody is happy with what others are able to perform. Therefore, this theory defines that family members are able to develop means of understanding through social interaction.

How Interactionism Affects the Views of the Individual Who Is Part of the FamilyThis theory affects views of every member in the family on the actuality that each family member develops their own sense of interaction therefore being able to socialize with other members of the society (Nunes, & Dupas, 2011).

How Interactionism Affects the Approach to Social Change in the FamilyThe theory’s approach to the social change is found in the sense that after people interact, change is created in either positive or negative way that affects the whole society (Vissing, 2011). For example, one of the established positive changes that occur because of this theory is motivation.

Within the Family How Does Interactionism Affect the Views of Society?The theory affects various views of the society in the sense that interactions help to build understanding in family relations and therefore people are able to participate in society welfare (Cohen, 2005).

Similarities and Differences of the Three TheoriesThe similarities of all the theories are that they help in understanding how the family ought to present itself in the society. Unlike the functionalists who preserve the status quo, evade social change, and suppose people work together to achieve social order, the conflict theorists, on the other hand, dispute the status quo, promote social change, and believe that powerful and rich people compel social order on the weak and the poor. The differences of the theories are that they tend to disagree on various circumstances on power sharing between family members and in the society (Cohen, 2005).

The table1 below depicts a comparison between the three sociological theories in relation to their respective view of society, view of the individual, view of the social order, view of social change, and examples.

Table 1. Comparison of the Three Sociological Theories

View Conflict Functionalist Interactionist

The society Characterized by struggle and tension between groups. Well integrated, and stable. Dynamic in manipulating daily social interactions

Social order Maintained through coercion and force. Maintained through consensus and cooperation. Maintained by collective understanding of daily behavior.

The individual Individuals are shaped by coercion, authority, and power.

Individuals are socialized to execute societal functions. Individuals influence symbols and generate their social worlds by means of interaction.

Social

change Change occurs always and may bear positive consequences. Reinforcing, and predictable. Represented in individuals’ social status and their interactions with others.

Example Laws strengthen the positions of the people in power. Public punishments strengthen social order. Individuals obey laws or defy them based on individual past experience.

(Cohen, 2005).

ConclusionFamily sociology facilitates the understanding of the structure of the family as an autonomous institution and its role in the society in diverse sociological perspectives. The above three illustrated theories helps to show that family is a union that plays a key fundamental role in the well-being of the society. Therefore, family as a unit is eligible to make social change in a negative, or positive way. Managing the family helps in strengthening every aspect of the society. ReferencesAdams, B. N. (2010). Themes and Threads of Family Theories: A Brief History. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 41(4), 499-505.

Cohen, P. (2005). Global Sociology. N.Y: New York U.P.

Nunes, M., & Dupas, G. (2011). Independence of Children with Down syndrome: The Experiences of Families. Revista Latino-Americana De Enfermagem (RLAE), 19(4), 985-993.

Schlomer, G. L., Del Giudice, M., & Ellis, B. J. (2011). Parent–Offspring Conflict Theory: An Evolutionary Framework for Understanding Conflict within Human Families. Psychological Review, 118(3), 496-521.

Vissing, Y. (2011). Introduction to Sociology. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education.

Sixties Liberalism Article Review

Sixties Liberalism Article Review

Name

Course

Date

Introduction

Many years may have passed, but our actions today, just like in the earlier days, are governed by statutes which are upheld and articulated in the amendments that make up the bill of rights. The laws enacted, regardless of the provision, are bound to receive resistance and critics; they are various movements that come up to resist or support their enacting, example the call of the planet protection can be credited to the discussion on how to protect our planet better. The focus below will be on a review of an article by summarizing and highlighting the author’s opinion while offering my insights.

Summary

To begin with, the author sheds light on the civility that was enacted in 1942 and still upheld in the 60s; it accommodated uncivility in some aspects. As asserted by the author, the uncivility resistances stemmed from the civil rights movements that employed direct non-violent actions. Also, people used the Mahatma Gandhi lack of violent conflict in the 1906 campaigns and relied on the Gospel notion that one should love their enemies. Additionally, the author talks of the various forms that the protest took, which challenged both the civility complexity and the caste system. Unfortunately, while the non-violent protest was said to yield results, the whites claimed that they were attacking civility; the need to protect themselves shifted the peaceful protest to becoming violent ones. The author also talks of the counterculture movement whose advocates attacked the compromises and restraints of the civil society by valuing authenticity and not civility. During this period, as stated by the author, the lifestyle changed the lifestyle from the way of clothing to the use of drugs; it tried to enact new civility. Lastly, the author asserts that the issue of order and freedom has been handled today as a result of the institutional decorum, which is said to be problematic when there is a universal, equal rights commitment.

Critiques

The author has undoubtedly articulated his views on the 1960s, and the change that happened and its effects on today’s society. I agree with him on various points; first, the author has highlighted the reasons that direct non-violent actions shifted to violence was by the oppressors viewing them as brutal. The evidence of this is depicted by the unrest that law enforcers employ when they feel threatened. Also, the author states that the counterculture that ended in the 1970s was a period that challenged the civility, and the use of drugs was enhanced; this is true since people termed the drugs as substances to free themselves from the civility upheld. Additionally, it was during this period was associated with the hippie lifestyle not only in the dressings and use of drugs but in the general outlook. The need to redefine sexual codes is also related to this movement. Lastly, the changes evident today, just as claimed by the author, were attributed by the decorum by the Supreme Court.

Conclusion

From the above discussion, the 1960 changes contributed to the American culture shift today, while some words were considered inappropriate today we hear them across the various media platforms. Also, the critics of the way of life then termed the adoption of a different way of life as immoral this is also evident in our society today. The author has also emphasized the shift of the non-violent protest to the violent ones; in today’s society, people are resolving to peaceful protest, but just like back then in the event the oppressors feel threatened, everything turns to the worse.

Bibliography

Farber, David R. 1994. The Sixties. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.

Simulation technique used to facilitate strategic planning

Simulation technique used to facilitate strategic planning

Presented by

Institution

Introduction

Coevolutionary gaming is one of the simulation tools used in facilitating strategic planning in businesses today. Most global companies employ this tool in developing strategies that make them fair ahead of their competitors and enjoy the global competitive advantages. The coevolutionary gaming tool finds much use on the defense industry. The military used it in planning their war attaching techniques because it gives a clear analysis of what the enemies might be planning. On the business context, the tool is used in decision making process whereby concrete decisions are made concerning a market entry strategy both for local and global markets (Harris & Bullock, 2002). The following analysis shows how coevolutionary gaming can facilitate group decision making, and the main limitations for this tool.

Defining the problem

Cares and Miskel justified how coevolutionary gaming tool could be used in facilitating group decision making process when the group is faced with complex scenarios. The tool assists in developing plans that not only cater for the present situation, but also look at the future strategies. The coevolutionary gaming theory calls for decision makers to take every plan into consideration irrespective of the amount of impact they have in an organization. Moreover, coevolutionary gaming theory enables training of decision makers from zero-knowledge without any biases on decision strategy terms. In addition, the decisions made through the theory are sensible and adapted to the current business environment. On the other hand, coevolutionary gaming tool facilitates decision making by basing its arguments on the available data and maintain the status quo where possible outcomes are considered. Coevolutionary gaming theory still facilitates communication process in group decision making since it avoids conflicting of ideas and thought, but encourages cooperation between teams (Cares and Miskel, 2007).

Analyzing the cause

Coevolutionary gaming is a highly effective simulation tool in designing business strategies. The tool has significant effects on crucial aspects of group decision making strategies like communication and critical thinking. With the current business environment, organization managers have a duty to come up with crucial decisions on how to carryout their business operations. There is a challenge on the high growth rate of the business environment due to globalization the advancement of technology. Coevolutionary gaming technique contributes to the settling of disputes between decision makers because it provides an opportunity for understanding between parties. In addition, the tool eradicates biases among groups with a common goal.

Effects on communication

Communication is a major aspect in all business decision making processes. Perfect communication between the group decision makers results into a perfect strategic plan that makes an organization progress in front of the competitors. Communication is very essential in the military in order for various teams to know the location of their enemies. The military has successfully used the coevolutionary tool in managing their attacks, which has shown particularly appealing results. By using the JoHari Window, coevolutionary gaming technique affects group communication by accessing and improving group relationship. The tool gives room for groups to create awareness between different sectors and communicate on the necessary recommendations that bring proper understanding among groups (Steward, Davies & Dick, 1999).

Through the JoHari Window, various groups present their findings and receive comments from their fellows encouraging cooperation and togetherness. In addition, coevolutionary gaming technique employs various communication theories and models that organizations require in addressing various issues affecting their performance. Many gadgets are employed today that facilitate communication between people and the coevolutionary gaming technique uses these gadgets in communicating new ideas and approaches to group members. A group makes use of the JoHari window in increasing opportunities for future growth by opening new routes of decision making strategies.

With the help of coevolutionary gaming tool, the Window allows groups to communicate between open areas and unknown areas. In addition, the groups still get to discover what lies on the blind areas and hidden areas. By discovering all these aspects, the groups come up with business innovations that enable them to decide on the best move. Figure 1 shows the JoHari Window model and its parts. The JoHari Window creates an understanding between various groups in discovering new ideas and sharing of information from one quadrant to the other (Steward, Davies & Dick, 1999).

Figure 1: The JoHari Window model

 Impact on group decision biases such as risky/cautious shift and groupthink

Coevolutionary gaming simulation technique makes use of complex calculations the determines the best approach a group should take for the benefit of the organization. Carrying out a business involves many risks that decision makers should try and avoid. The coevolutionary gaming technique navigates from the initial failures to success giving managers an opportunity to explore in the global market. In addition, the theory conforms with the idea of taking the third move first because the world is growing at an alarming rate and managers should focus on future marketing strategies that will have a significant impact to the economy. Moreover, coevolutionary gaming tool creates an environment brings together group members who only focuses on the future success of a business, and never look at individual gains. The tool represents the learners knowledge in a neutral network where by decision making mechanism is aided by one voice recognition (Cares and Miskel, 2007).

Proposed solution

Coevolutionary gaming technique facilitates group decision making processes, though it has many limitations. First, the technique is exceedingly complex, and only professionals are able to put it into practice. This limits the ability of small sized organizations to employ the technique due to its high cost. Managers from one nation should work together in making strategies that place their organizations in the international markets. On the other hand, coevolutionary gaming method does not provide room for mistakes that occurs while coming up with the best strategy to make. The tool should have a window that gives specific recommendations for the possible outcomes in case one takes the third step first. Since the technique only allows managers to omit two steps and concentrate on the third, it fails in analyzing situations that might occur in case the real resources, and forecasted brands fail in the future market. This call for a backup plan that employs the first and second step in line with the third step.

Conclusion

Information Technology governance models require an aspect of strategic management in regard to the economic costs of decisions involved. Strategic planning systematically evaluates a business in an effort of defining the long-term and short-term objectives, identifying goals and locating resources necessary to achieve these strategies. Most organizations make use of various simulation techniques required in facilitating their strategic plans taking into consideration the present business competition and the advancing technology. Business simulations are rapidly evolving, since they form the fundamental tools for developing perfect strategies that encourage growth and development in today’s business organizations. The advancement in information technology has led into many innovations that have replaced traditional approaches to strategic planning (Marshall & McKay, 2004).

References

Cares, J. & Miskel, J. (2007). Take Your Third Move First. Harvard Business Review, Vol.

85(3), pp. 20-21.

Harris, D. & Bullock, S. (2002). Enhancing game theory with coevolutionary simulation model

of honesty signaling. Informants Research institute. Retrieved from:

http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/261462/1/10.1.1.8.9759.pdf

Marshall, P. & McKay, J. (2004). Strategic it planning, evaluation and benefits

Management: the basis for effective it governance. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 11(2), pp. 25-26

Steward, H., Davies, A. & Dick, B. (1999). The Johari Window and the Dark Side of

Organisations. Southern Cross University.

Sources of secondary data

Secondary data

Name

Institution

Course

Date

There are quite limited resources available for research and evaluation in non-profit and public sectors. Among these limited resources are funds, time, and knowledge. Due to these limitations it becomes difficult to create primary data for research and hence one is forced to carry out research and evaluation with secondary data. Secondary data is data previously collected by another researcher at a different time.

Researchers can obtain secondary data from quantitative and qualitative research strands. There are different types of secondary data that can be used in the evaluation of the program, policy or problem. Sources of secondary data from a quantitative research strand include external sources such as published sources. Public agencies gather data from crime rates, vital statistics, governmental budgets, census data and scores from educational testing and avail the data to researchers. Government agencies carry out studies on various public issues, and the information is published (Johnson, 2014). They release government statistics such as population censuses, family expenditure surveys, social surveys, import, and export statistics.

Another secondary source of data is syndicated data that is data that is sold by research firms. There are research firms that carry out research and after they get the information they sell it to other researchers. Another secondary source is data from national and international institutions (United Nations, n.d.). These institutions avail data on business economic reviews, journals and articles, and university research reports. Secondary data can also be obtained from online sources. Researchers can carry out research on the problem, policy or program and public the information on articles, journals that they make available online.

Sources of secondary data from a qualitative research strand include interviews. Researchers can try to get a person-to-person response on previously prepared questions that are aimed at obtaining in-depth information on an individual’s experiences. Interviews are also aimed at finding out more information on surveys or questionnaires. Interviews can be conducted on the key officials that can assist in the verification of the interpretation of a particular researcher. The interviews can also help in exploring issues that might have been left out in a written form and hence provide context. Another secondary data source is observation that involves accurate on-site observation of the operations of a particular program. It includes observing the activities that go on, discussions, processes, and results that can be observed. Researchers can observe different things like the patterns of land use in the country, friendliness within waiting rooms in public agencies, quality of housing or even the road conditions (Bureau of Labor Statistics, n.d.). Observation can be carried out in either a structured or semi-structured format. For a structured observation, there are specific checklists that contain check boxes that make it possible to count things precisely. On the other hand, in semi-structured observations, the researcher makes notes on whatever is of interest to them, unusual things or typical things. Researchers can also carry out a detailed observation of research-related documents and records to obtain information.

Secondary data sources have a great impact on the evaluation of the problem, policy or problem. First, these sources of data make useful information available that is necessary for carrying out an evaluation. With secondary data, there is a lot of background work that has been conducted by different researchers and hence there is a lot of information such as case studies and literature reviews (Johnson, 2014). This background information makes it easy to undertake an evaluation of the program, policy or problem.

Due to the amount of background work conducted, secondary data has a high degree of reliability and validity. A researcher using secondary data does not need to re-examine the data before use. Reliability and validity makes the process of evaluation easy and fast since there is no need for re-examining data. The re-use of qualitative data provides a good opportunity of studying raw materials of the past in order to get an insight of theoretical and methodological purposes. Less time is required to collect secondary data and hence making the evaluation process fast. Secondary data also plays a significant role in the exploratory phase of any research whenever the task been carried out defines a research problem and also to come up with a hypothesis. Gathering and analysis of secondary data helps in improving how a researcher understands the problem.

References

Johnson, G. (2014). Research methods for public administrators (3rd ed.). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Chapter 7, “Data Collection I: Available Data and Observation” (pp. 97–111)

Bureau of Labor Statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved June 7, 2014, from www.bls.gov 

United Nations. (n.d.). Official documents and bibliographic databases. Retrieved June 7, 2014, fromhttp://www.un.org/en/databases/ 

Scholarly discussion Black Lives Matter and Body-Worn Cameras.

Scholarly discussion: Black Lives Matter and Body-Worn Cameras.

There is an absolute need for police reforms in the United States. Reported cases of the violence the police use on black men, women, people with no documentation, the disabled, queer and Trans is a definite example of how black lives are continuously disvalued in the United States. Statistics demonstrate that black people are more than twice as likely as white people to be killed by police officers. Placing of body worn cameras on police officers have been suggested by the community stakeholders and criminal justice leaders. BWC have improved police courtesy as well as improving the perception of citizen on police transparency and their lawfulness (Braga, 2017). The article highlights the importance of body worn cameras , because BWC function by recording every police encounter with the public and hence a good number of individuals champion the installation of BWC on police officers to curb the use of violence against people of color.

In the article, “The benefits of body worn Cameras: new findings from the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department”, Anthony Braga et. al (2017) categorically denotes the importance, the significance and the positive implications of the utilization of body-worn cameras as a solution to police brutality. He indicates that, Body-worn cameras are beneficial as they play a major role in boosting police accountability. The installation of body worn cameras will make it possible for the general public to see how police officers interact with community members, while undertaking their tasks during their duty shifts and hence there will be transparency and the actions of the police officers will definitely be available to the scrutiny of the general public as well as the individuals in the criminal justice system. The author goes ahead to explain the direct correlation between body-worn cameras and police accountability. The body- worn cameras will ensure that the police account for their actions at all times. Accountability is certainly an important feature of the American police department and accountability also fosters lawfulness and legitimacy which play a great role in ensuring that the police department achieves its goal of ensuring law and order is kept in the community.

Braga, (2017) therefore, identifies that body worn cameras will ensure that the police officers are at all times cautious of their actions and in return serve the members of the community with fairness and with responsibility as they deserve. It is also indicated that, body worn cameras will ensure that the civilians and the police officers are protected. From the study, it is clear that after the use of Body-worn cameras the reports on the use of force and violence by the police on members of the public reduced and it was contributed by the fact that, the interactions of the police and the members of the public are captured and recorded. To add to that, the body-worn cameras will also help to protect the police officers from being accused falsely and also from misconduct and any form of abuse towards them. CITATION Ant171 l 1033 (Anthony Braga, James R Coldren, William Sousa, Denise Rodriguez, Omer Alper, 2017)In conclusion Braga, (2017), highlights that body worn cameras will reduce the confrontational situations between police officers and some members of the community. The discussion indicates that when police officers wore body- cameras they reduce the force the used while executing their duties as well as the force used by the respondents by 50%. Also, the recorded footage can be used as hard-video evidence and that it will lead to obtaining accurate victim statements and the right witnesses. In instances where allegations are made the footage from body worn cameras will show the actual occurrences that took place and in return body-worn cameras protect the citizens and the police from unnecessary harm and the use of force.

In the article, “White Coats for Black Lives: Responding to racism and police brutality,” Dorothy Charlse , Kathryn Himmelsten, Walker Keena and Nicholas Baried (2015), the medical professionals join hands with other citizens to protest against racial injustice and police brutality on black- Americans. The main concern raised in the article is the non-indictment of the officers that are responsible for the death of black- Americans in police custody. The white Coats for Black Lives indicate, that as a community that is highly vested in the lives and well-being of the population, medicine is also not immune to the menace which is racial injustice. Racism in the criminal justice system which is the predisposing factor to police brutality, damages the health and the lives of people of color and that there is need to address it as a public health crisis. The medical professionals also define the act as death by legal intervention. The article, applies the well thought through interventions that will help reduce and even eliminate police brutality. In their account, one of the concrete measures to be taken by policy makers is the introduction and utilization of body worn cameras as an intervention to bring to an end police brutality. There is a definite need for stringent and comprehensive measures that will ensure the police are accountable and that the carry out their duties and tasks without discrimination. The recommendation that police officers should use body cameras is supported by the evidence that body cameras have the ability to, and will provide concrete evidence in terms of audio and video recordings of the violent confrontations and incidences. The article therefore demonstrates that body-worn cameras will lead to impartiality and fairness, and in instances where the brutality of the police resulted to death of the victims then the recording from the BWC will give the dead a voice. Transparency and accountability between the police officers and the community will also be increased. There is evidence that the wearing of body cameras reduce the complaints of the community by close to 88% as well as the reported drop in the use of police force by about 66%.

Dorothy Charlse et al, (2015), show that it is also important for the policy makers to formulate guidelines that will promote the effectiveness and the efficient use of body cameras. The laws to be put in place will include the individuals to control the body cameras, how the cameras will be activated and how they will be used. The team sheds light that the success of the body cameras as a strategy to address racial injustice will give the desired results if they are controlled by a third party. The death of black males by legal intervention is still a calamity that the health professionals term as a means where the law enforcement department is hindering the success of black-Americans on other issues such as the mental and the physical health of the population.CITATION Dor l 1033 (Dorothy Charlse, 2015).

Vanessa Williamson et al, (2018), define what the movement Black Lives matter means. It is certainly an organization of people that protest against the death of black people caused by police brutality. The Black Lives Matter activists play a very critical role in organizing the protest that draws the attention of the public as well as the responsible leaders and agencies to the death of black individuals at the hands of the people that ought to protect them, that is, the police officers. The article also sheds light on the broader issues that police brutality on black people stems from. There is an extensive discussion and mention of the broader issues which include police violence and the existence of policies that do not favor a particular race as well as other racial inequalities in health, economic and political power and social matters. CITATION Van181 l 1033 (Vanessa Williamson, 2018).

In the article there is a great advocacy for policy changes. Vanessa, (2018) dictates that it is necessary for the police department to utilize body cameras as well as the independent special prosecutors and that there should be a great transparency in the policies that govern the criminal justice departments. The article demonstrate that there is a dire need for the appropriate measures to be put in place to curb police brutality in localities where the population of there is a high black population. Law enforcement agencies should be given the appropriate training building the capacity around the utilization of body cameras for maximum benefits and which will translate to safe communities and a country that its environment is conducive for each and every individual to safely live in and go about their businesses regardless of their race and skin color. It is also definite that the support from the political sphere of the country is important as it will ensure that the appropriate polices are enacted such as the use of body cameras and that the entire population will live peacefully and satisfied and also feel that the government and the system values their lives.

Pellow, (2016), in the article “Toward a Critical Environmental Justice studies: Black Lives Matter as an Environmental justice Challenge,” demonstrate that the BLM is a social movement that seeks to plead for the grievances of the black people, and most importantly on issues around police brutality. The movement was formed in 2012 after the death of George Zimmerman in Florida. There is also a great correlation between racism and flawed economic, political, social and legal system in the United States. Reforms and the transformation of the system is one that everyone should pay close attention to. The BLM movement also advocates for the inclusion of black Americans in decision making and it will lead to the adoption of important strategies that will protect the lives of the minorities. The strategy being mentioned in this case is the utilization of Body-worn cameras. The black live matter movement challenges the state sanctioned violence. CITATION Dav161 l 1033 (Pellow, 2016).

Monica Anderson, (2018) in the article, “Analysis of Black Lives Matter and other Twitter hashtags related to social and political issues,” identifies that the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter has been on twitter for a long time and also the volume of messages tied to that hashtag on twitter indicate that it is a matter that affects the lives of people and disrupt their normal functioning. The hashtag has been used to respond to real life problems and events and most importantly police brutality. There is a clear indication that the hashtag is tied to political issues and it is used by activist to bring the entire population to terms with what is happening. Some of the issues addressed by the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter include; fatal police-related encounters. The names of those that have lost their lives in police custody are mentioned and justice is sought using the social media platform.CITATION Mon181 l 1033 (Anderson, 2018). The tweets on the hashtag also mentions specific acts of violence used by the law enforcement officers on unarmed black men. The intent of the mention of such is to ensure that the general public understand the mechanisms that some law enforcement personnel that is unlawful and they should speak against such.

Monica Anderson, (2018) reflects that important messages and insights are passed across social media under the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter. She mentions that, the topic on police and law enforcement certainly comes up and the discussion runs around the police enforcement actions and the recommendations that should be considered in order to save the lives of black- people. When the measures to curb police brutality are mentioned, the mounting of body- worn cameras on the police is highlighted. It is also mentions that a lot of information on race and police enforcement take up a good percentage of the tweets on #BlackLivesMatter. In this age where there is a lot of activity on social media and a good number of individuals also participate there the information and the grievances being addressed will get to the right authorities, with the hope that they will act on them appropriately leading to a safe country where every single person is proud to be part of.

Black Lives Matter is an on-going campaign that seeks to address the challenges being faced by black people. The interventions that they advocate for the most is body-worn cameras as highlighted in the articles there is a feeling that the cameras will reap greater success in the fight against police brutality and racial discrimination.

REFERENCES.

BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Anderson, M., Toor, S., Rainie, L., Smith, A., Anderson, M., Toor, S., & Smith, A. (2018). 2. An analysis of# BlackLivesMatter and other Twitter hashtags related to political or social issues. Pew Research Center.

Braga, A. A., Coldren, J. R., Sousa, W. H., Rodriguez, D., & Alper, O. (2017). The benefits of body-worn cameras: New findings from a randomized controlled trial at the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department. Arlington, VA: CNA Analysis & Solutions.

Charles, D., Himmelstein, K., Keenan, W., Barcelo, N., & White Coats for Black Lives National Working Group. (2015). White coats for black lives: medical students responding to racism and police brutality. Journal of urban health, 92(6), 1007-1010.

Pellow, D. N. (2016). Toward a critical environmental justice studies: Black Lives Matter as an environmental justice challenge. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 13(2), 221-236.

Williamson, V., Trump, K. S., & Einstein, K. L. (2018). Black lives matter: evidence that police-caused deaths predict protest activity. Perspectives on Politics, 16(2), 400-415.