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Standards for lifting

Standards for lifting

Student’s Name

Affiliation

Course

Date

Explain the complexities and difficulties in enforcing standards for lifting. Use specific examples to support your answer. 

Weight lifting standards refer to the set criterion regarding design, test, inspection and operation of lifting devices and equipment. It also gives guidelines on lifting procedures and certification of personnel allowed to operate lifting devices and equipment. Lifting refers to moving of a load either up or down. Lifting devices comprises of chainblocks, hoists, mobile cranes, overhead cranes, hydra-sets and slings.

In most countries, enforcement of lifting standards is done by the government through designated agencies (C. Wilkinson,2001).The government also enacts occupational health and safety legislations that also contain the standards of lifting. This by itself is the first major challenge when it comes to enforcing the standards for lifting due to the fact that most of these legislations are obsolete and weak. They do not give the agencies and safety inspectors enough power to enforce the standards for lifting. Furthermore, the said legislations do not address current lifting risks hence cannot be enforced on the current work environment. For example most lifting standards being used were set with only factories and workshops in mind and hence making the enforcement in other worksites difficult.

Insufficient resources and manpower also makes enforcement of lifting standards difficult. The number of inspectors required in order to carry out regular safety inspection on lifting operations is lacking in most countries. This therefore forces the inspectors, who are at times ill equipped, to only visit worksite with known major lifting risks. Enforcement of these standards is further hindered by the fact that most of the standards are unclear from the workers point of view and cannot be used to uphold the law (P. Chaturvedi, 2005).This results from the fact that the workers and the workers unions are usually not involved in drafting the standards making their enforcement an uphill task. Non-cooperation from the side of the employer is another challenge. It is usually the duty of the employer to train their employees on weight lifting standards and procedures, however most employers do not carry out the training.

References

C. Wilkinson. (2001)Fundamentals of Health at Work: Social Dimensions .Canada, Deerpark

Publishing Services. Print

P. Chaturvedi (2005).Managing Safety Challenges Ahead. New Delhi, India. Concept Publishing

Company. Print

Speech Essay

Speech Essay

Insert NameUniversity of Maryland University College

For me taking Foundations of Oral Communication was more than a required. At first I thought I was already decent at public speaking but I was in for such a surprise. After the first practice upload I knew what I wanted out of this class, I wanted to overall improve my skills. In just a few weeks with the help of my professor and fellow students I did as such and noticed a clear difference.

For our first assignment we were to create an Introduction Speech. This was to be a 2-4 minute introduction of ourselves that I didn’t do so hot on. I received a 65% on the presentation not because of how I talked it but the content I presented. Looking at the critea that was required to be in the speech I went down the check blocks putting in the bare minimums required. The meat of the essay was lacking. This is my first experience and I used it to make sure my other projects didn’t suffer as well. I learned that its important to put supporting information and lesser facts into the presentation instead of just saying the main topic and moving on. I spoke about different adventures that I went on extremely vague instead of giving one or two examples in detail. I talked about different wonders that I’ve seen, but instead of talking about how I’ve seen lighting storms onto of Mount Fuji or seeing the aural borealis while climbing in the Adirondack Mountains I just moved on. So overall in my first assignment I learned that main ideas need to be supported by reliable and relevant information.

Moving to the second assignment dealing with interviewing another person. Overall I felt personally that it went fantastic. Everything went smoothly and without much stutter or pause in conversation. I learned from my previous assignment to make sure that I went into detail with questions and responses. Making sure that there was substance to the questions was my number one concern at this point. This time I received a 38/50 (95%). I was very happy at this point, but even more so to see how I could further improve. When reading over the notes I found that I made a simple mistake right at the start… not engaging a handshake. After reading this it dawned on me how easy of a mistake it truly was. Shaking hands to me is not very important personally, but this is not personal choices but business choices. Truly more than just a gesture, the handshake is important to establish a connection with the person. Also this creates an opening to further set a comfortable climate and make the interviewee more engaged. The only other obvious mistake that I made was not having follow on questions for every response I received from my interviewee. When asking about his greatest challenge about being in the service he talked about missing his family. A clear obvious question that should be asked is how do you keep in touch? I will remember to listen more carefully to such delicate responses and make sure to ask follow up questions. On the flip side of negative is positive, and the feedback was mostly of that. I created a listing of questions that was clearly identified what was going on and covered many aspects of the interviewee life. Attempted with success to avoid filler words such as um and uh, being honest this is the biggest achievement I reached in this class, previously I would use these words but with some practice I stopped. Opening and closing questions were worded properly and with good balance. I received note of having good body posture, this is another skill that is invaluably learned in this class. Body posture keeps your energy high which makes the interviewee more active with better responses. At this point I’ve obtained a few new skills in talking with others and learned of more ways to fine tone other aspects.

My informative speech is next up, this was defiantly different than anything else I’ve done… for now I had an audience staring at me. When writing my script to read I thought it would be just like the interview but with two more people… Not the case at all. Right at the start I didn’t feel nervous, but instead I felt nothing at all. I forgot everything I wrote and couldn’t make it without flash cards. I know with practice I can overcome this small anxiety, but was fun to find out it’s there! Now reading with flash cards I was able to finish. What I learned from this project was no matter how comfortable you are around people when performing a new task you never know what to expect. At this point in the class we’re moving to starting the PowerPoint assignment in regards to a charity of your choice. Right off the start I knew that I would want to present the ALS foundation. I went to various websites collecting information, plugged it all in and thought I had created a decent PowerPoint. Where I went wrong here was obvious because it was in the reading. I had put too many words into various slides, some had little too much empty space, and I did not cite my references correctly. Reviewing and correcting the slides because I would use them in my presentation of my next assignment I saw exactly where I went wrong and saw how the correct format would help present more efficiently.

The last presented assignment was the persuasive speech which I felt I ran into the most roadblocks I could have. The first and foremost biggest disadvantage is the medicine I’m on for a pulled shoulder muscle. Presenting a speech or lecture while on any kind of drug is very difficult I believe even for the experienced, let the show must go on. So I slurred some words by mistake and looked at my screen maybe little bit more than usual, however there was more to come. My little angel, Mia she’s two years old, ran into the room screaming… I had to excuse myself for a moment to take her into other room and come back. I know that this kind of thing can happen to anyone but when I returned I had little mind freezes because I was still thinking of my child instead of my speech. When I snapped back to reality I still had the anxiety from leaving camera which didn’t help me finish off my speech. I know that I could do better, but I did my best and the experience alone is what’s most valuable. For our final assignment we had to write an essay with different choices. I wrote about my experiences with the class and how each project had left different impressions on me each time. I believed I would improve vastly on each skill never making the same mistake twice. This is far from the truth and what I realize that no one will be a professional speaker without much due practice. Instead I’ve identified what areas I’ve improved in and what areas are lagging behind. I will continue my practices in public speaking because it’s definitely one skill set that is required in today’s society.

All in all I’m very satisfied with the knowledge I’ve learned while taking the Foundations of Oral Communication class. Each time I read my professors reviews on my assignment I took her constructive critic with no salt and used it to become better. In just a few weeks I’ve become more confident with speaking in groups because of the skill sets this class has taught me. My goal for this class was to improve my skills and that goal has been met. I will be pursing in the future the means to further improve myself in this field.

D

D

Reasons provided in the film for Prison boom beginning in the 1970 ‘s

1 . Reasons provided in the film for Prison boom beginning in the 1970 ‘s

Incarceration involves jails terms confinements of people . Prison boom is the trend in incarceration rates that have doubled more than the past years . This is because since rise of drug war and explosion of prison large population due to discretion within it’s system allowing the arrest and prosecution of people of color which has alarmingly higher rates than that of whites which is the new criminal penalties according to Jim Crow ,black people being more targeted at arrests and prosecution .The prison population had drastically increased since end of black movement and Civil rights .Whites seemed to be having drastically inferior positions .

Lack of convincing evidence that can be used to track the prisoners both in prison life and after prison life seemed non tractable .No connections of the data related to the crime of the prisoners .There was a selection bias of the people to be sent to Prison .

2 .Have 5 % of population and 25 % of world’s biggest population

From the prison population list indicates a breakdown for the total population in prison . The amount of people in the prison accounted for 25 % total prison population .The strict law servers clearly show that the sentencing culture has been overlooked while giving the jail terms and most of them are incomplete . Policy makers had to be installed ( as a suggestion ) in order to text for population rise in the prisons . Incarceration is then difficult to be compared from other prisons .

3 . African Americans made 12 % of American population but 38 %of prison population .

Most of the African American imprisoned has been due to racism .The rate of Black people imprisonment is greater at an extent compared to the rate of white imprisonment .Racial and ethical differences has been the main source of higher rates of the Black people imprisonment . Going to prison can hinder the development of individual in terms of income and self development . Most of the Black American are in jail majority being falsely imprisoned due to their difference in race .It is believed that the black community are mostly involved in crimes compared to whites .

The consequences are either at individual basis or at society basis .At society basis it is believed that high level of imprisonment in societies causes increase of high crime rates in the neighborhood .The society and individual crisis are experienced by black people .The mass incarceration designed policies that dominate on the white culture mostly causing suppression to other races . Accomplishment of the criminal justice cannot be recognized without the racism factor being addressed . Sentencing project produced by the state level signifies that the black people have greatly been affected hence justice disproportionately .

4 .Roles of Civil rights movement in the 1960’s

By use of non violent protests the civil rights movement managed yo break the pattern of public services and justice acquirement being offered by the race dependency for the African Americans .The efforts made by the activists and protestors made the legislation to end the racism segregation .The civil rights acts of the 1960 helped in strengthening the voters rights expanding enforcement power of Civil rights act 1957 .The act included authorizing court appointed referees intended to help the Black Americans register and vote , provide federal inspection of the local voters polling station rolls

The civil rights movement was able to achieve the bus segregation unconstitutional for it had lost much of it’s revenue though Jim Crows laws was still to be followed .The 1960 presidential elections were also closely achieved . The March on declared in 1963 by the African American activist demanding for jobs for the African American to be involved in booming war time economy .The protest was later brought down after coming to an agreement that the ban discrimination is removed . The 1960 civil right act made the rise of the 1964 civil right act where more African American rights were supported ; either economically , socially .

5 . The US incarceration rate .

The US rate is 500 prisoners per 100 ,000 .Men making the largest population of the local jail population and in prisons having an imprisonment rate of 14 times that of women . The US has the highest population of prisoners .The incarceration rate is higher due to longer sentences and an increased likelihood of imprisonment .

6 .State that imprisons black at higher rate

Wisconsin is the leading county that imprisons the blacks at higher rates. At least one in a group of 36 Wisconsin are in prison .The Black population consists of 42 percent of the total population but only 6 percent of the entire state’s population.

7 .In 1850 3.2 millions African Americans are enslaved .In 2007 , there were 12 .5 millions African American under correction control of some kind .

8 . Philadelphia jail population is at around 4600 people which is approximately 38 % black men

9 .Why is the PA institutional law project suing the prison system in Philadelphia

This is because of the abuse and inhumane treatment in the prisons and overcrowding in the prison areas .

10.Discuss some of the reforms put in place to reduce overcrowding in Philadelphia and the most successful method .

By giving out better information which allows visitors to plan their visit reducing delay rates

By managing the flow of the prisoners

By creating supportive experience used in dispersing visitors

The most efficient way is by building better infrastructures to a point where over crowding can be totally avoided .

10 .A blow boat is a flattened bottom boat powered by an airplane propeller projecting above the sterns and used in swamps or shallow waters .

11 .Most of the people in county jail are serving their sentences

16 – 17 . Consequences after leaving prison with a felony record

Restrictions of professional licenses

Ineligibility for public funds including welfare benefits

Loss of voting right

Deportation for immigrants

Some of these consequences are fair at some degree level

18 – 19 .Under Caste are hereditary social behaviors that restrict some if their occupation and association with others while in Racial Caste it is the restriction of the association of other races other than his original . People with criminal records are restricted from association from other people , community or races .

20- 21 .Discretion is defined as the right of someone to make a decision

Discretion gives the police the right to carry out their job at any circumstance hence can falsely arrest an individual with the wrong case .

Change in evaluation is connected to the theoretical image of policy keeper hence can cause inequitable consequences arising from the police power .

Stronger force can be used in bringing “ peace “ to the community

22.43 % of the participants envision are black drug users

23 – 24;Recidivism is a person’s relapse to a criminal behavior after undergoing intervention of a previous crime . They have a higher rate because of community upbringing and lack of resources immediately after prison release .

25 . About 38 ,500 people

26 .Pre entry is the action of entering before hand .

27 .The case has to be first passed at the local magistrates which after several appeals it’s passed to the high Court .

28 -31 .. suggestions listed towards the end of war on drugs

By knowing how to resist temptation

By surrounding oneself with the right company that doesn’t use drugs

Distracting oneself with more useful activities

Learning how to cope with stress’s by relaxing without use of drugs

Avoiding places where one knows the drugs would be available

32 -35 Suggestions listed for criminal justice and prison reform

By focusing on evidence based rehabilitation strategies

Reduce recidivism

Address co behavior issues related to criminality

Offering guidance and counseling to the prisoners immediately after serving their sentences

36 -40 .This video has helped in educating people on sources of crimes and prison rules in different countries .Some of the policies in accordance to the prison rule are also stated .

Khalia Quinn

0-771525 Khalia Quinn

khaliaquinn@aol.com • Philadelphia, PA, 19154 • 215.980-8071

Case Manager Detail-oriented and reliable professional with strong educational background and over five years of experience in providing compassionate case management and healthcare services as well as optimizing care accessibility to propel optimal efficiency and productivity. Expert in supplying mental health counseling to individuals and families while maintaining confidentiality. Resourceful individual with active involvement in developing personalized treatment and service plans as well as review case progress to meet short and long-term plans of care goals. Skilled in liaising with social workers and other teams for maximizing patient care. Superior communication, empathy, analytical, therapeutic, and interpersonal skills along with ability to remain calm under pressure. Proven aptitude to strengthen ongoing communication and respond to patients’ concerns quickly and support pupil in difficult situations according to the diversified needs. Proficient in Microsoft Office Suite.

Charting Coarse (CTC) Certified

Patient Needs Assessment

Therapeutic Relationship Building Patient Care and Support

Therapeutic Relationship

Performance Evaluation Interventions Development

Patient Care Documentation

Treatment Planning / Advocacy

Career Experience Case Manager, Bethanna Inc., Phila, PA7/2019 to 12/2020

Execute multiple counseling, referral, placement, and adoptive services for allocated cases in CUA. Initiate interviews to deliver agency services, approving request for temporary shelter, and acquiring previous treatment and family history. Cultivate strong connections with agencies contracted to provide social services. Craft necessary work for commencing court action. Participate in periodic staff and personal conferences with superior on difficult problems, create reports and correspondence, and maintain records of all allocated cases. Supported families in establishing parenting practices to alleviate safety risks and foster a nurturing environment for children. Determine progress of case management services by interacting with participants once in a month. Enhance efficiency and quality of nursing care by upholding caseload of different cases and analyzing needs of high risk and vulnerable families. Collaborate with recovering persons, natural supports, therapist, psychiatrist, and social workers to engage in the treatment process of individual

Fulfilled the needs of participant by upholding caseload of 13 to 15 families at a time assigned by Case Management Supervisor and Director.

Maximized potential and capabilities by gaining a minimum of twenty (20) hours of training per fiscal year.

Formulated service plan to offer social services referrals and attain defined goals. Analyzed social, behavioral, medical and psychological needs and monitored progress to provide counselling and evaluate treatment effectiveness.

Improved the quality of life by delivering cash management services to the personnel suffering from co-occurring disorders.

Gained solid understanding of managing caseloads and efficiently handled 17 to 19 caseloads.

Facilitated optimum services to the clients and closed two cases in the first month of employment.

Developed plans for the placement of individuals in a family and foster home, care program, facility, and institution as well as organized medical or psychiatric treatment before placement.

Call Center Health Coordinator, HGE Care, Fort Washington, PA11/2018 to 6/2019

Scanned and preserved all medical records, received through mail to retrieve information easily when needed. Handled all incoming call and responded to customers’ queries in a professional manner. Scheduled patients’ appointments according to the calendar of medical professionals. Guided customers regarding medication and care plans to attain optimal healthcare outcomes.

Boosted service effectiveness by promptly resolving issues, dealing with customers, preventing clients from exacerbation, and offering excellent service.

Patient Safety Observer, Penn Medicine, Phila, PA5/2017 to 10/2018

Interacted with patients after every hour verbally and through audio messages for primary care. Increased patient safety and care by liaising with bedside care team regarding escalated behavior of patient. Fostered secure environment for patients and ensured privacy as requested by patient care team to acquire complete and accurate information.

Promoted healthy mental stimulation by delivering one-on-one companionship to patients and redirecting patient.

Reduced the risk of harm and injury from mentally ill patients by assuring security and safety of patients and providing constant observation.

Therapeutic Support Staff, Wordsworth Academy, Phila, PA5/2013 to 6/2016

Achieved positive and desired outcomes by executing interventions of the child’s treatment plan. Tracked the success of interventions by gathering data related to behaviors, identified in the treatment plan. Provided counseling and treatment to parents and other guardians involved in particular situations. Coordinated in developing and executing personalized treatment and behavior plans and upholding progress reports and records. Exhibited responsive and steadfast calmness for supporting cognitive impairment patients.

Played a vital role in supporting and offering modelling techniques to the parents and guardians for child development.

Education Bachelor of Social Work, 2019 | West Chester University (Cum laude), Location

Associate of Science (Honors), 2014 | Montgomery County Community College, Location

Whiteness in Country Clubs

Whiteness in Country Clubs

Whiteness studies dealing with the whiteness social construction focusing on its normalizing and invisible function were initially established by Du Boise as he challenged Marxism. Marxism regards class analysis as a key tool prior to the spur of racial groupings (Allen). The whiteness theory considers whiteness as a social construction, rather than a biological category. As much as whiteness is regarded as natural, it is also considered as a scientific category or a personal attribute. According to Cheryl Harris whiteness is best consideration of as a type of property. Envisaged of as cultural or legal property, whiteness may be seen to present symbolic and material privilege to whites, those posing as white, and occasionally honorary whites. Illustration of material privileges would comprise improved access to advanced education or a option of secure neighborhoods in which to reside; figurative white privilege comprises of conceptions of intelligence or beauty that not only are attached to whiteness but that absolutely exclude brownness or blackness.

White privilege is dissimilar from plain Eurocentrism. The term Eurocentrism refers to principles and ideals that originate from European-based experience and culture that either denigrates or ignores other cultural experience and values. The setback with Eurocentrism is a malfunction of pluralism, a deficiency in appreciation for different cultures. As much as white values in intelligence or beauty are simply parochial or narrow, they are Eurocentric. In contrast, white privilege relies on the deflation of non-whites. As mush as white standards of intelligence or beauty depend on an implicit opposition or dichotomy between white purity, and for instance black primitivism, they generate a class structure that cannot be overcome by cultural pluralism.

Whiteness-privileging structures work in diverse, at times paradoxical ways. For instance, on the one hand, whiteness is regularized; it is underestimated and consequently invisible. Conversely, it is treated as favorable. While whiteness is not regarded as a race, and therefore is invisible, brownness or blackness are marked racial groupings, therefore, departures from the racial standard. Every so often, this departure would be marked as foreign; at times, as a dissimilarity that well-intentioned whites politely disregard. More frequently, it would be marked as a problem, a special interest or a type of deviance.

Every whiteness theory problematizes the naturalization and normalization of whiteness. Rejecting the concept of white values as a colorblind norm, or a generic they indicate how the category of whiteness as a standard is a privilege. Paradoxically, even as whiteness is indiscernible as the backdrop of connotation, it may be hyper discernible as either a threatened or preferred status. It is regarded as a vulnerable status when whites sense that they are dropping the privileges to which they are entitled, for instance control over country clubs. It is regarded as a preferred status whilst whiteness is linked with the highest cultural standards (for instance the ostensible Protestant work ethic contrary to hypothetical brown or black lack of ambition or laziness).

The top of the racial hierarchy is under-analyzed. This only strengthens the group’s overriding position by strengthening it as the subconscious and conscious standard against which every other racial grouping are evaluated and subsequently, by description, defined as “other”. Understanding the concept of whiteness, how the concept developed over time and the advantages that membership conveys is critical to understanding what remains of the racial hierarchy. The lack of prominence on investigation of whiteness disregards the very intricate history of a variable definition of what it denotes to be white and the meaning of race means generally. A century ago, numerous European immigrants in America were not regarded as “white.” They were permitted into the coalition by existing white elites who sought to consolidate economic and electoral power among a more sustainable category. This was a complex process that the majority of people in the present day are entirely ignorant of. However, the description of white in the present day is fundamentally unquestioned. The traditional criticism of critical white studies, whilst predictable, is in addition worth scrutiny. It is alleged that any argument in relation to what is meant by whiteness or how whiteness relates to racialized repression is only an endeavor to demonize the whites. In addition, the proponents of whiteness are adamant that racism is exclusively an interpersonal and individual phenomenon that is not worth of discussion as it is been proscribed for a generation. The image of any past discrimination as immaterial to in the present day is a crucial feature of safeguarding racial hierarchy. Regrettably, this is one of the reasons that several people refer to in rationalizing why the civil rights law of the 1960s did not stop racial disenfranchisement. It may be argued that these decrees legitimatized racial disparity in a manner by exclusively categorizing racial discrimination and racial tyranny in the interpersonal and individual frame.

The postulation that whiteness is a social construction entails the function of white ideology with regard to the structure of hegemonic discourse. In an endeavor to establish white ideology as a structure that serves as a means for the abstract establishment of the social actors, it is an imminent charge to take in hand the fundamental relation connecting the discourse influenced by the power maneuvers, and abstract construction ingrained in white ideology.

The abstract construction is very critical, for it is the legitimatization process of the discourse that forms identity construction of an individual. This leads to the compliance of the objectified ideology. If this was expressed differently, in order to precisely comprehend the whiteness social construction, it is necessary to critically scrutinize the white ideology and its structure functions all the way through an assortment of social settings in the historical contingency.

In country clubs, whiteness is evaluated, constituted, and revised in countless disparate milieus. Its content and structure are fashioned by the long race history in the US, but its quirks and contours, which originate from the local adaptations and impact of that history, outline a definite distance or do away with the outline of whiteness nationally. Its contemporary popularity whiteness may maintain its presence in a diversity of manifestations in country clubs. But historians, and particularly in American labor, may do well to cross-examine the concept, as well as the methodologies utilized by those who practice it, far more intimately than in the past. If whiteness is to continue as a critical conception, its proponents require demonstrating that above the scholars’ imagination or aspirations are involved.

The consciousness of an individual’s positionality functions to provide at least two major elements. Firstly it offers a more ethical and positive view of examining racism by which the whites scrutinize their identity in an objective way. Secondly, it prevents potential nefarious outcomes brought about by lack of the cross-examination in the implication of whiteness as well as its exchangeable categories. Consequently, the studies in relation to whiteness ought to aim at the reconstruction of whiteness, and enlighten individuals to be conscious of their racial identities to scrutinize their positionality. Whites should be seen as being white, nonetheless whiteness as race exist in in indiscernible properties while whiteness as power is sustained by being invisible.

Conclusion

Nothing ought to suggest that the issues of racial identity, and race in general, as well as whiteness in particular are not extremely imperative subjects that deserve the interest they have acquired and ought to acquire in the future. To a certain extent, this paper has demonstrated how whiteness in country clubs is highly problematic. The nonessential and invisibility nature of whiteness is included by contemporary whiteness scholars as a major focus. In line with this focus, the hegemonic configuration of whiteness as well as its universal identity, which creates the dominance of power, should be critically studied. One fundamental debate created in whiteness studies is linked with the unsecured theory whiteness. Two most important hypothetical approaches in the definition of whiteness include class and race analyses. Whereas whiteness studies founded in critical race hypothesis endeavor to get to the bottom of whiteness predicament with its practical appliance of race scrutiny, the whiteness of critical pedagogy provides a basis to generate intellectual situation with its class scrutiny in order to lift consciousness in regard to white supremacy. This is the genesis of whiteness in country clubs.

Bibliography

Violent and Criminal

Violent and Criminal Correlates of Drug Abuse

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

Violent and Criminal Correlates of Drug Abuse-Summary

The text in this chapter points out that people’s greatest concern about illegal drugs is their association with other forms of criminal behavior. Recently there have been growing allegations concerning the relationship between crime and illicit drug use. The broad theoretical connections between crime and drug use are that drug causes crime, crime causes drug use and subcultural explanations. For a long time, drugs have been linked to crime and violence in the mind of the public. Additionally, politicians have been accused of using vocabularies of fear to advocate for hard-line anti-drug policies and as a result, the country has been living in profound fear. From self-reports, empirical evidence about crime includes ethnographic studies, sequence studies, correctional studies, and longitudinal studies. In summary, this chapter asserts that drug use causes users to commit crimes. Some theorists hold that drugs use causes crime while others assert that crime leads to drug and substance abuse. The text further concludes that both criminal behavior and drug use originate from a common cause. As a whole, empirical literature does not exclusively support both theoretical positions.

Summary of Article Relating to Chapter 11

Violent and Non-violent Criminal Behavior among Young Chinese drug users: A Mixed Methods Study

This article focuses on drug users in relation to the criminal justice system. The study is descriptive and explorative and it aims at analyzing criminal behavior among young Chinese drug users. The study found that older male drug users who were introduced to drugs at a young age and who have religious beliefs are more likely to commit crimes. The study also showed that drug users that committed crimes before being introduced to drugs are more likely to commit violent crimes. Additionally, drug users who are young and going through severe depression are at increased risk of committing violent crimes. Further qualitative analysis revealed that compared to females who tend to turn into drug traffickers and dealers, male drug users are likely to involve themselves in criminal misconduct and are at an increased risk of committing violent crimes (Liu, Chui, & Chen, 2018). The findings in this text are consistent with the text covered in chapter 11. Just like the course readings, the article asserts that criminal behavior and drug use result from the same cause. In my opinion, it is true that drugs cause crime and also that the reverse is true. Without a doubt, drugs tend to bring out violent character in people.

References

Liu, L., Chui, W. H., & Chen, Y. (2018). Violent and non-violent criminal behavior among young Chinese drug users: A mixed methods study. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(3), 432.

There should be a mandatory retirement age for political representatives.

University Of Technology Jamaica

Faculty of Education and Liberal Studies

School of Humanities and Social Science

B.A Communication, Arts and Technology

Jodian Dixon – 1506022

Module: Academic Writing II (COM2014)

Topic: There should be a mandatory retirement age for political representatives.

Assignment: Introduction

Lecturer: Ms. Burris

Date: October 29, 2018

Why is there a mandatory age for retirement for any job? The concept worldwide is that you work all your life you should retire at least age sixty to sixty-five. A person at that age body starts to deteriorate and negatively affect their ability to deliver consistent work. An older representative may be fully aware of the ins and outs of the system, however their mind and body may no longer permit every individual to perform as they used to. With all that in mind educators, doctors and lawyers who are all equally important to any country has a retirement age, why then is there none for a political representative? .Are they not humans too? There should be a mandatory retirement age for political representatives in order to aid the country in forward mobility in technology as well as to make room for a younger workforce and eradicate common misconceptions of politicians. Until the country puts a retirement age in place young persons will have little to no interest in the government and possibly turn to violence.

There should be a mandatory retirement age for elected political representatives.

University Of Technology Jamaica

Faculty of Education and Liberal Studies

School of Humanities and Social Science

B.A Communication, Arts and Technology

Jodian Dixon – 1506022

Module: Academic Writing II (COM2014)

Topic: There should be a mandatory retirement age for political representatives.

Assignment: Sentence Outline (Second Draft)

Lecturer: Ms. Burris

Date: October 21, 2018

Topic: There should be a mandatory retirement age for elected political representatives. Agree/Disagree.

Narrowed Topic: There should be a mandatory age is required for the political representatives.

Audience: The government and the Jamaican community.

Purpose: To persuade the audience that a standard retirement age for elected political representatives is necessary.

Thesis: There should be a mandatory retirement age for political representatives in order to aid the country in forward mobility in technology as well as to make room for a younger workforce and eradicate common misconceptions of politicians.

Technological advancement is a vehicle for change that must be steered by, younger and more open-minded, conventional individuals.

Traditional campaigning, as we know it is dying. Armstrong (2018)

Communicating via social networks requires a thick skin, an open mind, a willingness to level the playing field in terms of hierarchical social status as well as a good working knowledge of the technology and its rules of engagement. Forbes (2011)

Social media gives us the opportunity to touch base with the delegates quicker (Forbes,2018)

The number of talented young persons in the political arena has grown exponentially, as such a mandatory age for retirement for political representatives is desperately needed as is the case with any other job thus making space for a younger workforce.

Imposing a retirement age rule will ensure that those in office are physically, mentally, and intellectually fit to do so.(Rebecca T)

Tensions rise as party members worry about leader’s ability to manage the campaign financing scandal and her ability to connect with those young floating voters, who carried Andrew Holness and the Jamaica Labour Party to victory in the February election. King (2016)

According to Bunting, he wants to be PNP president to modernise the party and make it attractive to Jamaicans at home and abroad, and this will not impact the outstanding legacy of Simpson Miller. (Bunting 2016)

3. Though it may be argued by some that an older workforce will be better fit to lead due to experience it would be more beneficial to use that experience to train younger persons to accurately deliver.

a) Minister Shahine Robinson stated that a phased retirement, ‘will allow employees to pass on skills and expertise to youngster colleagues, as they transition from full-time work into retirement.” (Palmer, 2016)

b) According to Minister Robert Pickersgill, civil servants have security of tenure, which politicians do not enjoy, plus public-sector workers also get a “reasonable pension”. Tyrone Reid (2008)

References

Armstrong (2018) How Technology Is Really Going To Change Politics In The Next 20 Years retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/paularmstrongtech/2018/03/01/how-technology-is-really-going-to-change-politics-in-the-next-20-years/#5a7ea4d01eb3Crawford leads social media race retrieved from http://jamaica-star.com/article/news/20180914/crawford-leads-social-media-race

Employers Urged to Consider Phased Retirement of Workers) retrieved from https://jis.gov.jm/employers-urged-consider-phased-retirement-workers/Erica Virtue (2016) No Disrespect ‘Sista P’ – Bunting Pushes For Changes In PNP As He Eyes Party’s Top Job retrieved from http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20160710/no-disrespect-sista-p-bunting-pushes-changes-pnp-he-eyes-partys-top (Forbes 2011) Social Media & Politics in Jamaica retrieved from http://www.marciaforbes.com/content/social-media-politics-jamaicaPortia’s retirement part of parties renewal (King ,2016) retrieved rom http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/Portia-s-retirement-part-of-the-renewal_73756Tyrone Reid (2008) New blood needed – Jamaican Diaspora calling for ‘old’ politicians to retire and make way for younger generation, retrieved from http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20080714/lead/lead7.html(Palmer 2016) Young politicians fare better in the opinion polls (2011) retrieved from http://rjrnewsonline.com/local/young-politicians-fare-better-in-the-opinion-pollsEssay: Should Politicians Have A Retirement Age? (Rebecca T) Retrieved from http://www.escapeartist.com/blog/essay-politicians-retirement-age/

Unemployment is the involuntary state of being unemployed

Unemployment

Student’s Name

Affiliation

Course

Date

Introduction

Unemployment is the involuntary state of being unemployed or situation at which a person of working age searching for a job is unable to find work but would like to be in full time employment. It can also be caused by someone being laid off, fired or quits. This is the most damaging individual experience since the unemployed suffer a reduction of income, loss of identity, self esteem and social circumstances surrounding unemployed workers.

Unemployment has been a root cause of stress in student’s life. Most of them fear the responsibility of searching for a job they may never get and opt to continue with their studies instead. This paper is intended to explore the different types of unemployment and how they impact on the society we have to define Unemployment (Johada, 2002).

According to (Sardoni, 2011), Impact of unemployment depends on variety of factors lets mention the different types of unemployment. Demand deficiency/ Cyclical unemployment: where it occurs due to recession, inflation or sudden crash of economies, Structural Unemployment due to mismatch of skills as a result of advanced technologies and Classical unemployment occurs when wages are kept above equilibrium workers choose not to take and voluntary unemployment that occurs when workers choose not to take job at going wage rates.

Causes of unemployment

The leading cause of unemployment is when the total output declines, unemployment rises and inflation falls as elaborated in the cyclical unemployment. This is when there is a recession, when the aggregate demand for goods and services decrease and demand for labor decreases. This period countries liquidity is at its lowest hence resulting in unemployment, similarly the company would not be able to expand operations thus number of fresh employments positions that would have been created by the company would also take a hit. Major example is the great recession that occurred between 2008 and 2009 that affected the entire world economy which was considered the world global recession. If cyclical unemployment rate rises it might cause damage to labor force in a country.

Rapid changes in technology: This is because most firms are looking for skills that the unemployed have but cannot find appropriate workers. The need for numerous workforces also diminishes as most companies have limited employees. This is caused by machines and computers that do the whole jobs for them Technological unemployment leads to structural unemployment. This is also caused by lack of skills causing unemployment in certain sectors of economies such as technology industry and creates jobs in others (Petersen & Mortimer, 2006).

Increase in population is the leading cause of unemployment in the economy of most developing states. The growth of population directly encouraged the unemployment by making large addition in labor force. This is impacted in that the rate of job expansion could never match the population growth rate. Overpopulation creates higher competition for finite work opportunities, leaving others to find employment and others to lack.

The other major cause of unemployment is undulating business cycle where the higher the GDP, lower the cyclical unemployment. Unemployment increases during business cycle recessions and decreases during business cycle expansions and well causes decrease during recession on inflation and increase during expansions. This indicates that unemployment, inflation and economic growth tend to change cyclically overtime.

Unemployment affects the economy because it leads to reduction in consumer expenditure due to financial limitations and affect business sector. This will also lead to less profit by the company leading to laying off workers which will eventually lead to more unemployment. The economy also runs on taxes by citizens thus the more unemployment rate the less tax paid to sustain the economy. According to (Stretton, 1999), reduction in wages and salaries lead to decrease in the amount of tax collection on income. This also hinders funds to inject into the economy. Increase in mortgages, instances of bankruptcy and deflation has seen increase in debts by borrowers. This is as a result of unemployment or earning minimal income thus becomes hard to repay debts.

Business or retail industry will be affected due to deflation as it discourages spending, this might lead a business to close, leading to more unemployment. To sum it up a high unemployment rate means to remove more funds from the budget to sustain the majority of unemployed this is the wealth drainage. This reduces economic growth since more funds are drained for unproductive purposes rather than infrastructure development.

Financial hardships: Loss of financial security brings a lot of changes in the lives of family members. This will out rightly affect negatively on families. It has been statistically proven that when financial hardships raise so does the level of tension and conflict between family members. The expenditure done by the family members suddenly reduced due to alters financial capacity. Unemployment increases debts of an individual: The government instinctively raises tax rates because of lesser flow in the economy which encourages debts and borrowing and eventually making it harder to repay debts. Individuals also may push unemployment workers to take jobs that do not befit their skills or allow them to use their talents. This might cause individuals to great depressions and may eventually lead most taking into criminal ways.

Reduced disposable income: This might also lead to lifestyle changes as with less income comes less spending thus change of usual lifestyle to acceptable ways. All major expenditures have to be cut down reducing purchasing ability and adjust the little money with family. Dependency on government welfare programs: Since rent might not be affordable and people change to food stamps and government assistance to sustain themselves.

The great depression of 1929 is an example of how unemployment worsened due to non availability of alternate jobs which led to total dependency on primary sector industries. The unemployment rate was at its highest between 1923 and 1933. The depression had a major effect on the united state economy and unemployment as a result of, cut back business and government expenditures, few alternate job sources and complete collapse of stock market (Stretton, 1999).

The great recession of 2007-2009 caused an increase in unemployment rate mostly witnessed in the construction, real estate, financial services and auto sectors. This caused rise in asset prices and associated increase in economic demand where there was inadequate regulations and oversight. This was mainly due to poor investment decisions’ where many companies invested heavily in risky securities.

Unemployment factors are the main causes of migration and high urban population (Johada, 2002). People will always move to the areas which provide opportunities and to the places which is stress free. Students get depressed after they complete studying and most tend to go on studying since they are scared they will not be employed.

Conclusion

The major causes of unemployment are recession, rapid changes in technology ,inflation, disability, undulating business cycle, attitude towards employers willingness to work employees values and discriminating factors in the place of work just to mention a few. As stated Recession remains the major cause of unemployment in the global economy while overpopulation is a major cause in developing countries. The government can curb this by providing financial assistance to workers till the time of recovery in the economy. The government might also implement framing economies policies, improving labor mobility and extending unemployment insurance benefits can render financial protection to the unemployed (Petersen & Mortimer, 2006).

Reference

Johada, M. (2002). Employment and unemployment: A social-psychological analysis. New York: University press Cambridge.

Petersen, A. C., & Mortimer, J. T. (2006). Youth unemployment and society. NewYork: Cambridge university press.

Earnest, B. (2000). Elements of architectural design: A photographic sourcebook. United States of America: John Wiley & sons.

Stretton, H. (1999). Economics: A new introduction. (1 ed., pp. 144-180). London: Pluto Press.

Sardoni, C. (2011). Unemployment, recession and effective demand: The contributions of Marx, Keynes and Kalecki. (pp. 10-12). Northampton’s Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Unemployment is the involuntary state of being unemployed or situation

Unemployment

Student’s Name

Affiliation

Course

Date

Introduction

Unemployment is the involuntary state of being unemployed or situation at which a person of working age searching for a job is unable to find work but would like to be in full time employment. It can also be caused by someone being laid off, fired or quits. This is the most damaging individual experience since the unemployed suffer a reduction of income, loss of identity, self esteem and social circumstances surrounding unemployed workers.

Unemployment has been a root cause of stress in student’s life. Most of them fear the responsibility of searching for a job they may never get and opt to continue with their studies instead. This paper is intended to explore the different types of unemployment and how they impact on the society we have to define Unemployment (Johada, 2002).

According to (Sardoni, 2011), Impact of unemployment depends on variety of factors lets mention the different types of unemployment. Demand deficiency/ Cyclical unemployment: where it occurs due to recession, inflation or sudden crash of economies, Structural Unemployment due to mismatch of skills as a result of advanced technologies and Classical unemployment occurs when wages are kept above equilibrium workers choose not to take and voluntary unemployment that occurs when workers choose not to take job at going wage rates.

Causes of unemployment

The leading cause of unemployment is when the total output declines, unemployment rises and inflation falls as elaborated in the cyclical unemployment. This is when there is a recession, when the aggregate demand for goods and services decrease and demand for labor decreases. This period countries liquidity is at its lowest hence resulting in unemployment, similarly the company would not be able to expand operations thus number of fresh employments positions that would have been created by the company would also take a hit. Major example is the great recession that occurred between 2008 and 2009 that affected the entire world economy which was considered the world global recession. If cyclical unemployment rate rises it might cause damage to labor force in a country.

Rapid changes in technology: This is because most firms are looking for skills that the unemployed have but cannot find appropriate workers. The need for numerous workforces also diminishes as most companies have limited employees. This is caused by machines and computers that do the whole jobs for them Technological unemployment leads to structural unemployment. This is also caused by lack of skills causing unemployment in certain sectors of economies such as technology industry and creates jobs in others (Petersen & Mortimer, 2006).

Increase in population is the leading cause of unemployment in the economy of most developing states. The growth of population directly encouraged the unemployment by making large addition in labor force. This is impacted in that the rate of job expansion could never match the population growth rate. Overpopulation creates higher competition for finite work opportunities, leaving others to find employment and others to lack.

The other major cause of unemployment is undulating business cycle where the higher the GDP, lower the cyclical unemployment. Unemployment increases during business cycle recessions and decreases during business cycle expansions and well causes decrease during recession on inflation and increase during expansions. This indicates that unemployment, inflation and economic growth tend to change cyclically overtime.

Unemployment affects the economy because it leads to reduction in consumer expenditure due to financial limitations and affect business sector. This will also lead to less profit by the company leading to laying off workers which will eventually lead to more unemployment. The economy also runs on taxes by citizens thus the more unemployment rate the less tax paid to sustain the economy. According to (Stretton, 1999), reduction in wages and salaries lead to decrease in the amount of tax collection on income. This also hinders funds to inject into the economy. Increase in mortgages, instances of bankruptcy and deflation has seen increase in debts by borrowers. This is as a result of unemployment or earning minimal income thus becomes hard to repay debts.

Business or retail industry will be affected due to deflation as it discourages spending, this might lead a business to close, leading to more unemployment. To sum it up a high unemployment rate means to remove more funds from the budget to sustain the majority of unemployed this is the wealth drainage. This reduces economic growth since more funds are drained for unproductive purposes rather than infrastructure development.

Financial hardships: Loss of financial security brings a lot of changes in the lives of family members. This will out rightly affect negatively on families. It has been statistically proven that when financial hardships raise so does the level of tension and conflict between family members. The expenditure done by the family members suddenly reduced due to alters financial capacity. Unemployment increases debts of an individual: The government instinctively raises tax rates because of lesser flow in the economy which encourages debts and borrowing and eventually making it harder to repay debts. Individuals also may push unemployment workers to take jobs that do not befit their skills or allow them to use their talents. This might cause individuals to great depressions and may eventually lead most taking into criminal ways.

Reduced disposable income: This might also lead to lifestyle changes as with less income comes less spending thus change of usual lifestyle to acceptable ways. All major expenditures have to be cut down reducing purchasing ability and adjust the little money with family. Dependency on government welfare programs: Since rent might not be affordable and people change to food stamps and government assistance to sustain themselves.

The great depression of 1929 is an example of how unemployment worsened due to non availability of alternate jobs which led to total dependency on primary sector industries. The unemployment rate was at its highest between 1923 and 1933. The depression had a major effect on the united state economy and unemployment as a result of, cut back business and government expenditures, few alternate job sources and complete collapse of stock market (Stretton, 1999).

The great recession of 2007-2009 caused an increase in unemployment rate mostly witnessed in the construction, real estate, financial services and auto sectors. This caused rise in asset prices and associated increase in economic demand where there was inadequate regulations and oversight. This was mainly due to poor investment decisions’ where many companies invested heavily in risky securities.

Unemployment factors are the main causes of migration and high urban population (Johada, 2002). People will always move to the areas which provide opportunities and to the places which is stress free. Students get depressed after they complete studying and most tend to go on studying since they are scared they will not be employed.

Conclusion

The major causes of unemployment are recession, rapid changes in technology ,inflation, disability, undulating business cycle, attitude towards employers willingness to work employees values and discriminating factors in the place of work just to mention a few. As stated Recession remains the major cause of unemployment in the global economy while overpopulation is a major cause in developing countries. The government can curb this by providing financial assistance to workers till the time of recovery in the economy. The government might also implement framing economies policies, improving labor mobility and extending unemployment insurance benefits can render financial protection to the unemployed (Petersen & Mortimer, 2006).

Reference

Johada, M. (2002). Employment and unemployment: A social-psychological analysis. New York: University press Cambridge.

Petersen, A. C., & Mortimer, J. T. (2006). Youth unemployment and society. NewYork: Cambridge university press.

Earnest, B. (2000). Elements of architectural design: A photographic sourcebook. United States of America: John Wiley & sons.

Stretton, H. (1999). Economics: A new introduction. (1 ed., pp. 144-180). London: Pluto Press.

Sardoni, C. (2011). Unemployment, recession and effective demand: The contributions of Marx, Keynes and Kalecki. (pp. 10-12). Northampton’s Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing.