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Life plan. People Do not Set Goals

Goals

People Don’t Set Goals

Goals are set for different perspectives in life. Goals range from finance, health, games and every person realizes and comprehends the supremacy of setting goals. Years have elapsed where by specialists and gurus have indulged and explained the worth of prioritizing goals and objectives. In this framework of thought, authors and speakers have put down novels and volumes as well as creating courses that teach people about goal setting. There are many reasons, which instigate people not to set goals in their lives. Unbelievably, this is not definite due to lack of education. Every seminar or conference usually has a point of setting goals to act as a guideline of achieving something. This subject has been widely mentioned for many years now. The subject of goal setting might be tackled in detail, at times just as a mention, but it is virtually constantly present. Moreover, almost every instance it portents an orgasmic groan ranging about 80 percent of the eager audience. People say that they do not set goals due to lack of time.

Certainly, this might be the cause since they lack the time to set goals. There is no time to put them down and review them in a regular basis. People do not have the moment and time to alter and modify their habitual and customary actions. This might never be the reason owing to some statistics featured by Nielsen Media Research Company. The statistics put forward that the US standard person has 28 hours on TV weekly. The number in Britain was depicted to be much advanced at 32 hours weekly. Consequently, even if persons assigned a kind one hour for evaluating and modifying goals each week plus allowing half an hour of watching TV programmes daily, ample time would still be there to guarantee that a person will never miss his or her favorite programmes! A majority of persons never believe or consider what they hear. People do not deem and believe what is trained to them. There is the lack of trust that they would accomplish extensively more than they are presently accomplishing in their current ventures, merely by setting goals.

This is not astonishing. Every person is a creature of his or her individual circumstances. Every person forms convictions based on past encounters and the surrounding people. If one has people in his surrounding who never have goals and objectives, it follows that he will feel skeptical or are not motivated with them. Some people merely set mistaken goals. These people establish goals that they believe they should set. They place goals that their relatives, peers, teachers, boss and lecturers desire them to set. They place goals that they imagine they crave but that they actually do not. Setting the mistaken goals will probably see the desired achievements and efforts become unsuccessful. Moreover, even worse than that a person could thrive in accomplishing something that he in reality did not desire. Reaching the wrong mountain top after exhausting an entire life is not a pleasant encounter. There is every possibility that the person will throw himself directly off it again!

When people try something and fail they tend to give up. This owes to the humiliation fear or contrast with other persons who have done well. Fear paralyzes lots of individuals not to take action. Fear instigates virtual inaction and makes almost every person continue with habitual actions. Laziness is also a factor that has to emerge in the goal setting perspective. Goals call for energy, and without it, a person will not take a single stride towards its achievement. The majority of individuals do not set goal owing to laziness. They never say they are lazy but are too busy doing their other goals. Setting goals will instigate a person to do things outside of his comfort zone. Setting large goals might take an extensive and a long way outside that one might not be able to work comfortably. Setting goals plus following the set dreams could take an unimaginable journey and hard work. In the present society, people desire everything at a go. The present society is an instant satisfaction and a short term civilization. If people desire something, they buy it right there and instantly without the conviction of not having money. If a person wants something, he or she will get a loan and buy it immediately.

People are usually attentive on the present circumstances in life. Live in the present world and pay later. They have the mentality of living in the present and are never concerned about the resultant issues. Goal setting needs a concentration on the future. A person is obligated to save for his or her retirement, as opposed to blowing the additional cash on sweepstake tickets and trusting in a lighting hit, thinking about a wedding day but never contemplating on the matrimony as a whole, having a crash diet but never idealizing about the training essential to be a healthy individual. This attitude now is never the most excellent manner to set ambitions. The ‘I want it now’ perspective has no concern about goals. This perspective will be blustered about in life by the storms of desire and wish and immediate gratification.

Goal Definition

My desire and paramount goal is becoming an accountant and to attain a masters degree in the United States. After this achievement, I look forward to going back to Saudi Arabia, get married and establish a happy family. With my master degree, I desire to establish my own accounting firm in Saudi Arabia in future.

Career Goal

The 21 day plan

I will employ the 21 day plan towards achieving my goal. I intend to concentrate more on my studies and researches in an attempt to achieve my master degree in the United States. Waking up earlier than 4am is my intention so that I can carry on my research while the mind is uninvolved. With this in mind, I do not presume to sleep past 12.30 am. I will concentrate highly in my classes and reach my lectures earlier and in time than before. Since Meditation is a key act in Saudi Arabia, I plan to meditate every day before sleeping. Meditation clears cerebral confusion and decreases the amount of sleep that a person requires. Within the 21 day period, Self-Enrichment practices will be imperative to me. Reading accounting books or listening to accounting podcasts daily will help me gain accounting knowledge. Timeliness as in being on time in everything I do is my main area of concern. Starting my day off on a delayed note will put everything else to be caught up, my timeliness being an inclusion. I will tackle this by being determined to reach everywhere I go early as opposed to being on time. This program is a self-initiated course whereby I will stick on my educational actions for 21-days daily and endlessly. I will deploy this scheme to grow fabulous customs, try out fresh and innovative customs that I might I have not primarily chosen on for trial reasons. The first 21 days procedure will require no commitment since it will just be a try out period.

Joe’s Goals is a straightforward yet influential tool to the trailing of my goals. I will track my daily endeavors using Joe’s Goals. Using the easy single page interface, I will put down my daily goals and trail them only with a click. Watching my daily score gage my accomplishments and use unconstructive goals to tackle and conquer dreadful customs that require to be boosted, will be a valid plan of action.

Family Goal

Being married is every person’s ambition and dream. The Saudi Arabian culture requires a person to have a family. Life in Saudi Arabia is a communal thing hence starting a family is not a strange issue. It will be strange if one does not have his or her own family. The desire of having a family is my main motivation. Desire is the endeavor of a contained opportunity within a person, looking for expression without a person’s actions and deeds. Marriage is the course by which two individuals who adore each other make their connection public, certified, and everlasting. It is the amalgamation of two persons in a connection that supposedly lasts up to death, but in performance is more and more cut short by divorce. I still have to get married because of family ties. Beloved, there is a deep and remarkable motive for the way the almighty ordered the conception of man a thing that is remarked on all through the Holy book. A person should observe the marriage institution to discover the realization of being human. Marriage is ordered as the amalgamation of a man along with a woman.

Personal Goal

After completing my studies, I intend to open my accounting company in Saudi Arabia. This is a long term goal because I will have to be employed in my native country to get familiar with how things work. Positive contemplations guide to positive outlooks that lead to optimistic actions and optimistic results. It will take many years to open a renowned firm but I am confident that following my instincts and working hard will make this possible. To achieve any of my goals requires an elevated amount of hard work and desire. Corporation with the Saudi Arabian accountants will help me get the right knowledge and acquaintance to start up my office.

Implementation is the only way forward to achieving the above goals. There is no substitute for taking action. I will be checking my progresses every last day of the month. This is in an attempt of keeping track of my accomplishments. In case of failure within the first 21 days, I will restrategize my plans towards the right course. I will try out the 21 day plan for some days before starting to accomplish my goals. Mentally preparation before the forthcoming 21 days will set me in the correct frame of mind for achievement. My goals are tangible and can be seen. The tangible results of my goals are; completing my master degree, being happily married, as well as, having an accounting office in Saudi Arabia. I will know my achievements having attained these goals.

Relationship between Service Learning and Language Development

Goal #3 – Relationship between Service Learning and Language Development 

Strategy #1: Engaging with the community 

Strategy #2: Teaching in Language rich-environments

References:

Zwahlen, C. (2018). Authentic learning: Boosting ELL language and academic proficiency development. The International Schools Journal, 37(2), 85-91.  

Baker, L. (2019). Community-based service-learning in language education: A review of the literature. International Journal of Research on Service-Learning and Community Engagement, 7(1), Article 2. 

http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Minor-ServiceLearning.htmlAdvances in Service-Learning Research with English Language Learners https://journals.sfu.ca/jslhe/index.php/jslhe/article/view/171Wolf, M. K., Bailey, A. L., Ballard, L., Wang, Y., & Pogossian, A. (2022). Unpacking the language demands in academic content and english language proficiency standards for english learners. International Multilingual Research Journal, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/19313152.2022.2116221Palpacuer Lee, C., Curtis, J. H., & Curran, M. E. (2018). Shaping the vision for service‐learning in language education. Foreign Language Annals, 51(1), 169-184. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12329 

Custar, R. (2011). The relationship between oral language proficiency and academic achievement of high school english language learners

Alfano, P. M. (2016). School connectedness, language acquisition and academic success: A study of english language learners’ experiences at a comprehensive high school

Carrier, K. A. (2003). Improving high school english language learners’ second language listening through strategy instruction. Bilingual Research Journal, 27(3), 383-408. https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2003.10162600Miller, J., Berkey, B., & Griffin, F. (2015). International students in american pathway programs: Learning english and culture through service-learning. Journal of International Students, 5(4), 334-352. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v5i4.399  

Riley, T., & Douglas, S. R. (2016). The multicultural café: Enhancing authentic interaction for adult English language learners through service learning. TESL Canada Journal, 34(1), 25-50. 

Sorta swear words

GLY 3083 Report Swear Words

We strongly encourage you to NOT use these words in your paper:

Major

Incredibly

Problem

Huge problem

Major problem

Incredibly huge problem (and other combinations)

Drastic

Terrible

Dramatic

Changing world

Massive

Destruction

Harm

Good

Bad

Sorta swear words-

“Factors”. I was advised when I was as an undergrad writing a similar type of paper for my chemical oceanography class to never use term “factors”. Just tell the reader what the things are that control this or that. For example, you might start off a paragraph like this:

“There are several factors that contribute to increased density stratification in coastal oceans. These include increased freshwater runoff, increased warming, reduced wind stress.”

A preferred, more concise version is:

“Density stratification is increasing in coastal oceans because of increased freshwater runoff, increased warming, reduced wind stress.”

Then spend the paragraph describing how each of these impacts the density stratification.

“Damage, Harm”-Try to be specific because these reflect value judgements. What one person considers harmful, another might see as a benefit (e.g., zebra mussels & water clarity, kudzu &soil erosion). Does damage/harm imply a change in population (biomass, diversity, etc.)? If so, state what has changed and let the reader decide if it is a significant change. Maybe provide some context too. For example:

“Carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere are now around 410 ppm and are rising at ~10 ppm/year (ref). In the past, ice core records indicate that atmospheric CO2 levels only varied from ~175-300 ppm over the past 500,000 years (refs).”

The reader can take from this that CO2 is really high right now and is way out of the norm for past climates. Stick to the facts in the paper and avoid words and phrases that come with a value (e.g., good/bad; harm/benefit)

Double check for this and similar phases in your introduction:

“This paper aims to address….”

“This essay will analyze some of the….”

“This paper aims to asses and explain the results of ..”

“I describe research done on the effects of..”

Remember, you are writing a paper that attempts to test a hypothesis or address a specific question. You only have ~ 5 pages of text to work with. You cannot in any depth cover all of climate change and the oceans’ response to it. Focus! Your last sentences in the Introduction should be something like:

“Together, these observations indicate that XX is reducing in YY. I hypothesize the ZZ is likely causing the reduction in YY. In this study, I will use existing published studies to determine the relative role (or lack thereof) of ZZ in the observed change in XX.”

Without a doubt, Steve

Gleason Documentary Reflection

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

Without a doubt, Steve and Michel Gleason demonstrate various leadership traits of an effective leader. They are both confident, emotionally stable, self-motivated, long-term thinkers, effective communicators, and people-oriented. Steve Gleason is a professional football player with New Orleans’ Saints when he receives the devastating news that changed his life forever. At the age of 34, he is diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) a fatal disease that affects a person’s ability to walk, talk and even breathe without hampering their cognitive function. The average life expectancy of ALS patients is 2-5 years although, with technology, it can be extended to decades. Six weeks after Gleason’s diagnosis, his wife realizes she is pregnant. Together, they start documenting sections of their life for the sake of their unborn child. Gleason and Michel show confidence in how they make decisions. Instead of giving up on each other and letting Steve’s condition come between them, they decide to fight for as long as it takes. They do this by talking to each other and trusting each other and members of their family. They decide to start a foundation to give other ALS patients hope while raising funds for the cause and they do this as a team. Another trait of good leadership which they possess is emotional stability. Gleason and Michel demonstrate their ability to control and regulate their behavior in times of frustration and stress. A good leader should be capable of not showing intense emotional reactions when things do not go as planned. Although they are scared to the bone by Steve’s disease, they still put on a strong face and continue leading their lives. Gleason and Michel are self-motivated because, despite the setback they face, they are still determined to achieve their goals. Good leaders do not give up rather they do what they can to be successful. Four months after the diagnosis, they decided to take a trip to Alaska with their family, which is something that most patients would not even consider. Another trait that Gleason and Michel exhibit is long-term thinking. Immediately they find out that they are expectant, they start documenting and recording videos for their unborn baby. Gleason knows that eventually he will lose his ability to talk and he wants to leave a piece of himself to his baby while he still can. He thinks about the future and not just the current situation. Effective communication is another which Gleason and Michel possess. They do not hesitate to talk about the problem at hand with each other. They also have open conversations with family and friends. There was an episode where Gleason has a heart-to-heart conversation with his father about his childhood days. Michel and Gleason are people-oriented, another important trait for leaders. They work as a team and with the help of friends and family, they find the motivation to continue with life despite the chaos they go through.

Without a doubt, Gleason and Michel exhibit positive psychology. Positive psychology is a strategy that keeps a person’s attention, memory, and expectation away from negative things (Moustafa, 2018). Throughout the film, Michel and Gleason show positive psychology in how they choose to concentrate on the good things that are happening in their life instead of pitying themselves. They choose to concentrate on their pregnancy and raising funds for ALS patients with the foundation. Although it is hard for them to do so, they choose to keep going because their aim is to enjoy life while Gleason can still move around. Instead of sitting around and pitying themselves, they take a family vacation to Alaska for the first time, and although their life changes drastically, they choose not to despair but rather focus on the positives.

Yes, without a doubt, Michel and Gleason possess some of the leadership styles discussed in the course textbook such as transformational leadership style. Gleason particularly, since the time he was informed about his terminal illness, he tried his best to enhance positive emotions with the people around him including his family members and with his team members. This is an attribute of a transformational leader. A transformational leader is characterized by a personality that wants the best for his people (Gandolfi & Stone, 2018). Although it is difficult, he makes peace with his condition and accepts that he will never play professional football again. He has a calm personality and he demonstrates perseverance. He tries as much as possible to be a role model to the people that look up to him. This is the reason he started the foundation for ALS patients in order to give them a voice. When he is at the Church with his father, he is still courageous enough to run in front of the congregation. He does not care about failing, he is just determined not to quit. These are qualities of a transformational leader.

From where I stand, I believe Gleason possesses relationship-oriented style of leadership while his wife Michel demonstrates task-oriented leadership style. This is not to mean that Gleason is not task-oriented, only that I feel his wife depicted this aspect more. Gleason is relationship-oriented because he is determined in having a relationship with his unborn child in the best way he could. He is well aware that his health is deteriorating and he takes advantage of this time to record vlogs that his baby will watch in the future. He knows that eventually he will lose his ability to speak clearly and he will not be able to have a conversation with his child until the baby is 4 years old. He records videos because he loves his baby so much and he does not know any other way of showing his love but to tell him through videos. Michel is more task-oriented because she is the one that steps up to take care of Michel when his health deteriorates completely. Michel becomes his personal caregiver while at the same time, being a wife and a mother to their baby. At this time, Michel has to step up and give her husband round-the-clock care while at the same time support him emotionally. Michel is relationship-oriented because she shows emotional intelligence. She knows that she has to be strong for the family especially because at this point, her husband’s health has worsened and she becomes the pillar of the family.

Over the duration of the semester, my definition of leadership has not changed much. However, this course has only enhanced my understanding of matters of leadership. Because of this course, I have expanded my knowledge about leadership styles and leadership traits. Before taking this class, I only had basic knowledge about leadership but I did not know much about the details. I have learned about the various leadership styles that include democratic leadership, coaching leadership, charismatic leadership, transformational leadership, autocratic leadership, bureaucratic leadership, transactional leadership, and collaborative leadership. Furthermore, I have also learned about the various traits that effective leaders should possess including confidence, effective communication, emotional stability, accountability and responsibility, motivation, long-term thinking, and being people-oriented. Additionally, I have learned that good leaders will go out of their way to do what is right for them and other people. Good leaders are also those that put other people’s needs before the needs of other people.

If life threw me this curveball, I honestly, would not know what to do. I bet I would be confused at first and with time, I would have to come to terms with the reality of my condition. I know it would not be easy, but I would pick up the pieces and try as much as possible to lead a happy life. The main thing that would worry me is the thought of dying before achieving the goals that I want to achieve in life. I have always wanted to start a family in my home, and if something like this were to happen before I have a child, I would be devastated. Life is unpredictable and nobody knows what tomorrow holds. The thought of living with a fatal illness such as ALS and having to face the reality that one day, I will no longer be able to walk, move or talk is terrifying. I can only imagine the agony that Gleason and his wife went through. The fact that they had a baby on the way makes this story even more sad and surreal. Knowing that you will never be able to hold a conversation with your child is unbearable. All in all, I would try as much to live a happy and fulfilled life for the remaining time I have. I would try out new things and do all the things that I have always wanted to such as traveling before my condition gets worse.

References

Gandolfi, F., & Stone, S. (2018). Leadership, leadership styles, and servant leadership. Journal of Management Research, 18(4), 261-269.

Moustafa, Y. (2018). Gleason: A rebirth.

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IN ANY CASE WHETHER OR NOT SUCH LOSSES OR DAMAGES WERE WITHIN THE CONTEMPLATION OF THE PARTIES AT THE TIME OF THE APPLICATION FOR, INSTALLATION OF, USE OF OR RELIANCE ON THE CERTIFICATE, OR AROSE OUT OF ANY OTHER MATTER OR SERVICES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY SUPPORT SERVICES) UNDER THIS CPS OR WITH REGARD TO THE USE OF OR RELIANCE ON THE CERTIFICATE.

BECAUSE SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, THE ABOVE EXCLUSIONS OF INCIDENTAL AND CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES MAY NOT APPLY TO AN APPLICANT, SUBSCRIBER AND/OR A RELYING PARTY BUT SHALL BE GIVEN EFFECT TO THE FULL EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW.

THE FOREGOING LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY SHALL APPLY ON A CERTIFICATE-BY-CERTIFICATE BASIS, REGARDLESS OF THE NUMBER OF TRANSACTIONS OR CLAIMS RELATED TO EACH CERTIFICATE, AND SHALL BE APPORTIONED FIRST TO THE EARLIER CLAIMS TO ACHIEVE FINAL RESOLUTION.

In no event will GeoTrust be liable for any damages to Applicants, Subscribers, Relying Parties or any other party arising out of or related to the use or misuse of, or reliance on any Certificate issued under this CPS that: (i) has expired or been revoked; (ii) has been used for any purpose other than as set forth in the CPS (See Section I(c) for more detail); (iii) has been tampered with; (iv) with respect to which the Key Pair underlying such Certificate or the cryptography algorithm used to generate such Certificate’s Key Pair, has been Compromised by the action of any party other tha GeoTrust (including without limitation the Subscriber or Relying Party); or (v) is the subject of misrepresentations or other misleading acts or omissions of any other party, including but not limited to Applicants, Subscribers and Relying Parties.

In no event shall GeoTrust be liable to the Applicant, Subscriber, Relying Party or other party for damages arising out of any claim that a Certificate infringes any patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret or other intellectual property right of any party.

GeoTrust shall not be liable for any default or delay in the performance of its obligations hereunder to the extent and while such default or delay is caused, directly or indirectly, by fire, flood, earthquake, elements of nature or acts of God, acts of war, terrorism, riots, civil disorders, rebellions or revolutions in the United States, strikes, lockouts, or labor difficulties or any other similar cause beyond the reasonable control of GeoTrust.

GeoTrust is not an agent, fiduciary, trustee, or other representative of the Applicant or Subscriber and the relationship between GeoTrust and the Applicant and the Subscriber is not that of an agent and a principal. GeoTrust makes no representation to the contrary, either explicitly, implicitly, by appearance or otherwise. Neither the Applicant nor the Subscriber has any authority to bind GeoTrust by contract or otherwise, to any obligation.

2. Indemnification by Applicant and Subscriber

Unless otherwise set forth in this CPS and/or Subscriber Agreement, Applicant and Subscriber, as applicable, hereby agrees to indemnify and hold GeoTrust (including, but not limited to, its officers, directors, employees, agents, successors and assigns) harmless from any claims, actions, or demands that are caused by the use or publication of a Certificate and that arises from (a) any false or misleading statement of fact by the Applicant (or any person acting on the behalf of the Applicant) (b) any failure by the Applicant or the Subscriber to disclose a material fact, if such omission was made negligibly or with the intent to deceive; (c) any failure on the part of the Subscriber to protect its Private Key and Certificate or to take the precautions necessary to prevent the Compromise, disclosure, loss, modification or unauthorized use of the Private Key or Certificate; or (d) any failure on the part of the Subscriber to promptly notify GeoTrust, as the case may be, of the Co!

mpromise, disclosure, loss, modification or unauthorized use of the Private Key or Certificate once the Subscriber has constructive or actual notice of such event.

The enforceability, construction, interpretation, and validity of this CPS and any Certificates issued by GeoTrust shall be governed by the substantive laws of the State of Oregon, United States of America, excluding (i) the conflicts of law provisions thereof and (ii) the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods.

Any dispute, controversy or claim arising under, in connection with or relating to this CPS or any Certificate issued by GeoTrust shall be subject to and settled finally by binding arbitration in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association (AAA). All arbitration proceedings shall be held in Portland, Oregon. There shall be one arbitrator appointed by the AAA who shall exhibit a reasonable familiarity with the issues involved or presented in such dispute, controversy or claim. The award of the arbitrator shall be binding and final upon all parties, and judgment on the award may be entered by any court having proper jurisdiction thereof. This CPS and the rights and obligations of the parties hereunder and under any Certificate issued by GeoTrust shall remain in full force and effect pending the outcome and award in any arbitration proceeding hereunder. In any arbitration arising hereunder, each party to the preceding shall be responsible for its!

own costs incurred in connection with the arbitration proceedings, unless the arbitrator determines that the prevailing party is entitled to an award of all or a portion of such costs, including reasonable attorneys fees actually incurred.

If any provision of this CPS shall be held to be invalid, illegal, or unenforceable, the validity, legality, or enforceability of the remainder of this CPS shall not in any way be affected or impaired hereby.

With regard to GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificates, GeoTrust shall operate a CRL that will be available to GeoTrust’s institutional clients.

With regard to all other Certificates, GeoTrust shall operate a CRL that will be available to both Subscribers and Relying Parties.

GeoTrust shall post the CRL every twenty-four (24) hours in a DER format.

1. Individual Subscriber Information

Information regarding Subscribers that is submitted on applications for Certificates will be kept confidential by GeoTrust and GeoTrust shall not release such information without the prior consent of the Subscriber. Notwithstanding the foregoing, GeoTrust may make such information available to courts, law enforcement agencies or other third parties upon receipt of a court order or subpoena or upon the advice of GeoTrust’s legal counsel. The foregoing confidentiality obligation shall not apply, however, to information appearing on Certificates, or to information regarding Subscribers that is already in the possession of or separately acquired by GeoTrust.

2. Aggregate Subscriber Information

Notwithstanding the previous Section, GeoTrust may disclose Subscriber information on an aggregate basis, and the Subscriber hereby grants to GeoTrust a license to do so, including the right to modify the aggregated Subscriber information and to permit third parties to perform such functions on its behalf. GeoTrust shall not disclose to any third party any personally identifiable information about any Subscriber that GeoTrust obtains in its performance of services hereunder.

1. GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificate Application.

An Applicant for a GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificate shall complete a GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificate application in a form prescribed by GeoTrust. All applications are subject to review, approval and acceptance by GeoTrust. All Applicants are required to include a Domain Name within the GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificate application and either an Organizational Name or Personal Name which will also appear on the GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificate. A GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificate may contain additional information as well.

2. GeoTrust Organizational Certificate Application.

An Applicant for a GeoTrust Organizational Certificate shall complete a GeoTrust Organizational Certificate application in a form prescribed by GeoTrust. All applications are subject to review, approval and acceptance by GeoTrust. All Applicants are required to include an Organizational Name within a GeoTrust Organizational Certificate application which will also appear on a GeoTrust Organizational Certificate. A GeoTrust Organizational Certificate may contain additional information as well.

3. GeoTrust Trial Certificate Application

An Applicant for a GeoTrust Trial Certificate shall complete a GeoTrust Trial Certificate application in a form prescribed by GeoTrust. All applications are subject to review, approval and acceptance by GeoTrust. GeoTrust does not authenticate the Applicant or any information contained in an application for, or in, GeoTrust Trial Certificates.

4. GeoTrust SecureMark Certificate Application

An Applicant for a GeoTrust SecureMark Certificate shall complete a GeoTrust SecureMark Certificate application in a form prescribed by GeoTrust. All applications are subject to review, approval and acceptance by GeoTrust. All Applicants are required to include a Personal Name and Email Address within a GeoTrust SecureMark Certificate application which will also appear on a GeoTrust SecureMark Certificate. A GeoTrust SecureMark Certificate may contain additional information as well.

5. GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate Application

An Applicant for a GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate shall complete an application in a form prescribed by GeoTrust and the applicable institutional client. All applications are subject to review, approval and acceptance by GeoTrust. A GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate will contain a Personal Name and Email Address and may contain additional information as well.

GeoTrust may obtain the Personal Name and Email Address from the applicable institutional client who provide to GeoTrust a list of pre-approved Subscribers, including each Subscriber’s Personal Name, Email Address and a Shared-Secret and other information that will be included onto a GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate. In this instance, GeoTrust and its institutional client have a shared responsibility for authenticating the Subscriber and GeoTrust relies on the institutional client to confirm that the Personal Name and Email Address provided for the Subscriber belongs to the Subscriber.

GeoTrust may also verify the Personal Name and Email Address in accordance with the CPS.

If a Certificate contains a Domain Name, GeoTrust will verify that the Subscriber had the right to use such Domain Name at the time it submitted its application. For instance, GeoTrust may perform this verification by confirming that the Subscriber is the same person or entity that holds the Domain Name registration from the relevant domain name registrar or that the Subscriber is authorized to use such Domain Name.

If a Certificate contains an Organizational Name, GeoTrust will make a reasonable attempt to establish that a Certificate request made on behalf of that organization is legitimate and properly authorized. GeoTrust will not include an Organizational Name in a Certificate without first ensuring the following: (a) the Organizational Name appears in conjunction with a country and possibly a state or province of other locality to sufficiently identify its place of registration or a place where it is currently doing business; and (b) in the case of an organization that could reasonably be expected to be registered with a local, state or national authority, in certain circumstances GeoTrust will obtain, view and verify copies of the registration documents. For instance, GeoTrust may (w) verify the validity of the registration through the authority that issued it, or (x) verify the validity of the registration through a reputable third party database or other resource, or (y) verify t!

he validity of the organization through a trusted third party, or (z) confirm that the organization exists if such organization is not the type that is typically registered or is capable of being verified under clause (y).

In addition, to prove that a Certificate is duly authorized by the organization, GeoTrust will typically request the name of a contact person who is employed by or is an officer of the organization. GeoTrust will also typically require a form of authorization from the organization confirming its intent to obtain a Certificate and will usually document the organization’s contact person. GeoTrust normally confirms the contents of this authorization with the listed contact person.

If a Certificate contains a Personal Name (i.e., the name of the Subscriber), GeoTrust will require some basic proof of identity. GeoTrust will make some attempt to obtain corroboration and confirmation of the Personal Name, but this does not require an absolute assurance of the Personal Name. For instance, GeoTrust may verify that the Personal Name is the name of the Subscriber by (a) the use of a Shared Secret or other similar form of identification, or (b) utilizing existing credit or other databases, or (c) corroboration of the identity by having a number of existing identified Certificate users attest to the identity.

If a Certificate contains an Email Address, GeoTrust will obtain reasonable information that the Email Address belongs to the Subscriber. At a minimum, GeoTrust will determine that the Subscriber has the ability to read email sent to that Email Address. In addition, GeoTrust may validate that the Email Address belongs to the Subscriber by (a) the use of an email “ping”, where a correspondence is sent to the Email Address to which the recipient must reply, or (b) obtaining proof that the Subscriber has the necessary mail server credentials to retrieve email sent to that Email Address, or (c) confirming from the email administrator or organization owning the email domain name that they regard the Subscriber as a legitimate holder of a Certificate containing that Email Address.

C. Procedure for Processing Certificate Applications

GeoTrust will process the Certificate Applications to confirm the information on the Certificates as discussed above. However, GeoTrust reserves the right to waive such procedures and issue a Certificate utilizing different authentication procedures in certain circumstances; provided that the general principles for verifying the application information is maintained. In addition, GeoTrust may use subcontractors or other third parties to assist in the performance of its operational requirements or any other obligation under this CPS.

At certain times during the application process in which GeoTrust is not able to verify information in a Certificate application, a customer service representative may be assigned to the Applicant to facilitate the completion of the application process. Otherwise, the Applicant may be required to correct its associated information with third parties and re-submit its application for a Certificate.

If GeoTrust finds that the Applicant’s Certificate application was sufficiently verified, then the Applicant’s Certificate will be signed by GeoTrust. Upon signing the Applicant’s Certificate, GeoTrust will attach such Certificate to an email and send such email to the appropriate contact. The email will include the date the Certificate was issued, the date the Certificate will expire, and the type of Certificate that was issued. In certain circumstances the email may include a GeoTrust customer service representative telephone number and email address for any technical or customer service problems. GeoTrust, in its sole discretion, may provide such technical or customer support to the Applicants/Subscribers.

The Applicant expressly indicates acceptance of a Certificate by using such Certificate.

The Subscriber is required to generate a new Public Key and complete a new Certificate request before the Subscriber will be able to obtain a renewal Certificate.

GeoTrust will attempt to notify all Subscribers of the expiration date of their Certificate, but in some instances will only notify the institutional client that the applicable GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate is to expire.

Certificate revocation is the process by which GeoTrust prematurely ends the Operational Period of a Certificate.

A Subscriber may request revocation of its Certificate at any time for any reason.

A GeoTrust institutional client may request revocation of a GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate issued to a Subscriber of that institutional client at any time for any reason.

A Subscriber shall inform GeoTrust and promptly request revocation of a Certificate:

·whenever any of the information on the Certificate changes or becomes obsolete; or

·whenever the Private Key, or the media holding the Private Key, associated with the Certificate is compromised, or

·upon a change in the ownership of a Subscriber’s web server, or

·in the event the Certificate is installed on more than a single server at a time.

A GeoTrust institutional client shall inform GeoTrust and promptly request revocation of a Certificate:

·whenever it comes to the attention of the institutional client that any of the information on the Certificate changes or becomes obsolete; or

·whenever it comes to the attention of the institutional client that the Private Key, or the media holding the Private Key, associated with the Certificate is Compromised.

GeoTrust shall revoke a Certificate:

·upon request of a GeoTrust institutional client, but only for a GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate of a Subscriber of that institutional client;

·in the event of Compromise of GeoTrust’s Private Key used to sign a Certificate;

·upon the Subscriber’s breach of either this CPS or Subscriber Agreement;

·if GeoTrust determines that the Certificate was not properly issued.

In the event that GeoTrust ceases operations, all Certificates issued by GeoTrust shall be revoked prior to the date that GeoTrust ceases operations.

The only persons permitted to request revocation of or revoke a Certificate issued by GeoTrust are the Subscribers and GeoTrust, except in the case of a GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate in which the institutional client associated with that GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificate may request revocation.

3. Procedure For Revocation Request

Subscriber or the GeoTrust institutional client, as applicable, must contact GeoTrust, either by a national/regional postal service, facsimile or o

The American Messiah

George Washington: The American Messiah

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George Washington is probably the most popular president in the history of the United States because of his efforts in creating what is nation this free nation. His popularity over these other controversial presidents like Trump maybe because he laid the foundation for the freedom that allowed them the chance to be president. This meme seen in the picture below is an insinuation that George Washington was a savior, Messiah is a Hebrew word that means savior or a leader sent to liberated people form a form of oppression. Although this is what George Washington was, he did heroic things for America that would amount to this great honor. It is even safe to argue at least he was an actual person that people got to see and interact within recent history.

He was the leader of the American Revolution and led troops against the British colony winning freedom for Americans before assuming the role of president after. Being the first president of America he helped define what that role was going forward. However, the heroics of George Washington that may shape this perception of him by Americans began way before he became the Army General in the Revolution. His military exploits began when he was only 21 years old.

In 1753, the French who had occupied Canada was moving towards a region south of Lake Erie, which was an area claimed by Virginia (now in present-day Western Pennsylvania) and were already starting to build a commercial port. Virginia was under British rule and the Governor at the time, Robert Dinwiddie could not sit back and watch. Both France and Canada were well aware of the commercial viability of this area. In retaliation, Dinwiddie sent Washington then a 21-year old major to deliver a message to the French, demanding that they vacate the area. This responsibility for such a young man resonated with the journey of the Messiah in preparation for a major task.

It is reported that the journey was demanding and Washington together with his guides and locals Indians that were commissioned to accompany him hiked for many days. The return trip was especially demanding and it is told that Washington’s experienced handler at one point suffered frostbite. Although the journey was long, Washington fell into Allegheny River which was ice cold off a raft and slept on the island without shelter, he suffered no illness. Governor Dinwiddie was so impressed that he published the account of this grueling 900-mile journey in Williamsburg and London, making George Washington world-famous by the time he was 22. Just like the messiah, his life was carved out at a very young age. Every sine pointed to how great he was going to become.

Washington was sent back a few months later, as a lieutenant colonel commanding an army of 150 men to assert the claims of Virginia over the land the French had refused to release. Washington scuffled the French soldiers killing 10 men including their commander. He then surrendered to a place called Fort Necessity where he was ambushed by French soldiers and surrendered. He resigned from this commission but then went back as a volunteer aide to General Edward Braddock sent by the Crown to drive the French from Ohio. Although the army did not succeed in their quest Washington stood strong and witnessed two of his horses being shot under him as well as four bullets going through his coat. Although he was extremely brave he did not have enough support to win that war. Because of this conduct, he was promoted to command Virginia’s entire army and performed well in carrying out an assignment that required him to protect a 350 miles frontier which was quite a frustrating assignment.

All these assignments prepared him for the most difficult one yet. Just like the Messiah, these were odd trials that strengthened him for the American Revolution. The American Revolution was a revolutionary war fought between 1775 and 1783 between the British colonies in America and the crown. His duty in the American war began in the First and Second Continental Congress. The continental congress was a group of representatives from each colony that decided to rebel against the colonist and met initially to broker a deal with Britain. This deal did not, however, materialize because Britain decided not to flinch which culminated for a call to arms. in May of 1775 the Continental Congress appointed Washington as the general of its Army.

His task as the general of the Continental Army was not by any measure easy. Unlike the British who had men brewed in combat, he had to rely on farmers. As the savior he is, he was able to hold his army together during the tough battles and the defeats. Over the six years that the war lasted, George overcame every obstacle to win the war against the British. Crossing the Delaware was one of Washington’s most notable victories where he staged a surprise attack on the British on Christmas day, 1776. This was such a decisive victory in that it turned the favor back to the Americans. Washington went to fight numerous battles years after until the British surrendered on October 17, 1781.

Although many people regard Washington as the father of the nation, they have not sat down and evaluated the trying journey he endured for the sake of every free American today. Just like the Messiah, his journey was extremely trying with obstacles an average man would not have endured. He was indeed a messiah for the American people. Washington then served as president for two months and spent his two terms establishing the traditional roles of the presidents. He built the nation from the direction of words from the constitution. Like the hero he was, he felt it necessary to leave office two terms because unlike a tyrant, a president was not supposed to be too powerful.

Bibliography

Head, David. “The Papers of George Washington: The Revolutionary War Series, Volume 23: 22 October–December 1779 ed. by William M. Ferraro.” Journal of the Early Republic 37, no. 4 (2017): 787-790.

Mount Vernon. “George Washington’s Life.” George Washington’s Mount Vernon. Accessed February 2, 2020. https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/biography/.

Nevins, A., and H. Graff. “George Washington.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Last modified December 10, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Washington.

new gastrulation in the mouse

Gastrulation in the mouse

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Embryonic development refers to the process of growth and development of embryo. Stage of embryonic development is a phase within the period of embryonic development that is marked by distinct growth changes in the embryo. Gastrulation is a stage in the development of embryos in the mouse. The reason for gastrulation is to form a body plan that serves in the succeeding embryo morphogenesis. In the Mus musculus (house mouse), gastrulation is like a continually changing process, three-dimensional puzzle that has specific characteristics when comparing it to non-mammals and other mammalian embryos.

In mouse, gastrulation starts after a blastula implants into the uterine walls of the mother, and is immediately followed by development of different organ systems also knows as organogenesis. Organogenesis is characterized by the formation of vital organs such as brain and spinal cord, coelom, muscle tissues, notochord and neural tube (Ibim, 2010). The coordinated cell movements result in a spatially organized embryo, and puts together the framework on which other features are to develop from into building the body. Gastrula is the term used in defining the process in which embryo undergoes gastrulation.

In mouse a two-day gap exist between implantation and starting of gastrulation; there is an implantation of blastocyst in the uterine wall and this occurs after two and half days after coitum (DPC), and gastrulation commences six and half DPC. In the two-day span, cells undergo transformation to develop a fertilized egg called zygote. In the cleavage process, cells are united together by adhesive proteins, which must be deactivated to permit movements of specific cells. The relaxed cellular bonds allow the inner cell mass to enlarge and reorganize into specific layers. One the layers, the epiblast, is layer of cells, which are the precursors of all embryonic cells. As epiblast continues to grow, the shape become cup like, with the rim situated on dorsal side of embryo.

The cleavage or cell division stage starts approximately 18-36 hours after fertilization. The zygote formed after fertilization divides into multiple cells through a process known as binary fission (Campbell & Reece, 2005). The resultant cells after fission carry equal number of chromosomes and genes. After the 8-cell stage, the cells bind to form a compact sphere. Further divisions within the sphere lead to the formation of a 32-cell mass known as morula. Each of the cells within the molula is known as blastomere. This is followed by a process known as cavitation in which the outer cells secret fluid containing proteins into the sphere, facilitating rapid division of the cells (Forgacs & Newman, 2005). Despite the increase in the number of cells in this phase, the volume of the zygote remains the same. The zygote lands into the uterus during the 6th or the 7th day, after which developmental changes lead to the formation of three membranes: placenta, chorion and amnion (Forgacs & Newman, 2005). Further development of the morula leads to formation of a ball containing about 2000 cells known as blastocyst. Also, a fluid-filled cavity called blastocoele is also formed within the embryo. The developmental changes end with the formation of a structure known as blastula. The blastula is surrounded by a layer of single sells called trophoblast. However, it contains a thick inner layer of cells at one end of the inner cavity, from which the embryo will develop (Campbell & Reece, 2005).

Differentiation is the third phase in which specialized structures that perform more functions start to form. About 21 days after the implantation of the embryo onto the uterus, the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm grow further and differentiate to form neutral tube and notocord, among other vital organs of the body. The process of formation of body organs from the germ layers is called neurulation (Campbell & Reece, 2005). Notocord develops from mesoderm and undergoes through a series of developments to form the vertebral column. However, notochord in human beings disappears before birth. The development of neural groove in this stage leads to the formation of brain, and spinal cord (Campbell & Reece, 2005). The mesoderm also undergoes through a series of developments leading to the formation of vertebrae, muscles, and connective tissues. In addition, the mesoderm grows to form gonads, adrenal glands, and kidneys. Furthermore, coelom is formed by the end of differentiation phase.

Embryonic Period

Prenatal development is the process that occurs during pregnancy whereby an embryo gestates from fertilization to birth. Fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates fully into the egg. The end product is called a zygote (Sagan 1997 p.164). There are various stages of development that a zygote undergoes before birth namely; the germinal, embryonic and fetal stage. The embryonic period is that stage at fertilization that is, at the second week of gestation and continues up to the tenth week of gestation. It starts after the germinal stage when the blastocyst attaches itself to the uterine wall a process called implantation.

The stage is marked by the zygote’s attachment to the uterine wall and the first occurrence of ossification, that is, the formation of solid bone. Also, the placenta and the umbilical cord fundamental in supporting the embryo develop.

It is worth noting that at this particular stage, there is evidence of lots of growth of the embryo and cell differentiation. Cells differentiate into various body systems including blood cells, kidney cells and nerve cells. Differentiation of organ systems takes place in three layers (Miller 1967).

a). Ectoderm -This is when the nerve system and the sensory cells develop. At this point, the hair, nails and the outer layer of the skin and the skin glands develop.

b). Mesoderm -This layers is characteristic of the muscles, skeleton, the excretory and the circulatory system develop. The inner skin layers also develop.

c). Endoderm -The gastrointestinal tract, glands, the lungs, pancreas and liver develop.

During the fourth week of gestation, the embryo is approximately the size of the human thumbnail. It is interesting to note that even at this small size, there is a pulse by a small vessel which eventually becomes the heart, at 200 heartbeats a minute.

At the eighth week, nearly at the end of this period, the head is as large as the body of the embryo. It is worth noting that at this time, some features including the face, fingers, toes, eyes and the external genitalia are recognizable (Harris & Butterworth 2002).

Growth is the last phase in embryo development. During this phase, the body goes through a period of growth characterized by formation of new cells, extra cellular matrix, and new organs (Campbell & Reece, 2005). The growth phase starts between the eighth and ninth months after conception and continues until birth. Fetal developments in the growth phase are described in the next section.

Gastrulation commences with the formation on primitive node on epiblast’s posterior side. Primitive node is a collection of cells that secretes cellular signals in forms of proteins for instance fibroblast growth factor (FGF). The signals assist the cells to move within embryo during gastrulation. When node appearances it indicates the existence of tail and head distinction or posterior and anterior polarity. From the node, a structure termed as primitive streaks develops. This is a groove that comes from embryonic ventral side. As primitive streak increases in size, epiblast cells situated in the inner sides of cup enters into streak. As cells moves into primitive streak, it relates with cellular signals, which regulates the tissue type the cells can form. The cells that go through streak become mesendoderm, which are endoderm and mesoderm precursors. After they leave the primitive streak, these cells scatter and form a wave of mesendoderm that protrudes to cover the exterior of embryo.

In the mouse, mesendoderm covers the ectoderm, which later form the nervous system and epidermis. The mesendoderm splits into mesoderm; which becomes the muscles, skeleton, and different internal organs. On the other hand, endoderm separates to become gastrointestinal and respiratory systems. The mesoderm forms in the anterior portion of embryo, and endoderm on the posterior side where primitive streak initiated. The two, mesoderm and endoderm fully separate from each other around sixteen DPC.

As various researchers normally employ gastrulation in mouse as model for gastrulation in other mammals, the ordering of the germ cells is precisely opposite as in majority of the mammals for instance in human beings. In human beings, the development of foetus from conception to birth can be divided into three stages: first trimester, second trimester and third trimester. Each of the stages consists of three months. The process of transformation of embryo to foetus is a gradual process that takes place within the first trimester. Transition starts during the cleavage phase, characterized by rapid division of cells within the embryo. This is followed by the formation of germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm), chorion and amnion within three to six weeks after conception. Organogenesis follows in the next six to eight weeks (differentiation phase) characterized by the formation of vital organs such as brain and spinal cord, coelom, muscle tissues, notochord and neural tube (Ibim, 2010). In humans, the gastrula arranges in flat shape, known as planar arrangement, whereby the ectoderm situated on the dorsal side de of endoderm and mesoderm. However, the transition from embryo to foetus continues after the differentiation phase. Other changes occur from the ninth week, which make the embryo to look more like a human being (Ibim, 2010). The changes include the formation of head, ears, nose, heart, hands and legs. Also, the placenta is fully formed by the end of the ninth week. By the end of the first trimester, the embryo is fully transitioned into foetus. The chorion is fully established, the embryo is in the amniotic sac and the sex of the foetus can be determined (Ibim, 2010).

The second trimester is characterized by more growth and refinement activities and less developmental activities. The placenta plays the biggest role in maintaining homeostasis through secretion of progesterone and transfer of nutrients and wastes. The foetus is approximately 6cm by the beginning of the first trimester. At 20 weeks, the foetus has grown to approximately half a kilogram. At this time, heartbeat can be heard and the legs, head, face, and hands are prominent (Ibim, 2010).

Further growth and development continues during the third trimester. A series of changes and developments take place in the circulatory and respiratory systems which facilitate air-breathing after birth. Additional changes and developments occur, which enable the foetus to maintain constant body temperature. Changes also occur such as increase in size and weight, reduction in the size of head, thickening of the muscle and hardening of bones and skin (Ibim, 2010).

Maturation processes within developmental stages in the foetus

After birth, the foetus is required to adapt to the environmental changes by establishing and maintaining physiological homeostasis, without the assistance of the placenta. Therefore, the survival of the foetus after birth is dependent upon maturation of structures and organs that interface with the new environment. Examples of essential organs and structures are lungs, immune system, gut, liver, pancreases and kidney (Strauss & ‎Barbieri, 2013). Various studies have shown that maturation processes during foetal development are induced by glucocorticoids (Strauss & ‎Barbieri, 2013). Critical maturation processes that occur during foetal development include deposition of glycogen in the liver; activity of enzyme systems in the foetal brain, thyroid gland, pancreases, retina, and gut; and production of surfactant by foetal lungs. Maturation of the foetal lungs is particularly important since inability to breathe due pulmonary immaturity has been found to be a leading cause of mortality among preterm infants as well as neonatal morbidity (Norris & Lopez, 2010). However, the key functions of glucocorticoids in the process of maturation are not yet clear. As Norris and Lopez (2010) highlight, some studies have shown that glucocorticoids do not initiate maturation of cells; they simply accelerate the process of maturation.

Sources

Campbell, N. A. & Reece, J. B. (2005). Biology. London: Pearson, Benjamin Cummings.

Gilbert, Scott F. Developmental Biology, 9th edition. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, 2010.

Forgacs, G. & Newman, S. A. (2005). Biological Physics of the Developing Embryo. Cambridge

University Press,

Ibim, S. (2010). Biology: Threads of Life. New York (NY): Xlibris Corporation

Johnson, L. R. (2003). Essential Medical Physiology. New York (NY): Academic Press.

Miller B.F. (1967). The Complex Medical Guide. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Harris M. & Butterworth G.(2002). Developmental Psychology: A Student Handbook. New York: Taylor and Francis Inc.

Stakeholder Participation in Eco and Smart Cities Construction

Future Cities: Stakeholder Participation in Eco and Smart Cities Construction

Introduction

Cities are built as a result of various interests and desires of stakeholders coming together. Some of the key stakeholders include planners, landowners, investors, the public, governments, transport engineers, and architects, amongst others (Arlati et al., 2021). There are a variety of stakeholders in each place, including government and industry, startups, people, and, of course, architects. Stakeholders are those who have an interest in something. They all have a role in the development of cities. Even while no one stakeholder is more vital than the others, success is impossible without all of them. Planned development in the cities and urban settings is in collaboration with all stakeholders (Wesley & Ainsworth, 2018). Stakeholder engagement is the most difficult aspect of enhancing urban planning while simultaneously incorporating individual interests. The development of a city involves a large number of individuals. So, in the development endeavors, it is important to remain open, transparent, and participative. Local working groups (comprised of all relevant stakeholders) are recommended as part of the urban design planning based on a method of finding ideas that benefit the community while also fitting with the city’s declared strategic aims (utilities, administrative departments, enterprises, civil society representatives, and scientific institutions) (Laspidou, 2014). The said development partnership in the running of cities not only promises to be inclusive but also to create a product (future city) that serves the interests of every stakeholder. The aim of this paper is to show that cities are built by an amalgamation of stakeholders including landowners, investors, government institutions, planners, architects, the public, and any other interest party. No one party has monopoly over the other in terms of what to create in city planning and design and each stakeholder has a role to play in the moderation of processes that include the physical, economic, ecological, and social city development.

Stakeholders in the Future of Cities

Cities are experiencing fast population growth, resulting in increased demands and financial obligations. In order to retain their competitiveness and achieve sustainable growth, cities must discover methods to increase their efficiency and save money while maintaining a high quality of living for their residents. By 2050, Bjørgen, Fossheim, and Macharis (2021) report that cities will be home to 70% of the world’s population, increasing the pressure on management to become more intelligent, while stakeholders acquire significance and interest as research topics, beginning to threaten the territories’ domination of the global economy. As a result, Martinez and Olander (2015) point to the need to include stakeholders who can provide valuable feedback (as well as an indication of how a subsequent planning application will be received). The term stakeholder refers to anyone who has a vested interest in the development or conclusion of the project (Guo & Kapucu, 2019). Persons participating in the design of a city in any capacity, including designers and investors, as well as subcontractors, as well as persons employed in any position by local governments and the legal system, are all considered possible stakeholders in a typical city design process. Nonetheless, their participation requires careful organization and a clearly defined mandate, as they may lack prior design experience and their actions may be beyond the control of internal and direct stakeholders including investors and land owners.

Government and the Public Sector

In response to the steps taken by the private sector toward sustainable businesses, cities are increasingly shifting their focus toward digital technology innovation. Curwell et al. (2005) mention that future cities will include a more interactive and responsive municipal government, safer public spaces, and addressing the needs of people of all ages. Cities are also becoming more environmentally friendly. In the field of city planning, the government and the public sector play an essential role. Thanks to new legislation and widespread popular backing, governments will be able to guide the development of futuristic city planning. Also included are initiatives to encourage positive stakeholder behavior and awareness, to encourage citizen-driven experimentation from the ground up, and to include an innovative lifestyle into all services provided to people.

Investors and Financial Partners

Investors include those who have financial investments and institutions that lend money to individuals in order to accomplish development projects in urban areas, among other things. They provide assistance to businesses and governments through the sponsorship and investment in initiatives. They safeguard the assets of both small and big depositors by investing in only the most profitable enterprises. The vast majority of investors feel that urban design has a key influence in increasing the value of real estate sales and rentals. In the decision-making process of city residents, environmental quality is regarded as a critical concern, among other criteria like as access, parking, security, service (particularly in the IT sector), and internal environmental management (Bridgman, 2004). When it comes to creating stronger returns and future growth possibilities from their investment, the investors understand that addressing the initial development’s lack of participation in urban planning is critical.

Research and Innovation sector

The research and innovation sector is a major stakeholder in city design and a notable contributor to future cities. University-based research is essential for the development of creative ideas that may result in a more sustainable and healthier urban environment in the long run. Due to the increasing urbanization, globalization, and climate change, scientists have been compelled to develop and test novel processes, as well as intelligent city solutions based on prototypes and models that bridge the technological as well as socioeconomic gap. Making city designers more aware and understanding of the future system, as well as the breadth of technology and solutions available, is crucial to ensuring the success of the transition (Anttiroiko, Valkama, & Bailey, 2014). In addition to assisting cities in their efforts to achieve overall sustainability, Laspidou (2014) notes that academic research and the knowledge it generates will help to increase the city systems’ short- and long-term flexibility. At present, Anthopoulos and Vakali (2012) point to the way consumer behavior is shifting in a positive direction as a result of the introduction of novel legal frameworks, business models, services, and technological solutions. Incorporating current research into real-world solutions allows for a greater grasp of the problem’s complexity while also proving practicability and economic feasibility for the solution. Demonstration projects carried out at clusters and research institutes produce useful knowledge on market applications and commercial arrangements that may be exploited in future city designs.

Constructors, Architects, Planners, and Designers

Regardless of their size, planning committees, real estate developers, competence centers, technology suppliers, and system integrators all play an important role in the transition process toward a future city. Smart meters, data displays, and energy management services for multi-fluid systems assist in disseminating future city projects in test users’ homes, new or existing residential dwellings, public buildings, and communal housing, among other places (Pereira et al., 2018). In order to continue progress and innovation in urban areas, a number of revolutions in design, engineering, and construction have taken place in the recent decade, bringing together different sector players with variant contributions matching up to a singular aim of having better city designs that are inclusive and sustainable. All of these developments may be ascribed to the present industrial and technological revolution, which is shifting the focus away from traditional construction systems and toward industrialized building systems that will eventually lead to future cities.

The Civil Society and Activists

While the involvement of the civil society and activists may not be on a technical capacity in city design, it must be provided careful consideration. Civil societies have the interests of the people and may shift narratives, bring a population for or against certain design projects. For example, civil societies have influenced the inclusion of transgender individuals in the design of urban toilets. Such subtle shows of power point to the importance of civil societies as stakeholders in dictating urban designs and the future of cities (Abusaada & Elshater, 2021). The needs and concerns of the community’s members serve as the starting point for its actions. The themes that are discussed and disputed are determined by the interests of the general population. Individuals are helped and mobilized throughout the process in order to bring their difficulties to the public’s attention and strive for a resolution.

Citizen participation is crucial to urban rejuvenation and should be completely integrated into smart government systems to achieve maximum results. A technique for reestablishing public trust in city design officials is to involve citizens in the decision-making process about the city’s future. Citizens are making the move from being end consumers to being prosumers, providing data and information, and taking on new duties in the smart and sustainable city of the future. Social innovators in future urban design attempt to inspire new modes of civic involvement (Lim, Kim, & Maglio, 2018), with an emphasis on inclusion and social protection (Abusaada & Elshater, 2021), that are capable of meeting social needs effectively and with up-to-date capabilities, and an emphasis on inclusion and social protection (Laspidou, 2014). All of these factors contribute to the development of emerging urban economies to include social entrepreneurs driven by certain community demands, community-based initiatives, and innovative corporate collaboration models.

Climate Change and Eco Cities: Copenhagen

A worldwide phenomenon, climate change has a profound impact on the way people live in urban areas, particularly in the developed nations such as Denmark. Because of this, sea levels are rising and more extreme weather events have been witnessed. Other effects include faster spread of tropical illnesses. All of these impacts have a substantial financial impact on cities, infrastructure, housing projects, jobs, and the general public. City dwellers are a substantial source of greenhouse gas emissions, and as a result, they make a considerable contribution to the global warming problem. The bulk of the CO2 emissions in the world today are attributed to cities, according to (Joss, 2011), with transportation and buildings accounting for the vast majority of these emissions.

Stakeholder involvement is very important in changing the way a city design regards the issues of climate change and the adoption of eco cities. In Copenhagen, the city’s climate plan has a path laid out for the city focusing on attaining carbon neutrality in the next 3 years (HagHigHatafSHar et al., 2014). The city focuses on every little sector that makes up the city’s overall carbon footprint. The City has a plan to attain significant reduction in emissions to have eco cities that are conscious of the climate change issue.

As Copenhagen has shown through its comprehensive city of the future plan, successful outcomes can only be achieved by a comprehensive global, regional, national, and local strategy and effort. The involvement of all stakeholders is very important in this process. There must be total cooperation from all direct and indirect stakeholders including planners, designers, land owners, governments, local authorities, legislation, investors, and any other interested group. City authorities must also play an important role in the fight against climate change by ensuring that all other players are involved. Copenhagen is already taking steps to minimize industrial emissions, including the use of renewable energy sources (Hallegatte et al., 2011), the improvement of production processes (Carter, Clegg, & Wåhlin, 2011), and the imposition of restrictions or the provision of financial incentives to reduce overall carbon footprints. In the next five decades, emissions reductions in Copenhagen will aid in the reduction of pollution from industry and transportation (Smiley, 2017), resulting in improved air quality and the health of city people as a result.

Smart Cities and Technology: Singapore

As the world’s population continues to grow, it becomes increasingly critical to have a framework in place for adopting and supporting sustainable development initiatives. The majority of it is made up of information and communication technology. The ICT design includes a digital city, which is a network of networked devices that connect via wireless technologies and the cloud (Yaqoob et al., 2017). Municipalities, organizations, and individuals may all benefit from analyzing real-time data and installing cloud-based IoT applications (Joo, 2021). Citizens can engage with smart city ecosystems through mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, as well as through connected autos and homes. By integrating digital technology with a city’s physical infrastructure and services, it may be possible to save money while boosting its sustainability.

Historically, city management and authorities saw smart technology solely as a means of increasing operational efficiency. As seen in Singapore, technology is increasingly being integrated into daily life and influencing the design and management of entire cities. Millions of individuals may now use their cellphones to obtain real-time information about transportation, traffic, health services, safety alerts, and local news (Johnston, 2019). Cities are increasingly leveraging data and digital technology to deliver outcomes that are more relevant and meaningful to their residents, effectively advancing them past the experimental stage. Smart cities like Singapore are using data and digital technology to improve the lives of their citizens and the city as a whole (von Richthofen, Tomarchio, & Costa, 2019). More comprehensive, real-time data gives the capability to monitor events live, discover demand trends, and respond with faster, more cost-effective solutions.

By implementing smart city technologies, Singapore is able to enhance its infrastructure, public services, transportation, and other fundamentals. For example, connected traffic signals receive data from sensors and automobiles and adjust the cadence and timing of lights in real time to accommodate the current flow of traffic, hence reducing congestion (Woods, 2020). In the next 50 years, Singapore will have parking meters and electric vehicle charging stations that will enable communication with connected autos, guiding drivers to the next available space and other benefits. Rather than relying on a fixed collection schedule, smart trash cans communicate with waste management companies to arrange pick-ups as needed (Joo, 2021). A smartphone doubles as a mobile driver’s license and identification card, complete with digital credentials, providing an easy way for citizens to access city and local government services.

Conclusion

From the above analysis of the involvement of different players in Singapore and Copenhagen to create smart cities using technology and considering climate change needs through eco cities, the role of every stakeholder in influencing the design and construction of a city cannot be ignored. The discussion establishes that persons participating in the design of a city in any capacity, including designers and investors, as well as subcontractors, as well as persons employed in any position by local governments and the legal system, are all considered possible stakeholders in a typical city design process. Therefore, the report can confidently summarize that cities of the future will be built as a result of various interests and desires of stakeholders coming together. While some of the key stakeholders (including planners, landowners, investors, the public, governments, transport engineers, and architects) have more technical and physical involvement, this done not cancel out the crucial role of other stakeholders (such as civil societies, city legislation, activists, and other lesser involved parties) who also have a say in influencing how cities are built. The examples from Singapore and Copenhagen indicate that without the active and positive involvement of every stakeholder, city construction and design would be in chaos. Local working groups (comprised of all relevant stakeholders) are recommended as part of the urban design planning based on a method of finding ideas that benefit the community while also fitting with the city’s declared strategic aims (utilities, administrative departments, enterprises, civil society representatives, and scientific institutions). Overall, no stakeholder possesses monopoly over the other in terms of what to create in city design and each stakeholder has a role to play in the moderation of processes that include the physical, economic, ecological, and social city development.

References

Abusaada, H., & Elshater, A. (2021). Competitiveness, distinctiveness and singularity in urban design: A systematic review and framework for smart cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 102782.

Anthopoulos, L. G., & Vakali, A. (2012, May). Urban planning and smart cities: Interrelations and reciprocities. In The Future Internet Assembly (pp. 178-189). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Anttiroiko, A. V., Valkama, P., & Bailey, S. J. (2014). Smart cities in the new service economy: building platforms for smart services. AI & society, 29(3), 323-334.

Arlati, A., Rödl, A., Kanjaria-Christian, S., & Knieling, J. (2021). Stakeholder Participation in the Planning and Design of Nature-Based Solutions. Insights from CLEVER Cities Project in Hamburg. Sustainability, 13(5), 2572.

Bjørgen, A., Fossheim, K., & Macharis, C. (2021). How to build stakeholder participation in collaborative urban freight planning. Cities, 112, 103149.

Bridgman, R. (2004). Criteria for best practices in building child-friendly cities: Involving young people in urban planning and design. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 337-346.

Carter, C., Clegg, S., & Wåhlin, N. (2011). When science meets strategic realpolitik: The case of the Copenhagen UN climate change summit. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 22(7), 682-697.

Curwell, S., Deakin, M., Cooper, I., Paskaleva-Shapira, K., Ravetz, J., & Babicki, D. (2005). Citizens’ expectations of information cities: implications for urban planning and design. Building Research & Information, 33(1), 55-66.

Guo, X., & Kapucu, N. (2019). Examining stakeholder participation in social stability risk assessment for mega projects using network analysis. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 1(1), 1-31.

HagHigHatafSHar, S., la Cour Jansen, J., Aspegren, H., Lidström, V., Mattsson, A., & Jönsson, K. (2014). Storm-water management in Malmö and Copenhagen with regard to climate change scenarios. J. Water Manag. Res, 70, 159-168.

Hallegatte, S., Ranger, N., Mestre, O., Dumas, P., Corfee-Morlot, J., Herweijer, C., & Wood, R. M. (2011). Assessing climate change impacts, sea level rise and storm surge risk in port cities: a case study on Copenhagen. Climatic change, 104(1), 113-137.

Johnston, K. (2019). A comparison of two smart cities: Singapore and Atlanta. JCULP, 3, 191.

Joo, Y. M. (2021). Developmentalist smart cities? the cases of Singapore and Seoul. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 1-19.

Joss, S. (2011). Eco-cities: The mainstreaming of urban sustainability–key characteristics and driving factors. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 6(3), 268-285.

Laspidou, C. (2014). ICT and stakeholder participation for improved urban water management in the cities of the future. Water Utility Journal, 8(1), 79-85.

Lim, C., Kim, K. J., & Maglio, P. P. (2018). Smart cities with big data: Reference models, challenges, and considerations. Cities, 82, 86-99.

Martinez, C., & Olander, S. (2015). Stakeholder participation for sustainable property development. Procedia Economics and Finance, 21, 57-63.

Pereira, G. V., Parycek, P., Falco, E., & Kleinhans, R. (2018). Smart governance in the context of smart cities: A literature review. Information Polity, 23(2), 143-162.

Smiley, K. T. (2017). Climate change denial, political beliefs, and cities: Evidence from Copenhagen and Houston. Environmental Sociology, 3(1), 76-86.

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Wesley, J. M., & Ainsworth, E. L. (2018). Creating communities of choice: Stakeholder participation in community planning. Societies, 8(3), 73.

Woods, O. (2020). Subverting the logics of “smartness” in Singapore: Smart eldercare and parallel regimes of sustainability. Sustainable Cities and Society, 53, 101940.

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To analyze the functional value chain of Expedia, Inc.,

Functional AnalysisTo analyze the functional value chain of Expedia, Inc., the major functions include R&D, Marketing, Service, and Information Technology and Operation. The functional analysis uses four criteria to evaluate the performance of each function. The measures of criteria are efficiency, quality, innovation and customer response. The following table is the result of the functional analysis with a rating scale of High, Medium, and Low.

Table: Functional Analysis

R&D Marketing IT & Operation Service

Efficiency High High High High

Quality High High High High

Innovation Med. Med High Med

Customer Response N/A High N/A High

R&D

Expedia, Inc. is an online traveling company that provides traveling information and reservation tools to its customers. Therefore, the first priority of R&D function within Expedia, Inc. is seeking the variety of traveling products and services and obtaining a wide range of travel brands.

Overall, the performances of R&D within Expedia, Inc. are high because Expedia, Inc. strives to obtain maximum customers, partners and suppliers through frame wide-ranging brands collection. In order to be the leading brand in this industry, Expedia, Inc. believes relying on widespread brands collection would get maximum value and market shares. Therefore, Expedia, Inc. mentions that “Expedia, Inc. believes its flagship Expedia brand appeals to the broadest range of travelers, with its extensive product offering ranging from single item bookings of discounted product to complex bundling of higher-end travel packages” (Expedia, Inc., Annual Report, 2007, pg. 5).

In order to enhance its suppliers, Expedia, Inc. uses the extent brands collection and international points of sales. This can help Expedia, Inc. offer a variety of products and services. According to the annual report of Expedia, Inc., Expedia will keep investing in R&D to maintain the best brand portfolio and create maximum value to its suppliers, partners and customers (Expedia, Inc., Annual Report, 2007, pg. 5).

Marketing

The marketing strategy of Expedia, Inc. is to construct an effective, profitable channel by raising awareness of the consumers who are sensitive to price and to enhance the benefit of its subsidiary companies and itself. Furthermore, the media strategy of Expedia, Inc. includes TV commercials, print media, direct-mail, and Internet such as portal website, Expedia.com, and other co-operative enterprises. By using these types of media, Expedia, Inc. has a straight channel to communicate with its target market.

Furthermore, Expedia, Inc. has cooperated with other hotels, transportations, and travel agencies. The company and the co-operative enterprises posted their commercials on each other’s company website while also setting the commission for each website which has online booking from each strategy alliance partners. In addition, Expedia, Inc.’s “affiliate partners can make travel products and services available through an Expedia-branded website, a co-branded website, or their own private label website. Expedia, Inc. also provides its affiliates with technology and access to a wide range of products and services” (Expedia, Inc., Annual Report, 2007, pg. 8). In conclusion, Expedia, Inc. uses its variety of marketing channels and the affiliate partners to maximize the value of its various brands to obtain more consumers. In general, the performance of the marketing is high.

Information Technology & Operations

Expedia, Inc. constantly continues to aggressively innovate its Information Technology and Operating system. For instance, Expedia, Inc. introduced “TravelAds sponsored search product for hotel advertisers, Hotwire’s Airfare Savings Hub and Hotels.com’s slider tools to improve search results and the TripAdvisor Media Network to offer travel applications for download on Facebook.com” (Expedia, Inc., Annual Report, 2007, pg. 5).

In general, Expedia, Inc. keeps innovating to its suppliers, advertisers and customers by providing a service-oriented technology platform on its websites across its broadest brands collection. Expedia, Inc. believes this will make its IT innovation more flexible and faster. And Expedia, Inc. believes this changeover will help it to improve its “site merchandising, browse and search functionality” and also improve “search engine indexing” which will add noteworthy personalization features (Expedia, Inc., Annual Report, 2007, pg. 5).

For its suppliers, Expedia, Inc. develops “proprietary technology” which will make more efficient communication between its websites and hotel central reservation systems. This process will also help the hotels manage its reservations easier through Expedia, Inc.’s websites. This “direct connect technology” can help hotels upload the information of their products and services from hotels’ central reservation systems to Expedia, Inc.’s websites. At the same time, when the customers book the hotels on Expedia, Inc’s websites, the system will automatically confirm hotel reservations. Before the “direct connect system” are introduced, all the process are made manually via proprietary extranet (Expedia, Inc., Annual Report, 2007, pg. 5). Expedia, Inc. also makes efforts in data handling. In order to improve data handling, Expedia, Inc. built the “enterprise data warehouse” that will increase segmentation and merchandising on its’ websites and also improve its e-mail communications with its travelers (Expedia, Inc., Annual Report, 2007, pg. 5).

In order to make its operation and service more flexible, Expedia, Inc. provides 24-hour-a-day, seven-days-a-week service by telephone or via e-mail through a combination of outsourced and in-house call centers. Expedia, Inc. mentions that it “plans to make significant investments in its call center technologies in 2008 and beyond” (Expedia, Inc., Annual Report, 2007, pg 8-9). In the IT& Operation function, the rate of Expedia, Inc.’s performance is high. This is because Expedia, Inc. invests aggressively on its IT and operation functions in order to provide a better service for its consumers, suppliers, and partners.

Service

In the service function, Expedia, Inc. mainly focuses on the partner service because all of its operations will rely heavily on its suppliers and partners and its overall performance in this function area is high. In order to succeed in this industry, Expedia, Inc. heavily depends on its capability to expand or maintain the relationships with its suppliers and GDS partners. Expedia, Inc. also mentions that if Expedia, Inc. could not improve its existing relationship with suppliers or partners and could not change its lack of ability to get new arrangements with its new partners on favorable terms, it will reduce Expedia, Inc.’s quality, amount and breadth of attractively priced travel products and services that it provides to its customers (Expedia, Inc., Annual Report, 2007, pg. 11). In fact, this situation will affect Expedia, Inc.’s financial performance and this is why Expedia, Inc. heavily focuses on the partner service (Expedia, Inc., Annual Report, 2007, pg. 11).

Jim Crow

From Jim Crow to Civil Rights

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

From Jim Crow to Civil Rights

Jim Crow Laws were a combination of local and state statutes that legitimized racial segregation. The laws that were named after a character in the Black minstrel show existed for 100 years; from post-civil war until 1968. The laws were meant to marginalize people of color by denying them the right to an education, vote, and hold jobs and other job opportunities. People that tried to defy Jim Crow laws faced jail sentences, arrest, violence, death and fines. Jim Crow laws began as early as 1865 after the ratification of the 13th amendment, which declared slavery unconstitutional across the United States. Black codes dictated how and where former slaves could work and for how much pay. The black codes were common in the south and were a legal way of incorporating black people in indentured servitude to control where they lived, take their voting rights and seize children for the purpose of labor. For instance, the codes limited the property black people could own and in excluded them from skilled trades and business.

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 criminalized racial discrimination in public facilities and places such as public transport and restaurants. However, in 1883, the Supreme Court declared the act unconstitutional. In 1896, there was a challenge to the Separate car Act of 1896 that warranted all railroads functioning in the State to provide separate but equal accommodations for white passengers and those of color (Bishop, 2017). Although the separation laws in Louisiana were upheld by an 8 to 1 majority, John Marshall Harlan, a famous dissent, opposed the decision. Harlan advanced the idea that the U.S. constitution is “color blind.” The decision of Plessy v. Ferguson case was later overturned by Brown v. Board of education in 1954. The case brought forth the case of Plessy v. Ferguson before the Supreme Court. This led to separate but equal segregation among white and black populations across the country. Other laws such as miscegenation laws that made cohabitation and marriage with black people illegal only exacerbated segregation. The effects of the Jim Crow laws are that they made it difficult for former slaves to attain economic independence. The segregation in public transport carriers made travel for black people difficult. The equal but separate doctrine led to poor facilities for people of color, including housing and school. Compared to their white counterparts, children of color had limited opportunities. Jim Crow laws made it impossible for people of color to be elected to a public officer, serve on juries, vote and partake as equals in social and economic spheres of life.

Brown v. Board of Education of 1954 was a Supreme Court case that marked the turning point of racial segregation across America. The court made a unanimous decision that racial separation in public spaces, particularly schools violated the 14th amendment of the Constitution (Onwuachi-Willig, 2019). According to the amendment, states could not deny people (irrespective of race) equal law protection within its jurisdiction. The Supreme Court deemed separate schooling facilities to be inherently unequal hence reversing the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling of 1896. However, the ruling of Brown v. Board of education only applied to school spaces, but it was meant to imply that racial segregation was not permissible in other public spaces. The guidelines for putting an end to racial segregation were offered, and school boards instructed to proceed with deliberate speed. Years later, Congress passed the Voting Rights of 1965 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968, all meant to curb racial discrimination against people of color in voting, housing, employment and other sectors of life.

References

Bishop, D. W. (2017). Plessy v. Ferguson: A reinterpretation. In The Progressive Era in the USA: 1890–1921 (pp. 353-361). Routledge.

Onwuachi-Willig, A. (2019). Reconceptualizing the harms of discrimination: How Brown V. Board of Education helped to further White supremacy. Va. L. Rev., 105, 343.