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Towards the Police (2)

Attitudes of HBCU Students Towards the Police

Ashlynn Ureste

Florida Memorial University

Senior Project

2/20/2022

Introduction

The study aims to investigate the attitudes towards the police among Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) Students. Specifically, this research will assess perceptions of law enforcement from the perspective of HBCU students utilizing a questionnaire and quantitative analysis. Additionally, this study will investigate how the media influences these attitudes and how these attitudes and perceptions influence the police interaction with HBCU students. It is conjectured that the HBCU student population has unique attitudes and perceptions towards the police, which are a function of various factors, including fear of victimization, Police misconduct and the media. These attitudes lead to straining the quality of interaction between the police and students.

This section reviews research that aimed to address HBCU students’ perceptions of police by anchoring them in proven ideas. This section begins by analyzing numerous hypotheses crucial to understanding some other researchers’ results. Because most of the attitudes are characterized by racial identities, the theory addressed is the social labeling theory and its key tenets of how labeling reinforces the behavior, strains, relationships, leading to the confirmation of the social labels ADDIN CSL_CITATION {“citationItems”:[{“id”:”ITEM-1″,”itemData”:{“ISBN”:”042949811X”,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Short”,”given”:”James F”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”id”:”ITEM-1″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2018″]]},”publisher”:”Routledge”,”title”:”Poverty, ethnicity, and violent crime”,”type”:”book”},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5c7d8c54-a207-4715-9932-8df2aa06fe58”]},{“id”:”ITEM-2″,”itemData”:{“ISSN”:”2153-3687″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Rocque”,”given”:”Michael”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Race and justice”,”id”:”ITEM-2″,”issue”:”3″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2011″]]},”page”:”292-315″,”publisher”:”SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA”,”title”:”Racial disparities in the criminal justice system and perceptions of legitimacy: A theoretical linkage”,”type”:”article-journal”,”volume”:”1″},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b2724f60-61a7-414a-b0a1-3d95548ea14b”]}],”mendeley”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Rocque, 2011; Short, 2018)”,”plainTextFormattedCitation”:”(Rocque, 2011; Short, 2018)”,”previouslyFormattedCitation”:”(Rocque, 2011; Short, 2018)”},”properties”:{“noteIndex”:0},”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”}(Rocque, 2011; Short, 2018). Socially labeling is discussed from two perspectives. The first perspective pertains to the history of the HBCU institutions being designed to give African Americans equal opportunities to higher education and the role of HBCU institutions to the identity of the progress of African AmericansADDIN CSL_CITATION {“citationItems”:[{“id”:”ITEM-1″,”itemData”:{“ISSN”:”1537-7938″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Webb”,”given”:”Patrick”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Frame”,”given”:”Kimberly”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Marshall”,”given”:”Pam”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Journal of ethnicity in criminal justice”,”id”:”ITEM-1″,”issue”:”2″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2018″]]},”page”:”137-155″,”publisher”:”Taylor & Francis”,”title”:”Correlates of campus crime: An exploration of minority attitudes at an HBCU”,”type”:”article-journal”,”volume”:”16″},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7d3cacc1-c500-4963-9f43-46307a72a8c7”]},{“id”:”ITEM-2″,”itemData”:{“ISSN”:”1082-8354″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Murty”,”given”:”Komanduri S”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Roebuck”,”given”:”Julian B”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Race, Gender & Class”,”id”:”ITEM-2″,”issue”:”3-4″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2015″]]},”page”:”136-153″,”publisher”:”JSTOR”,”title”:”African American HBCU students’ attitudes and actions toward interracial dating & marriage: A survey analysis”,”type”:”article-journal”,”volume”:”22″},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d717ecf4-5cc4-4c74-b996-4d5275e67092″]}],”mendeley”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Murty & Roebuck, 2015; Webb et al., 2018)”,”plainTextFormattedCitation”:”(Murty & Roebuck, 2015; Webb et al., 2018)”,”previouslyFormattedCitation”:”(Murty & Roebuck, 2015; Webb et al., 2018)”},”properties”:{“noteIndex”:0},”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”}(Murty & Roebuck, 2015; Webb et al., 2018). Regarding the criminal justice system, the African American population has been overrepresented, which has led to the criminal justice system labeling African Americans as more likely to commit crimes. However, various incidents highlighting the interaction between law enforcement have depicted law enforcement officers as racially biased against African AmericansADDIN CSL_CITATION {“citationItems”:[{“id”:”ITEM-1″,”itemData”:{“ISSN”:”1043-9862″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Cochran”,”given”:”Joshua C”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Warren”,”given”:”Patricia Y”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Journal of contemporary criminal justice”,”id”:”ITEM-1″,”issue”:”2″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2012″]]},”page”:”206-227″,”publisher”:”Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA”,”title”:”Racial, ethnic, and gender differences in perceptions of the police: The salience of officer race within the context of racial profiling”,”type”:”article-journal”,”volume”:”28″},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ebb97614-ed41-49c8-8669-8c750cd7210a”]},{“id”:”ITEM-2″,”itemData”:{“author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Lewis”,”given”:”Lisa Marie”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”id”:”ITEM-2″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2016″]]},”title”:”Attitudes Toward Police among College Students: Differences among Race, Social Work Status, and University History”,”type”:”article-journal”},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=68b816ab-8496-4e27-80b5-a51d9d52c4c1″]}],”mendeley”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Cochran & Warren, 2012; Lisa Marie Lewis, 2016)”,”plainTextFormattedCitation”:”(Cochran & Warren, 2012; Lisa Marie Lewis, 2016)”,”previouslyFormattedCitation”:”(Cochran & Warren, 2012; Lisa Marie Lewis, 2016)”},”properties”:{“noteIndex”:0},”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”}(Cochran & Warren, 2012; Lisa Marie Lewis, 2016). For example, black individuals may be arrested more often because they are more likely to be living in poverty, which may explain why they are more likely to be arrested. Therefore, the social labeling theory is discussed from law enforcement and the African American HBCU students’ perspectives.

It will next seek to examine and incorporate research that sought to determine the prevalent opinions of HBCU students towards the police. Because perceptions impact student-police encounters, a brief discussion of police viewpoints will be conducted (Lisa M Lewis et al., 2017; Posick et al., 2013). The origins of the prevalent views will also be addressed. This will help explore how attitudes have evolved and continue to change.

The media’s influence in shaping impressions is discussed next. The emphasis will be on how the media portrays Police-African American relations. They consider it as their obligation to reject injustices starting with racial discrimination since it is the most directly impacts the history and identity of HBCU institutions. The part will examine how media coverage of police violence leads to internalization of police prejudice against African Americans and bad opinions of policing (Davies et al., 2017). The literature review will end with how unfavorable police attitudes reinforce one other. When HBCU students regard law enforcement authorities as racist, they are less likely to comply. This will lead to confrontations between police and students during campus protests and rallies. These hostile exchanges might lead to violence, which reinforces unfavorable impressions. Because such incidents may be quickly posted on social media, it promotes bad impressions of police to other HBCUs.

Literature Review

Social Labelling Theory

Social labeling refers to how different groups of people attach different labels to different types of people based on whether they are perceived as acceptable or unacceptable ADDIN CSL_CITATION {“citationItems”:[{“id”:”ITEM-1″,”itemData”:{“ISBN”:”1315864258″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Lynch”,”given”:”Michael J”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Race, Gender, and Class in Criminology the Intersections”,”id”:”ITEM-1″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2019″]]},”page”:”3-28″,”publisher”:”Routledge”,”title”:”Class, Race, Gender and Criminology: Structured Choices and the Life Course.”,”type”:”chapter”},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=551438eb-f752-458e-acb2-557bbafa4d82″]}],”mendeley”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Lynch, 2019)”,”plainTextFormattedCitation”:”(Lynch, 2019)”,”previouslyFormattedCitation”:”(Lynch, 2019)”},”properties”:{“noteIndex”:0},”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”}(Lynch, 2019).

Social labeling theory can be applied to several different aspects of life. It is applied in the different types of research conducted, including intergroup relations, social cognition, and intercultural communication. One area of research that the social labeling theory applies to is a student’s perspective of law enforcementADDIN CSL_CITATION {“citationItems”:[{“id”:”ITEM-1″,”itemData”:{“ISSN”:”1572-8315″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Rosenbaum”,”given”:”Dennis P”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Lawrence”,”given”:”Daniel S”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Hartnett”,”given”:”Susan M”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”McDevitt”,”given”:”Jack”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Posick”,”given”:”Chad”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Journal of Experimental Criminology”,”id”:”ITEM-1″,”issue”:”3″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2015″]]},”page”:”335-366″,”publisher”:”Springer”,”title”:”Measuring procedural justice and legitimacy at the local level: the police–community interaction survey”,”type”:”article-journal”,”volume”:”11″},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3ed10a08-d43d-49e5-b025-543b6a2c71a7”]},{“id”:”ITEM-2″,”itemData”:{“ISSN”:”1043-9862″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Cochran”,”given”:”Joshua C”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Warren”,”given”:”Patricia Y”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Journal of contemporary criminal justice”,”id”:”ITEM-2″,”issue”:”2″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2012″]]},”page”:”206-227″,”publisher”:”Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA”,”title”:”Racial, ethnic, and gender differences in perceptions of the police: The salience of officer race within the context of racial profiling”,”type”:”article-journal”,”volume”:”28″},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ebb97614-ed41-49c8-8669-8c750cd7210a”]},{“id”:”ITEM-3″,”itemData”:{“author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Lewis”,”given”:”Lisa Marie”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”id”:”ITEM-3″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2016″]]},”title”:”Attitudes Toward Police among College Students: Differences among Race, Social Work Status, and University History”,”type”:”article-journal”},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=68b816ab-8496-4e27-80b5-a51d9d52c4c1″]}],”mendeley”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Cochran & Warren, 2012; Lisa Marie Lewis, 2016; Rosenbaum et al., 2015)”,”plainTextFormattedCitation”:”(Cochran & Warren, 2012; Lisa Marie Lewis, 2016; Rosenbaum et al., 2015)”,”previouslyFormattedCitation”:”(Cochran & Warren, 2012; Lisa Marie Lewis, 2016; Rosenbaum et al., 2015)”},”properties”:{“noteIndex”:0},”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”}(Cochran & Warren, 2012; Lisa Marie Lewis, 2016; Rosenbaum et al., 2015). This perspective begins with the idea that being African American will place some African Americans in a disadvantageous position when dealing with law enforcement officers. This disadvantage can come from discrimination by the police based on race discrimination or from interactions with police officers where students may feel uncomfortable due to negative beliefs within society. This is with regard to Unjustified labels that police put on people and subsequently spread to others in the same community who have not had direct contact with law enforcement are included in this category.

Social labeling theory has been applied to African American HBCU (Historically Black Colleges and Universities) students in their interactions with law enforcement and the police. The theory states that different racial groups develop differential identifications with different social labels, such as “criminal. African Americans are usually more likely to be socially labeled as criminals by law enforcement agencies than Whites ADDIN CSL_CITATION {“citationItems”:[{“id”:”ITEM-1″,”itemData”:{“ISBN”:”1392244838″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Harris-Wyatt”,”given”:”Georgetta A”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”id”:”ITEM-1″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2019″]]},”publisher”:”Tennessee State University”,”title”:”An Analysis of Factors that Impact Civilian Attitudes Toward Police Treatment of Minority Males”,”type”:”article”},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=04037b4e-fef5-41a5-912f-53cb8c316a3a”]},{“id”:”ITEM-2″,”itemData”:{“ISSN”:”1572-8315″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Rosenbaum”,”given”:”Dennis P”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Lawrence”,”given”:”Daniel S”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Hartnett”,”given”:”Susan M”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”McDevitt”,”given”:”Jack”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Posick”,”given”:”Chad”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Journal of Experimental Criminology”,”id”:”ITEM-2″,”issue”:”3″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2015″]]},”page”:”335-366″,”publisher”:”Springer”,”title”:”Measuring procedural justice and legitimacy at the local level: the police–community interaction survey”,”type”:”article-journal”,”volume”:”11″},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3ed10a08-d43d-49e5-b025-543b6a2c71a7″]}],”mendeley”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Harris-Wyatt, 2019; Rosenbaum et al., 2015)”,”plainTextFormattedCitation”:”(Harris-Wyatt, 2019; Rosenbaum et al., 2015)”,”previouslyFormattedCitation”:”(Harris-Wyatt, 2019; Rosenbaum et al., 2015)”},”properties”:{“noteIndex”:0},”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”}(Harris-Wyatt, 2019; Rosenbaum et al., 2015). Blacks and Whites differ in their use of social labeling to create differential identifications with what is labeled as good or bad. Whites used social labeling more often to assign positive labels, whereas Blacks used it more frequently to assign negative labels. African American students use higher levels of social labeling than White students, and that these differences exist throughout the lifecycle of their academic experiences at college (Riddle & Sinclair, 2019). This can be attributed to where they are coming from and what they have been going through. As a result of their hardships, they view the whites to be more privileged than them.

Other studies show that blacks are more likely than whites to have positive attitudes toward law enforcement officers with dark-skinned faces (Bowman, 2020). This shows the effect of reciprocity and social identity. Whereas law enforcement officers sometimes victimize African Americans because of their skin color, they may have general negative perceptions about the law enforcement while having more favorable perceptions to African American law enforcement officersADDIN CSL_CITATION {“citationItems”:[{“id”:”ITEM-1″,”itemData”:{“ISSN”:”1082-8354″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Murty”,”given”:”Komanduri S”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Roebuck”,”given”:”Julian B”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Race, Gender & Class”,”id”:”ITEM-1″,”issue”:”3-4″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2015″]]},”page”:”136-153″,”publisher”:”JSTOR”,”title”:”African American HBCU students’ attitudes and actions toward interracial dating & marriage: A survey analysis”,”type”:”article-journal”,”volume”:”22″},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d717ecf4-5cc4-4c74-b996-4d5275e67092″]}],”mendeley”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Murty & Roebuck, 2015)”,”plainTextFormattedCitation”:”(Murty & Roebuck, 2015)”,”previouslyFormattedCitation”:”(Murty & Roebuck, 2015)”},”properties”:{“noteIndex”:0},”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”}(Murty & Roebuck, 2015). On the other hand, African American law enforcement officers are perceived as less likely to discriminate against black students than light-skinned officers. The positive perceptions among African American students about these officers may result from the fact that they are viewed as having a more personal relationship with the students.

Perceptions Between Police and HBCU students

In a country where the Black population is a mere 13 percent, over 50 percent of all police killings in 2019 have been committed against black people (Bialik, 2021). For a greater context, it should be understood that as of 2019, African Americans made up 54.9 percent of all murder perpetrators, whites made up 41.1 per cent, and “Other” made up 3.0 percent of instances where the race was known. 54.7 percent of murder victims in 2019 were black or African-American, 42.3% were white, and 3.1 percent were of other races (Expanded Homicide, 2019) This staggering statistic highlights how Black Americans, both on and off-campus, are subjected to arbitrary violence at rates disproportionate to their representation in society. Furthermore, according to a 2018 study from the Higher Education Research Institute at UCLA, HBCU students are more likely to feel unsafe on campus than other universitiesADDIN CSL_CITATION {“citationItems”:[{“id”:”ITEM-1″,”itemData”:{“ISSN”:”2153-3687″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Posick”,”given”:”Chad”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Rocque”,”given”:”Michael”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”McDevitt”,”given”:”Jack”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Race and Justice”,”id”:”ITEM-1″,”issue”:”3″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2013″]]},”page”:”190-209″,”publisher”:”SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA”,”title”:”One scale fits all? Assessing racial differences in the measurement of attitudes toward the police”,”type”:”article-journal”,”volume”:”3″},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=39c3cdd3-d84c-44a3-bf55-a794dbaad57a”]},{“id”:”ITEM-2″,”itemData”:{“ISSN”:”0888-6601″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Lewis”,”given”:”Lisa M”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Wilks”,”given”:”Scott E”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Geiger”,”given”:”Jennifer R”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Barthelemy”,”given”:”Juan J”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Livermore”,”given”:”Michelle M”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Journal of Pan African Studies”,”id”:”ITEM-2″,”issue”:”1″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2017″]]},”title”:”A Racial Divide: College Student Attitudes Concerning Police in South Louisiana.”,”type”:”article-journal”,”volume”:”10″},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=09d5aecb-4373-47fd-a014-452c3fe5fcd2”]},{“id”:”ITEM-3″,”itemData”:{“ISSN”:”0734-0168″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Gabbidon”,”given”:”Shaun L”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Higgins”,”given”:”George E”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Potter”,”given”:”Hillary”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Criminal justice review”,”id”:”ITEM-3″,”issue”:”1″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2011″]]},”page”:”5-21″,”publisher”:”SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA”,”title”:”Race, gender, and the perception of recently experiencing unfair treatment by the police: Exploratory results from an all-black sample”,”type”:”article-journal”,”volume”:”36″},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=be923f59-a9e5-4d1a-8fcb-2dccda5efcc5″]}],”mendeley”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Gabbidon et al., 2011; Lisa M Lewis et al., 2017; Posick et al., 2013)”,”plainTextFormattedCitation”:”(Gabbidon et al., 2011; Lisa M Lewis et al., 2017; Posick et al., 2013)”,”previouslyFormattedCitation”:”(Gabbidon et al., 2011; Lisa M Lewis et al., 2017; Posick et al., 2013)”},”properties”:{“noteIndex”:0},”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”}(Gabbidon et al., 2011; Lisa M Lewis et al., 2017; Posick et al., 2013). This fear can be linked to several factors: incarceration rates among Black teenagers have increased by 44% since 1990, while white incarcerations have only increased by 3%. In addition, according to a report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, Black students are more likely to be arrested on campus. Finally, the mere presence of police on campus can cause an environment of fear and self-preservation among studentsADDIN CSL_CITATION {“citationItems”:[{“id”:”ITEM-1″,”itemData”:{“ISSN”:”1537-7938″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Webb”,”given”:”Patrick”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Frame”,”given”:”Kimberly”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Marshall”,”given”:”Pam”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Journal of ethnicity in criminal justice”,”id”:”ITEM-1″,”issue”:”2″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2018″]]},”page”:”137-155″,”publisher”:”Taylor & Francis”,”title”:”Correlates of campus crime: An exploration of minority attitudes at an HBCU”,”type”:”article-journal”,”volume”:”16″},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7d3cacc1-c500-4963-9f43-46307a72a8c7″]}],”mendeley”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Webb et al., 2018)”,”plainTextFormattedCitation”:”(Webb et al., 2018)”,”previouslyFormattedCitation”:”(Webb et al., 2018)”},”properties”:{“noteIndex”:0},”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”}(Webb et al., 2018). If a student feels threatened by a police officer’s presence, there is no doubt that they will alter their behavior in some way for fear of being harmed or unjustifiably arrested.

According to the National Center for Education Statistics, 102 Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) in the United States. Many of these schools were founded during segregation to offer education opportunities to African Americans who had been previously denied access to higher learning institutions. These colleges still retain many of their original values, including strong support for diversity and multiculturalism. HBCUs experience a very different college life than non-HBCU’s, which is heavily affected by their race/ethnicityADDIN CSL_CITATION {“citationItems”:[{“id”:”ITEM-1″,”itemData”:{“ISBN”:”1392244838″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Harris-Wyatt”,”given”:”Georgetta A”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”id”:”ITEM-1″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2019″]]},”publisher”:”Tennessee State University”,”title”:”An Analysis of Factors that Impact Civilian Attitudes Toward Police Treatment of Minority Males”,”type”:”article”},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=04037b4e-fef5-41a5-912f-53cb8c316a3a”]},{“id”:”ITEM-2″,”itemData”:{“ISSN”:”0888-6601″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Lewis”,”given”:”Lisa M”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Wilks”,”given”:”Scott E”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Geiger”,”given”:”Jennifer R”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Barthelemy”,”given”:”Juan J”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Livermore”,”given”:”Michelle M”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Journal of Pan African Studies”,”id”:”ITEM-2″,”issue”:”1″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2017″]]},”title”:”A Racial Divide: College Student Attitudes Concerning Police in South Louisiana.”,”type”:”article-journal”,”volume”:”10″},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=09d5aecb-4373-47fd-a014-452c3fe5fcd2”]},{“id”:”ITEM-3″,”itemData”:{“ISSN”:”0734-0168″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Gabbidon”,”given”:”Shaun L”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Higgins”,”given”:”George E”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Potter”,”given”:”Hillary”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Criminal justice review”,”id”:”ITEM-3″,”issue”:”1″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2011″]]},”page”:”5-21″,”publisher”:”SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA”,”title”:”Race, gender, and the perception of recently experiencing unfair treatment by the police: Exploratory results from an all-black sample”,”type”:”article-journal”,”volume”:”36″},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=be923f59-a9e5-4d1a-8fcb-2dccda5efcc5″]}],”mendeley”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Gabbidon et al., 2011; Harris-Wyatt, 2019; Lisa M Lewis et al., 2017)”,”plainTextFormattedCitation”:”(Gabbidon et al., 2011; Harris-Wyatt, 2019; Lisa M Lewis et al., 2017)”,”previouslyFormattedCitation”:”(Gabbidon et al., 2011; Harris-Wyatt, 2019; Lisa M Lewis et al., 2017)”},”properties”:{“noteIndex”:0},”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”}(Gabbidon et al., 2011; Harris-Wyatt, 2019; Lisa M Lewis et al., 2017). A large body of research supports this notion. Due to the heavy racial segregation that HBCUs experienced, they are likely to attract students more concerned with race relations.

Another aspect of research surrounding the HBCU student body is that of crime and perceptions of criminality. According to a 2016’s study by Columbia University’s National Opinion Research Center (NORC), even though there is little evidence suggesting racial bias in college campus crime, Black students perceived police treatment as biased against themADDIN CSL_CITATION {“citationItems”:[{“id”:”ITEM-1″,”itemData”:{“ISSN”:”2153-3687″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Posick”,”given”:”Chad”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Rocque”,”given”:”Michael”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”McDevitt”,”given”:”Jack”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Race and Justice”,”id”:”ITEM-1″,”issue”:”3″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2013″]]},”page”:”190-209″,”publisher”:”SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA”,”title”:”One scale fits all? Assessing racial differences in the measurement of attitudes toward the police”,”type”:”article-journal”,”volume”:”3″},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=39c3cdd3-d84c-44a3-bf55-a794dbaad57a”]},{“id”:”ITEM-2″,”itemData”:{“ISSN”:”1082-8354″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Murty”,”given”:”Komanduri S”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Roebuck”,”given”:”Julian B”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Race, Gender & Class”,”id”:”ITEM-2″,”issue”:”3-4″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2015″]]},”page”:”136-153″,”publisher”:”JSTOR”,”title”:”African American HBCU students’ attitudes and actions toward interracial dating & marriage: A survey analysis”,”type”:”article-journal”,”volume”:”22″},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d717ecf4-5cc4-4c74-b996-4d5275e67092″]}],”mendeley”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Murty & Roebuck, 2015; Posick et al., 2013)”,”plainTextFormattedCitation”:”(Murty & Roebuck, 2015; Posick et al., 2013)”,”previouslyFormattedCitation”:”(Murty & Roebuck, 2015; Posick et al., 2013)”},”properties”:{“noteIndex”:0},”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”}(Murty & Roebuck, 2015; Posick et al., 2013). In addition, that same study reported that Blacks and Whites differ in their perceptions towards criminal behavior: Black people were more likely than white people to think the majority of crime victims were black and less likely than whites to think most members of society viewed blacks favorably.

The Role of Media in Influencing HBCU students’ perceptions of police

The past decade has seen numerous protests and demonstrations by HBCU students on issues of racial discrimination. These protests and demonstrations have a constitutional grounding based on freedoms of speech, assembly, and government petitioning. However, some of these pretests are accompanied by violence which necessitates the involvement of law enforcement. In most cases, the involvement of the police only serves to heighten tensions since the law enforcement institutions have negative connotations of being biased against African AmericansADDIN CSL_CITATION {“citationItems”:[{“id”:”ITEM-1″,”itemData”:{“ISSN”:”1537-7938″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Webb”,”given”:”Patrick”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Frame”,”given”:”Kimberly”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Marshall”,”given”:”Pam”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Journal of ethnicity in criminal justice”,”id”:”ITEM-1″,”issue”:”2″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2018″]]},”page”:”137-155″,”publisher”:”Taylor & Francis”,”title”:”Correlates of campus crime: An exploration of minority attitudes at an HBCU”,”type”:”article-journal”,”volume”:”16″},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7d3cacc1-c500-4963-9f43-46307a72a8c7”]},{“id”:”ITEM-2″,”itemData”:{“ISBN”:”9798662447943″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Robinson”,”given”:”Corey D”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”id”:”ITEM-2″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2020”]]},”publi

Systems Thinking

Assignment

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Professor’s Name

Date

Assignment

Section 1

Systems Thinking

System thinking is defined as the analytical skills that allow one to dissect an issue, discover its internal and external variables, determine its relationships to one another and the situation at hand, and decide which aspects various fields of study focus on (Repko et al., 2019). Systems thinking are essential to interdisciplinary studies since it allows students to see the relationship between the disciplinary aspects of the issue and the problem as a whole. Through systems thinking, students can identify and evaluate ideas about when and where to interfere in the system after comprehending its dynamics.

Integrative Thinking

Integrative thinking is among the distinguishing characteristics of interdisciplinary learning. It is the ability to weave together knowledge from various sources to arrive at a more holistic understanding or formulate a novel interpretation (Repko et al., 2019). Integrative thinking is crucial to interdisciplinary studies because it removes our natural tendency to lose sight of the broader picture by adopting entrenched views or opting for substandard compromises. Integrative thinking does not adopt one answer while making a few concessions to the other point.

Tunnel Vision

When referring to natural eyesight, tunnel vision refers to the condition in which the eye can only concentrate on a limited portion of the surrounding field of view, with the remainder of the field of view far beyond the lens appearing unfocused or fuzzy. The concept of tunnel vision is essential to interdisciplinary studies since it enables specialists to pay attention solely to the problem known to them rather than focusing on another part of the problem that lies outside the specialist’s area of competence (Repko et al., 2019).

Section 2

Disciplinary Reductionism

Disciplinary reductionism is the method of dividing phenomena into their component elements and studying them independently. The idea is that information acquired by particular specializations may be merged into comprehending the phenomenon as a whole (Repko et al., 2019). Besides, disciplinary reductionism reduces or simplifies complex things to more essential ones. The theory of disciplinary reductionism is vital to interdisciplinary studies because it enables students to understand that if one breaks down a complicated issue, behavior, or object into its parts and studies each of those parts independently, then the information gained from the various specialized fields can be easily integrated into a comprehensive comprehension of the phenomenon being studied.

Multidisciplinarity

Multidisciplinarity is defined as the practice of juxtaposing the findings of two or more academic fields without making any effort to unify them. (Repko et al., 2019). When it comes to interdisciplinary studies, taking a multidisciplinary approach is beneficial for several reasons, one of which is that it assists students in developing a more comprehensive view of the world. In place of taking individual departments and the topics they study into consideration in isolation, a multidisciplinary approach brings aspects of each department’s study programs into conversation with those of the other departments.

Personal Bias

Personal bias occurs when one allows one’s perspective, such as politics, spiritual tradition, or cultural identification, to color their analysis or decision-making. Selecting resources that support your position while ignoring or dismissing those that oppose it is an example of personal bias (Repko et al., 2019). Besides, any personal bias, regardless of how generous it may be, cannot coexist with high-quality work that draws on several disciplines.

Section 3

Disciplinary Inadequacy

The concept of disciplinary inadequacy refers to the idea that individual academic fields do not have the resources necessary to tackle complex issues in a way that is both comprehensive and holistic, i.e., in a manner that is inclusive of the viewpoints and ideas offered by the many other relevant fields of study (Repko et al., 2019). The concept of disciplinary inadequacy is vital to interdisciplinary studies because it enables learners to understand that disciplines, taken on their own, cannot adequately comprehensively handle complicated issues. Thus, there is a need to incorporate other disciplines to address complex problems comprehensively.

Complexity Theory

According to the interdisciplinary complexity theory, interdisciplinary research is required whenever a topic or issue consists of several aspects and operates as a system. (Repko et al., 2019).The characteristics of complex systems give a justification for the study of interdisciplinary problems. An investigation into complex systems provides fresh perspectives on the process of interdisciplinary research and lends credence to the fundamental ideas that underpin the most successful multidisciplinary investigations. The unique situation of the arts and humanities is taken into consideration by the interdisciplinary complexity theory. These academic fields focus on analyzing behavior characterized as being distinctive, unique, and individual.

Perspective Taking Theory

The perspective-taking theory includes making inferences about the states of mind of other people, such as their goals, wants, knowledge, and beliefs. This kind of reasoning is required in practically every facet of human interaction. Taking on other people’s perspectives is a critical talent that enables us to grasp other people’s ideas, emotions, and perceptions. The perspective-taking theory is essential to interdisciplinary studies as it allows people to view a problem from other peoples’ points of view hence developing a more comprehensive understanding of the problem.

Section 4

Depth and Breadth

Depth and breadth are essential guidelines for critically analyzing a disciplinary work. These two concepts capture the conflict that exists between interdisciplinary and disciplinarily (Repko et al., 2019). The whole scope of knowledge on a topic is meant to be included by one’s breadth of learning. The level to which certain subjects are honed, expanded, and investigated is what the term depth of understanding means. There will always be a more excellent range and depth of learning available to pupils as they enhance their knowledge and expertise in any field of study. The concept of depth and breadth is vital to interdisciplinary studies since it enables learners to address broad issues, answer complex questions, solve problems beyond the scope of a single discipline, and explore the relationship between different disciplines.

Logic

Logical integrity is the most apparent criterion when critically analyzing a piece of disciplinary work. Arranging an argument’s stages in a list and checking to see whether they all follow logically from one another is a beneficial exercise. A statement may seem more convincing than it is by leaving out supporting evidence or other details. For instance, it is easy to jump from a laundry list of welfare system abuses to conclude that the whole system should be destroyed without first attempting to quantify its advantages and weigh them against its costs (Repko et al., 2019).

Clarity in Research

The clarity in research involves avoiding uncommon references, abbreviations, and jargon. If an author’s statements are unclear, the critical analysis task is difficult, if not impossible. If we want the content to be wholly understood, clarity in research is one of the most critical factors. Therefore, it is best to avoid using dense and abundant language that obscures the author’s primary thoughts in favor of transparent and straightforward, ideally written in the active person, and organized in a manner that makes sense.

Section 5

Contextualization

Contextualization is a method used by humanists and those working in the fine and performing arts to interweave the subject of their research with the history of culture and their own experiences. The contextualization technique does not standardize the integration process; hence, how it is carried out differs depending on the circumstance (Repko et al., 2019). Approaches to interdisciplinary integration that use contextualization enable humanists to facilitate viewers’ and readers’ ability to draw connections between discipline ideas that are both incredibly creative and far-reaching. This encompasses the sciences when the objective is to embed science into the historical and cultural fabric of time and to bring forth its social responsibility.

Disciplinary Jargon

Disciplinary jargon is among the three affinities that run counter to interdisciplinary processes. It refers to using specialized terminology and notions not often understood by those outside the discipline. If a technical phrase has to be utilized, then the ideal approach is to redefine the term or concept more broadly or generically so that it may be relevant to each field.

Comprehensive Understanding

Comprehensive understanding is defined as cognitive progress that occurs as a consequence of integrating discoveries. This leads to producing a brand-new whole that would not be conceivable using the tools of a single discipline (Repko et al., 2019). Comprehensive understanding entails a wide mental range or a firm grip on anything, whether of a specific topic or several issues. Suppose one discipline and its point of view, together with that field’s preferred research methodology, are allowed to dictate the terms of the study. In that case, the understanding will never be comprehensive.

Part 11: Short Essay Questions

Question One

Interdisciplinary studies involve at least two scientific, academic, or artistic disciplines. Besides, it permits the synthesis of concepts as well as the synthesis of features drawn from a wide range of fields. While doing so, it takes into account each student’s unique characteristics and contributes to developing essential, marketable talents. Degree programs in interdisciplinary studies integrate two or more traditional academic disciplines into a single, more individualized concentration of study. In contrast to a liberal arts degree, which requires students to study a broad range of topics, an interdisciplinary degree enables students to concentrate their studies on a single topic relevant to more than one academic discipline. The vast majority of interdisciplinarians do not advocate for eliminating specialized disciplines; instead, they recognize and value the significant role that specialization has played in the development of knowledge. They feel that a strictly specialized approach to learning and knowledge creation comes at a very high price, even though the disciplines are valuable for creating, structuring, and applying information. The two criticisms about specialization with the disciplines are that specialization can blind us to the broader context and specialization tends to create tunnel vision (Repko et al., 2019).

To avoid the parochial perspective, which will attach an intensely rigid and limited way of thinking, we must employ the interdisciplinary approach when discussing globalization. This is especially important when considering topics relating to the intensification and expansion of social relations and the concept of space and time. Besides, through an interdisciplinary approach, students will approach global challenges from various viewpoints, allowing them to think about and experience the concepts of a global world from an authentic point of view. As a step toward becoming citizens of the world who are also capable of global thinking, they will investigate and learn about its variety and sustainability. Since I always tend to place side by side the findings of two or more academic fields without making any effort to unify them, I see myself as a multidisciplinarian. Besides, I like working with people from different disciplines, with each participant relying on the expertise of their field. I could make a good multidisciplinarian.

Question Two

Compared to traditional methods, an interdisciplinary method broadens the scope of what students can learn by enabling them to address issues that cannot be neatly categorized under a single discipline. In addition, it alters how students learn by requiring them to synthesize multiple points of view rather than simply accepting what is presented to them by a teacher at face value. On the contrary, the traditional disciplinary approach involves early establishing rules and guidelines for appropriate conduct. Students get consequences for breaking such standards whenever they do so. It is anticipated that in the future, kids will not engage in inappropriate behavior since they will want to avoid being disciplined once again. The essential components to interrogating perspectives of relevant disciplines include; phenomena which are the elements of human life that have stood the test of time and may be described and explained in academic detail; epistemology which is the philosophical study of justification and knowledge of the truth; assumptions which are the foundational concepts and worldview of the field as a whole. As the name suggests, these principles are generally considered as being at the very heart of what it means to be an academic in that field; a concept that is a linguistic sign that stands for an event or a notion that can be generalized from specific cases; a theory which includes both scientific theory and philosophical theory; methods which cover how one does research, examines data or evidence, evaluates hypotheses, and develops new information (Repko et al., 2019).

A good research question clearly specifies the topic, issue, or behavior pattern to be investigated. In most cases, it is posed as a question; however, declarative statements may also be used to explain the issue that needs to be looked into. A good research question needs a synthesis of various resources, original data, and an interpretation to provide a solution. The solution to the question should not simply be a concise description of the facts; instead, there should be room for you to debate and analyze the results of your investigation. The two qualities of a good research question are; the research question must be complex to solve, and the research question must be researchable from several disciplinary perspectives (Repko et al., 2019). When critically reviewing sources, the following steps should be taken: read the introduction or the abstract and examine the work for images, inflammatory language, or graphic styles likely to provoke anger. Lastly, research related topics by looking for articles, books, and websites.

References

Repko, A. F., Szostak, R., & Buchberger, M. P. (2019). Introduction to interdisciplinary studies. Sage Publications.

Response to Assignment Two

Assignment Two

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Course Tittle

Professor’s Name

Date

Response to Assignment Two

This article talks about a DSGE model to elucidate aggregate labor bazaar shift in supply and demand curve. The model comprises capital adjustment charges, habit development predilections, and new shocks. According to the article, habit formation might shift the aggregate labor supply curve at the time of news shock. When demand surpasses supply, prices seem to increase. There is a converse connection between the prices and supply of goods and services when demand is not changed (Zhao et al., 2020). On the other hand, when demand upsurges and supply remain constant, the higher demand outcomes to a greater symmetry price and vice versa. Capital adjustment price assists amplify the change of the aggregate labor supply curve.

The article talks about the universal demand for food rising and the solemn inquiries about whether supply can rise sustainability. Land-founded development is likely but could worsen biodiversity loss and climate change. The article scrutinizes the leading food manufacturing sectors in the ocean to approximate maintainable supply curves (Zhao et al., 2020). It is a basic financial belief that when supply is greater than demand for a service or good, prices fall.

The aggregate labor supply curve is changed; as a result of the affluence, impact instigated by the variation of ingesting under a news shock (Zhao et al., 2020). Furthermore, capital change charges aid increases the difference of ingesting, and therefore the shift of the aggregate labor supply curve under the news shock. In addition, the aggregate demand curve will be moved, as it functions in the typical RBC model after the comprehension of the news shock.

The link to the article is https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2019.12.018

Reference

Zhao, N., Shi, Y., Sun, Y., & Miao, J. (2020). Aggregate labor market fluctuations under news shocks. Economic Modelling.

Should it be harder to get a divorce

Assignment 4

Name:

Institutional Affiliation:

Date:

Chapter 12

Question 1: Should it be harder to get a divorce?

Many people would agree that the number of divorces has risen notably in the past few years. However, the argument remains whether the number is higher or the methods of reporting have changed. Couples choose to divorce when they find that they cannot amicably resolve many conflicts within their marriage. Interestingly, a majority of couples who decided to stay married were found to be happier than before when researchers checked on them after five years. For this reason, it appears that the choice to stay married and avoid divorce would be a good one. However, many married people face serious challenges, and sometimes, these challenges cannot be resolved, especially when one or both partners are unwilling or unable to work towards this. The process of getting a divorce should not be made harder for several reasons. Couples who have filed for divorce in most cases have explored other options such as counseling and temporary separation; thus, divorce often comes as a last resort. For this reason, couples should be allowed to get a divorce as quickly as possible and iron out their new arrangement to avoid the painful process of getting a divorce that may drag on for years.

Question 2: Why is it that most couples do not have a good divorce?

Divorce means breaking up a family, and the process is rarely easy. There are several reasons why many couples do not have an amicable and friendly split, referred to as a good divorce. First, money matters are often the thorniest and couples fight over who should take what, with each wanting to take the most. The second reason as to why divorce is so difficult is when children are involved, and parents have to fight over custody, child support, and alimony payments. From the book and in real life situations, custody and child support are usually stipulated at the time of divorce. However, the noncustodial parent fails to pay mainly to cause difficulties for the parent with custody. Another common argument during divorce is who should pay spousal support, and each party fights to be paid. At the end of the divorce proceedings, one party feels wounded and walks away with bitter feelings; thus, it is very difficult to have a good divorce.

Chapter 13

Question 2: Why is divorce such an emotional process for people? Why does it often generate so much anger and rage?

Divorce is an emotional process because it entails beginning a new life apart from the old one which the family members were so used to. One of the significant causes of anger and rage is the reason for the divorce. For example, if divorce is due to neglect, infidelity or such factors blamed on one partner, then the other party is sure to be very angry. The divorce becomes a way to get back at their partner, and they end up demanding custody and more money if they feel this will cause the offender distress. Financial issues are also a major cause of negative emotions during a divorce when one of the partners stands to suffer significant losses as a result of the divorce. Other causes of anger and rage are the disappointment that comes with the divorce, especially if the couple had hoped to be together forever but finds that one of them has had a change of heart.

Question 6: Why does the “evil stepmother” stereotype persist?

The stereotype of the evil stepmother dates back hundreds of years, with many people having learned of it from fairy tales such as Cinderella. Stepfamilies are still associated with a lot of negativity, especially stepmothers. Many people think that stepmothers are likely to favor their biological children over their adopted ones, and can even act cruelly by denying them fundamental rights. The reason why this stereotype against stepmothers exists to this day is connected with the negative view of stepfamilies in general. Most people find it hard to believe that a stepparent can treat their adopted children with the same love and care that their biological parents would. Such negative expectations lead to the smallest acts of discipline or reproach by a step parent being viewed as acts of cruelty.

Chapter 14

Question 1: Given the large number of people over the age of 65 in our society, why does ageism persist?

The main reason why ageism is rampant in our society is that people prize youth more than anything. Young people have more vitality, energy, and many years to do many things that they like. Older people are assumed to be old and frail, and people mock old age as something negative and that no one should look forward to. Old age is viewed as a dreaded time, and people take many steps to avoid looking old such as getting plastic surgery. Another reason as to why ageism persists is that very few people know any old people outside their grandparents. Statistics show that the number of old people is growing and projected to grow even more in the future. Many assume that old age is associated with poverty, suffering, and illness such as arthritis, dementia, and constipation, among many others. However, statistics dispel these stereotypes and show that old people can be quite healthy and fit depending on their lifestyles, especially when they are younger.

Question 5: Should families be expected to care for elderly family members? If so, why? If not, why not?

As people grow older, they need more care. The level of care depends on age, physical, and mental state. For example, an older adult with arthritis is unable to move much, and hence, they will need a helper to help them around the house with most of the chores. Old people also need extra medical care, especially if they have chronic medical conditions. The primary responsibility to care for the elderly falls on family members, and this often presents high financial and emotional costs. It comes as a significant advantage when the elderly person has some income or property, which can cover the financial costs associated with their care. However, when they have to rely on their children, the situation is more complicated. Most people caring for the elderly are their grown children, and these children often have kids of their own too; hence, they are referred to as the sandwich generation. Caring for elderly parents and relatives can bring a financial and emotional strain on a family, especially where there are young children. Most families prefer to put the elderly in care homes where they have caregivers around the clock. While this comes at a cost, it presents less train as the younger adults have more time to work while at the same time ensuring that the old people have constant care which may not be available at home due to work and other family constraints.

Leadership-Style

Assignment 4: Leadership Style: What Do People Do When They Are Leading?

Bus 520 – Leadership and Organization Behavior

Leadership is not always used as an example in management by people. According to Schermerhorn (2012), leadership is defined as the process of influencing others and the process of helping individuals and any efforts that are collective in order to accomplish shared objectives. As a result, a manager is not needed in order to lead. The CEO of Southwest Airlines, Gary Kelly, has a specific group of values and a style of leadership that will help Southwest Airlines to stand out in the middle of any airline within the business.

A Southwest veteran, Gary Kelly is 28 years old and his career began as a controller at Southwest Airlines. Kelly meets as a Independent Director of many associations and trade corporations as well as working at Southwest Airlines. In 2004, Kelly advanced to Vice Chairman and CEO of the airlines after he previously served as Chief Financial Officer and Vice President of Finance, as well as CFO and Executive Vice President. Gary is a Texan and he attended the University of Texas in Austin where he received a B.B.A in Accounting. Before he joined Southwest Airlines, Gary received certification as a Public Accountant in 1986 for Arthur Young and Company which is located in Dallas and as a Controller for another company named Systems Center, Inc.

The Leadership style of Gary Kelly is transformational. Transformational leadership according to Bernard Bas (1985), happens when followers’ interests are broaden and elevated which stimulates followers to reach outside the limits and beyond their interest to the benefit of others. Kelly has advised that the environment of Southwest Airlines is not ambitious or curriculum but it is a total of people’s hearts (Spirit Magazine, 2014). The airlines constantly empower and enable the employees to always go over and beyond in order to meet individual needs and this is a representation of their leader. A leader that is good must fit in with the leader and the companies’ culture however they must be separate according to the feelings of Gary Kelly. Kelly feels strongly that leaders that are good are able to compensate their employees and take care of them first. Gary Kelly believes that when communicating with employees, leaders should be able to know when to listen and when to act in response. Gary Kelly has a style that is very laid back when it comes to leadership and this is unlike many CEO’s. Employees are able to have more freedom than many organizations. The culture at Southwest Airlines aligns very well with Gary Kelly’s style of leadership. The culture at Southwest Airlines is defined as the improvement, development, and refinement of the individuality, originality, and personality of a specific people (Southwest Airlines, 2014). More than flights are offered at Southwest Airlines. Through volunteer services they are able to give back to the community while encouraging their employees to become better individuals. Having events that are fun such as deck and spirit parties and Halloween are just a few events that are included in the culture of Southwest Airlines. Gary Kelly has been with the company for 28 years and has been everything from Edna Turnblad, Count Dracula, and the mother in Hairspray (Hall, 2010). This is just a few ways Kelly and Southwest Airlines are able to keep employees motivated and make worthwhile for them to work hard for a company that they love.

The personal values of Gary Kelly were created by the old fashion brand of Southwest and his morals and honor was inspired in him by his father (Miranda, 2013). Miranda (2013) declares that the values of Kelly’s were all centered on encouraging a atmosphere at work where individuals are able to have fun and enjoy their jobs while they are performing their jobs. The main priority of Southwest Airlines is to secure and guarantee the personal safety of each customer and employee of Southwestern Airlines. Southwest Airlines believes in the Golden Rule, to treat others as they want to be treated. They believe in living a Servant’s heart, Warrior spirit, and an attitude that is Fun-Luving which is the Southwestern Airline way. To work hard, be courageous, display urgency, persevere and innovate, and encourage employees to work hard is the Warrior Spirit. Embracing the Southwestern Airlines family, follow the Golden Rule, treating individuals with respect, follow rules and principles, putting people first is having a Servant’s Heart. Last but not least in order to have an attitude that is fun luving is defined as having fun and to maintain perspective, don’t take yourself very serious, successes are celebrated, be a team player that is passionate and enjoy your work.

One honored value that is Southwestern Airlines have is to respect each employee mutually. Gary Kelly, also has values that are instrumental such as independence, honesty, being open minded, cheerful and imaginative and all of these help shape the behavior that is needed in order to achieve goals and end state. Southwestern employees are very honest and concerned about others because they are encouraged to treat others with respect and compassion and this is very possible. The proof of these values are mirrored in the mission statement of Southwestern Airlines and the mission states dedication to customer service quality that is high and delivered with warmth, pride, friendliness, and the spirit of the company (Southwestern Airlines, 2014).

Hard work, honest, humility and concern for others are just a few of Gary Kelly’s strengths and values (Miranda, 2013). Some of Gary Kelly’s greatest strengths are his personality, his compassion especially for his employees and his strong ethical behavior. Kelly has a free spirit and he is very humorous within the workplace and this affects the employees at Southwestern Airlines positively. In order for workers to work at high levels they are very relaxed and work under less pressure. All of the strengths of Gary Kelly in the corporate world are good but they can also be weaknesses as well. All of these qualities can be viewed as symbols of softness. Gary Kelly has a personality that is passive and his expectations of employees tend to put the business responsibility on the employees. This type of weakness can cause harm and damage to the company during the times of chaos and doubt in the economy.

Being able to keep an attitude that is humble is what Gary Kelly contributes to the success at Southwestern Airlines as CEO. Having a attitude that is humble enables the leaders to have a mindset that is equal to their employees. This could be interpreted as bad, however in order to connect and get respect form the individuals that are in entry level positions, it is important for management to have the ability to relate to the employees in a similar way. This makes for a understanding that is better for all individuals which allows the operation to function in a smooth and effective manner. Having a attitude that they are better than the rest of the employee’s is often the attitude that most CEO’s have. This type of attitude usually causes tension between management and employees, which stops the progress of the organization.

Gary Kelly is laid back in the workplace and he is not the type of CEO hounds employees. By having ways that are humble helps to create a environment that is better in the workplace which makes Southwestern Airline more likely to succeed in all directions of the industry.

Power and politics at Southwestern Airlines means empowerment of all employees to make decisions on the spot in order to make passengers happy (Miranda, 2013). The reviews and stories of customers have all been established facts. The mindsets of the employees to be helpful and nurturing have all been products of effective communication and working together with the organization. Relational coordination is another belief of Southwestern Airlines and this is shown through the shared relationships, the goals, knowledge and mutual respect of their employees. An excess amount of advantages regarding performances have come to the forefront because of this strategy that Southwest has used for many years. At Southwest Airlines politics and power are not a concern that is major. Because they are family oriented at Southwest this helps to fade away the forces of politics and the sense of power within the organization. Individuals drive to work together to get the job done, and not to use their position or power as a way to go beyond each other. There will never be an employee that will be penalized for using judgment that is good and using common sense when assisting customers. Southwest Airlines is known for their using of the relationships of industrial power and labor in order to achieve performance that is high. They are able to provide information that is true and relevant and this is done by putting in effect the Department of Employee Communication.

Leaders that are different all do things that are different. No two people have leadership’s styles that are the same and they don’t have the same values which help to run the organization. Gary Kelly is a leader that is awesome! His transformational, laid back style of leadership helps to contribute to him being awesome. His values and his beliefs help to make him who he is and his style of leadership allows Southwest Airlines grow continuously and they have flourished and have become the leading airline within the industry today.

References:

“About Southwest.” – Southwest Airlines. N.P., n.d. Web.   Feb. 2014.Bass, Bernard M. (1985).   Leadership and Performance beyond Expectations.   New York: Free Press.   98-99.Hall, Cheryl.   (2010).   Southwest Airlines CEO is Defining Himself as a Leader—Without Bag Fees.   Dallas News.   Miranda, Jun.   (2013).   Leadership Secrets of Gary Kelly, Chairman CEO, Southwest Airlines.   Trade Secrets: Simple Ideas behind Great Business Success.Schermerhorn, J. R. (2012).   Organizational Behavior (12th Ed.).   Danvers, MA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Southwest Airlines. (2014, February). Spreading the LUV. Spirit Magazine, 12.

teamwork-and-motivation

Assignment 3: Teamwork and Motivation

BUS 520 – Leadership and Organization Behavior

One of the key ways to keep employees engaged and satisfied at their place of employment is through motivation. Money does not keep employees happy or motivated while at work. Being the owner of Woo Woo manufacturing company there are many different salary ranges as well as a variety of ways to motivate employees at work. Being able to motivate a team is very important in the manufacturing industry this day in time. The plan for motivation within this company is to determine a way to maintain the high levels of productivity, job satisfaction within each department and, how to keep the department change of people at a low rate.

In order to keep the turnover rate low, high levels of productivity as well as high work quality satisfaction on the job is the key. “An individual’s reaction to the job experience” (Berry, 1991) is job satisfaction. There are many contributing factors in order to have satisfaction on the job. Some of them are as follows:

Is the work fulfilling?

Is supervision good?

Worker types and relationships

Opportunities for promotions and acknowledgement

Salary of each employee

When reviewing each of these factors of satisfaction on the job it is very important to examine each department separately because each department has needs of their own.

The job of sales can be a job that is very tedious therefore someone that can handle rejection well would have to be placed in this position. Because this is a job that is hard there are special rules put in place in order to make this sales team satisfied. Since the job in sales is not consistently fulfilling this part of job satisfaction has to come from within other departments. Supervision in this area is not tight or micro-managed however if there is a need for the sales

team they are available. With a managing style such as this for this team they have the ability to do their job with freedom but also still have support if it is needed. One of the key things that is needed in the sales area is relationships since this is a job that is and can get lonely at times. They need to be able to get along with each other which is also important to on the job satisfaction. By having contests within the sales team this helps to bring them together instead of putting them against each other. This is a way for them to communicate effectively and efficiently which also helps to keep numbers flowing in a positive direction. This team is paid a salary which is set along with a commission that is based on sales percentage. The entire sales department is paid a rate that is the same however performance is used to determine who makes the most money.

The line of assembly can very repetitious so to carry out this type of work can be very challenging. Job enrichment and rotating the job are a few things that can make the job fulfilling. By rotating the job, individuals will not be able to become bored or uninterested in their jobs and by using a reward system will help as a way to provide feedback on any work that has been done. Supervisors in this area of work are strict in order to maintain a high productivity rate which helps to keep quality high. Relationships are very critical in this assembly area because of job rotation, they have to be able to train each other. A way to provide recognition to individuals on the assembly team is to have employee of the month and employee of the year. In order to keep them satisfied on the job, the employees have to see that there is a way for them to be recognized as well as promoted. The opportunities for promotion is to have a way for the individuals on the assembly line to advance into roles of supervisors which allows employees to feel a sense of attachment and this to contributes to job satisfaction. These employees are paid on a merit system and are encouraged to be as productive as they can in order to earn more and better wages.

In the department of technology the work is very interesting as well as fulfilling. Supervision in this department is not stifling or suffocating however it is present which allows for innovation. Employees are encouraged to work together as a team which helps relationships to build and grow. The quality of work in this department is high which influences the pay and the promotions. By maintaining a share of the market and keeping these employees happy in the technology department is very essential.

The job of administration within a company is very stressful and it is not a fulfilling job to have. By paying well and offering rewards is a way to compensate employees for the stresses of the job. Because everyone has the ability to work independently and stay on task supervision in this department is very light. The administration department has a common purpose therefore relationships are very important amongst this team. In this department the opportunity for growth is pretty limited because many individuals within this team are at the highest level position available and their salary is also high because of the roles they are in. This is the highest paid department within the organization. Recognizing and rewarding individuals in this department is very important in contributing to job satisfaction. When quarterly meetings take place in administration department, employees have come up with ways to recognize individuals for their hard work by giving away gift cards, have team outings, as well as bonuses.

The rate at which a company reorganizes individuals in the workplace is very expensive and the turnover rate ties into satisfaction on the job. Employees that are late consistently and that call in regularly will be observed and monitored. Their situations will be reviewed by management to find out if they need any assistance from the company to better improve their issues.

Maintaining productivity that is high is very important when in competition with other companies that make widgets. Supervisors are placed along the assembly line to make sure all quotas are met which ensures all widget orders have been fulfilled. The department of technology has an environment that is relaxed and they are provided with refreshments regularly. This helps to make sure that work is completed with minimal breaks. Through the different rewards that are distributed within the administration department the employees of this department are inspired to keep productivity high.

There has been some defects with the product so there has to be a focus on work quality. This starts with the line of assembly however this affects all of the departments. If the technology department can work on a widget that is easily assembled then there will be a chance that less defects will happen. Any problems or defects with the widget will need to be handled by the sales department by being honest and advising the customers that any problems will be resolved. Making sure that quality parts are used and the assembly being done is the responsibility of the assembly line. The funds are then allocated by the administration department to the technology department and assembly department’s main objective is to keep any problems or major issues restrained and controlled.

Working conditions and reward systems are two methods that are used to help motivate employees within the organization. The reward system is the most important factor of motivation because this system allows individuals to be recognized and rewarded for the hard work they do. Each department will nominate the best worker every quarter is how the reward system will work. The employee of the year is also selected within each department and these individuals will receive a plaque as well as a paid vacation. This is huge reward and this will encourage employees within each department to work hard towards winning the accomplishments on a daily basis. The next factor used for motivation will be the conditions of work within each department. The employees within the sales department will be provided with a laptop as well as a company vehicle to make sure they are prepared for all sales meetings. The department of assembly will be able to take breaks because they will be provided a break room with drinks and foods that are healthy. All these things will help with satisfaction on the job along with productivity. The technology department will have an environment that is relaxed while the department of administration will have time off which will help relieve stress and reduce the amount of employees that are burned out.

Workers that make minimum wage have to feel valued and their feelings have to be observed in comparison to the other employees within the organization. The theory of Equity then becomes a motivation factor. This will show these individuals that they are being paid the same salary as the other individuals within the organization and they will not feel as if they are a unequal part of the company. They will be treated with dignity and respect even though they are making minimum wage. They should know that they have a chance for a raise in pay and the ability to advance to a different position within the company. These things gives employees the sense of accomplishment and that they have a future within the organization along with their hard work and dedication.

The individual worker is very critical within today’s organizations. Within the environment of work it only takes one employee to be negative and this can influence the entire organization. Now contrary to the negative employee, a worker that works hard for the company can also encourage and motivate others to work hard and this will help the organization to operate effectively and efficiently. In some organizations individuals can be made to feel as though they are just a number or part of the equipment and that they can be replaced easily. It is very critical for the organization to make their employees feel like they can run the organization and that they are valued and important.

To sum it all up, motivation is something that is very critical in order for a company to be productive. Each and every employee should be satisfied with their job and they should have pride in the job that they do on a daily basis. Motivation factors should be used by each organization because they have access to many and each factor should be used in a way that is fair and equal to all employees of the organization. When all employees of a company know and feel that they are being paid and treated fairly this helps to improve motivation, the turnover rate and improve productivity.

Individual Work to Teamwork

Individual Worker Team Member (change in behavior from individual team member)

Talks Ideas are exchanged

Me oriented Team oriented

Department focused Focused on the organization

Competitive Works as/within the team

Logical Ideas are good

Written messages Coordination; face to face communication

Image Team/corporate images

Secrecy Open and communicates

Short-term sighted Long term oriented/sighted

Immediate results Goal specification/Long term goal oriented

Critical Creative/part of the team

Tenure Equality

References:

Berry, Lilly M. (1997). Psychology at Work. San Francisco: McGraw Hill Companies Inc.

Job Satisfaction Retrieved May 25, 2014 from http://www.u.arizona.edu/~ctaylor/chapter9/jobsat.htmlSchermerhorn, J/Osborn, R/Uhl-Bien, M/Hunt, J (2012). Organizational Behavior 12th edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Importance of Motivation Retrieved May 25, 2014 from http://www.managementstudyguide.com/importance_of_motivation.htm

Eight Tactics to Motivate Minimum Wage Employees Retrieved May 25, 2014 from http://train2gainus.wordpress.com/training/eight-tactics-to-motivate-minimum-wage-employees/

What is the purpose of the model

Assignment 3: Reflection and Personal Branding Plan

What is the purpose of the model?

PESTEL Analysis model will help me better understand the macro-environmental factors shaping the process of market planning.

The market segmentation model will help me better understand existing and prospective customers in a given market segment to make informed decisions on marketing activities that are focused on them.

Where in the plan it was used? How did each model contribute to your insight?

PESTEL Analysis model was used during the formulation of marketing strategies. The model helped to understand better how macro-environmental factors contribute and shape marketing strategies/plans.

The market segmentation model was used during the process of developing marketing activities or programs. The model helped me better understand how to target those customers that are most likely to be satisfied by my market offerings.

Why this concept/tool appeals to you, moving into a marketing career?

PESTEL Analysis tool will significantly help me make better marketing strategies or plans.

The market segmentation appeals to me since it will substantially assist me in making better marketing programs or activities for a given market segment.

Tentative Calendar, General Info

ASSIGNMENT 3 FORMAL REPORT

ObjectiveTo write a formatted, developed, organized, and researched 8 – 10-page formal report in response to the scenario herein.

ScenarioAs we know, Covid 19 has impacted all aspects of our lives. Select an industry or sector and research to the best of your ability Covid 19’s impact on that industry. Were there massive losses, layoffs, closings, bankruptcies, stock decreases or increases? Then, what is the industry doing in the pandemic to keep employees and constituents safe while trying to maintain profitability? Then, select one representative company to discuss in one case study (example). For example, groceries are an industry, and HEB is a major player in that sector. (If you work or have worked in one of these sectors, you could add valuable primary or first-hand information.) Other sectors are oil and gas, gym / fitness, restaurants / bars / food and beverage, warehouses, fashion, electronics, vehicle sales, banking, tax / accounting, etc. Conclude with an outlook for that industry as the pandemic continues. Your transmittal letter is from you at the UHCL address and to me, Janice Bethany, Writing Lecturer, University of Houston Clear Lake, 2700 Bay Area Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77058. (Use this UHCL address for both sender – you- and recipient – me.)

Tentative Calendar, General Info Ongoing. Close reading of Chapter 10 to model your report on the example in Fig 10.25 (p. 329 +). See also the partial example in Appendix B within these instructions.

Weeks 1 – 2. Introduce project. Submit Work Plan online as directed.

Weeks 3 -5. Draft due in Discussion Board; peer reviews. If you want instructor feedback, please post the draft on the Discussion Board with ample time for me to review it.

Week 6. Final draft due on Blackboard.

*Late work not accepted.

Weights and Grading CriteriaFormal Report = 25% of course grade

Work Plan = 2.5% of course grade

Full credit for each below item is given for strength and completeness of content; integration of research; audience appeal; format; organization; grammar, language; credible sources, cited both inside the paper and in ref. page.

Title page – 5 points

Letter – 15 points

Electronic Table of Contents / heading levels up to three – 10 points

Executive Summary – 10 points

Introduction – 10 points

Body / Company Discussion – 20 points

Relevant visuals (at least three) – 10 points

Conclusion – 10 points

Reference list / Works Cited – 10 points

No templates. Use of templates results in at least a 10-point deduction from score.

*Integrate a few (3 -6) visuals such as company logos and photos of the establishment as reflected in the Covid 19 pandemic. Most likely, these are royalty-free from Google Images and similar sites. In my class, these visuals do not have to be cited. (Check with each professor, however, if it comes up again.) Here is a link to a short tutorial on inserting, sizing and wrapping pictures. VISUALS MUST BE WRAPPED, NOT PLUNKED. https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/insert-pictures-3c51edf4-22e1-460a-b372-9329a8724344?ui=en-us&rs=en-us&ad=us

**Reports that hastily copy-paste pictures or text from the web receive point deductions or further consequences.

Style, Format, and Research

Writing Style. The writing style is formal, but your voice should come through in statements like “Since I am a finance major, I am concerned about drastic changes in the banking industry.” Thus, use your student role to your advantage.

Format. Use single-spaced, block format, approximate 1-inch margins, with appropriate font size and style. (See Fig 10.25, pp. 329 – 339.) Though APA and MLA require double-spacing, business reports are typically single-spaced in block style. Works Cited or References should be the only double-spaced page.

Research and Bibliography. Limit direct quotations to 20% of total, e.g., 1000-word reports should not have more than 200 quoted words. Use MLA or APA style documentation. Properly integrate and cite research from at least 5 credible sources using both in-text and bibliographical citations (pages 316 – 319). I encourage simple, smooth internal citations such as “According to xx, this industry…” Primary research – interviews, emails to the company, personal experience, phone inquiries, observations, etc. – is encouraged. See MLA or APA for manuscript format.

Process1. Select an industry and a truly representative company as directed. Small businesses with just one location are probably not representative, so research with questions such as “What are the representative companies in xx the xx sector?” For example, “What are the major chains in Houston’s grocery industry?” Kroger and HEB are the two top grocers in Houston, according to Houston Business Journal.

2. Develop Using Appendix A and the TENTATIVE OUTLINE below, create a Work Plan (see Appendix A) to organize the project and ensure that nothing gets left out. Post on BB as directed.

3. Conduct Research. Consider primary sources such as company chat, email, phone calls, and websites as well as interviews with company representatives. Secondary sources include published articles (no blogs or stray comments), websites, business publications, possibly textbooks. Tertiary sources are also acceptable for limited background information. Tertiary or “third-level” sources include Wikipedia and other reference works. Use at least one secondary source such as Forbes, The Wall Street Journal, Barron’s, Wired, Fortune, etc.

7. Add headings and visuals. These can be black or in dark colors and do not have to follow APA or MLA rules. They must be used consistently, broken up in levels for the table of contents. Typically, a report uses 1st, 2nd, and 3rd level headings. See pages 325 – 328 for front and back matter.

Tentative Outline for App. A, Estimated Page Length, Heading LevelsTitle Page (front matter, not a heading) – 1 separate page, see p. 329.

Transmittal Letter (front matter, not a heading) – 1 separate page from you at the school address to Professor Janice Bethany also at the school address: Janice Bethany, Writing Lecturer, University of Houston Clear Lake, 2700 Bay Area Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77058. Use the greeting, “Dear Janice Bethany:”. See example on p. 330.

Table of Contents (front matter, not a heading) – 1 separate page. See p. 331 as well as this tutorial from MS Support. Note, tables of contents should be electronically, not manually, generated. https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/video-introduction-to-tables-of-contents-tocs-0af555b1-fa51-4790-be03-53f022cc086a?ui=en-us&rs=en-us&ad=us

Executive Summary – 1 separate page (half or two-thirds of a page typically). 1st level (ES can include 2nd or 3rd level headings). See p. 333.

Section 1. Introduction – 1 page (half or two-thirds of a page typically). 1st level. See p. 333.

Background and Context – 2nd level heading. This “feeds back” the scenario, e.g., To stay afloat during the pandemic, the retail industry has changed in important ways.

Scope, Sources, Author – 2nd level. The scope shows how and why, briefly, you narrowed the topic to include this company. Who did you exclude generally and why? The sources for your findings include interviews, personal experience, websites, articles, textbooks, news reports, etc. See the resume and letter you completed earlier in the course to add a short bio paragraph about you such as your major, experience, and strong points.

Section 2. Discussion of Company – about 2 pages total, 1st level.

Briefly, respond to “Who is Company 1?” by providing its commonly known products or services; mission / core values; history; CEO; etc. – about 1-2 paragraphs, 2nd level

Coronavirus Economic Impact – Answer this question, How has Covid 19 impacted this company financially? Are impacts positive or negative and why? If company is publicly traded, cite stock gains or losses, using Google Finance or a similar program. Also, consider the company’s increased hiring OR layoffs (increased or decreased), profits, etc. Was the company struggling before the pandemic? Impacts could be discussed on local, regional, state, or national levels. Your industry could be realizing increased profits due to Covid 19 or the opposite. Investigate and discuss. Always add citations such as “According to the Houston Chronicle, the Pappa’s Corporation has closed xx restaurants permanently in Houston.” about 2-4 paragraphsCoronavirus Measures – Discuss a “what and why,” e.g., This company uses an ultraviolet robot to clean and sanitize locations. (Include at least 3 measures but no more than 6.) Introduce a bulleted or numbered list. about 2-4 paragraphs

Philanthropic and charitable contributions of Company 1 for Covid 19 (if possible) – 1 paragraph.

Section 3. Conclusion – about 1/3 to ½ half page, 1st level. Return to the purpose and sum up the findings, e.g., As this report has shown, restaurants have been negatively impacted by Covid 19 with many closing by the minute. The outlook for this industry, according to xx, is… about 1-2 paragraphsSection 4. References or Works Cited page – 1st level (back matter), 1 page (or as many as needed), separate page/s.

Submitting Reports for GradingUsing the assignment link in the Grading Submission Link, upload your final proposal.

Submit final draft to the link in the Grading Submissions tab. Only .doc or .docx files are acceptable (no zip or .pdf files). Late work is not accepted and will not be graded.

Representative Company

Barnes & Noble

Summary

Look at the headings highlighted in gray above left and identify each one by level from 1 -3, with level one the biggest. (10 points)

Representative Company is a heading level number … [type the correct number]

Barnes & Noble is a heading level number … [type the correct number]

Summary is a heading level number … [type the correct number]

Watch this tutorial on the table of contents and explain this statement in your own words: The table of contents should be electronically, not manually, generated. (15 points)

Press the CONTROL key while clicking on this link OR open a new tab in your browser and copy-paste this link in your browser bar. https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/video-introduction-to-tables-of-contents-tocs-0af555b1-fa51-4790-be03-53f022cc086a?ui=en-us&rs=en-us&ad=us

Headings and Subheadings Style Sheet

Considering the rationale from Question 6 on the Table of Contents, create a draft Style Sheet for the report. It may be changed as you go. The goal now is to get an idea for heading levels. Complete this, keeping in mind enhancements such as all capitals, colors, bold, font size, underline, italics, etc. Show contrast in heading levels! Headings link to the Table of Contents, which is required. (15 points)

The font for all body text (text that is not in headings) is … ____, fill in by preference, e.g. 11-point Calibri.

Heading 1 font style is… ____ Heading 1 is the largest, fill in by preference, e.g., 16-point Arial Black, bold, underlined.

Heading 2 is… ____ fill in by preference, e.g., 14-point Arial, bold.

Heading 3 is… ____ fill in by preference, e.g., 14-point Aldhabi, underline.

Appendix B: Partial Example

Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Objective PAGEREF _Toc60935716 h 1Scenario PAGEREF _Toc60935717 h 1Tentative Calendar, General Info PAGEREF _Toc60935718 h 1Weights and Grading Criteria PAGEREF _Toc60935719 h 1Style, Format, and Research PAGEREF _Toc60935720 h 1Process PAGEREF _Toc60935721 h 2Tentative Outline for App. A, Estimated Page Length, Heading Levels PAGEREF _Toc60935722 h 2Submitting Reports for Grading PAGEREF _Toc60935723 h 3Partial Example INTRODUCTION PAGEREF _Toc60935724 h 6Background and Context PAGEREF _Toc60935725 h 6Scope, Sources, Author PAGEREF _Toc60935726 h 7Scope PAGEREF _Toc60935727 h 7Sources PAGEREF _Toc60935728 h 7The Author PAGEREF _Toc60935729 h 7Representative Company PAGEREF _Toc60935730 h 7Barnes & Noble PAGEREF _Toc60935731 h 7Summary PAGEREF _Toc60935732 h 7Coronavirus Impact PAGEREF _Toc60935733 h 7Coronavirus Protective Measures PAGEREF _Toc60935734 h 7Charitable Efforts PAGEREF _Toc60935735 h 7Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc60935736 h 8

Partial ExampleINTRODUCTION

Background and Context

Writing 3312, Written Communications in Business, has requested a report on the economic impact of Covid 19 on an industry along with measures to protect both employees and constituents during the pandemic. As a college student, I realize my career path could be altered if certain sectors of the economy collapse during the pandemic. The past months have shown a restructuring … I selected the xx industry because … CONTINUE

Scope, Sources, AuthorScopeAfter reviewing multiple possibilities, I have limited this discussion to the xx corporation. I selected xx as a representative company because … Within this scope, I reported on the company’s general information, Covid-19 impacts, as well as the measures it has taken during the pandemic. CONTINUE

Sources

I used xx (how many?) sources from xx (where?) to report on this topic. Additionally, because I have experience in the xx industry, I have included primary research from my management team. CONTINUE

The AuthorCompleting this report for WRIT 3132, I developed, organized, and researched this report. I am a x major with experience in xx; CONTINUE

Representative Company

Barnes & Noble

562657219401500Summary

According to its home page, Barnes & Noble “is the world’s largest bookseller and a leading retailer of content, digital media and educational products” that offers digital books through its NOOK Store. Their mission is “to operate the best omni-channel specialty retail business in America,” while serving the communities through in-store readings, book fairs, and other activities (“About B &N”). Barnes & Noble is a publicly traded company on the New York Stock Exchange with the ticker BKN.

James Daunt, Managing Director of Waterstones bookstores in the U.K., was appointed CEO in 2019 after the company was acquired by Elliott Advisors in the United Kingdom. Barnes and Noble was founded in 1971 by bookseller Leonard Riggio when he acquired the Barnes & Noble trade name and bookstore on Fifth Avenue in New York City. Mr. Riggio was CEO and then Executive Chairman. (“About Barnes & Noble”).

Coronavirus Impact

50166637380600According to its website, Barnes & Noble closed all of its stores in all 50 states in response to Covid 19. A May 26, 2020 article in Publishers Weekly reports a 9% decrease in sales for the print industry as well as two Covid-related deaths of Barnes & Noble warehouse workers in New Jersey (Maher). The article also notes that all Barnes & Noble College employees were furloughed as a result of campuses closing along with a “select number” from all stores nationwide (Maher). Our team concludes that Covid 19 impacted this company negatively. THIS SECTION SHOULD INCLUDE ECONOMIC IMPACTS INCLUDING STOCK LOSSES / INCREASES; PROFITS; STAFFING CHANGES SUCH AS LAYOFFS OR INCREASED HIRING; ETC.

500717598280Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 1 – Social Distancing at Barnes & Noble

Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 1 – Social Distancing at Barnes & Noble

Coronavirus Protective MeasuresAs the United States recently began reopening, the company is opening its stores as allowed by the state. Online orders and digital formats are not new to this established bookseller, so efforts to serve customers virtually remain in place. On a visit to the Barnes and Noble in Webster, near Houston, I observed that the reading areas with benches, chairs, and tables had been removed. Customers cannot sit to browse books as they used to do. Instead, they just shop and pay up front.

To protect their staff and customers, the bookseller requires social distancing of at least six feet, masks for all employees, and plexiglass shields at the registers. Here are additional measures from Barnes and Noble as listed on their website:

Reduced store hours

Temperature checks before each shift for all employees

Curbside delivery for pick-up of online and other orders

Shift of in-store events such as Storytime to virtual format

According to WebMD, the virus could live on paper for just a few minutes after contact but as long as five days. Therefore, Barnes & Noble requests that customers do not reshelf their books after browsing but set them aside for staff to sanitize first (Walker).

THIS SECTION SHOULD INCLUDE TYPICAL OR NEEDED MEASURES THE BUSINESS USES TO PREVENT COVID 19.

Charitable EffortsThough no information on the bookseller’s charitable efforts for Covid 19 was available, Barnes & Noble supports a number of literacy efforts in the schools. At the local level, the company sponsors fund raising efforts and donates to organizations that meet their criteria.

ConclusionAfter careful research, I have determined that the book publishing industry has been negatively impacted by the Covid 19 pandemic. Alexandra Alter of the New York Times claims that the book business “like others, is bracing for catastrophe.” Whereas people seem to be reading more due to staying home, the pandemic has caused mass cancellations and lost revenue in book fairs, guest authors, trade shows, and more. Not only this, but Publishers Weekly cites massive layoffs in the industry worldwide, thus creating a grim job outlook for recent college graduates preparing to enter the publishing field as authors, editors, and agents. At that, assistance exists with the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) and other fundraising efforts such as GoFundMe (Maher). CONTINUE

Works Cited

“About B & N.” Barnes & Noble Inc. www.barnesandnobleinc.com. Accessed 1 June 2020.

Alter, Alexandra. “The World of Books Braces for a Newly Ominous Future.” New York Times, 16 Mar. 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/03/16/books/coronavirus-impact-publishing-industry-booksellers-authors.html. Accessed 31 May 2020.

“How Long Does the Coronavirus Live on Surfaces?” WebMD, www.webmd.com/lung/how-long-covid-19-lives-on-surfaces#:~:text=The%20length%20of%20time%20varies,up%20to%205%20days. Accessed 1 June 2020.

Maher, John. “Covid-19 Impact Listing: Cancellations, Closings, Policy Changes, and More.” Publishers Weekly, 26 May 2020, www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/trade-shows-events/article/82672-covid-19-ongoing-list-of-cancellations.html. Accessed 26 May 2020.

Walker, Marjorie (store manager, Barnes and Noble, Webster, Texas), interview with author, 2 June 2020.

CONTINUE

TEAMS NEED AT LEAST FIVE SOURCES

Strategy is one of the most important elements in the organization.

Assignment 1

Question 1

Strategy is one of the most important elements in the organization. Used at both the corporate, business, and functional level, strategy is important for the business for various reasons (Chapter 1 p10).For instance, the growth and diversification strategies enable expansion of firms which in turn results in the sale of goods and services over a huge customer base resulting to increased profitability in the firm. In addition, the use of E-business strategies enables firms to focus on using the internet for business transactions creating faster and easier ways to conduct business operation with customers and as a result increasing the profitability of the firm.

Question 2

In any organization, it is important for top management to assess the SWOT analysis for various reasons. For instance, through SWOT analysis, business organizations are able to identify the various strengths, opportunities, weaknesses, and threats of the firm (Chapter 1 p22). It helps organizations build on what they do well, address on what they are lacking, minimize associated risks, and take some of the greatest advantages for success chances in the market. For instance, through SWOT analysis, organizations are able to identify their core competency, a strength that provides organizations with competitive advantage over their rivals in the market. It is vital in ensuring organizational growth and survival.

Question 3

Marketing involves a process through which groups and individuals obtain what they want through creation and exchange of goods and service (Chapter 1 p2).When organizations involve in marketing, they are able to provide goods and services to buyers in the market and as a result receive money and information in return for the products and services (Chapter 1 p3). In so doing, organizations are able to utilize the information and money received to create better quality goods and services that focus on the customer needs and wants. With this, organizations are able to satisfy customer needs, defeat competition in the market leading to their overall growth and survival in the market.

Question 4

Obtaining a competitive advantage is the aim and mission of most organization. Bearing this in mind, it is therefore clear that having a competitive advantage in sale profitability is beneficial for the organization. For instance, by having a sales profitability competitive advantage, organization are able to engage in the production of more quality goods and services that are uniquely different from the competitors’ thereby establishing continued dominance in the market (chapter 1 pg11). In addition, by having a competitive advantage in sale profitability an organization can lower its operating costs than its competitors with a view of attracting more customers and attain a more competitive advantage.

Question 5

Despite having numerous advantages to the organization, Market segmentation, positioning, and targeting are also beneficial to customers (Chapter 1 p35). For instance, through market segmentation, organizations are able to better understand their ideal customers and in so doing, this allows them to identify and provide the right market for customer’s products. Apart from market segmentation, product positioning is also important to customers due to the fact it creates the image of the firm’s products and services in the mind of the customer. In addition, targeting is also important to customers as it build product awareness among clients.

Activity 1

Question 1

Strategy is an important factor for many organizations. It is considered an important element in the organization due to the fact that it provides room for environmental scanning (Chapter 3 p9). By engaging in environmental scanning, organizations are able to identify their strengths, opportunities, weaknesses, and threats. In addition, the use of strategy also enables organizations achieve competitive advantages over their rivals in the market. By implementing a good strategy, organizations are able to make wise decisions on business activities that adequately satisfy customer wants allowing organizations to operate in successful ways which are difficult for others to duplicate.

Question 2

There are various types of strategies which play a vital within business organizations. For instance, the growth and diversification strategy is of great benefit to the organization as it provides business expansion in various areas such as in existing and new markets. Apart from this, the retrenchment and restructuring strategies both provide changes in operations to correct various weaknesses and reduce the scale involving mix of operations respectively (Chapter 1 p10). On the other hand, the global strategies provide focus global business initiatives allowing business to expand their scope of operations. While the global strategy provides international initiatives, the E-business strategy as well focuses on the use of the internet by the organization to improve on business transactions.

Question 3

The use of strategy contributes largely to organizational improvement which is important for various reasons. For instance, by improving the organization, organizations are able to attain a competitive advantage which is vital for business survival in the market (Chapter 1 p10).In addition, through organizational improvements, business entities are able to acquire various strategies that assist in SWOT analysis thereby enabling businesses to identify their strengths, opportunities, weaknesses, and threats (Chapter 3 p9). In addition, organization improvements allow business entities to provide goods and services that satisfy customer needs which in one way or another result to increased gains in terms of profitability and business growth.

Question 4

Despite numerous advantages associated with using strategy in business, there are also various downsides for not using it. For instance, buy not adopting any strategy, organizations are exposing themselves to a verge of not attaining some of the common operating objectives such as profitability and market share. In addition, by not adopting any strategy, organizations will not be able to engage effective environmental scanning making it difficult to identify their strengths, opportunities, weaknesses, and threats (Chapter 3 p9). Besides this, organizations without a strategy plan are exposed to the risk of resource wastage due to lack of an effective plan to allocate resources to achieve long term goals.

Reference

Dr. Ericson Z. Matias ; chapter 1: Introduction Strategy Development and Implementation

Dr. Ericson Z. Matias; chapter 3: Environmental scanning

The-leader-in-you

Assignment 1: Finding the Leader in you: Self-Assessment/Johari Window

BUS 520 – Leadership and Organizational Behavior

There are many different ways to develop and construct a personality profile. From a perspective that is general, Rouse, M. (2009) refers to the definition that states that the profile of one’s personality is a knowledge management tool that is used to provide an evaluation of one’s personal attributes, values, and skills of life in an effort to increase ones performance on the job and their contribution to the company. The assessments that I took in week one confirmed some of the things that I knew about my personality and brought to light some of the traits that I did not openly see about how I resolved conflict.

In establishing my basic characteristic and personality traits profile I discovered that I am very strong and a definite decision maker. I am assertive and social even though I am not an extrovert. I know this is a contradiction and in spite of that I did discover many times I am between both traits. I found that I am not so trusting even though I am easily pleased and cooperative. I also tend to worry however, I am dependable, responsible, relaxed, secure and persistent. Openness to experience is also within my personality, on the other hand, I am cautious. (Levine, 1993)

The manager of the 21st century assessment “suggests a self-profile of your management foundations PMF”. (Hirschberg, 1998) When I completed this assessment my PMF score was 8.5 and this told me that I have a need that is ongoing, to continuously strengthen and improve my foundation as a manager. My weakness in this area is that when it comes to decision making I am very inconsistent. Because of this, other individuals may not be able to grasp my style of managing and that may be hard on someone. I have the ability to work under pressure and I am able to adapt to change which both are gratifying in this area. Looking at the dimension of the personality assessment the results make me persistent, responsible, and dependable.

The assessment “TT” Leadership style gives an impression that is instrumental about your tendencies for transformational and transactional leadership. This tool described my style of leadership as a manager that likes stability and the type of leader that likes to teach in place of facilitate. My score was a 25 for the leadership of transformational and transactional. I am the type of individual that likes to influence people to identify with me and my ideas. I am open to other individuals’ ideas and experiences and this is regardless of my status or position. My intuitive ability assessment shows that I am flexible and spontaneous when it comes to decision making. I received a 6 for the score of this assessment. For this assessment I fell right in the middle. This assessment revealed that I can deal with many situations especially when problems all come at once and I am able to find the big picture and move from one issue to another.

The conflict management strategies assessment showed me that these strategies are very important and helpful within any organization. My score is highest in the area of compromising tendency with problem solving and yielding tendencies scoring the same 13. From the look of this I would say I am not scared to solve any problems however I am very liable and susceptible to problem solving.

Time management assessment score was a 7. Which means that there is a lot of opportunity for me to grow. I see time as an asset that is valuable which means that I need to adjust and control my time management behavior. I also tend to catch emotions over things that have a return that is low on my investment of time.

My assessment score for preference of organizational design is a 7. I do value a design that is mechanic and it is important within the workplace. According to Schermerhorn, j. et al (2012 W-53) there is an indication within organizations of today to take on characteristics that are more organic. The preference that I have is to be more accommodating and more flexible.

Finally for the assessment that describes which culture fits you my score was a 4. I fell in the academy culture which also was inline of the fortress. I find that I am in the middle of this as well because I seek opportunities whenever they are present. I am not a risk taker however I do well in a corporate environment rather than an environment that is production.

As I look over the results of my assessment they show that I am positive, self-confident, and transformational. I have learned a lot about myself and my style of leadership. One thing about being transformational, it shows that I enjoy making things happen or like to create change within my environment. I am certainly the type of individual that likes to encourage others to advance. Because of these assessments I also have to understand the reality that even though I feel that I am decisive, I can also be very inconsistent about my decisions. This can cause me to be viewed as “wishy washy” or the type of individual that is not serious as a leader. By taking these assessments and viewing the concept of the Johari Window, I will be able to help other individuals understand self-disclosure values while encouraging them to accept and provide feedback that is constructive. One of the most effective things in leadership is the ability to be open. Being able to allow expressions that are open allows individuals that are concealed to become open as well. I should promote and encourage willingness as a leader. We have to be able to trust other individuals completely in order to share information that is personal with them. I will start to analyze processes and productivity of organizations also from what I learned by assessing leadership. By completing this assignment it has been very intense and a little difficult, yet I know that because of this I will be able to manage in a way that is effective and efficient in all aspects.

References:

Schermerhorn, J. R. (2012 w-53). Organizational behavior. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.

Levine, S. R., Crom, M. A., & Dale Carnegie & Associates (1993). The leader in you: How to win friends, influence people, and succeed in a changing world. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Hirschberg, J. (1998). The creative priority: Driving innovative business in the real world. New York, NY: Harper Business.

Rouse, M. (June 2009) Personality Profile. Retrieved from

whatis.techtarget.com/definition/personality-profile. Visited 10/20/2013

Appendix: Self-Assessment Score Sheet

Self-Assessment Score Sheet

Directions: Complete the following self-assessments: A Twenty-First-Century Manager, “TT” Leadership Style, Intuitive Ability, Conflict Management Strategies, Time Management Profile, Organizational Design Preference, and Which Culture Fits You?” These self-assessments are located in Week 1 of your course shell. Read the scoring narrative provided at the end each self-assessment and record your score in the appropriate area below. Then, read the interpretation narrative and write a brief interpretation of what your score means.

Assessment: A Twenty-First-Century Manager

PMF Score: ___8.5__

Interpretation: I understand every element of the 21st Century Manager but with this test I see the need to continue to improve and grow in this area so that I can continue to grow successfully throughout my working career.

Assessment: “TT” Leadership Style Assessment

“Transformational” Leader Score: __25__ “Transactional” Leader Score: _25___

Interpretation: I have a little of both in this assessment. However I do realize that because of this I do understand that I have to encourage individuals around me by rewarding them as a transactional leader for all of their hard work but as a transactional leader there will has to continue to be focused on the team and continue to build and encourage the team as a whole.

Assessment: Intuitive Ability

Intuitive Score: __6___

Interpretation: In this area I do possess strength but I have to continue to develop. This is an area that needs continuous development. The intuitive approach is a style of leadership that I am very comfortable with. This test confirmed that I have the ability to learn complex skills and the capability to solve problems on rational basis.

Assessment: Conflict Management Strategies

Yielding tendency: ___13__ Compromising tendency: _17____

Forcing tendency: __12___ Problem-solving tendency: _13____

Avoiding tendency: _12____ Interpretation: For this assessment my score was high in compromising tendency. This shows that I am willing to come to an agreement with all individuals involved even though the individuals may have to give up some of the things that they are demanding. I am able to do that by communicating effectively and efficiently which results in a mutual agreement amongst all parties. I scored evenly with yielding and problem solving tendencies. These two areas are that I will need to continuously grow in. I don’t like confrontation and will try to avoid conflict as much as I can. Even though I think of myself as a leader there are times when I don’t won’t want to come off as being too pushy or self-serving however this attitude does work when it comes to problem solving tendencies. Problem solving skills allow me to have the ability to achieve and solve things that are not easy to do. Forcing and avoiding tendency these two were my lowest scores which I agree are not really used since forcing is disregarding others concerns by using authority or power and avoiding is not paying attention to problems and not doing anything to find a resolution for the problem. This is my lowest score so I agree that this is my least behavior.

Assessment: Time Management Profile

Score: ____7_

Interpretation: This is an area that I am continuously improving and developing. I am capable of meeting guidelines and deadline for project management however in the micro-managing environment this is definitely an area that I am working to improve. I work better without pressure and can manage my time wisely and meet guidelines as well as expectations.

Assessment: Organizational Design Preference

Score: ___7__

Interpretation: My score fell below 48 which lets me know that I am comfortable working in organic design workplace. This design has a culture that do things together, do things first, do things right and do things fast. The mechanistic design is a culture that does not allow individuals to be creative problem-solvers. To me this is like micro-managing and there are many companies that enforce this because of efficiency and because leadership costs.

Assessment: Which Culture Fits You?

Score: __4___

Interpretation: The culture that fits me is THE ACADEMY. I definitely agree with this because I am always seeking opportunities to improve and grow whenever they occur. I am looking to find employment with an organization that will provide an environment that is stable and I will be able to exercise my skills. The perfect job for me right now would be in a hospital, etc.