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The world is passing through an age

How mass media impacts women

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The world is passing through an age of information explosion. Others use the words “the world has become a global village” to illustrate the changes that have occurred with achieving technological milestones. The electronic media has completely changed the scope of media. Information can easily flow one part of the world to another in a matter of seconds. The advancement in media has had huge impact on all fronts of the world. Perhaps the young generation is the most affected. The older generation was slow to adapt to the massive changes. The forms of media include radio, television, telephone, mobile phones, video conferencing, social networking, and newspapers. The society today is more complex than it was in the 19th century (Perse & Lambe, 2016). Mass media are the conceptualized agencies involved in the creation, selection, processing, and distribution of messages across the globe. The media plays a fundamental role in society as the adage goes information is power. The media informs, educates, advertises, and entertains her listens and readers. The mass media is a top asset for every liberal democracy, and the politicians recognize this hence champion its freedom. In this democracies, the media serves to champion for change and critic the national government.

The ongoing communication revolution has opened up more opportunities for women who were despised for generations. The use of the media remains uncontrolled and misguided. The women and children remain the most disadvantaged groups in society despite the massive brag of technological advancement. Women usually take to the streets to protest the inequality, disparity, and exploitation by the male-dominated media personnel. The media has been particularly active in selling misguided notions and stereotypes that impede achieving gender equality. Scholars postulate that the media continues to display the women as the weaker gender. For example, in the US, mass media outlets sell the notion that men are only sex-driven in relationships while women serve as sexual objects. Feminists argue that the films displayed in the media have contributed to the anorexic Nervosa syndrome observed in the young generations (Cortese, 2015). The new generation has been led to believe that men are only attracted to thin, young and young women.

Women have come a long way in the process of achieving gender equality. The gender protests of the 20th century increased women representation in media outlets, although the numbers are far from achieving gender equality. For instance, women only represent 10% of news stories, they only represent approximately 20% of the experts interviewed, television programs generally have less than 35% of women as actors (Patowary, 2014). Besides, women in films play supporting roles. The stereotypes towards women have been especially detrimental. Some of the stereotypes include: that role of the woman is at home where they have to do all housework duties, women cannot make crucial decisions, women must always be dependent on men, and women are sexual objects. Women have adapted to images sold by the mass media of how they should look. An ideal woman should be thin, white, fit, and with blonde hair. The effect of these is manifested in video games where creators display women with revealing clothes or even nude while the men are usually clothed appropriately.

The articles reveal that women are often disproportionately affected by information inequality in mass media. Women are vastly underrepresented in top positions in media outlets. There is no refuting the benefits of mass media on women empowerment. However, women lag behind men in terms of internet accessibility. Women who have been exposed to the internet are prone to sexual harassment (Hanson, 2016). The situation is worse when women do not conform to social norms. The researchers used various methods to assess the impact of mass media on women. Women have been the punching bags of toxic masculinity. The study incorporated various methods to conduct the research. The researchers conducted their research on both rural and urban women. They used open-ended questionnaires, interviews, and targeted discussions. Some articles analyzed the field research of other articles forming the secondary sources. One study involved sampling 400 women and conducting interviews and questionnaires with them (Patowary, 2014).

In this study, questionnaires and interviews were used to conduct the research. The researchers shall use the Fischer’s formula to determine the representative population. A total of 330 questionnaires shall be distributed equally to the two target groups based on the above formula. The study selected adult women as the only source of information. It will be a cross-sectional study utilizing a purposeful sampling technique to identify the representative population for the research. The study will also be carried out in urban settings as well as in the outskirts.

The researchers trained their personnel on how to conduct impartial interviews to source out information. The statement problem was to determine the impact of mass media on women. It is important to discuss these to identify the stereotypes and the negative influence of the media on women. The papers had several aims. First, it aimed to increase women empowerment. The study aimed to determine the influence of mass media on women in various sectors such as agriculture, occupation, and entertainment. Thirdly, to investigate the changes that have been made by mass media on women (Ibrahim, 2018). The research hypothesis includes: mass media has increased women empowerment, the media has degraded the decency of women through their stereotypic representations, and women have been denied prestigious opportunities because of their genders.

The research was limited by time. It is hard to quantify the number of women who have been empowered through this research. The sample size was small and may not be representative of the population. It was also difficult to assess the impact of mass media on women based on this methodology. A better methodology needs to be reviewed to extrapolate the impact on women. Future studies should focus on the impact of online information on women.

References

Cortese, A. J. (2015). Provocateur: Images of women and minorities in advertising. Rowman & Littlefield.

Hanson, R. E. (2016). Mass communication: Living in the media world. Sage Publications.

Ibrahim, F. (2018). Women, development, and the mass media. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 5.

Patowary, H. (2014). Portrayal of women in Indian mass media: An investigation.

Perse, E. M., & Lambe, J. (2016). Media effects and society. Routledge.

The world is passing through an age of information explosion.

How mass media impacts women

Student’s name

Institution affiliation

The world is passing through an age of information explosion. Others use the words “the world has become a global village” to illustrate the changes that have occurred with achieving technological milestones. The electronic media has completely changed the scope of media. Information can easily flow one part of the world to another in a matter of seconds. The advancement in media has had huge impact on all fronts of the world. Perhaps the young generation is the most affected. The older generation was slow to adapt to the massive changes. The forms of media include radio, television, telephone, mobile phones, video conferencing, social networking, and newspapers. The society today is more complex than it was in the 19th century (Perse & Lambe, 2016). Mass media are the conceptualized agencies involved in the creation, selection, processing, and distribution of messages across the globe. The media plays a fundamental role in society as the adage goes information is power. The media informs, educates, advertises, and entertains her listens and readers. The mass media is a top asset for every liberal democracy, and the politicians recognize this hence champion its freedom. In this democracies, the media serves to champion for change and critic the national government.

The ongoing communication revolution has opened up more opportunities for women who were despised for generations. The use of the media remains uncontrolled and misguided. The women and children remain the most disadvantaged groups in society despite the massive brag of technological advancement. Women usually take to the streets to protest the inequality, disparity, and exploitation by the male-dominated media personnel. The media has been particularly active in selling misguided notions and stereotypes that impede achieving gender equality. Scholars postulate that the media continues to display the women as the weaker gender. For example, in the US, mass media outlets sell the notion that men are only sex-driven in relationships while women serve as sexual objects. Feminists argue that the films displayed in the media have contributed to the anorexic Nervosa syndrome observed in the young generations (Cortese, 2015). The new generation has been led to believe that men are only attracted to thin, young and young women.

Women have come a long way in the process of achieving gender equality. The gender protests of the 20th century increased women representation in media outlets, although the numbers are far from achieving gender equality. For instance, women only represent 10% of news stories, they only represent approximately 20% of the experts interviewed, television programs generally have less than 35% of women as actors (Patowary, 2014). Besides, women in films play supporting roles. The stereotypes towards women have been especially detrimental. Some of the stereotypes include: that role of the woman is at home where they have to do all housework duties, women cannot make crucial decisions, women must always be dependent on men, and women are sexual objects. Women have adapted to images sold by the mass media of how they should look. An ideal woman should be thin, white, fit, and with blonde hair. The effect of these is manifested in video games where creators display women with revealing clothes or even nude while the men are usually clothed appropriately.

The articles reveal that women are often disproportionately affected by information inequality in mass media. Women are vastly underrepresented in top positions in media outlets. There is no refuting the benefits of mass media on women empowerment. However, women lag behind men in terms of internet accessibility. Women who have been exposed to the internet are prone to sexual harassment (Hanson, 2016). The situation is worse when women do not conform to social norms. The researchers used various methods to assess the impact of mass media on women. Women have been the punching bags of toxic masculinity. The study incorporated various methods to conduct the research. The researchers conducted their research on both rural and urban women. They used open-ended questionnaires, interviews, and targeted discussions. Some articles analyzed the field research of other articles forming the secondary sources. One study involved sampling 400 women and conducting interviews and questionnaires with them (Patowary, 2014).

In this study, questionnaires and interviews were used to conduct the research. The researchers shall use the Fischer’s formula to determine the representative population. A total of 330 questionnaires shall be distributed equally to the two target groups based on the above formula. The study selected adult women as the only source of information. It will be a cross-sectional study utilizing a purposeful sampling technique to identify the representative population for the research. The study will also be carried out in urban settings as well as in the outskirts.

The researchers trained their personnel on how to conduct impartial interviews to source out information. The statement problem was to determine the impact of mass media on women. It is important to discuss these to identify the stereotypes and the negative influence of the media on women. The papers had several aims. First, it aimed to increase women empowerment. The study aimed to determine the influence of mass media on women in various sectors such as agriculture, occupation, and entertainment. Thirdly, to investigate the changes that have been made by mass media on women (Ibrahim, 2018). The research hypothesis includes: mass media has increased women empowerment, the media has degraded the decency of women through their stereotypic representations, and women have been denied prestigious opportunities because of their genders.

The research was limited by time. It is hard to quantify the number of women who have been empowered through this research. The sample size was small and may not be representative of the population. It was also difficult to assess the impact of mass media on women based on this methodology. A better methodology needs to be reviewed to extrapolate the impact on women. Future studies should focus on the impact of online information on women.

References

Cortese, A. J. (2015). Provocateur: Images of women and minorities in advertising. Rowman & Littlefield.

Hanson, R. E. (2016). Mass communication: Living in the media world. Sage Publications.

Ibrahim, F. (2018). Women, development, and the mass media. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 5.

Patowary, H. (2014). Portrayal of women in Indian mass media: An investigation.

Perse, E. M., & Lambe, J. (2016). Media effects and society. Routledge.

The world is going through an era of information burst.

How mass media impacts women:

Student’s name:

Institution affiliation:

Declaration

This report is as a result of the researchers’ independent investigation and has never been submitted for approval by any other researcher or institution.

Abstract.

The world is going through an era of information burst. To others the globe has developed into a global village. The use of electronic media has revolutionized the media. It does not matter where one is since the information flows from one location to another. Technological advancement has greatly modified the world environment in all manner. The changes are most noticeable among the young generation since the older people are slow to adapt or rather rigid. The types of media include radio, television, telephone, mobile phones, video conferencing, social networking, and newspapers. The world now is more sophisticated than it was in the 19th century (Perse & Lambe, 2016). Mass media are the intellectualized organizations indulging in the formation, selection, handling, and dissemination of content in the world. The media disseminates information to people. The media enlightens, teaches, advertises, and entertains its followers. Mass media is a chief asset for all liberal democracies. Politicians use mass media forums to champion for freedom in the American context. In this democracies, the media advocates for change and criticizes the government. This study investigated the influence of media on women. Literature review was carried out on previous researches on the topic. The study adopted both qualitative and quantitative research type. A cross sectional study design was selected for the study to allow collection of data over a period of time.

Chapter one: Introduction

1.1 Problem statement

The constant communication upheaval has unlocked up more prospects for women who have been denied representation for generations. The utilization of the media is still uninhibited and misguided. Children and women are still the most underprivileged groups in community despite the immense boast of technological progression. Women regularly demonstrate on issues of discrimination, disparity, and abuse by the male-dominated media staff. The media is predominantly active in selling injudicious concepts and stereotypes that hamper accomplishing gender equality. Scholars hypothesize that the media carries on the presentation of women as the fragile gender. For instance, in the United States, mass media broadcast sell the belief that men are merely sex-driven in relationships while women function as sexual entities. Feminists claim that the movies shown in the media have resulted to the anorexic Nervosa which is witnessed in the young generations (Cortese, 2015). The new generation has accepted the opinion that men are only fascinated by skinny, young and beautiful women. The aim of the paper is to determine the effect of mass media on women.

1.2 Scope of the study.

The research was undertaken in both rural and urban women.

1.3 Justification

Women have come a long way in the process of achieving gender equality. The gender protests of the 20th century increased women representation in media outlets, although the numbers are far from achieving gender equality. For instance, women only represent 10% of news stories, they only represent approximately 20% of the experts interviewed, television programs generally have less than 35% of women as actors (Patowary, 2014). Besides, women in films play supporting roles. The stereotypes towards women have been especially detrimental. Some of the stereotypes include: that role of the woman is at home where they have to do all housework duties, women cannot make crucial decisions, women must always be dependent on men, and women are sexual objects. Women have adapted to images sold by the mass media of how they should look. An ideal woman should be thin, white, fit, and with blonde hair. The effect of these is manifested in video games where creators display women with revealing clothes or even nude while the men are usually clothed appropriately.

1.4 Research questions

1.4.1 Main Research question

What is the impact of media among women?

1.4.2 Other research questions

What is the impact of media on women perception?

What is the impact of media on women’s involvement in various sectors such as agriculture occupation and entertainment?

How has media contributed to empowerment of women.

1.5 Research objectives

1.5.1 Broad objective

To determine the impact of media among women.

1.5.2 Specific objectives

To determine the impact of women’s perception by the media.

To determine the impact of media on women’s involvement in various sectors such as agriculture occupation and entertainment.

To establish the contribution of media to women empowerment

1.6 Hypotheses

The media has contributed significantly to the empowerment of women.

Women have a negative perception as a result of various media content and practices.

Women have engaged in various sectors as a result of information obtained from the media.

1.7 Limitations and delimitations

1.7.1 Limitations

Researchers experienced time constraints especially obtaining information from the respondents.

The cost of carrying out the research was too high. This is especially on activities such as printing questionnaires and transportation cost.

Some correspondents were unwilling to give information.

There was a language barrier as some respondents could not speak in a national language.

1.7.2 Delimitations

Researchers maximized on carrying out the research during the available time. The sample size was reduced as appropriate.

The researchers hired a means of transportation to be able to reduce on the cost of acquiring one each day. The cost of carrying out the research was cost-shared among the researchers.

Incentives were used to encourage respondents to give information.

Researchers identified a member from among the samples who was conversant with the local language and could speak a national language to interpret when needed.

1.8 Assumptions

That the researchers obtained permission from relevant authorities to carry out the study within their jurisdiction.

That the researchers duly obtained consent from the respondents.

That the information given by the respondents is accurate and can be used to generalize the study on the population.

That the researchers have not violated the ethical code of carrying out a research.

Chapter two: Literature review

2.1 Impact of media on women perception

2.1.1 Body image

Attitude refers to one’s opinion, feelings or thoughts about something. In this subtopic, we review literature conducted on how the media has influenced women’s attitudes to various aspects of life. Of particular interest is body image. A lot of resources are being used to adventure on how women can change their body image. Many women confess to being body conscious and as such will pull all strings to ensure that their body shape is appealing. This has informed the flourishing of the cosmetic industry. Even in the medical field, pharmacological therapies are being used off label to enhance beauty. Some go to the extent of abusing such drugs, sometimes with the aid of the healthcare workers. Media has significantly contributed to this ideas of body image.

Many people especially the young adults have access to information about the ideal state of beauty. Incorporation of these ideas has led to the differentiation between oneself and the ideal state. This has led to the public health problem of body dissatisfaction (Uchoa, 2019). Body dissatisfaction is especially observed among the female gender. As the young girls grow from childhood into adolescence, they identify with their older peers. Its at this point that they learn the ideal state if attractiveness that makes them acceptable among the society. Of note is that the sources of information from which they learn includes social media platforms (Bearman, 2006). Mass media may result in adolescents incorporating the ideal state and consequently go into body dissatisfaction when they can’t measure up to the ideal state (Vries, 2019).

2.1.2 Perception on eating and effects.

With the advancement in technology and evolution of dietary practices, many have drastically transformed their nutritional practice to achieve a certain goal. Professional nutritional advice has also been accessible hence people make informed nutritional choices. However, of interest to this study is the perception that women have on eating. Some women believe that eating some food substances will result in gaining weight and an undesirable body shape. This informs the decision to undertake drastic activities to reduce their body weight. Through the social media people have access to information about the consequences of ingestion of some substances. Others learn through the experience of their peers that are shred in the social media.

Through the media, women learn the standard beauty practices from the actresses, models and the female presenters. Majority of these groups have adopted a slim body shape, hence their viewers end up engaging in drastic body weight reduction practices. The social media seems to glorify some body shapes and discredit others (Spettigue, 2004). There have been shown an increasing trend of eating disorders with the advancement of technology and use of social media. Mass media has promoted the acceptance of the thinness standard. It has portrayed it as an ideal state and as the way to achieve social approval in terms of attractiveness (Peroutsi, 2011).

2.2 Impact of media on women involvement in various activities.

Advancement in media has revolutionized the practice of advertisement. Hitherto, advertisements could be done through the mainstream media platforms including radio and televisions. This was a disadvantage to many women since men were the ones known to be viewers and listeners of televisions and radios respectively. However, with the evolution of media practices, advertisements can be done in any platform including the social media platforms. Its important to note that even social media draw part of their earnings through advertisements. This is quite an advantage to women as majority are known to prefer use of social media than the mainstream media.

2.2.1 Influence on women’s practice of agriculture

For many years, women have been known to provide casual labour in the farms rather than managerial or administrative duties. In the ancient Egyptian culture and the early civilization, the role of women was negated in many aspects. A gender role is a set of standards dictating the activities that are appropriate to be carried out by a certain gender. The women could only engage in certain farming activities while the men could carry out the more lucrative chores (Khalil, 2017). In the current civilization, women still perform most of the labor work in terms of agriculture. However, unlike before, they also enhance in managerial duties. Unfortunately, women still do not measure up to men in terms of their productivity. This partly is due to the discrepancies that exit in terms of education. Women have not benefited much from the educational programs being run in the mainstream media with regards to agriculture (Diiro, 2018).

As in other sectors, agriculture is not left behind in revolution of its media practices. Advertisement of agricultural produce and inputs has evolved to include social media platforms. As aforementioned, these is likely to benefit women who are known to use social media more than men. These practices create awareness and invokes interest among women to engage in agricultural practices (Evans, 2016). In an average, women tend to be use social media more than men (Alnjadat, 2019).

2.2.2 Effect on healthcare practice

Media can influence the kind of occupation one wants to undertake. Women are known to prefer lighter engagements with respect to any duty. Therefore, the efficiency brought about by the media seems to resonate well with them. With healthcare practice in particular, the advancement of telemedicine, professional networking, health information technology and electronic health records has resulted in the field being attractive to women (Ventola, 2018). Physicians utilize media to advertise their services, to refer patients, monitor patients who are on home based care and even carry out patient education

2.2.3 Effect on the media profession.

The articles reviewed reveal that the women are often disproportionately affected by information inequality in mass media. Women are vastly underrepresented in top positions in media outlets. There is no refuting the benefits of mass media on women empowerment. However, women lag behind men in terms of internet accessibility. Women who have been exposed to the internet are prone to sexual harassment (Hanson, 2016). The situation is worse when women do not conform to social norms.

2.3 Contribution to the empowerment of women

2.3.1 Effect of media on women leadership.

At the workplace, majority of the leadership positions are occupied by men. These positions are either reserved for men or the men outshine the ladies in a competitive process to acquire the positions. This has resulted in gender equality. However, through the influence of media, a lot is being done to undo this inequality. At the age of 11-17, girls are believed to be in the stage of “seeing is believing”. They draw inspiration and encouragement from their counterparts who occupy various leadership positions. The women identify with such role models when they have similar characteristics, one of them being the same gender. The internet confers a media of connection between the professionals and those who view them as role models (Katlyn, 2014).

In the united states, despite women making almost half of the workforce, there still exists a significant rift between them and men in terms of occupation of lucrative jobs. Numerically, although the female gender forms almost half of the united states population, they are not proportionally represented in the workforce. This is partly accredited to the negative stereotyping of women with respect to leadership. The media has been shown to perpetuate these stereotypes. Exhibition of photos showing men and women engaging in different traditional activities propagates these stereotyping. The effect of such media activities is profound as it even impacts negatively on women perception on their capabilities (Stefanie, 2012).

2.3.2 Political empowerment

Women have been enlightened on their right to be politically represented. However, this has not achieved much in terms of addressing gender disparity in political positions. It has led to some jurisdictions to draft constitutional laws enforcing the gender parity. The Kenyan two thirds gender rule is a prototype. In the American congress, women hold only 90 of the 535 seats (Stefanie, 2012b). The male gender is evaluated more favorably than the female gender in terms of political positions. Media has aided in propagation of this stereotype by giving more coverage on male political activities than they accord to women (Aaldering, 2016).

Chapter three: Methodology.

3.1 Study area

The research was carried out in an urban area and its outskirts. The outskirts was assumed to be a rural area.

3.2 Study population

The study was limited on adult women. The urban and outskirts designation classified the women into those living in urban areas and those living in rural areas respectively. The researchers obtained information from women in various sectors. In the urban area, the respondents were drawn from those at the workplace and those in various leadership positions. In the outskirts, data was obtained from those in the agricultural sector and those carrying out casual duties.

3.3 Study design

A cross sectional study design was adopted for this study. It merits for this study as information obtained from the sample will be generalized among the women population. It will be used to collect data from the sample drawn from the population. Its strengths are as follows: it is fast, it is cost-effective, there’s no loss to follow-up, it allows collection of data over a short period and there is an in-depth collection of data. Among its weakness is that it is not ideal for testing a hypothesis. Besides, it is difficult to explain a causal relationship from data collected in a cross-sectional time frame.

3.4 Sample size determinationFischer’s et al formula of 1998 for a population less than 3500 was used to determine the sample size.

n=z2 (pq)/d2

Where;

N=desired sample

Z= standard normal deviation set at 1.96 which corresponds to confidence level (1%)

P=proportion of target population estimated at 30% to have characteristic being measured who attend Kabarnet level 4 Hospital. This is 0.30.

Q=1-p

D= margin of error allowed 0.05

In substitution, N = (1.96×1.96) *(0.30[1-0.30]/ [0.05×0.05]) = 322

The desired sample size is 322 women.

3.5 Sampling procedure

Purposeful sampling method was adopted for this study. This was appropriate so as to obtain information only from relevant correspondents.

3.6 Inclusion and Exclusion criteria

3.6.1 Inclusion criteria

Women who are of the adult age (>18 years old).

Women who are of sound mind and were willing to offer information.

Women who were within the designated study area as per the time of data collection.

3.6.2 Exclusion criteria

Women of unsound mind.

Women who fall under the age of minors

3.7 Variables

3.7.1 dependent variable

Impact on engagement on various sectors.

Impact on the perception.

Impact on empowerment.

3.7.2 independent variable

Media.

3.8 Data collection instruments

The researchers administered approved questionnaires so as to help in obtaining information. A total of 330 questionnaires were distributed equally according to the two target groups. Of these, the questionnaires that were obtained back were 301. After cleaning and sorting, a total of 285 questionnaires were used for data analysis.

3.9 Ethical consideration.

The researchers sought permission from the research ethics committee. Upon obtaining permission, the researchers adhered to the ethical code of carrying out a research. The respondents were given information about the research and granted informed consent.

References

Aaldering, L., & Vliegenthart, R. (2016). Political leaders and the media. Can we measure political leadership images in newspapers using computer-assisted content analysis?. Quality & quantity, 50, 1871–1905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-015-0242-9

Alnjadat, R., Hmaidi, M. M., Samha, T. E., Kilani, M. M., & Hasswan, A. M. (2019). Gender variations in social media usage and academic performance among the students of University of Sharjah. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 14(4), 390–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2019.05.002

Bearman, S. K., Martinez, E., Stice, E., & Presnell, K. (2006). The Skinny on Body Dissatisfaction: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Girls and Boys. Journal of youth and adolescence, 35(2), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-9010-9

Cortese, A. J. (2015). Provocateur: Images of women and minorities in advertising. Rowman & Littlefield.

De Vries, D. A., Vossen, H., & van der Kolk-van der Boom, P. (2019). Social Media and Body Dissatisfaction: Investigating the Attenuating Role of Positive Parent-Adolescent Relationships. Journal of youth and adolescence, 48(3), 527–536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0956-9

Diiro, G. M., Seymour, G., Kassie, M., Muricho, G., & Muriithi, B. W. (2018). Women’s empowerment in agriculture and agricultural productivity: Evidence from rural maize farmer households in western Kenya. PloS one, 13(5), e0197995. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197995

Evans J, Heiberger S. Agricultural Media Coverage of Farm Safety: Review of the Literature. J Agromedicine. 2016;21(1):91-105. doi: 10.1080/1059924X.2015.1106376. PMID: 26506853.

Hanson, R. E. (2016). Mass communication: Living in the media world. Sage Publications.

Ibrahim, F. (2018). Women, development, and the mass media. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 5.

Katlyn G. (2014). How Women’s Consumption of Media InfluencesLeadership Development

Khalil, R., Moustafa, A. A., Moftah, M. Z., & Karim, A. A. (2017). How Knowledge of Ancient Egyptian Women Can Influence Today’s Gender Role: Does History Matter in Gender Psychology?. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 2053. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02053

Patowary, H. (2014). Portrayal of women in Indian mass media: An investigation.

Peroutsi A., Gonidakis F.,psychiatriki. 2011 jul-sep 22(3):231-9

Perse, E. M., & Lambe, J. (2016). Media effects and society. Routledge.

Spettigue, W., & Henderson, K. A. (2004). Eating disorders and the role of the media. The Canadian child and adolescent psychiatry review = La revue canadienne de psychiatrie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent, 13(1), 16–19.

Stefanie S. (2012)Exploring the effect of media images on women’s leadership self-perceptions and aspirations

Uchôa, F., Uchôa, N. M., Daniele, T., Lustosa, R. P., Garrido, N. D., Deana, N. F., Aranha, Á., & Alves, N. (2019). Influence of the Mass Media and Body Dissatisfaction on the Risk in Adolescents of Developing Eating Disorders. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(9), 1508. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091508

Ventola C. L. (2014). Social media and health care professionals: benefits, risks, and best practices. P & T : a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management, 39(7),

Law and Society POS 240

How Law Changes the Society

Student’s Name

Course Code and Name

Instructor’s Name

Date of Submission

How Law Changes the Society

Introduction

In the framework of the emergence of legal institutions, law and society experts have been working for decades to better comprehend the link between legal and social development. In contemporary society, the law is regarded as both an autonomous and a dependent factor (cause and effect) (Nonet & Selznick, 2017). The relationship between the law and other social systems is emphasized in literature. In today’s society, many individuals are participating in new types of group activities and making new connections, an exemplification of social transformation. The term society refers to this type of situation, where factors that relate to social life change and adapt to current cultures, expectations, and a product of these elements. As a result of societal revolution, people’s attitudes toward work, family, education, government, and the search for ultimate meaning are all changing in profound ways. Beyond legal and social change, additional processes of change such as technological advancement, ideological evolution, competitiveness and conflict; political and economic concerns; and structural tensions are just a few of the many other types of change that may occur. All of these factors relate to the law, how it changes, and how it affects society. Ultimately, the law is an instrument of social change that binds people to a certain way of life governed by rules and expectations, factoring in their cultures and traditions to create a product that is unique to every society.

Defining the Law in the Context of a Society

Law may be defined as a system of regulations that are used to provide some form of direction and governance to a group of people. It is also defined by (Kaushal, 2020) as a system of control to the activities of a group of people. As long as there is a balance between society and the people that live there, control is required in order for them to coexist in an interdependent manner, which will assist in the implementation of social transformation. A society is a diversified group made up of individuals from various social classes, castes, religions, races, colors, genders, and ethnic backgrounds. When it comes to achieving homogeneity, it is vital that no distinction be made between these persons, regardless of their identities (Luhmann & Kastner, 2004). This can only be accomplished by the application of law. A constructive social transformation is always welcomed by every community and its inhabitants, and this is especially true for developing countries. A crucial role for the law in bringing about social transformation cannot be overstated. In a lawless society, there is a lack of harmony and tranquility between individuals and society as a whole.

The law is a creator of balance wherever there is a society. Because of various factors such as money, power, and prestige, one group of people may always be able to exert authority and control over other groups of people who are comparably weak in a society made up of a diverse range of people. In a society made up of diverse individuals, this is known as authoritarianism. This problem is not unusual, since it has occurred at some point in the history of every civilization on the planet. Not only that, but society is confronted with a slew of other difficulties as well (Kaushal, 2020). Among the many problems that people face include crime, poverty, corruption, drug abuse, as well as violent criminal activities including rape, human trafficking, murder, child pornography, and other forms of capital crimes (Barrett et al., 2020). As a catalyst in society, law assists in the elimination of all kinds of obstacles through the creation of laws and statutes that have an influence on today’s and tomorrow’s societies by aiding in the removal of all types of barriers. Despite the fact that society has changed dramatically in recent years, it is vital to recognize that societal challenges are not going away; in fact, they are becoming more severe.

The Law as a Means for Social Control

The fundamental purpose of the law is to maintain communal order and stability, with a secondary goal of defending individual rights as a byproduct of this. It is also a means of making a positive effect on society by adapting to changing requirements. Therefore, the law is a highly efficient social control tool as a result. In order to ensure the wellbeing of all members of society, the society takes precedence above the law. The rule of law, which is enshrined in a constitution, is the foundation of democratic government (Nonet & Selznick, 2017). Because it instills fear in the hearts and minds of the people, the law is an excellent tool for maintaining social control. The law governs how individuals conduct themselves in society. People are made aware of their obligations and responsibilities by the use of force by the law. The law protects a society’s fundamental ideas and ideals. Legal safeguards are in place to protect individuals from being taken advantage of. Governments and nations pass criminal and civil legislation in order to attain this purpose.

In order to comprehend societal development via the lens of law and the legal system, it is vital to comprehend the workings of the legal system in the context of the political, social, and economic components of India’s constitution. Through the prism of legislation, we can see how people’s values, what they hold dear, and how they establish their own sense of security are all demonstrated. When it comes to drafting legislation, the government must act in conformity with public opinion (Coglianese, 2001). The public’s perception reflects the wishes of the general population. The laws are created by the people. For example, the amendment of laws in the United States and other Industrialized countries to allow same sex marriage is an example of how the will of the people constitutes the law, thereby impacting social control and the overall culture to bring about social change.

The Law as a Social Change Instrument

The law reflects the desires and wants of a certain society. Every society’s standards may be used to determine if it is developed or unruly, by studying its legal patterns and other related issues. The law, which is a product of society, is the catalyst for social transformation. However, there are two ways to this problem that must be properly understood: Preliminary consideration should be given to the fact that the “law changes a society,” which means that the law defines how individuals should spend their lives (Vago et al., 2017). By contrast, or looking at the flipside of this issue, “society changes the law” in accordance with its own judgment (Barrett et al., 2020). Therefore, there is a clear link between the law and the society, showing these two as interrelated yet independent aspects where each catalyzes the development of the other. It is absolutely necessary that the law and the society coexist. According to this viewpoint, the law is formed by society as a whole, either via legislative action or by customs, cultures, traditions, expectations, and their use. When legislation has an impact on society, it marks the beginning of the growth and maturity of civilization through the legal system. Modifications to a country’s legal framework due to societal change provide evidence of development and maturity of the society.

The rule of law is the most important formal tool for social control. Despite the fact that early civilizations relied on informal social control, as societies developed in size and complexity, they were compelled to develop rules and regulations that defined acceptable patterns of conduct and specified the consequences for those who broke those rules and regulations. Law is a set of regulations that have been established by legally sanctioned organizations and are being enforced by legally sanctioned governments. Individuals’ rights and duties, as well as the consequences of failing to comply with them, are clearly defined in this document (Coglianese, 2001). The span of modern civilization is enormous. It is comprised of a complex network of groups, organizations, institutions, and entrenched interests that make up their organizational structure. Informal social control methods are no longer sufficient to sustain social order and peace in today’s society.

In today’s culture, relationships are viewed as secondary to other things, an element that must be also reflected in law. Standards must be defined in order to ensure the safety of people and property, as well as the orderly management of interpersonal interactions (Nonet & Selznick, 2017). The law sets the norms and consequences of a social order that are continuous across time. After being founded on traditions and mores, they have been codified via the passage of legislation. Certain behaviors are prohibited by law, even though they might be a key part of the society (Honoré, 2002). For example, the mainstream culture allows people to make remarks on general social living, yet the law prohibits one to, for instance, speak against the sexual orientation of a person. In another example, the use of alcoholic drinks in public places is strictly forbidden, although it is perfectly legal to consume alcohol. When it comes to individual behavior in contemporary civilizations, regulation has a significant impact on how people act and behave.

Conclusion

In this discussion, it is clear that the law is an instrument of social change that binds people to a certain way of life governed by rules and expectations, factoring in their cultures and traditions to create a product that is unique to every society. therefore, it can be summarized to be a product of the society. in another view, the society can also be defined by the laws it has. this concept is not complex but the very simple core that has defined human existence. While today the legal system is presented clearly through legislative processes and other doctrines, the same was present before through laws and customs that defined human existence. Therefore, the law is indeed a part of the society and the reverse is true for the society. Because of this relationship, the law is a catalyst for social change and transformation. As long as there is a balance between society and the people that live there, control is required in order for them to coexist in an interdependent manner, which will assist in the implementation of social transformation. A society is a diversified group made up of individuals from various social classes, castes, religions, races, colors, genders, and ethnic backgrounds. The law provides uniformity of treatment, subjecting every society member to the same rules and regulations.

References

Nonet, P., & Selznick, P. (2017). Law & society in transition: toward responsive law. Routledge.

Coglianese, C. (2001). Social movements, law, and society: The institutionalization of the environmental movement. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 150(1), 85-118.

Kaushal, S. (2020, June). Punishment for Crimes: An instrument of Social Change. In Proceedings of International Young Scholars Workshop (Vol. 9).

Barrett, J., Gaus, G., Langvatn, S. A., Sadurski, W., & Kumm, M. (2020). Laws, norms, and public justification: the limits of law as an instrument of reform. Public Reason and Courts, 201-28.

Vago, S., Nelson, A., Nelson, V., & Barkan, S. E. (2017). Law and Society: Canadian Edition. Routledge.

Luhmann, N., & Kastner, F. (2004). Law as a social system. Oxford University Press on Demand.

Honoré, T. (2002). The necessary connection between law and morality. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 22(3), 489-495.

Revenue from operations

Hooper co. income statement For the year ended Dec 31, 2018

Revenue from operations 90,000

Total operating income $90,000

Less: Operating expenses 26,000 Salaries 900 Provision for doubtful debts 26,900

Total operating expenses $26,900

Net operating income $63,100

Add: Non-operating income 100

Net income $63,200

Hooper company balance sheet as at Dec 31,2018

Assets

Cash 90,000

Notes receivable 20,000

Accounts receivables 12,000 Less: Provision for doubtful debts 900 11,100

Accrued interests 100

Total assets 121,200

Liabilities

Shareholder’s equity Common stock 60,000

Retained earnings Opening Add: Net income 63,200 Less: Dividend 2,000 61,200

Total stakeholders equity 121,200

Total liabilities and stakeholder’s equity 121,200

Hooper co. Cash flow statement for the year ended Dec 31,2018

Cash flow from operating activities

Inflows from customers 78,000 Outflows for expenses (26,000) Net cash-flows from investing activities $52,000

Cash flow from investing activities

Loaned to mosby co. (20,000) Net cash flow from investing activities $20,000

Cash flow from financing activities

Issue of common stock 60,000 Dividend paid (2,000) Net cash flow from financing activities $58,000

Net change in cash 90,000

Beginning cash (Add) Ending cash balance $90,000

Usability challenges that faced during implementation of HIT system

HIT Usability and Design Challenges

Name:

Number:

Course:

Lecturer:

Usability challenges that faced during implementation of HIT system

As a clinical administrator tasked with implementing, the case study given on new health information technology system, I faced a number of challenges during implementation process. The challenges include sophisticated user interface that is harder for users to understand, ineffective use of on-line help with context searching of different topics and poorly designed command menu structure that did not take into an account the use of short cut keys for experienced users. The system also lacked the aspect of user friendliness in terms of design skills, design terminology used as well as lack of consistency in menu design. Another usability challenge was lack of simpler and quick way to navigate between documents.

Factors that caused the challenges

The factors that led to the above challenges include poor human computer interaction (HCI), human factors, failure to include users in the development stages, concerns experienced during implementation and design failure. The main cause of nearly all problems in this case is the failure to include users of the system in the development process. This led to lack of straight forwardness in the implementation process. The users’ opinions can be very significant in all stages of implementation process especially at the design and testing stages. Since no user opinion was considered in this case, the result was a system that is not user friendly to health staff users.

Another important cause is the human factors which can be summarized into display and control. The display factor is where device like computer screen provides the user with information when needed. The final system was found to have very poor display to the individual users. The control part of human factors involves the use of devices such as keyboard or mouse to allow an individual or user to take an action. This was partially possible since menus were designed without considering short cut commands that permits communication with the keyboard.

Another cause is the poor aspects of human computer interaction. In this case, the human computer interaction (HCI) part of the system lacks significant principles such as consistency, predictability, satisfaction, and simplicity among many others that enhances user friendliness of the system. Poor interface design leads to lack of consistency especially in menus which varied from the expected standard and type of menu commands that are inherent in variety of applications. The complexity in the use of hard to remember commands and other features compromises the HCI principle of simplicity. The fact that the system is harder to understand by users makes it hard for them to predict how the system is likely to respond while executing a given command. As a result, users lack satisfaction with the total system. It should therefore be noted that all the challenges originated from two main factors namely, user absence in the implementation process a as well as in the design aspect.

It is thus safe to say that the challenges experience were as a result of design issues. The absence of users during the development cycle implies that the total system design was made without any opinion of the user. In other words, the design was not user centered. All the flaws that existed in the design were thus carried forward up to the final implementation stage. This is because, the final product implemented should be the exact blue print of the design.

Strategies for overcoming these usability challenges

The first strategy is to ensure that users are involved at all stages of development cycle right from the requirements acquisition, analysis, design, coding, and testing and implementation stages. This will ensure that users are well familiar with the system and its features. As a result, the system is likely to be user friendly to them even if it may contain some complexities and other problems. Second is that good user training should be conducted during and after implementation to make them more acquainted with the system. Third is to ensure that HCI design principles are applied in the design process of system interface for better simplicity, consistency, and user friendliness among others. Last but not least, the development team should strictly follow the system development stages straight forward from the start to the end without overlooking any phase.

References

PAPER ANALYSIS INSTRUCTIONS

History Common Assignment

PAPER ANALYSIS INSTRUCTIONS

I. Reading Selection:

Select an article/monograph in a scholarly historical periodical from the San Jacinto College Library System (either in print or through a database) or a topic of your choice pertaining to the historical period covered in this course (U.S. History Origins to 1877). You can find an article by clicking on the “History Research” link in the “Content” section of the Blackboard Course Web Site to access a link to the library database and other library services.

II. Preparation of Paper Analysis:

A. Content

1. Thesis – Explain the author’s main argument or focus of the topic or article.

2. Evidence – Analyze the evidence that the author uses to support his/her thesis. Does

the evidence support his/her thesis? (Please identify any primary sources used.) What qualifications does the author have that make him/her qualified to write on the subject?

3. Conclusion – Provide comments and/or criticisms of the work. Read and comment

on one or two contrary perspectives on the topic (one must be primary.) How does this issue affect your world today and does is change your outlook in any way or push you toward any action?

B. Style

Typewritten, Double-Spaced on Letter-size (8 1/2″ x 11″) Plain White Paper. Font Size must be Times New Roman 12 point

2. Length -500 words

3. Citation – refer to the Citation Help Tab in the San Jacinto College South Library Research/Database page for resources and directions on how to cite the article in the paper.

C. Submission

Download completed paper as a word attachment in the Signature Assessment Paper Submission link located in the Content section of the Blackboard Course Web Site on or before 11:59 PM on Thursday 23 July 2020

D. Tutorial Assistance

Take a copy of this instruction page with you and visit the writer’s center in the library on South Campus if you need assistance and/or have questions regarding how to complete the assignment.

Spain’s New World Endeavors Important Economic Impact in 16th Century Europe

History

Students Name

Institution of Affiliation

Course Title

Date

Spain’s New World Endeavors Important Economic Impact in 16th Century Europe

The European nations experienced radical economic as well as social modifications during the 11th and 14th centuries. Feudalism, a highly hierarchical and regulated form of the society where everybody has their responsibilities and place was the base for the medieval world (Drahos). The manorial system was the system where the lords possessed the lands, labored by their slaves and began to diminish during the late middle ages due to the growth of the nations. The medieval cities were influenced by the guilds that were responsible for their economic stability and eventually becoming centers for business. A large number of people moved to the city, and there, they found more opportunities, and from this, they made a living.

The shifts in demographic structures reduced the powers of the feudal masters and forced them to make various changes such as land leasing for long term benefits. Besides, the medieval farmers increased the yields of their crops, and this as well foresaw the rise in the profit margins. The increase in the yields was due to the adoption of the horse collar, the three-field system of agriculture as well as the improved iron plow. Despite the colossal yielding, an emerging cash economy came to undermine feudalism in the, but on the contrary, the cash economy rose to assist the growing population all over Europe (Varoufakis). The economic alterations accelerated the further extension of business as the introduction of capitalism led to the creation of a large number of the urban middle class to whom were committed to the expansion of the markets across Europe. The interests on the national and the international markets grew as the demand for the goods and products increased across the region.

Apart from the cash economy that contributed a significant proportion to improving the economy as well as the lives of the of the urban populations, the introduction of the uniform printed documents such as the sales receipts and licenses also played a vital role to advancing the growth of commerce in the European region (Wang). The oral agreements were replaced by the bills of exchange to which represented early forms of credit on promissory notes. It is through the extensive use of the print documents that raised the necessity for the skills on reading, writing and as well permitted the business people collate the values of the various goods that were provided by the other tradesmen. The mercantile newspaper printed also aided in the promotion of literacy among the people in the European nation. Through learning of the business laws and regulations as well as the practices of other traders, the middle class people became knowledgeable trade wise improving in the rate of activities as well as the enhancing a robust economic growth across the region. The influence over the government leaders increased because the middle class members had gained more wealth. The development of capitalism, as well as the growth of trade, led to increased voyages of business that were accompanied by extensive discovery across the globe.

The rise of mercantilism coincided with the establishment of colonies in the new world (Wesseling). A large number of the European administrators during the 16th century, as well as the 17th century, embraced mercantilism, as it was a system deemed to increase the national wealth via the use of strict regulations on the economy and a favorable balance of conducting business. To sum it all, Spain’s strength was linked in its ability for self-sufficiency as well as the accumulation of capital. And for the nation to become self-sufficient, the colonized countries were required to supply the raw materials to their colonizers and as well be specific markets for the produced goods.

Work Cited

Drahos, Peter, and John Braithwaite. Information feudalism: Who owns the knowledge economy. Routledge, 2017.

Varoufakis, Yanis. The global minotaur: America, Europe and the future of the global economy. Zed Books Ltd., 2015.

Wang, Faye Fangfei. Law of electronic commercial transactions: Contemporary issues in the EU, US and China. Routledge, 2014.

Wesseling, Hendrik Lodewijk. The European Colonial Empires: 1815-1919. Routledge, 2015.

Introduction of the religion

Hinduism

Student’s Name

Affiliation

Course

Date

Introduction of the religion

Hinduism is known to be the world’s oldest and the 3rd largest religion. Christianity is the first followed by Islamic and then Hinduism. Hinduism in India is the main religion with approximately 84% of the general population. The term Hinduism originated from a Persia word that meant a river in the north India (Sindhu). However, it is difficult to allocate the exact source of Hinduism. It is marinated that its timeless pronouncement about a religion has always existed though historians say that it originated from prehistoric Valley of Indus. Hinduism is called as Sanatan Dharma signifying the undying religion. Hindus believe in a ultimate God whose personalities are characterized by divinities that originate from him. The Supreme Being is imminent and magnificent as well the creator and invisible reality (Kumar, 2003.) Hindus believe in karma the law of effect and cause, and this belief is based on the fact that each individual has a method of creating his own fate by his thoughts, words and deeds.

Hinduism has four major divisions of denomination such as shaivism- this is the oldest sect of Hinduism comprising of followers known as Saivas. Smartism- it can be determined as a denomination of Hindu religion. Smarta means adherents who follow Vedas. Shaktism- this is a value that focus on ultimate Godhead. Vaishnvism- it is differentiated from other denominations by mode of worship. The central Hindu scriptures are the Brahmanas, Sruti, the Upanishads, and epics, Smriti, the Vedas, and the Puranas (Zaehner, 1962). The Sruti are such as intensely spiritual things correspond to a seer and evidence. Hindus recognize three paths to salvation, the first is through work. Its emphasis is that one can get salvation when they do their duties and hence escape the weight of bad karma. The second way of attaining salvation is through deep mediation. The third way is through devotion. This requires the desire for an additional emotional and personal move towards to religion. It involves self-surrender to one of the many gods and goddesses in Hinduism (Kumar, 2003). It rules the idea that life exists in a cycle from birth to death and to rebirth.

Hindus religion is based on the notion that animal and human spirits return to earth to live various times in diverse forms. Hindus think that a person moves up and down a chain of command on the basis of performance. Hindus believe that for a person to be born into the superior class must have done performed well in his/her past life whereas for a person to be born poor must have poorly performed in his/her previous life. Central to Hinduism are the notion of recreation, the background system, finding morality, integration with Brahman, and attaining Nirvana (Min, 2010). The paths to deliverance in Hinduism consist of loyalties, rituals and the way to understanding of reality and self-reflection. When the practitioner follows the paths, one will attain salvation. Unlike most other religions, it cannot be linked to a single founder as it is formed from diverse traditions. It is a predominant religion in the Indian subcontinent and is one of its indigenous religions (Sen, 2005). Due to the fact that it cannot be clearly defined and does not have rigid guidelines various forms of religious expressions coexist in Hinduism. It is actually a way of life since there are no set customs or rituals that make a person a Hindu if followed.

The medical ethics in Hinduism rise from the principle of non violence. Hinduism advocates for making choices that do not cause harm. Abortion is one of the unacceptable deeds in Hinduism since it can cause harm to a mother, fetus, father and the society at large. The doctrine of reincarnation form another basis against abortion since killing of the foetus causes a major karmic setback to it. Since it is deprived the opportunity its potential human existence would have given it to earn good karma and is immediately returned to the cycle. Hinduism is against suicide since they view it as assisting death and this brings about bad karma since it violates the non violence principle. Hinduism includes teachings that condemn violence and war and promote moral duty through teaching (Hebbar, 2009) Hinduism also opposes capital punishment since it is not in line with the non-violence code of Hinduism.

Location and review of the physical site

I travelled to Vancouver BC where there is a large population of Hindu community and Interviewed several and learned about their religion. They are welcoming and ready to help since they believe in doing well to everyone. I then went to Houston to visit their temple. Here I visited a temple situated in Brandt Street of United States of America.

Experiences of worship place

In this place of worship I was asked to take of my shoes as everyone else and when I entered I noticed all type of food but there was no meat. Hindus are vegetarian and believe that when you kill an animal you might be killing one of your relatives who came back after death inform of an animal. Then there are several book and tapes sold in the lobby which contain Sanskrit (Min, 2010). The women and men worship in different rooms. They do their worship differently men guided by the Guru, if a woman touches a Guru she should fast for 24hours.

What did you observe and experience?

Their mode of worship is different from the normal way. For instance, they lay down like push up and stand up again and go down many time as they are chanting. From there was a different building and here I was served with rice with pine nuts, pita bread and chapattis. It was a great experience to be treated with kindness and attention. Below are the questions I made to ask from them.

Interview summary

Who is or are the founders of your religion? And why did they create this religion?

Hinduism is not credited to a particular founder. The religion was created to break the cycle of birth, death and reincarnation, and to get salvation.

Where do you worship and how often do you visit your house of worship?

Hindus worship in Temples and for Orthodox schools prescribe three prayer times a day: at dawn, noon and dusk.

Do you find it difficult to live and practice according to your religion here in America?

In America, one can practice Hindu and anywhere else. This is because Hindus believe good deeds and moral behaviors is being a Hindu believer. Having a family, parents teach their children at home about the religion. They celebrate all the religious ceremonies which are celebrated in India. When one does the basic things, like looking after the family, the friends, and those around you, that’s the best way to worship God.

What social problems have you encountered if any in regards to your faith here in the US?

Non Hindus think of Indians as having many gods. However, Hinduism is not polytheistic, it’s monotheistic. It’s just that God is being viewed in different ways. We believe God has no form; you can view God in many different ways.

What is your holy scripture called and is it available to everyone?

The holy scriptures are Puranas, Vedas, Gita, and Upanishad. It is available to everyone.

What are your views on how others practice their religion? Specifically does your religion preach to people of other faiths?

The Hindus Follow dharma thus do righteousness, is their eternal law. The only people interested in Hindus faith can listen but normally they use their language. People admire to do meditation and yoga learned from Hindus.

What is your view on marriage outside of Hindus faith?

The family of the woman finds a man for her. Hindu believes that marriage brings two persons to pursue dharma, artha, kamaas well as moksa .the marriage is followed by traditional rituals for consummation. People wear red and gold in this occasion. A man can to marry a single woman but for kings they can marry more than one woman.

What is your view of what happens after death?

When a person dies, he becomes a spirit and is judged to his deeds when he was alive. Then he comes back to each as a different person in different family grounds. When one did good deeds he is born in royal family if he was bad he is born to poor family

How is your body handled after death? Is there specifically burial methods?

 Most Hindus do not bury a dead body. They burn and cremate it. The dead body is cleaned with water from river Ganges and then burned with a slow fire that is considered by the hindus to be the final one. The Hindus perform rituals for 13days since the person died to help the soul to rest and settle. Their children under the age of a year are buried since they are considered to be holy men. We do not use caskets. They believe it is a natural burial.

What learned about practicing the religion from observing people engaged in a ceremony or service?)

At birth there are baby rites that are performed to the baby. This are performed to welcome the baby to family. It involves placing honey in the baby’s mouth and whispering the name of God into his ear. There are also precise details and rituals that are performed in a wedding ceremony. There are also sacraments involved at that time of the wedding. The whole essence of Hinduism is difficult to grasp since there are varied thoughts and concepts or lack of set rules governing the religion. The uniqueness of Hinduism and the fundamental concept is that it accepts all religions as being true and can lead one to salvation. It also acknowledges that there is no one path that can unveil the divine intervention in all humans. It is an evolving religion that is constantly influenced by various thoughts, ideas and cultures that requires humans to lead lives that seek knowledge and truth hence they attain true enlightening. Hinduism has developed into different forms over the years so that it could be able to remain important and meaningful to its people. For example, the Vedic form that was composed of hymn has been transform today inform of Hinduism Musicians. We can be able to state that Hinduism has for decades been on a constant process of change, absorbing and combining various religions and cultures of different people. Thus, it has been noted that Hinduism has developed from array of combination of cultures.

Comparing and contrasting Hinduism and Judaism

This study compares and contrasts the essential principles of Judaism and Hinduism and their religious practices of marriage and death, and how it affects one’s personality (Kurien, 2007). The Jewish origin is based on the narratives found in Hebrew Bible in the Levant. Though, the narratives suggest that the origin of Judaism come from Abraham- a herder who made a covenant with God his son Isaac, Jacob, and Moses and they worship in the synagogues as well as the western wall of the temple in Jerusalem. While Hinduism has no particular founder and they worship in (Mandir) Temple and it its origin is from Indian Subcontinent.

The Hindus are Dependent on school of thought. Their concept of Deity rely on Monism meaning (all is a manifestation of God), or polytheism (many deities managing different aspects of life), Monotheism (one God, perhaps with many manifestation or manifestations) while Judaism Belief in one God and teachings of the tradition, prophets and rabbis. Monists/Smarta considers that only Brahman exists, Pantheists believe all things are God, Monotheistic sects believe God as transcendent and immanent as well as different from others. The Nasadiya Sukta even discovers creation-ex-nihilo. God is the only one True Creator called HaShem—Hebrew for ‘The Name’, or Adonai and He. Is Omnipresent, none existed before him and will exist forever. He goes beyond life and death. God is one and the only holiness. He is beyond human perceptive, he is omnipotent.

Judaism developed into illumination one of the political and social movement. For example, enlighten movements led to the decline of harsh European laws. Jewish identity occurs from interaction of many tribes such as Christians, Canaanite and Hellenistic (Walker& Veigh, 2006). Orthodox- this can be considered as the major divisions. Here men and women are not allowed to sit together in the synagogue. Reform Judaism- it is considered as the liberal branch since individuals determine the fate of the commandments. Hindus consider Vaishnava, Shaivaya, & Shaktism as their major divisions. Jews forbid worship of idols while Hindus allow idol worshipping. Both of them believe the holy one will come back but have different names. Hindus call Him Kalki, the 10th Avatar of Vishnu while the Jews call them the Messiah.

According to Hinduism the contemporary issue facing it is abortion issue. Hindus have no legal framework that stops people from conductions an abortion meaning that is legal to them hence face challenges and opposition from different religions at most Christians. Violation of human rights from discrimination of women in the society is yet another contemporary issue facing Hinduism. Judaism is faced with leadership problem. They cannot be able to share power with their people and at most leads to war.

How does each compare to the Dionysian and Apollonian traditions of the past?  

Dionysian and Apollonian traditions relied on the logic reasoning and passionate understanding but both Judaism and Hinduism depended on the views of the people, but were similar to by nature of wildness shown at initial stages. Both religions have developed and adapted by accepting the nature of the world and its people. For example the have been transforming so that they could remain relevant to the contemporary community. Hinduism had Gnostic features such as magic, and gods while that of the while that of Judaism was the Bible and magic.

Conclusion

All religions are alike in a way, being grateful for life, doing well and respecting others are one of the virtues practiced. However they have their unique differences as well as the people that practice it and the way they do it.

Reference

Min, P. G. (2010). Preserving ethnicity through religion in America: Korean Protestants and

Indian Hindus across generations. New York: New York University Press.

Kurien, P. A. (2007). A Place at the Multicultural Table the Development of an American

Hinduism. Piscataway: Rutgers University Press.

Walker, J., & Veigh, R. M. (2006). Hinduism and Judaism. United States of America: Hodder

Gibson.

Chakravarti, S. S. (1991). Hinduism, a way of life. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers

Zaehner, R. C. (1962). Hinduism. London: Oxford University Press.

Shattuck, C. T. (1999). Hinduism. London: Routledge.

Sen, K. M. (2005). Hinduism. London: Penguin. (Chapter1 and 2)

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