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Unemployment is the involuntary state of being unemployed or situation

Unemployment

Student’s Name

Affiliation

Course

Date

Introduction

Unemployment is the involuntary state of being unemployed or situation at which a person of working age searching for a job is unable to find work but would like to be in full time employment. It can also be caused by someone being laid off, fired or quits. This is the most damaging individual experience since the unemployed suffer a reduction of income, loss of identity, self esteem and social circumstances surrounding unemployed workers.

Unemployment has been a root cause of stress in student’s life. Most of them fear the responsibility of searching for a job they may never get and opt to continue with their studies instead. This paper is intended to explore the different types of unemployment and how they impact on the society we have to define Unemployment (Johada, 2002).

According to (Sardoni, 2011), Impact of unemployment depends on variety of factors lets mention the different types of unemployment. Demand deficiency/ Cyclical unemployment: where it occurs due to recession, inflation or sudden crash of economies, Structural Unemployment due to mismatch of skills as a result of advanced technologies and Classical unemployment occurs when wages are kept above equilibrium workers choose not to take and voluntary unemployment that occurs when workers choose not to take job at going wage rates.

Causes of unemployment

The leading cause of unemployment is when the total output declines, unemployment rises and inflation falls as elaborated in the cyclical unemployment. This is when there is a recession, when the aggregate demand for goods and services decrease and demand for labor decreases. This period countries liquidity is at its lowest hence resulting in unemployment, similarly the company would not be able to expand operations thus number of fresh employments positions that would have been created by the company would also take a hit. Major example is the great recession that occurred between 2008 and 2009 that affected the entire world economy which was considered the world global recession. If cyclical unemployment rate rises it might cause damage to labor force in a country.

Rapid changes in technology: This is because most firms are looking for skills that the unemployed have but cannot find appropriate workers. The need for numerous workforces also diminishes as most companies have limited employees. This is caused by machines and computers that do the whole jobs for them Technological unemployment leads to structural unemployment. This is also caused by lack of skills causing unemployment in certain sectors of economies such as technology industry and creates jobs in others (Petersen & Mortimer, 2006).

Increase in population is the leading cause of unemployment in the economy of most developing states. The growth of population directly encouraged the unemployment by making large addition in labor force. This is impacted in that the rate of job expansion could never match the population growth rate. Overpopulation creates higher competition for finite work opportunities, leaving others to find employment and others to lack.

The other major cause of unemployment is undulating business cycle where the higher the GDP, lower the cyclical unemployment. Unemployment increases during business cycle recessions and decreases during business cycle expansions and well causes decrease during recession on inflation and increase during expansions. This indicates that unemployment, inflation and economic growth tend to change cyclically overtime.

Unemployment affects the economy because it leads to reduction in consumer expenditure due to financial limitations and affect business sector. This will also lead to less profit by the company leading to laying off workers which will eventually lead to more unemployment. The economy also runs on taxes by citizens thus the more unemployment rate the less tax paid to sustain the economy. According to (Stretton, 1999), reduction in wages and salaries lead to decrease in the amount of tax collection on income. This also hinders funds to inject into the economy. Increase in mortgages, instances of bankruptcy and deflation has seen increase in debts by borrowers. This is as a result of unemployment or earning minimal income thus becomes hard to repay debts.

Business or retail industry will be affected due to deflation as it discourages spending, this might lead a business to close, leading to more unemployment. To sum it up a high unemployment rate means to remove more funds from the budget to sustain the majority of unemployed this is the wealth drainage. This reduces economic growth since more funds are drained for unproductive purposes rather than infrastructure development.

Financial hardships: Loss of financial security brings a lot of changes in the lives of family members. This will out rightly affect negatively on families. It has been statistically proven that when financial hardships raise so does the level of tension and conflict between family members. The expenditure done by the family members suddenly reduced due to alters financial capacity. Unemployment increases debts of an individual: The government instinctively raises tax rates because of lesser flow in the economy which encourages debts and borrowing and eventually making it harder to repay debts. Individuals also may push unemployment workers to take jobs that do not befit their skills or allow them to use their talents. This might cause individuals to great depressions and may eventually lead most taking into criminal ways.

Reduced disposable income: This might also lead to lifestyle changes as with less income comes less spending thus change of usual lifestyle to acceptable ways. All major expenditures have to be cut down reducing purchasing ability and adjust the little money with family. Dependency on government welfare programs: Since rent might not be affordable and people change to food stamps and government assistance to sustain themselves.

The great depression of 1929 is an example of how unemployment worsened due to non availability of alternate jobs which led to total dependency on primary sector industries. The unemployment rate was at its highest between 1923 and 1933. The depression had a major effect on the united state economy and unemployment as a result of, cut back business and government expenditures, few alternate job sources and complete collapse of stock market (Stretton, 1999).

The great recession of 2007-2009 caused an increase in unemployment rate mostly witnessed in the construction, real estate, financial services and auto sectors. This caused rise in asset prices and associated increase in economic demand where there was inadequate regulations and oversight. This was mainly due to poor investment decisions’ where many companies invested heavily in risky securities.

Unemployment factors are the main causes of migration and high urban population (Johada, 2002). People will always move to the areas which provide opportunities and to the places which is stress free. Students get depressed after they complete studying and most tend to go on studying since they are scared they will not be employed.

Conclusion

The major causes of unemployment are recession, rapid changes in technology ,inflation, disability, undulating business cycle, attitude towards employers willingness to work employees values and discriminating factors in the place of work just to mention a few. As stated Recession remains the major cause of unemployment in the global economy while overpopulation is a major cause in developing countries. The government can curb this by providing financial assistance to workers till the time of recovery in the economy. The government might also implement framing economies policies, improving labor mobility and extending unemployment insurance benefits can render financial protection to the unemployed (Petersen & Mortimer, 2006).

Reference

Johada, M. (2002). Employment and unemployment: A social-psychological analysis. New York: University press Cambridge.

Petersen, A. C., & Mortimer, J. T. (2006). Youth unemployment and society. NewYork: Cambridge university press.

Earnest, B. (2000). Elements of architectural design: A photographic sourcebook. United States of America: John Wiley & sons.

Stretton, H. (1999). Economics: A new introduction. (1 ed., pp. 144-180). London: Pluto Press.

Sardoni, C. (2011). Unemployment, recession and effective demand: The contributions of Marx, Keynes and Kalecki. (pp. 10-12). Northampton’s Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Understanding Service Quality in the Hospitality Industry

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Understanding Service Quality in the Hospitality Industry

Introduction

In the hospitality industry, service quality has become an important factor in gaining a sustainable competitive edge. With service quality, the customers gain confidence in a hospitality organization, therefore, the organization gets the chance to differentiate itself from the competition (Ali et al. 2021). Hence, service quality is regarded as a vital key concept and an important factor of success in the hospitality industry. A successful organization delivers an impeccable quality service to its customers and it can achieve many benefits such as customer satisfaction establishment, customer loyalty establishment, contribution to company image, and provision of a competitive edge to the organization. Service quality differs from person to person, for instance, employees can demonstrate higher service quality perception that perceived by the customers. Therefore, both employees and managers would not want to identify any form of deficiency in service quality (Ali et al. 2021). This paper will discuss service quality within the hospitality industry including its characteristics and the factors that makes up a good service quality for hospitality organizations.

Service Quality in the Hospitality Industry

According to Al-Ababneh (2017), service quality is the extent to which services offered within an organization fulfil the customers’ expectations or needs. Service quality is conceptualized as the overall customers’ impression regarding the excellence or weakness of the service. Al-Ababneh (2017) states that service quality is “what the customer is willing to pay for” instead of “what is put in by the supplier.” Thus service quality is perceived as the gap between the actual service as perceived and the expected service. Hospitality organizations that invest in offering quality services are destined to meet the customers’ demands and would remain competitive within the industry (Mmutle & Shonhe, 2017). Improved customer service is measured based on the benefits acquired by the business relative to the expected results.

Key Services Characteristics

The key disparity between a service and product lies in the distinctive attributes of services differentiating them from service to service. They are referred to as the 5 ‘Is’

Intangibility

Services do not have physical existence and are thus, intangible in nature (Ali et al. 2021). They are cannot be held, smelt, touched, or tasted. Therefore, the concept of stocking, transportation, or storing is not easy in this scenario.

Inventory/ (Perishability)

Once a service has been used, it cannot be stored, reused, returned, saved, or resold. The moment it has been performed or offered to a person it is difficult for the same service to be delivered to another person (Ali et al. 2021).

Inseparability

This means that services are offered and consumed simultaneously. For instance, when a guest enters a restaurant, the waitress offers her services at the same time the guest receives that same service.

Inconsistency/ (Variability)

Each service performed at a particular time is unique. This is means that the same service performed the previous time will differ from another service give (Ali et al. 2021). Services tend to vary from person to person, place to place, and from time to time.

Involvement

For a service transaction to be successful, both providers and consumers must take part in the process of service transaction.

The service sector does not possess a specific technology or product, rather, it is an experience. This makes it difficult for a marketer to create and provide a bundle of utilities which further attracts and retains customers so as to create a sustainable service delivery system (Naderian & Baharun, 2015). Since services are unique, quality cannot be defined as it is done for products. Instead, the perceived service delivery is taken as a parameter for quality assessment. It includes the person, the process, the environment, and the equipment with which the service is delivered. According to Naderian & Baharun (2015), the economy’s future belong to the sector of services such as the hospitality industry. Therefore, the process of service delivery should be seamless, optimized, and excellent so that the services provided to the consumer is of standard and exceed the customers’ expectations. Some of the factors that must be taken into account to ensure the service quality in the hospitality industry include:

Guest Involvement

The staff members are the primary and vital players in providing quality services within the hospitality sector. Hospitality organizations are advised to use their staff members are experimental tools in order to forecast the service experience before the guests come in (Lee et al. 2016). This would help to identify the gaps as well as the challenges that exists and the hotel will have the chance and time to solve those issues. Every guest and staff should get involved in finding solutions where they should be addressed efficiently and promptly. In any case a guest issues a negative feedback about a specific service, the respective organization can suffer both in the long run and in the short run.

A second way to involve the guests is through various social media platforms. In the Twenty-first Century, everything has become technological. One significant way that hospitality organizations use to interact with customers and potential guests is via social networking sites (Lee et al. 2016). These platforms enable guests to be free to share their feedback on how they thought the services provided were and how the organization can improve. Another way that guests can be involved is through using comment cards. These cards give the guests the chance to share their feedback on how their experience was and if the services received were up to their expectations. The use of reviews and surveys also provides the clients and guests with the opportunity to share their reviews and comment on the services they received whether good or bad (Lee et al. 2016). From there, the management and the staff must take into account all the guests’ feedback both negative and positive. Afterwards, they should work to ensure that the services offered are of high quality.

Service standards to meet the expectations of customers

Desired and sufficient are two satisfaction levels that hospitality organizations use in measuring service quality. Desired satisfaction is that which the guest wishes to get when seeking the services of a hospitality organization (Wang & Tseng, 2019). On the other hand, sufficient satisfaction is one which the guests find as sufficient and it accepted by them. The perception of all guests is that the higher the amount paid for any services in a hospitality facility, the higher the service quality level they receive. With this in mind, hospitality facilities tend to take caution when they set their prices and that is why they avoid exaggeration instances. Hotels and other hospitality facilities should ensure that the services provided are what is expected by every guest (Wang & Tseng, 2019). If the service quality is good, many guests will be loyal to the facility.

Secondly, another way tom ensure that guests are satisfied is by empowering the members of the staff. The staff members are the ones that offer the majority of the services. Therefore, the staff getting the confidence they deserve and being encouraged to dedicate themselves to delivering quality services is an advantage to the facility (Wang & Tseng, 2019). When members of the staff are empowered, negative instances like customer neglect and frustrated guests becomes minimal. Hospitality organizations should give its staff the freedom to decide on the best service delivery and should motivate them (Lee et al. 2016). In turn, this motivation is directed to service providers who deliver quality services to the guests living them satisfied. If the organization fails to empower and motivate its staff members, the latter might become reluctant in their daily activities. This is risky to service quality delivery and customer satisfaction achievement. There would also be an increased possibility of receiving complaints from customers.

Providing Information

Offering quality services to the guests should be accompanied by the provision of adequate information on the part of the hospitality organization. More than 50% of the guests that seek hospitality services are new to the respective facility and lack knowledge about the surrounding and the way things operate (Tabaku & Cerri, 2016). Guests are supposed to get this kind of information from the staff members who are trained and have the right communication skills. With that, it is easy for the staff members to provide adequate information to the guests on whatever the issue they are facing within the facility. It is also important for the management to hire employees from different backgrounds and diversities especially in facilities that accommodate guests from different countries across the globe (Ali et al. 2021). Provision of information and communication would be easier in this case especially when a guest is attended to by a staff member who is familiar with their culture or language.

An important way that hospitality organizations can adapt to information provision to their customers is through the internet and the media alike. This takes several ways in which media sources can be used during advertisement (Ali et al. 2021). In addition, the organization’s website can be used to share every detail and information about the facility and avail it to all the potential guests who would want to know more about the services offered by the hospitality organization. Blogs and social networking sites can be used to pass information to the guests. These mediums reach a lot of people at the same time, so they are considered efficient. Word of mouth is another effective ways to share information to the guests. If the guests are impressed by the quality of service they receive, they may refer their friends and families to the respective hospitality facility.

Ways to ensure a proper service quality management

The satisfaction of guests is what drives the management to ensure they receive quality services in the best way possible (Alauddin et al. 2019). Because customer feedback determines service quality in the hospitality industry, it is important to devise strategies to measure the level of service quality.

Measurement

Through measurement, hospitality organizations can identify the standards of their services and determine any potential issues that relate to the quality of services. Service quality measurement as well as customer satisfaction measurement benefits the respective hospitality business both qualitatively and quantitatively (Yeng, Jusoh, & Ishak, 2018). As a result, customer loyalty is boosted, Return on Investment increased, costs are reduced, and employees are satisfied.

Rating

Thousands of hospitality facilities aim to secure top positions on the ranking indexes in the hospitality industry. Ranking indexes officially certify the service quality levels that a reputable organization offers (Faraj et al. 2021). Travelers who are searching for hotels tend to visit such sites and conduct index analysis to filter out the best facilities and choose their preferred hotel. Getting ranked on the hotel index’s first page gains a facility a competitive advantage. With higher ratings, hotel managers are motivated to not only improve their operations but also to offer optimum service quality level.

Benchmarking

In order to ensure that guests are satisfied, most hospitality organizations adapt to the benchmarking strategy. Benchmarking helps hotel managers to determine their competitors and the strategies to employ to ensure that they stand out (Yeng, Jusoh, & Ishak, 2018). What makes the difference between good performing organization and the poor performing ones is hotel inventiveness. Therefore, to ensure a proper management of service quality, benchmarking should be adopted as a performance tool.

Conclusions

Service quality plays a vital role is most industries and as seen, the hospitality industry benefits a lot from it. Hospitality is an industry that strives to create a high level and better rapport with its customers because service is a unique factor strongly affecting perception. At times, it is considered as the only factor differentiating competitors. The hospitality industry is very competitive so service quality management is vital to gaining customer confidence and competitive edge. In all aspects, hospitality organizations should maintain both technical and functional qualities to enhance reliability, assurance, tangibility, empathy, and responsiveness. The relationship between customer satisfaction and service quality helps the management to determine the meaning of service quality dimensions to the organization and the guests alike. The management can also examine the reasons behind negative factors resulting in less satisfied guests and improve the service quality to ensure that the expectations and needs of the guests are met. The service quality factors should be constantly adjusted to enable hotels to provide their guests with the best services and value.

References

Alauddin, M., Ahsan, S. H., Mowla, M. M., Islam, M. M., & Hossain, M. M. (2019). Investigating the relationship between service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in hotel industry: Bangladesh perspective. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 19(1), 1-8.

Ali, B. J., Gardi, B., Jabbar Othman, B., Ali Ahmed, S., Burhan Ismael, N., Abdalla Hamza, P., & Anwar, G. (2021). Hotel Service Quality: The Impact of Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction in Hospitality. Ali, BJ, Gardi, B., Othman, BJ, Ahmed, SA, Ismael, NB, Hamza, PA, Aziz, HM, Sabir, BY, Anwar, G.(2021). Hotel Service Quality: The Impact of Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction in Hospitality. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(3), 14-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.3.2Al-Ababneh, M. (2017). Service quality in the hospitality industry. Available at SSRN 3633089. 10.4172/2167-0269.1000e133

Faraj, K. M., Faeq, D. K., Abdulla, D. F., Ali, B. J., & Sadq, Z. M. (2021). Total Quality Management And Hotel Employee Creative Performance: The Mediation Role Of Job Embeddedment. Faraj, KM, Faeq, DK, Abdulla, DF, Ali, BJ, & Sadq, ZM (2021). Total Quality Management And Hotel Employee Creative Performance: The Mediation Role Of Job Embeddedment. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, 27(1), 3838-3855.

Lee, Y. C., Wang, Y. C., Chien, C. H., Wu, C. H., Lu, S. C., Tsai, S. B., & Dong, W. (2016). Applying revised gap analysis model in measuring hotel service quality. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1-14. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40064-016-2823-z

Mmutle, T., & Shonhe, L. (2017). Customers’ perception of service quality and its impact on reputation in the hospitality industry. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319208588_Customers’_perception_of_Service_Quality_and_its_impact_on_reputation_in_the_Hospitality_Industry

Naderian, A., & Baharun, R. (2015). Service Quality and Consumer Satisfaction and Loyalty association Moderated by Switching Cost in Hospitality Industry. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Systems, 8(1).

Tabaku, E., & Cerri, S. (2016). An assessment of service quality and customer satisfaction in the hotel sector. In Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management in Opatija. Biennial International Congress. Tourism & Hospitality Industry (p. 480). University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism & Hospitality Management.

Wang, C. J., & Tseng, K. J. (2019). Effects of selected positive resources on hospitality service quality: The mediating role of work engagement. Sustainability, 11(8), 2320. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082320Yeng, S. K., Jusoh, M. S., & Ishak, N. A. (2018). The impact of total quality management (TQM) on competitive advantage: a conceptual mixed method study in the Malaysia luxury hotel industries. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 17(2), 1-9. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327832278

True Incentives, Reward Programs and Organization’s Strategy

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AbstractIn the contemporary global and competitive workplace, successful organizations utilize diverse strategies in order to attract qualified candidates, maintain top talent, as well as maintain an exceedingly motivated workforce. Thus what might an organization as well as managers do to draw, maintain and inspire talented personnel? Successful organizations have various styles reward programs that identify and strengthen high-quality employee performance. This paper posits to investigate how true incentives, rather than just pay-for-performance reward programs are utilized in organizations in supporting the organization’s strategy and help fulfill its mission.The content of this paper is helpful for human resource professionals, managers, as well as organizational leaders in considering the execution of a variety of reward systems as well as pay programs.

Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Abstract PAGEREF _Toc321138594 h 2True Incentives, Reward Programs and Organization’s Strategy PAGEREF _Toc321138595 h 3Introduction PAGEREF _Toc321138596 h 3Pay and Performance PAGEREF _Toc321138597 h 4Rewards Systems PAGEREF _Toc321138598 h 5Performance-Based Pay PAGEREF _Toc321138599 h 6Strategy-Based Pay PAGEREF _Toc321138600 h 6Recognition and Rewards PAGEREF _Toc321138601 h 7Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc321138602 h 8References PAGEREF _Toc321138603 h 9

True Incentives, Reward Programs and Organization’s StrategyIntroductionEffective, timely, appropriate, as well as market-driven rewards may be motivational for employees and managers alike. Research and experience in the science of achievement supports the concept that timely and effective feedback motivates morale as well as enhances productivity. Several studies demonstrate that a positive link between the resources accessible to human resources, fairness in compensation, amount of information flow between the workforce and management, workers’ degree of stress as well as exhaustion on the job. What organizations as well as managers obtain is usually commensurate to what they reward. In the event that an organization strongly values something, then the behavior of the employees’ will be motivated by these values.

Pay and PerformanceAccording to Tortorella, Helm, and Holladay (2007), performance management may be regarded as a complete system which entails an organization’s goal alignment, communication, continuous feedback, and education, that leads to the identification of top performers in an organization. This recognition is essential as an organization endeavors to retain its top talent and develop the performance of its entire workforce in an effort to optimistically influence the client’s experience. According to the authors, efficient performance management that involves an inclusive system of training, goal setting, communication, as well as continuing feedback is a practice through which research regularly has imperative implications. However, current research has largely focused on one factor of this subject, namely; the relationship between performance and pay. Tortorella., et.al (2007) makes the several points on the subject of pay and performance:

Pay-for-performance policies are in position in numerous organizations, but just a few organizations indicate the objectives of their performance management scheme, evaluate the realization of goals, or align these goals to the organization’s strategic plan.

Merit pay is a policy that determines conflicting reward amounts in the context of the workers’ performance level.

An increasingly huge number of organizations in diverse industries have scrutinized how rewards, particularly compensation, can be connected to performance. This leads to extensive and ever-increasing development of pay-for-performance factors in performance management programs.

This performance management program is a noteworthy step toward realizing the organization’s ultimate goal of becoming an employer of choice, whereby top performers are acknowledged, and for granting documented study that other organizations may learn from and employ in their performance management initiatives. As organizations experience the challenges of employee turnover, having a pay-for-performance program may attract high-quality potential candidates while nurturing the retention of top performers as well as talented employees (Tortorella., et.al, 2007).

Rewards SystemsThere is a rising demand on organizations to develop appropriate reward programs that motivate employees to work increasingly harder. These programs generally encourage and educate workers to become increasingly productive, valuable, and efficient individuals in the organization in regard to the bottom-line. However, owing to the pressures associated to incentives and performance or ineffective procedures of implementation, in a number of cases, these programs may promote unethical behaviors. Therefore to attract and retain committed and qualified individuals, organizations require having suitable pay systems that promote and reward workers to always continue being focused on the production of quality products in an proficient manner, as well as to constantly do the acceptable thing. In the mean time, managers ought to be moving toward better alignment between organization’s strategies and performance management, values, as well as quality measures.

The reward systems ought to be associated with employee development, goal-setting, competency measures, as well as team performance. This approach decentralizes the decision-making process down the chain of command to give power to those executing various tasks. This translates into enhanced reward systems as well as enhanced morale amongst employees. To facilitate the creation of a competitive edge, a lot of organizations today are doing more with smaller numbers of employees. Therefore it is essential that workers are rewarded for employing ethical and effective decision making and problem-solving skills.

Performance-Based PayThis entails variable pay to encourage and reinforce performance improvements through sharing the benefits or profits of improved performance. The contemporary pay for performance approach can be an outstanding stratagem if it focuses on results, rather than merely on the means. This approach would works well with manufacturing and technical jobs. However, jobs that necessitate decisions of ethics and morality cannot be left to individual since they represent the organization and their opinions may not of necessity match that of the organization. Ethical and moral decisions ought to be a concern of all stakeholders including the corporate executives as well as management. Individuals ought to be provided with the necessary resources, training, as well as the means of realizing results within stipulated limitations.

Strategy-Based PayThis refers to the base pay which may reinforce new wide-ranging jobs, development of skills, and performance. The strategic base pay must be determined due to skill as well as the external market. All jobs must have a base salary compatible with the market or industry. Every job must be described and analyzed founded on its work behaviors as well as distinctiveness of the work environment. Every position ought to be slightly different from the preceding one and must include extra responsibility of new skill or knowledge. Therefore, the base pay ought to be different for every job and must represent the level of knowledge or skill. All employees ought to be presented with the opportunity to train in new knowledge and skills requisite for assuming increased responsibilities. Pay rises as well as promotions ought to be founded on a 360 degree evaluation whereby every individual, can evaluate as well as recommend their colleagues for promotions and pay increase. It is particularly important that individuals are trained in the process of evaluation and educated on the impact of their appraisal on the individual being evaluated. If performed appropriately peer evaluations usually are the most precise judgments of a worker’s behaviors.

Recognition and RewardsConventional methods of running organizations have transformed rapidly and will most likely continue at an even more rapid pace as the labor force changes. The transforming workforce needs new as well as flexible reward programs that can enhance as well as produce positive conditions in the work milieu. Recognition programs may be geared toward the two extroverts, namely; those who require incentives in order to be motivated, as well as introverts, namely; the workers who are motivated as a result of internal gratification of pride in responsibility and workmanship. Human resource professionals ought to devise recognition programs that serve introverts as well as extroverts in order to make the job increasingly fulfilling. Fulfilling and challenging jobs keep employees contented and motivated internally to perform their jobs with personal integrity and commitment.

Cash awards may be excellent; on the other hand, the marginal utility of every dollar diminishes as the award rises. Cash awards are provisional awards and the impact normally ends at some stage the next day or the next paycheck. Consequently cash awards generally are not very effectual in the long-term, and may not be equally popular either. The majority of employers concur that they would realize more mileage from various non-cash awards than would be the case with cash awards. The non-cash awards may be less expensive and they ought to be given directly, and increasingly often, to constantly strengthen positive behavior. Several studies show that every twelve cent in cash award costs merely four cents in recognition in comparison to non-cash awards. These rewards have a propensity to be approximately 38% a blend of non-cash and cash, 15% being cash, and 47% being non-cash for the majority of large organizations.

ConclusionManagers ought to think concerning building an efficient as well as a value-based organization, since it is essential for their immediate success, as well as the management’s future. If the mangers reward ethical conduct and pay workers a fair wage, consequently, their workers will perform ethically. In the event that organizations as well as managers reward quality improvement and, quality products, then workers will commonly consider quality in their work which would consequently lead to improved ways of performing the job. In the event that, organizations reward consumer satisfaction and intimacy, employees are prone to adjust and transform their behavior to create a good relationship with the clientele, in order to recognize and gratify the customers’ needs. Appropriate reward systems for employees, as part of an all-inclusive performance management program, helps in enhancing performance as well as productivity in the workplace.

References

True Incentives, Reward Programs and Organizations Strategy

True Incentives, Reward Programs and Organization’s Strategy

Author’s name

Institutional Affiliation

Table of Contents

Merit pay is a policy that determines conflicting reward amounts in the context of the workers’ performance level.

References

To what extent is the use of animal testing in scientific research acceptable

To what extent is the use of animal testing in scientific research acceptable?

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Introduction

Animal testing is the use of animals such as lab rats to test the reaction of a certain type of medication. These types of procedures have been used for a long time to test the credibility of new drugs. When drugs are made, there is a possibility that some of them may give the user a negative reaction due to the different chemicals that are used. It is thus important to ensure that the drugs are tested so as to verify whether they are fit for human consumption (Machan, 2007).

Without the invention and innovation of drugs, human beings would not have a means of protecting themselves when the fall sick. Research carried out on drugs has proved to be important to the sustainability of the human life. Some of the conditions that human beings are faced with cannot be cured by ordinary treatment. The continued research of new drugs has given hope for the treatment of conditions such as cancer, and other life threatening conditions. This in turn has given hope to the hopeless by giving them a second chance to live (Miles, 2005).

Over the years, various movements have been formed to address the needs of different groups. These movements fight for the causes of the abused minorities who are helpless in that they do not have a voice. The animal rights movements have not been left behind in the fight for the proper treatment of animals by human beings. The issue of animal testing has therefore been debated due to the number of animal lives that have been lost in these procedures. This situation has put medical researches between a rock and a hard place because the decline of animal testing could reduce the probability of human life in the long run. Research has shown that new innovations in the area of medicine have improved the lifespan of human beings. For the there to be more innovations, more animals need to be used to conduct the tests. If the doctors continue to conduct these tests, the number of animals will have to succumb to the testing. This dilemma has been the cause of debates on whether animal testing is ethical (Smee, 2000).

Human beings have more authority in the ecosystem in that we are the guardians of the environment. This means that the priorities of the human beings have to be considered before the ones of the animals. If doctors are not allowed the freedom to carry out their research, new treatments will not be derived and many lives would be lost as a result. Since there is no way to go around the issue, something has to give and in this situation, the animal testing has to continue. Although medical research cannot be separated from animal testing, doctors should be more responsible in the way they handle the animals. The number of the animals tested needs to be reduced so as to avoid extinction of the animals in question (Machan, 2007).

Conclusion

Medicine is one of the most important industries in any economy. It is through medicine that cures are derived for conditions that have proved to be incurable. It is ironic that a life has to be taken so as to give life to another. Human beings should therefore change their approach on the procedures of the animal testing which in turn would remove the stigma that comes with the research.

References

Machan, T. R. (2007). The Morality of Business: A Profession for Human Healthcare. Boston: Springer.

Smee, C. (2000). “Department of Health Special Section: Reconsidering the Role of Competition in Health Care Markets”. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 25 (5): 945–951

Miles, S. (2005). The Hippocratic Oath and the Ethics of Medicine. Oxford University Press.

The 19th Century Business Boom

The Gilded Age lasting from the 1870’s to 1900 is an American transformational era where Americans juggled with political corruption in following the Civil War along with Industrialization, and Inventions that led to Expansion, and Growth.The most impactful development attributed to the Gilded Age was the rapid urbanization and industrialization of the U.S.

The primary factors that stimulated industrial and agricultural growth in the 19th century was an influx of immigrants from a myriad of European nations, the expansion of the national railroad, and industrialization. With the influx of immigrants, there was a surge in American population and more able bodies were available for employment and economic consumption. Prior to 1890, American immigrants were skilled anglo-saxon workers from Northern Europe. New immigrants on the other hand, came from Eastern Europe with significant cultural differences, difficult languages, and faced severe discrimination. The expansion of the railroad produced a great measurement of industrial success. The national railroad network grew and industrialization expanded use of electrical power. Cornelius Vanderbilt pioneered the railroad industry prior to the Civil War. He presided over shipping business throughout the country, as the on-going war disrupted sea trade and transportation, Vanderbilt invested in railroads. He continued to add and it grew to over 4,500 miles of railroad worth over $100 million, extending from Ohio to New York. Industrialization is the process of economic transition where factory and efficiency are dominant. Industrialization caused the growth of cities, increased world trade and problems such as monopoly, labor issues , and pollution resulted from it.

Leading entrepreneurs who pioneered the growth of big businesses include John D. Rockafeller, Andrew Carnegie and, J. Pierpoint Morgan. John D. Rockafeller was the founder of Standard Oil Company. He owned barrel factories, oil fields, oil storage facilities, pipelines, and railroad tanker cars. He had everything that had to do with the oil industry. This made him able to vend oil at a more appealing price than his competition through what is called Horizontal integration. Horizontal integration is one company’s control of other companies producing the same product. Andrew Carnegie was a successful philanthropic steel baron who grew up poor and worked his way up. Carnegie invested money acquired loans to invest in stock of steel bridges, iron, oil, railroads, and telephone lines. He became wealthy by buying in bulk and producing mass quantities, which in turn lowered production cost and increased profits. He used vertical integration in which he acquired companies that provided materials and services upon which his enterprises depended on. Lastly, J.P. Morgan was a banker that bought the Carnegie Steel Company for a whopping $500 million in 1901.

Amid the Gilded Age the government practiced Laissez-Faire until eventually they did not. Congress imposed high tariffs on imported goods, used the homestead act to industrialize the west, and implement laws such as the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 which outlawed all monopolies and trust that restricted trade. It was difficult to enforce because it didn’t define what constitutes a monopoly or trust. Because of this monopolies and trust continued to grow in size and power. This was bad because it did not allow for competition and kept prices fixed.

Social class structure and lives of women changed in the late 19th century. At this point, women were on the brink of achieving the long time sought right to suffrage and political activity. With the help of Susan B. Anthony and others, women were able to attend college, took business and professional jobs, and participated in other public activities. At the same time, society still struggled with the controversial idea of child labor. The first child labor bill, the Keating-Owen bill of 1916, was based on Senator Albert J. Beveridge’s proposal from 1906 and used the government’s ability to regulate interstate commerce to regulate child labor. The act banned the sale of products from any factory, shop, or cannery that employed children under the age of 14, from any mine that employed children under the age of 16, and from any facility that had children under the age of 16 work at night or for more than 8 hours during the day. Although the Keating-Owen Act was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson, the Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional in Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918).

Growth of Labor Unions and the rise of American Labor Movement occurred because of the alienation of workers in factory settings. The growth of the Labor movement led to the formation of first labor unions in America. The Haymarket Riot was a disturbance that took place on Tuesday May 4, 1886, at the Haymarket Square in Chicago, and began as a rally in support of striking workers. An unknown person threw a bomb at police as they dispersed the public meeting. The bomb blast and ensuing gunfire resulted in the deaths of eight police officers and an unknown number of civilians. Although there were many advantages to labor unions, some protests and demonstrations disturbed social tranquility and caused more harm than good.

In conclusion, the gilded age was an era of great social and economic change. Monopolies ran amuck, business was booming, and the economy was whipped into shape by the government from hands off to a more hands on approach.

Texas Ethics

Isaac Diego

POLS 2306-96L

November 26, 2019

Texas Ethics

People in Texas have strong values and beliefs. Right from childhood, people are taught how to behave in an ethical way. From a very young age, the character is moulded ((molded?)) such that when they are old the values and beliefs instilled in them does not fade away. The values and beliefs imparted in people do not in any way allow them to indulge in any unethical practices. Thus the values and beliefs of people affect how they make their decision. Political and governance decisions are always grounded on beliefs and value systems. These values are likely to affect policies that will affect Texans including education, health, judicial system and even infrastructure.

The most ethical problem facing Texas is corruption. Many people are engaging in ((Is your statement on the corruption too sweeping. “”Many people” may be too broad. corrupt activities. Corruption is more prevalent in people who hold high position in government offices. Public corruption is so common in Texas. Just about every public official is facing a criminal charge. In February, the FBI organised a raid in part of Texas. During the ((In what municipality was this raid conducted?)) raid, the mayor, three members of the city council and the city manager were all accused of engaging in corrupt activities (Greenblatt, 2016). They were all found guilty by the FBI of being part of a bribery scheme and a conspiracy arrangement. Most of these officials take bribes to allow corrupt activities in Texas including running of illegal gambling activities.

Previously before the raid, a member of the city council was found guilty and charges were pressed on him on the ground of human trafficking. Out of all the members of the city council only one member is not facing any criminal charges. It seems that corruption is so predominant in the Texas that no one is governing the city right. Bribery is on the rise every single day. The city council is the most affected. City council officials take bribes and are helping to promote illegal gambling schemes in Texas (Board, 2019). City council officials are going to the extent if offering an enormous salary to the city attorney general who is inexperienced. ((I don’t believe that you have identified the municipality where the city council is located.))

The same kind of corruption that is being experienced in Texas is now being felt by the whole country. Corruption is affecting the entire country. People are being affected in getting crucial work done. Statistics show that nearly a quarter of the Americans are convinced that their public officials are engaging in corrupt activities. In the recent years, ((Good use of the material.)) many politicians in Oregon, Alabama and New York have either been accused or convicted of corruption. Corruption is being felt in the country as a result of loop holes in enforcement of legislation and lack of transparency in procurement processes. The end result of these is unspent public funds, failure in delivery of public services. The courts too have been affected with individuals and companies donating funds to judges running for positions and thus may be partially biased despite the Citizen United ruling (Ornstein, 2015).

Corruption is more prevalent in the police force. In 2018, a police officer in Philadelphia was convicted and pleaded guilty to the crime of drug trafficking. The crime by the police officers is considered one of the worst cases in the United States corruption scandals. The prosecutors of the case stated that the crime was a case of abuse of power. Officers in Baltimore seized drugs from a drug trafficker. The drugs were then redistributed in the streets of Philadelphia by the police officer. This is one among many cases of corruption that face several police officers in the United States.

Fraud, bribery and abuse of power in the police department are among the leading causes of corruption. Masked corrupt police officers are known to be drug lords and ring leaders. Most of the officers are gang leaders and notorious drug dealers. Drug trafficking is an easy channel that most police officers are using to make good money. Once the police officers cease drugs from drug dealers, instead of confiscating the drugs, they end up redistributing the drugs and selling them in the streets.

((Do you have proposal on how to reduce corruption in the Texas government system?))References

Board, E. (2019, February 21). This is a tale of nepotism and corruption at the top of Texas government. Retrieved from https://www.caller.com/story/opinion/2019/02/21/tale-nepotism-corruption-top-texas-government/2929548002/.

Greenblatt, A. (2016, May) Why Is Public Corruption So Common in South Texas? Retrieved from https://www.governing.com/topics/politics/gov-public-corruption-crystal-city-texas.html.

Ornstein, N. (2014, October 16). Courting Corruption: How Judicial Elections Threaten the Justice System. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/10/courting-corruption-the-auctioning-of-the-judicial-system/381524/.

Tennessee Gun Theft

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Institution

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Table of Contents TOC o “1-3” h z u Table of Contents PAGEREF _Toc53932624 h 21 Unit of analysis PAGEREF _Toc53932625 h 32 Variables PAGEREF _Toc53932626 h 3a.Dependent Variable PAGEREF _Toc53932627 h 4Gun theft from vehicles PAGEREF _Toc53932628 h 4Operational definition: PAGEREF _Toc53932629 h 6Level of Measurement PAGEREF _Toc53932630 h 7b.Threat to Measurement Validity PAGEREF _Toc53932631 h 7c.Threats to measurement reliability: PAGEREF _Toc53932632 h 91 Implementation of a law to carry a gun inside vehicles without a permit PAGEREF _Toc53932633 h 9d.Threat to measurement reliability PAGEREF _Toc53932634 h 10Research Designs PAGEREF _Toc53932635 h 10Data collection Method PAGEREF _Toc53932636 h 11e.Introducing independent variables PAGEREF _Toc53932637 h 11f.Threats to Internal Validity PAGEREF _Toc53932638 h 12External validity PAGEREF _Toc53932639 h 12Best design and ethics PAGEREF _Toc53932640 h 13

1 Unit of analysisThe unit of analysis in this study are states

2 Variables

By looking at the gun issue in the U.S. there are key indicators that are used as variant elements when studying the issue. One of the key aspects that paint the image of U.S. gun issue is the legalization and dependent factors for the gun use. One of the most outstanding variants in the gun issue is the difference between the registered and illegal guns. Perhaps it is hard to pinpoint the number but it is clear that there is a considerable number of people who carry guns illegally. The Tennessee’s 2014 decision to allow unlicensed individuals to carry guns is one of the most dynamic debating point in the issue of illegal guns in the area. Some people and law makers have argued that allowing unlicensed individuals to carry guns will only add fuel to the fire in an already sensitive issue of public security. The increase in robbery, killings, and even suicide was seen to increase dramatically in Tennessee with many claiming that the issue was not well thought. Digging deeper into the matter revealed that the aspect of vetting individuals to weigh out their mental stability and credibility of handling a gun plays a crucial role in the area of public safety.

The decision to allow unlicensed individuals to carry firearms in their vehicle was believed to lead to an increase in gun thefts from vehicle. A case in point is where the unregistered firearms were noted to be the most used in crime and other peace-threatening activities. Most importantly, permitting unregistered individuals to carry firearms was noted to lead to increase in crime. The use of firearms in most cases led to the individuals using the opportunity to even carry more than gun. The legal basis of this 2014 law was the increased cases of robbery and even theft of guns in vehicles. Most of the people who were interviewed on the viability and legality of allowing unlicensed individuals to carry firearms stated that the issue itself is a threat to local public security. As noted in many cases, the Tennessee firearms laws have a very unique outlook from other areas.

One of the underlying factors on firearms laws in Tennessee is the link between the legal basis and the individual rights. As seen in many areas, the gun laws in Tennessee have been revised occasionally to blend with changing aspects of legal basis. Within the past three years, Tennessee has made drastic changes in its firearm laws that are meant to bring sanity in the public. Tennessee issues permits for the concealed or open carry of handguns, but not loaded long guns. However, an individual is free to carry a loaded handgun or long gun in their car without a permit as part of the expanded “castle doctrine” self-defense law. The basic laws that restrict firearm ownership in Tennessee are fundamentally laid in line with the local legal backing. To add on this Tennessee has seen a drastic revision of the firearm laws that have made it possible to create a viable and strong public safety mechanisms. However, the permitting of unlicensed persons to carry firearms in vehicles has for most cases been criticized. One of the basis for the negative perception regarding the law is that it has restricted viable firearm limitation rules that are mostly needed in Tennessee.

Dependent VariableGun theft from vehiclesGun theft from vehicles as the dependent variable is descriptively related to the issue of firearm theft that is implicated on reckless permitting of unlicensed individuals to carry firearms. Gun theft from vehicles in Tennessee has occasionally been reported to police and ranks among the top security issues being addressed today. With many individuals carrying guns and leaving them in vehicles, the security threat has increased due to the stealing of those firearms. One of the defining aspects of the gun theft in Tennessee is that the unlicensed individuals hardly have the right documentation for the guns. This makes the firearms an easy target by the criminals who find them easy to carry as they are hard to track.

Another issue is that some of these individuals who carry guns are reckless and leave them in in the open where the thieves can easily get them. For example, 3 out of 10 guns stolen from vehicles were as a result of the owners leaving the car windows open. Such reckless behavior only points to how unqualified the gun owners are to a point where they leave their firearms an easy target and in the open. The Tennessee gun laws first prohibit public display of guns mainly in areas with children like malls and supermarkets. The reckless behavior of some of the gun owners has only intensified the matter with the local authorities unable to bring sanity to the matter. As seen in most cases, gun owners undergo extensive vetting to ensure that they are qualified to carry guns. Allowing unlicensed individuals to carry guns goes against the norm and raises an issue of insecurity that has for many decades created a public safety issue.

The Tennessee gun laws are mainly ascribed to the public safety that have for many years been revised to match the safety needs. The legalization of guns in public places remains the major point that attributes to the growing aspects of public safety. In the past ten years, Tennessee has had a robust gun control and regulation laws that have enabled the region upgrade its public safety. However, there have been some limitations that relates to the increasing issues of allowing unlicensed individuals to carry guns. Federal law prohibits certain persons from purchasing or possessing firearms, such as people who have been convicted of felonies, people convicted of certain domestic abuse crimes or subject to certain domestic violence related restraining orders, and people with certain mental health histories. One of the drawbacks in this is that the key laws laid down has created loopholes in public safety that has increased the issue of gun theft. The most disturbing issue is that these guns are stolen and end up in the wrong hands. Consequently, the increasing cases of crime like robbery and killings will only get worse as the public safety issue is also threatened.

Operational definition:The number of incidences of theft of property inside vehicles has dramatically increased in Tennessee. For example, in 2017, it was reported that there was an average of 7 cases of property theft in vehicles per week in Tennessee that shows the sensitivity of the issue. One of the underlying factors in this issue is that the local authorities and the police continue to lament the laxity in law making that has created loopholes in the area of public safety. To make the issue worse, the laxity in gun laws has created a huge loophole that continues to make it hard for the police to keep law and order.

Theft in cars has been one of the main issues that Tennessee faces and this even involves stolen guns that threaten public safety. Still, there has been more issues of robbery in public areas where the majority of the victims were individuals in the cars. Statistically, Tennessee has seen a 12% rise in public safety issues mainly the areas of theft of property inside vehicles. Among the reported cases, it was found that 2 in 10 thefts involved guns where the owners left the in vehicles. One of the underlying issues for this matter touches on people who left guns in the cars that today remains a key issue in Tennessee.

The police department in Tennessee reported that in 2018 alone, more than 2500 firearms were stolen in public places that accounts to 34% of the total cases. Among the stolen guns, 55% were stolen inside vehicles that points to the need for reforms in gun licensing. One of the ways to look at the issue is to evaluate how the problem of unlicensed individuals carrying guns affects local security.

Level of MeasurementBased on the laid down parameters regarding gun ownership in Tennessee have largely been pinned on key factors like regulation and right to own a firearm. The dependent variable will be a ratio variable because the distances between the attributes of the variable is meaningful and a value of zero on this variable is meaningful. The real attributes that imply a tangible value that is pinned on the dependent variable also touches on the gun ownership and variant rights. The level of measurement in this regard will look at the dependent and dominant factor that looks at the key aspects of a firearm regulation and how its related to the gun theft. To be precise, gun laws in Tennessee have always been pinned on the right to own the firearm and the personal right to safety.

On the other hand, the variable can also at the absence of gun theft in vehicles. The dependent variable in this case therefore illustrates the dominant factor that is also influenced by a set of variables. For example, the theft of guns can be associated with people recklessly leaving the car doors and windows open. Still, the variable can also be analyzed by assuming that the gun theft was a form of robbery where the firearms were well secured in the vehicle when they were stolen. The goal here is to look at all the factors surrounding the issue of gun theft in vehicles and how allowing unlicensed individuals to carry guns promote the theft.

Threat to Measurement ValidityiFace validity: Face validity implies that there is a credible proof basis that can be used to verify the reliability of the data collected on the phenomena. In this case, the face validity will be based on the logical presentation of the observable phenomena that in this case is gun theft. For a more clear analysis, the face validity will analyze the one on one link between the gun theft and permitting of unlicensed individuals to carry guns. To make it more elaborate, face validity is vital in this research because it will help affirm the credibility of the issue being studied. Still, face validity can help create the right outlook of values that will touch on the link between the integral and variant factors that all relate to the issue of gun theft in cars.

Criterion-related validity: Criterion related validity is the true picture of the matter being studied and looks at the possibility of the occurrence. Looking at the relationship between tangible and intangible elements, the criterion-related validity will touch on the link between the gun theft and laxity in gun laws. For the case of Tennessee, the gun theft in cars is solely tied or blamed on lack of strong laws that can help tame or limit the issue of unlicensed individuals owning or carrying guns. This measure is an official measure of gun thefts from vehicles and therefore is generally accepted as a valid measure of the construct from theft from vehicles. Therefore, the dependent variable has criterion-related validity.

iii

Multiple Measures: one of the ways to verify that one factor in a study is related to the outcome is to compare more than one element. In the case of Tennessee, the best way is to have a directly linked elements that point to gun theft and show how these factors point to one outcome. For example, to show whether the variable captures changes in gun thefts from vehicles may be to compare it the number of insurance claims filed for stolen firearms. If the two measures are correlated, it can be expected that the measure has construct validity. Tennessee issues permits for the concealed or open carry of handguns, but not loaded long guns. However, an individual is free to carry a loaded handgun or long gun in their car without a permit as part of the expanded “castle doctrine” self-defense law. The basic laws that restrict firearm ownership in Tennessee are fundamentally laid in line with the local legal backing. Still, the comparison has to factor in a key variant that will remain constant in the issue that is the gun theft and how it relates to attributed causes.

Threats to measurement reliability:

iStudy reliability is one of the key aspects that define a valid outcome and thus the outcomes and findings of such a research can be trusted. Validity is only affirmed by the term consistency that is the stability in the data collected on the gun theft. Reliable data has a unique pattern that do not change with time but rather very dependent and shaped by matters on the ground.

Independent variables

1 Implementation of a law to carry a gun inside vehicles without a permit

Operational definition: The defining element in this study is that the state of Tennessee has allowed and implemented a law that allows citizens to carry a weapon in their vehicles even when they are not allowed to carry guns in public.

Level of measurement : The independent variable takes an independent stand by assuming that every state has its own unique laws. The nominal variable thus is based on the direction taken by every state to have its own laws or not.

Threats to measurement validity:

iCriterion-related validity: Based on Tennessee’s gun laws and validity of the laws, there is an assumption that the gun laws take time before they are implemented. The implementation of these laws is thus solely dependent on the state’s agility and the speed taken by the law enforcers. The validity here thus lies in the enforcement of the gun laws that are abiding to the fact that gun theft needs to be controlled. To assess the effectiveness of the laws, the study will measure the time taken to implement the laws and the underlying factors that define the law enforcement and how these laws are able to effectively address the gun theft issues.

Threat to measurement reliability

i. Since the study is based on gun laws comparison between states, there might lack some credibility of the data based on how each state addresses the issue. It is therefore assumed that gun laws are largely rooted in the problem each state faces and therefore there must be some distinct differences. The other takeaway from this is that the independent variable and the validity of the data will depend on the respective state and its interlinked gun laws that will in this case be unique from other states. The increase in robbery, killings, and even suicide was seen to increase dramatically in Tennessee with many claiming that the issue was not well thought. Digging deeper into the matter revealed that the aspect of vetting individuals to weigh out their mental stability and credibility of handling a gun plays a crucial role in the area of public safety.

Research DesignsThe study will utilize the descriptive research design and the quasi-experimental design. The two research designs fits this study because it is rooted in actual values and thus attributes to a well-connected data spread that suits the selected variables. The descriptive research design is a scientific method which involves observing and describing the behavior of a subject without influencing it in any way. A descriptive study establishes only associations between variables; an experimental study establishes causality. This makes the design fit for this study because it is rooted in analyzing and comparing variables thereby creating a dominant variants. The study will also look at the application of each variable and how it relates to the phenomena being studied. The treatment group will be the state of Tennessee, which is the only State implementing the law in 2014.

The comparison group will be other States that did not change their laws at any point in the period before or after the Tennessee law was passed in 2014. The comparison group will be made of 13 other states that did not change their laws during the study period and had a comparable way of measuring the dependent variable. Comparison states were comparable to the treatment state in the restrictiveness of their gun laws. In this study, it is impossible to randomly assign States to the treatment which makes this design a quasi-experimental design.

Data collection MethodThe data collection method will follow or seek to analyze the variables monthly for several years. The analysis period will also be equal and run through the stated period for the data consistency. The data will also be collected based on the laid down parameters that look at the gun laws and ow they compare between Tennessee and other states. It is clear that most of the studies in this area have focused on limited variables and therefore gathering data on the chosen scope will increase the study credibility. The study will also be based on the varied avenues for an integral values that point to the integral values that point to how gun laws and permitting of unlicensed individuals to carry guns leads to the issue of gun theft in vehicles.

Introducing independent variablesThe independent variable for this study will only be introduced in Tennessee and thus the study will focus on the state as the field for data collection. The additional data will seek to compare the values for an integral element that looks at how the nominal values will verify the variables. The independent variable will be measured by coding the legal codes of all the states included in the study and assess whether the state implemented the gun carrying law and the exact month the law was implemented.

Threats to Internal Validity

History: The threat to external validity will cover broad scopes that look at how the past data collection methods performed. It is true that the history of data collection applies in this study in reference to scope and credibility of the study. results. gun thefts may increase in Tennessee because of a national tragedy such as the Sandy Hook mass shooting that occurred during the study, leading people to be desperate to acquire guns for protection. In this study, the data researchers are guarding against this threat to internal validity by including a comparison group.

Instrumentation: The threat to internal validity and the scope of variant data collection methods will look at how the various scopes of inputs are credible. The instruments used to gather data can have a form of valid threats if they are not reliable. To add on this, the data collected may also have flaws ad margins of error that will affect the results and findings of the study.

External validity

There are possibilities of external threats to validity for this study. Validity can be affected by many things that relate to the credibility of the data and the various scopes of the data collection methods. To address ex ternal validity, it is good to look at how the various avenues of data collection were utilized to guarantee credible, valid, and reliable data. The threat to external validity in this study is possible and will affect the nature of data and ultimately the scope in results. To begin with, Tennessee has very unique gun laws and thus not all data collection parameters may apply in this study. Tennessee is a state that is not very restrictive in terms of gun laws, which means that guns may be more easily available than in a more restrictive state. It is possible that allowing guns in cars in a state with more restrictive gun laws, or with more urban centers, might see an even greater increase in gun thefts from vehicles.

Best design and ethics

Study ethics remains a key concern for this study to guarantee reliable and valid results. The participants in this study will have to be guaranteed their safety, privacy, and respect. Since the study is gathering data on a very sensitive matter of crime and guns, the study will observe wide scope of privacy and respondent safety during data collection. This will be in line with the study demands that are outlined within the avenues for data collection that demands that the respondent to be protected and not coarsed to provide data or participate in a study.

First, the respondents will be voluntarily be requested to participate in the study without being forced. The other ethical consideration will be to ensure that the respondents understand the value and need for the data and thus provide ample information before the study begins. concerns associated with revealing the identity of participants are minimal, since the unit of analysis is at the state level. Nevertheless, while crime incident statistics are anonymous, looking at such a specific type of crime may accidentally reveal the identity of victims for those who are aware of the circumstances of the crime. To ensure that this is not possible, the study will not report data on any time period where less than 10 incidents are reported to the police.

Summaries – Law, Justice, and Society A Sociolegal Introduction

Summaries – Law, Justice, and Society: A Sociolegal Introduction

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Course

Date

Summaries – Law, Justice, and society: A Sociolegal Introduction

Chapter Four: Federal and State Courts Summary

Chapter four handles the federal and state courts. In the chapter, the reader is introduced to the courts where justice is obtained in America. The courts serve to hand out justice by providing the affected practice with a dee law process. Also, courts are involved in the making of policy. Policymaking is the process of allocating limited resources to parties who are competing for the resources. Difficult controversies that involve policy are solved in the court system. Additionally, the rights of minorities would not be catered for through legislature, but rather through the court system, which allows for their rights to be heard, thus allowing for social change.

Also, the court system interprets the law and clarifies it for the general public. To truly understand how the court system works, the jurisdiction concept is introduced in the chapter. Jurisdiction is a Latin term comprised of two terms, ‘juris’ meaning law, and ‘dicere,’ which stands for to speak. The term jurisdiction is the ability of a court to speak on and decide a case. Jurisdiction is divided into four primary types: personal, subject matter, geographical, and hierarchical. Personal jurisdiction means that the court holds authority over a person. When talking about the subject matter jurisdiction, the author implies that the court has the power to listen to a particular type of case.

The geographical jurisdiction means that the court can hear cases in a particular geographic region, while hierarchical jurisdiction denotes responsibilities and duties among various courts. Hierarchical jurisdiction is divided into limited and general, and original and appellate. Also, in the chapter, we are introduced to Federal courts. Federal courts, otherwise referred to as Article III courts, are courts established by Congress under Article III of the U.S constitution, mandated to make inferior courts. The federal court system is classified into three tiers: district courts, courts of appeal, and the Supreme Court. The district court is essentially the trial court for the federal court system. On the other hand, the court of appeal comprises of courts of appeals. Finally, the third tier of federal courts is the supreme courts, which are the final destinations of cases not solved in the other two federal court system ties.

Furthermore, the chapter explores the state courts. They are described as the workhorses of the judicial system as they process the bulk of the cases. They exist in four different tiers: courts of limited jurisdiction, courts of general jurisdiction, immediate appellate courts, and the final appellate court, also known as the court of last resort. Another important concept I learned in the chapter is the criminal process. The chapter gives an in-depth look into how the criminal process goes on. The filing of an arrest initiates the process. Search warrants are handed out to police who proceed to arrest the suspect while in detention, the suspect is booked and has his biometrics and pictures taken.

Next, the suspect initially appears in a municipal court. The suspect is informed of their rights, their charges and are reformed on terms of bail. Next is the preliminary hearings, where the suspect is formally notified of their crimes. The following charges are filed, after which the suspect appears before a grand jury. Charges are filed, and arraignment occurs, followed by a reading of rights to the suspect. Finally, the defendants enter a plea, where they plead guilty or not guilty. A successful trial needs a capable jury; therefore, another crucial concept is selecting the jury. With the selection of the jury complete, the trial process begins, followed by a sentencing. If the suspect is guilty and wishes to appeal, then the appeal process occurs.

Furthermore, court actors who are essential in the justice system are named. They are judges, prosecutors, and attorneys. Finally, the chapter presents the reader with an overview of the legal profession, which links the actors in the justice system. Courts serve an important role in the US. Overall, the chapter delves into the composition and workings of the federal and state court system.

Chapter Five: Crime and Criminal Law Summary

The chapter introduces essential elements of criminal law, which is alternatively referred to as substantive law. Substantive law is defined, and it does two things, prescribes and proscribes. Prescribing stands for what the law should do while proscribing describes what we should not do. Criminal laws are under the state’s authority, and any infringement of criminal law is seen as a violation affecting the state. Also, in the chapter, the aspect of crime and its definition is touched upon. Crime is defined as the act of violating international criminal law without defense or an excuse. Crime has five components, namely, an act of violation of criminal law of which a punishment is prescribed, the individual performing the crime must have had the intention. Lastly, the person does without any legally justifiable defenses or justifications.

Additionally, we are introduced to the sources of criminal law in the chapter. Criminal law is obtained from many sources, including state and federal constitutions, state and federal statutes, and common law. However, the bulk of the criminal law is obtained from state statutes. Another emerging source of criminal law is federal law. The reason behind it is that, previously, criminal law was primarily left to states, but federal law is now being considered due to the evolution of crime.

Furthermore, criminal law has limitations that limit the scope of criminal law. The chapter explores just how this is happening. According to the section on limitations of criminal law, the state cannot criminalize any conduct it chooses. The concept of the substantive due process essentially places checks on what the law may seek to curtail. The process forbids laws against the basic rights to be passed because such rights are essential for ordered liberty to exist. Another aspect is the overbreadth doctrine, which deems laws unconstitutional when they cannot define specific actions that are to be restricted. Also, void for vagueness considers laws unconstitutional when they fail to sop act and define punishment in advance. The other is fair notice, which is just the act of letting individuals know that an act is not allowed.

Moreover, the chapter also explains the elements of criminal liability. Criminal liability only applies when an illegal act is done, accompanied by the intent to commit the crime. There are five elements of liability which defines a crime. Each of the liabilities must be established and proven without any reasonable doubt to ensure a crime. They are ‘Actus reus,’ ‘Mens rea,’ concurrence, causation, and harm. All of them make up ‘corpus delecti.’ There are examples where criminal liability may give without proof of criminal intent, and these are strict liability and vicarious liability. The chapter also explores inchoate crimes, which are defined as crimes performed to prepare an offense. They are of three types, attempt, solicitation, and conspiracy.

The chapter also explores justification methods that a defendant has to avoid criminal liability. The three common examples are self-defense, consent, and execution of public duties. In self-defense, the individual employs physical attacks when they believed they were about to be physically injured. State agents are allowed to use extreme force to execute their duties if they deem the attack is dangerous. With the actor’s consent, an individual chooses to suffer harm despite knowing that the act will injure them. The act has to be voluntary and knowledgeable. Other justifications include excuse defenses, which provide for duress, intoxication, and age and insanity.

The chapter also includes crime against the person, crimes against property, crimes against public order, and morality. Crimes against the person are some of the worst crimes, and they include acts of murder, manslaughter, negligent homicide, felony murder rule, forcible rape, aggravated assault, and robbery. Also, crimes against property include arson, burglary, and theft. Offenses against public order and morality include disorderly conduct and Acts of prostitution and morality. Therefore, the chapter summarizes what crime is, criminal law, its elements, and types of crime.

Chapter Six: Criminal Procedure Summary

In Chapter Six, I learned the criminal procedures and their importance. Criminal procedures serve various purposes, such as setting the appropriate behavior for individuals, and due process to be followed in violation of the appropriate behaviors. The Chapter covers the fourth amendment search and seizure law. The law states that citizens should not be subjected to unreasonable searches and that warrants need to be issued before legal searches are done and accompanied by probable cause. Also, in the detention of individuals or items, the law protects individuals as the individuals’ perception in detection is used in law instead of police perception. Hence, if an individual is restrained from movement, their perception is used in law to determine if they were free to leave.

In the arrest of individuals, the officers are only allowed to arrest if they have a warrant. In the absence of a warranty, the officer should prove probable cause for arresting a specific individual’s involvement in criminal activities. Arrests without warranties are only allowed if the illegal activity is done in the officer’s presence or when the arrest takes place outside the privacy of the individual. Nonetheless, the arrest can occur if an order given by a person legally in authority or the private facility grants access to residents. In the arrest of individuals, reasonable force should be used unless excessive force is required to protect life. Hence, the amendment is useful to protect the rights of people being arrested and restricted in movement.

The Chapter covers two types of seizures, including stop and frisk. The court has established that stop and frisk does not require probable cause as the stop is not a full arrest and frisk is not a full search. Hence, all that is needed is reasonable suspicion to perform these acts. Nonetheless, an officer may choose to frisk an individual immediately without issuing a stop due to the suspicion of the risk of their safety and the surrounding people. Stop in vehicles should have reasonable suspicion to justify the act. Together with the passengers, the driver may also be requested to exit the car, allowing for a full search. The documentation for the weapons in the vehicle may be requested and the other documents, such as licenses.

In the Chapter, I also learned of the search warranty exceptions in plain view, open fields, and abandoned properties. In the direct view, the law allows officers to seize items there can see without apparently having to touch, smell, or apply any other senses. The rule applies where no warranty is required as the officer is in the position of observation. Hence, there is no need to provide a search warrant where an officer is within their jurisdiction and can see a wrong. Nonetheless, the smelling of meth in a person’s house will require the officer to obtain a warrant before searching the premises. In the open fields, areas outside the home of individuals are not protected under the law. Abandoned buildings are also not protected in the fourth amendment as the person is assumed to have given up control over the property.

Abandonment constitutes discarding of items and phrasing statements such as ‘l don’t want this anymore.’ In case of arrest, individuals have the right to be represented by a counsel and state their rights before any interrogation. The rights are referred to as the Miranda warning and only applicable under such circumstances. The Miranda is not applicable in traffic stops, sobriety check areas, stop and frisk, routine questioning of individuals, and when the officer believes that it’s a matter of public safety.

Strategies for mentorship and assessment of nursing students A reflective essay

Strategies for mentorship and assessment of nursing students: A reflective essay

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IntroductionNursing mentorship is an important aspect of the process of acquiring the prerequisite skill set in this sensitive trade. The mentorship programs offered in many parts of the world are supposed to be an emulation of Florence Nightingale’s instructive sessions in the Crimean War (Shaw, 2012). During these periods, she would physically guide the other nurses on the job by offering advice, instruction, and information. These practices have continued to be an important pillar for the nursing profession due to the empowerment of nurses and optimization of the skills they obtain in class and practice.Such was my case some time back when I was required to mentor a third-year nursing student during her practice run in the local hospital. One of the requirements of this mentorship exercise was for her to gain a deeper understanding of some of the core competencies her level of instruction has acquired her. In addition, I was also supposed to ensure that the student gained more confidence in her practice since the acquisition of skills without a proper level of confidence was one of the nursing field’s most disturbing problems (Canham and Bennett, 2002). More so since human lives might depend on it.The student, named Paula, arrives quite early on the day we expected her. Her first day started well since timeliness is an important virtue for the nursing trade as well as critically important for the practice. I introduced her rest of the nursing fraternity attached to the mature female ward -my working zone. I felt that the acquaintances would assist her develop the required confidence she needed to communicate well in the ward since communication was necessary for any teamwork, which is what nursing is about essentially (Scott and Spouse, 2013). After acquainting her with the mature female ward nurses, Paula came to my office for the rest of her initial orientation into the four weeks mentorship program. The mentorship would culminate in my making entries into the ongoing achievement record as well as student reports.As part of the mature female ward, Paula would need to carry out many duties in the course of her mentorship program. The adult female ward has many female patients with a wide variety of female-specific diseases and medical problems (Levin and Feldman, 2012). The learner would experience a full range of medical scenarios in which to operate and gain the necessary skills to become a competent nurse in the future. In order to facilitate the learner in the best manner possible, I decided to identify the best strategies for mentorship and assessment. In execution, they would benefit Paula and me since mentorship offers the mentor with a learning experience as well.Strategies for mentorshipThe first strategy I identified for Paula’s benefit was the bottom-up approach. We needed to start her mentorship process from the areas of knowledge to new ones (Baxley, Ibitayo and Bond, n.d.). Therefore, I set about establishing what the learner had assimilated into the classroom environment and her application of the same during practice sessions. In addition I identified we would identify her areas of weakness in the curriculum in order to strengthen them later on using the appropriate methodology. Therefore, Paula seemed to have acquired a thorough knowledge of all aspects of maternal care nursing but has a weak grasp of midwifery techniques. Therefore, we decided to apply more effort in her weak areas while maintaining her grasp of the strengths to improve her overall situation in terms of nursing skills and competence after mentorship and school.The second strategy I decided would be best for her was the 5-step of instruction. This method utilizes five tried and tested methods that seek to instill clinical and medical skills in the nursing fraternity. The first step involves sensitizing the learner on the need to acquire the required skills while motivating them. Paula would respond well to this part since she had exuded confidence in her ability to capture concepts and developed a liking for the nursing knowledge (Gantz, 2010). The second step involved requesting the learner to demonstrate the skills without discussion in order to identify the skill level and areas, which needed work. Paula was an excellent student in school having captured almost all her classroom concepts well; however, her midwifery was wanting. The third step involved me – the mentor – demonstrating the skills once more but using discussion to identify the learner’s weakness and install more in the learner. Paula seemed genuinely interested in capturing the skills that needed more work. The fourth step required Paula as the student to talk me through the steps, and the last one qualified her to carry out the skills.While mentoring is an important part of a learner’s skills improvement process, the best practice and development emanates from the student practicing their newly acquired skills in individual cases in order to create confidence and boost their adaptive ability in applying these skills to the different scenarios that come their way (Prevost, 2005). Paula would, therefore, need more practice in real life situations in order to ensure that she has acquired enough confidence to apply the skills unaided and also assist her develop adaptive capacity. I asked her to accompany me to three particular cases in order to observe her keenness and cultivate confidence in her newly acquired skills. In addition, I asked her to assist me once in a complicated delivery in order to see how she would adapt to working in an environment rife with complications that required ingenuity and adaptive skills. She was jittery at first in assisting the breech birth, but after some few words of encouragement rose to the occasion with excellent results for both mother and child.As part of my mentorship process, I was required to identify one area of interest in which I intended to major once I had graduated and sat for the nursing examination body exams. The National Healthcare Council and Midwifery and Nursing Council tests were severe and required one to be adequately qualified in a recognized University for the Bachelor of Science degree in Nursing. Paula was in the third year of her college education and intended on being registered as a level one registered nurse after graduating and sitting for the prerequisite examinations. However, she has not yet chosen her area of specialization. While discussing the subject one Monday evening, she hinted at maternity nursing being her first love but decided on critical care nursing later on after careful deliberation. However, she wanted to do it, the fact was that there was a lot of hard work ahead of her, and as her mentor in the short capacity then, it was my duty to surround her with as much of the situational awareness and learning environment as possible (Santucci, 2004).Later on, as we developed a strong bond after three weeks of intense learning and brainstorming activity, I decided to kick-start the next strategy I had in store for Paula. Her nursing mentorship was almost ending and she had surprised most of the mature female ward nurses with her capacity to absorb medical and nursing concepts as well as come up with the best solutions for even the most tasking situations (Maier and Shibles, 2011). I had planned to put her on intense brainstorming sessions using some complicated scenarios in the last week of her stay at the hospital culminating in my assessment of her progress. Not surprisingly, she did very well on all the questions we threw at her, even amazing the doctors with her collective ability to both identify diagnostic errors and remedy them accordingly. However, the real deal would be the exams ahead and her performance without the assistance of mentors like I and we made that well known to her.

Assessment strategies used in nursing mentorshipMentorship, at least in the medical and nursing trade, culminated in the mentor carefully assessing the learner’s abilities and acquired skills using a wide variety of methods available. Due to the practical nature of the nursing profession, the most efficient mode of assessment would be on case evaluation but that was impossible due to statutory regulations regarding non-qualified nurses and hospital insurance policies (McGee, 2009). However, there were no statutory regulations or policies against the mentorship personnel using near-authentic examples of cases on their learners without endangering the lives of real patients (Mentoring Nurses in Evidence-Based Projects, 2012). Therefore, I asked a couple of nurses to assist me make up five real-life scenarios of various degrees of seriousness and complexity. With these scenarios, Paula’s entire skill set would be put to the test using the nursing council’s propriety performance scales (Staunton and Chiarella, 2012). In addition, we made it well known to her that her performance in these exercises was going to influence her ongoing assessment record remarks and graduation.In addition to the particular test, we had prepared for Paula as part of the female ward, the other evaluation strategy we utilized on her was applying past examination material to her. As a university student, she was used to sitting for hours on end at a time reading troves of medical and nursing information. We did not want her to undergo such a harrowing experience on her mentorship. Therefore, I chose only some relevant material from the UK midwifery examinations body and applied them to her in order to assess her assimilation of the same material. Due to the complex nature of the review questions and scenarios, I ascertained that the strategy would provide not only an indication of her skills, knowledge, and applicative ability, but also her an aptitude with regards to the nursing profession. The last bit was important as part of my assessment in order to identify an accurate estimation of the career prospects of this young nurse in the making. So far, she had amazed most of the female ward’s nurses, and some felt that she had the aptitude for a far more challenging and complicated nursing field in medical fields such as neurology. One duty of the mentor is to ensure the learner not only succeeds in their current endeavor, but also achieves the highest goals they possibly can (Rassool, 2010). Therefore, I had to identify the young student’s aptitude in order to complete my assessment.Mentoring is not only about developing the skills the learner wants to acquire through training and practice. It also involved developing other skills that are relevant to the person’s career and job prosperity. The nursing practice is a very taxing medical field that a young professional could choose. The chances of encountering hard scenarios where one is expected to not only demonstrate a keen skill set honed by practice, but also other attributes such as sensitivity, counseling ability, and social skills (Smith, 2012). I devised a strategy where Paula would also develop her counseling skills using examples from real cases I was handling and requesting her to develop solutions after research. Therefore, she would identify the need to develop counseling skills as her career progressed. In addition, the need for psychological skills necessary in identifying some of the pre-existing mental aspects affecting the patient’s physical well-being was also emphasized (Thompson et al., 2013). The increasingly tense socio-economic times were influencing the mental health of patients to the extent of manifesting themselves in the physical states. Nurses frequently needed to possess a mental set of skills in order to identify psychological factors in some of the medical cases they handled and developed nursing-oriented approaches to solving them. Paula assimilated some notes I handed to her and demonstrated a good grasp of the use of these skills in detecting examples of mental factors such as tension and stress as causative agents of some medical conditions. The learner’s acquisition of these skills signaled the end of the process of imparting skills and knowledge through strategic mentorship and the start of the assessment process on paper.In conclusion, as I was completing my assessment of Paula on her OAR, I also realized the interaction with this promising nurse was beneficial to me as well. The learner had excelled in all her instruction and practice aspects. In addition, I had succeeded in assisting her to strengthen the objective of increasing her midwifery skill set. Although she would not be able to practice in a professional capacity for another two years, Paula looked forward to completing her academic instruction, and then pursues her professional education before starting her long, illustrious career as a nurse. Although she still held to the ambition of becoming a critical care nurse later in her professional career, I believed she would come round to the realization that she had more in her than just the CCN role. Until then, I would carry out my duty and recommend her for the highest scores in the ongoing assessment record with exemplary performance in nursing concepts, social skills, and academic potential. In addition, I also felt that her mentorship benefited me a lot since I got the chance to pull someone else up the social and professional ladder while growing in the process too.

References

Baxley, S., Ibitayo, K. and Bond, M. (n.d.). Mentoring today’s nurses.

Canham, J. and Bennett, J. (2002). Mentorship in community nursing. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science.

Gantz, N. (2010). 101 global leadership lessons for nurses. Indianapolis, IN: Sigma Theta Tau International.

Levin, R. and Feldman, H. (2012). Teaching Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing. New York: Springer Pub. Co.

Maier, B. and Shibles, W. (2011). The philosophy and practice of medicine and bioethics. Dordrecht: Springer.

McGee, P. (2009). Advanced Practice in Nursing and the Allied Health Professions. Wiley.

Mentoring Nurses in Evidence-Based Projects. (2012). Journal for Nurses in Staff Development, 28(2), pp.89-90.

Prevost, S. (2005). Strategies from industry leaders in critical care. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.

Rassool, G. (2010). Addiction for nurses. Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Pub.

Santucci, J. (2004). Facilitating the Transition Into Nursing Practice. Journal for Nurses in Staff Development (JNSD), 20(6), pp.274-284.

Scott, I. and Spouse, J. (2013). Practice-based learning in nursing, health and social care. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Blackwell.

Shaw, M. (2012). Mentorship in healthcare. [Place of publication not identified]: M & K Update Ltd.

Smith, A. (2012). Assessing Confidence in Triage Decision Making. Journal for Nurses in Staff Development, 28(3), pp.132-136.

Staunton, P. and Chiarella, M. (2012). Law for Nurses and Midwives. London: Elsevier Health Sciences APAC.

Thompson, J., Mallet-Boucher, M., McCloskey, C., Tamlyn, K. and Wilson, K. (2013). Educating Nurses for the Twenty-First Century Abilities-Based Outcomes and Assessing Student Learning in the Context of Democratic Professionalism. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 10(1).

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Strategies for mentorship and assessment of nursing students A reflective essay

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