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Spain’s New World Endeavors Important Economic Impact in 16th Century Europe

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Spain’s New World Endeavors Important Economic Impact in 16th Century Europe

The European nations experienced radical economic as well as social modifications during the 11th and 14th centuries. Feudalism, a highly hierarchical and regulated form of the society where everybody has their responsibilities and place was the base for the medieval world (Drahos). The manorial system was the system where the lords possessed the lands, labored by their slaves and began to diminish during the late middle ages due to the growth of the nations. The medieval cities were influenced by the guilds that were responsible for their economic stability and eventually becoming centers for business. A large number of people moved to the city, and there, they found more opportunities, and from this, they made a living.

The shifts in demographic structures reduced the powers of the feudal masters and forced them to make various changes such as land leasing for long term benefits. Besides, the medieval farmers increased the yields of their crops, and this as well foresaw the rise in the profit margins. The increase in the yields was due to the adoption of the horse collar, the three-field system of agriculture as well as the improved iron plow. Despite the colossal yielding, an emerging cash economy came to undermine feudalism in the, but on the contrary, the cash economy rose to assist the growing population all over Europe (Varoufakis). The economic alterations accelerated the further extension of business as the introduction of capitalism led to the creation of a large number of the urban middle class to whom were committed to the expansion of the markets across Europe. The interests on the national and the international markets grew as the demand for the goods and products increased across the region.

Apart from the cash economy that contributed a significant proportion to improving the economy as well as the lives of the of the urban populations, the introduction of the uniform printed documents such as the sales receipts and licenses also played a vital role to advancing the growth of commerce in the European region (Wang). The oral agreements were replaced by the bills of exchange to which represented early forms of credit on promissory notes. It is through the extensive use of the print documents that raised the necessity for the skills on reading, writing and as well permitted the business people collate the values of the various goods that were provided by the other tradesmen. The mercantile newspaper printed also aided in the promotion of literacy among the people in the European nation. Through learning of the business laws and regulations as well as the practices of other traders, the middle class people became knowledgeable trade wise improving in the rate of activities as well as the enhancing a robust economic growth across the region. The influence over the government leaders increased because the middle class members had gained more wealth. The development of capitalism, as well as the growth of trade, led to increased voyages of business that were accompanied by extensive discovery across the globe.

The rise of mercantilism coincided with the establishment of colonies in the new world (Wesseling). A large number of the European administrators during the 16th century, as well as the 17th century, embraced mercantilism, as it was a system deemed to increase the national wealth via the use of strict regulations on the economy and a favorable balance of conducting business. To sum it all, Spain’s strength was linked in its ability for self-sufficiency as well as the accumulation of capital. And for the nation to become self-sufficient, the colonized countries were required to supply the raw materials to their colonizers and as well be specific markets for the produced goods.

Work Cited

Drahos, Peter, and John Braithwaite. Information feudalism: Who owns the knowledge economy. Routledge, 2017.

Varoufakis, Yanis. The global minotaur: America, Europe and the future of the global economy. Zed Books Ltd., 2015.

Wang, Faye Fangfei. Law of electronic commercial transactions: Contemporary issues in the EU, US and China. Routledge, 2014.

Wesseling, Hendrik Lodewijk. The European Colonial Empires: 1815-1919. Routledge, 2015.

Newaristotlepaper

If Aristotle was to visit our modern civilization for a day, the best advice for him would be to make sure he purchased a round trip ticket from the Boatman. So Aristotle walks into a public middle school in an urban area and cries; then he drives out to a school in a more affluent area and he’s disgusted by what he becomes disgusted at the differences between the two environments.

Lyceum was a school of philosophy in Ancient Greece which was founded by Aristotle. It was an informal institution whose members conducted philosophical and scientific inquiries. Aristotle’s successors Theophrastus and Strato continued the tradition of exploring philosophical and scientific theories, but after the middle of the third century BC, the school fell into decline and it was not until the Roman Era that there was a revival. Later members of the school concentrated on preserving and commentating on Aristotle’s works rather than extending them, and the school eventually died out in the third century AD.

The parents, who could afford it, sent their children to school and paid a monthly fee. Most parents could not afford to do so and thus the great mass of children began to work at an early age rather than attend school. The Greeks developed a more organized system of education (about 500 BC). As far as history knows, was the world’s first systematic approach to education. Few girls attended school, although some were taught at home. There were some exceptions. Sappho appears to have a run a school for girls. Plato and Aristotle founded and started the first advanced schools, the ancestors of modern universities; and this was around fourth century BC.

In today’s societies, especially here in the United States, parents have several different options. They can send their children to public school, which is paid for with tax dollars that the government collects from the country’s citizens. There is also the option of private school which is available to those that can afford it; or even home schooling, where the children are taught at home.

Aristotle finds these many diverse options of education appalling and almost has a nervous breakdown because this was not how he had operated his school in Lyceum. Aristotle is upset to see the kindergarten to twelve grade system is a far cry from Lyceum; children are shuffled forward through school without regard to whether or they have earned the grade or not. Aristotle is proud of the progress that has been made in biology, physics and mathematics until he discovered that the knowledge was taken to create the Atom Bomb which was used to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan during World War Two by the United States.

Aristotle is horrified to discover that an individual can be a college graduate without ever having to take a class in morals, ethics or even psychology. He discovers that most of these traits are learned the human experience of trial and error. Aristotle argued that since different people may act differently in the same situation there are inherently bad actions. Virtue is defined as behavior showing high moral standards. The Virtue Theory claims that an action is good if performed by a person based on virtue and bad if performed based on vice. This enforces the thesis that virtue is a disposition because a virtuous person will theoretically make their right choice in any situation. Aristotle concludes that it is possible to be bad in many ways and only one way to be good. He says that the trick is finding this balance in relation to yourself. Aristotle wants us to choose the lesser of two evils when you don’t know what the right way is. In order to be virtuous you must act virtuously, you become more good as you do more good. Aristotle states that being good requires practice and you get better it, actions make you good.

When Aristotle visits and views the Adult Society; he is completely appalled and disgusted to see how adults act in America. Aristotle finds that reality television hardly illuminating example of human behavior with the worse human examples being on the shows Here Comes Honey Boo Boo and Duck Dynasty. Aristotle preached what is good for the individual is in turn good for the society as whole. Some examples that Aristotle gives as to what he thinks people to view as the greatest good, or end, are wealth, pleasure, honor, virtue, and health. The most vulgar, which are also what many people see as the greatest good, is wealth. Aristotle quotes, “Madness is badness of spirit, when one seeks profit from all sources.” Most philosophers would agree that money is the root of all evil and greed is the driving force behind America’s need for greed. Americans enjoy being wealth and attempt to gain as much wealth as they possibly can without regard to others.

Aristotle is dismayed to see that America has perfected guns and has produced the world’s worst killing machine: an AK-57. He would be disturbed to see that wars have not stopped but that Americans have gotten more efficient at killing, weapons exist that can destroy whole nations at once. Aristotle would have discovered that the United States’ idea of Democracy is quite different than what his ideals were. America’s democracy or form of government involves electing officials to represent a particular population.

Aristotle believed the government should promote the welfare of its citizens, recommending that the government should provide the poor with financial means to purchase small farms or to start small business. He rejected monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. He viewed the establishment of governments as being both essential for civilized life and a fundamental characteristic of mankind.

Aristotle is delighted to find his work in psychology is responsible for the framework of several specialties of psychology which include: cognitive behavioral therapy, self—determination, positive therapy and aspects of Socratic Method has been proven. The Socratic Method is a form of inquiry and discussion between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to illuminate ideas. It is a dialectical method, often involving a discussion in which the defense of point of view is questioned; one participant may lead another to contradict himself in some way, thus strengthening the inquirer’s own point. Aristotle’s psychology, given in his treatise On the Soul presents three kinds of soul; the vegetative soul, the sensitive soul, and the rational soul. Humans have a rational soul. This kind of soul is capable of the same powers as other kinds. Like the vegetative soul it can grow and nourish itself; like the sensitive souls it can experience sensations and move locally. The unique part of the human, rational soul is its ability to receive forms of other things and compare them.

Aristotle is proud to see his scientific advances still being developed and used. However, he is deeply saddened by our lack of virtues. He believes we really don’t need to be this way, but we have to be willing to “see” to change anything. The atrocities that have been produced by our misuse of knowledge are unforgivable. He hopes we can, because he see still sees goodness in people. Aristotle does not think we are beyond hope. He left us his teachings in plain sight and they are accessible to all what we do with them is up to us. Aristotle wishes us well but he is tired from this visit and is going back to his home in the Elysian Fields of Ancient Greece.

Summarizing IDEA

IDEA and IEP Process Essay

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Summarizing IDEA

IDEA stands for the Individuals with Disability Act. It is a federal legislation that guarantees children with learning disabilities and other disabilities the right to an appropriate and free public education. Numerous provisions of the IDEA act are directly related to the IEP Process. For children with learning disabilities, the Individual Educational Program (IEP) is the vehicle that ensures their participation in the educational curriculum. There are various professional practice standards that are observed to ensure all components of the IDEA law are upheld. Schools are expected to promote the inclusive and meaningful participation of people with exceptionalities in the school. Moreover, teachers are expected to maintain high integrity and professional competence and demonstrate professional judgment that benefits children with learning disabilities as well as their communities. Notably, they should develop relationships with the families of children with learning disabilities based on mutual respect. Additionally, special education instructors should not protect and support the psychological and physical safety of children with learning disabilities. Another standard is that special education instructors are not expected to partake in or tolerate practices that harm children with a learning disability and additional disorders. Moreover, teachers are not only required to practice and uphold IDEA Act standards but also advocate for their improvement. They should also advocate for professional resources and conditions that will contribute to the improvement of children with learning disabilities. In line with assessments, special education instructors should maximize the learning outcomes of children with learning disabilities by systematically individualizing instructional variables. Worth noting, another practice is that instructors are required to take part in the selection and use of culturally responsive and effective instructional materials, supplies, equipment, and other resources that seem appropriate for the role.

Importance of IEP Team Collaboration

Without a doubt, collaboration between the members of an IEP goes a long way in the implementation of the process. Examples of participants that make up an IEP team include teachers, parents, special education teachers, a person that can interpret the child’s evaluation results, a school system representative, individuals with special knowledge about the child, a representative from the transition service agency, and the student (McNamara, Lieberman, Weiner, & McMullen, 2021). By law, these are the individuals that are involved in the execution of an IEP program. A member may play two roles as long as they are qualified, and the individuals are expected to all work together as a team. Parent and teachers have their own distinct rules. Parents are important to the team because they know the child better than anybody else. They are better placed to talk about the needs and strengths of their child. Parents can give an insight into the interests of the child, how they learn, and other aspects that only parents can know. Teachers as well are important participants in the decision-making process. It is required to have at least one of the child’s regular teachers on the team. Teachers can share a great deal of information to the team about the strategies that can help the child, the general curriculum and the services, aids and changes to the program that would be most helpful to a child with a learning disability. Team members are not expected to attend meetings if their section of the curriculum is not being discussed. In such an event, the parents and district must member attendance is not compulsory. If a member’s issue is being addressed, the member can be excused if the parents and district both agree and the member provides written input before the meeting. The Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) ethical principles guide collaboration with the IEP process by providing ethical principles and professional policies that warrant respect for diverse characteristics and learners with exceptionalities.

The IEP Process

Various processes are undertaken before, during, and after an IEP meeting. The first step is usually to identify a child that might possibly be in need of special education or other related services. To find children, states carry out “child find activities.” The state is required to identify, locate, and evaluate all learners with learning disabilities in their state. “Child Find” may identify a child and their parents can be asked if their child can be evaluated by the system or the parent can call “Child Find” and request their child to be evaluated. Child identification can also be done according to referrals. A school teacher can ask a child to be evaluated if they see they have a disability or parents may contact their child’s instructor and request their child be evaluated. In the second step, the child is evaluated. Evaluation is done in all areas relating to a child’s disability. In the third step, eligibility is checked. A group of professionals and the child’s parent look at the results together and evaluate them. The fourth step is all about declaring the child eligible for special needs education and related services. After 30 days of determining eligibility, the IEP team is expected to meet and develop an IEP for the child (Zirkel & Hetrick, 2017). In the fifth step, an IEP meeting gets scheduled all participants, including the parent, are notified about the meeting. In step six, the IEP team is convened and an IEP is written down. In the seventh step, the services are provided, and in the eighth one, progress is assessed and a report is given to the child’s parent. In the ninth step, the IEP gets reviewed, and in the final step the child gets reevaluated. Executing the IEP process according to the established standards is important as it fosters transparency and avoids disputes that are likely to arise if a child is classified as not eligible.

Major Components of the IEP Process

The components of the IEP include current performance, annual goals, special and related services, measuring progress, age of majority, needed transition services, dates, and place, participation of nondisabled children, participation in district and state-wide tests, and transition needs services. Current performance is an important component as they help in deciding the child’s eligibility for a service or during reevaluation. Annual goals should be measurable and are vital in addressing other educational needs. The IEP process should list special education services that should be provided on behalf of the child, including supplementary needs (Rossetti, Sauer, Bui, & Ou, 2017). Measuring progress is important as it allows the state to measure progress and keep the parent informed. Age of majority is another important component as it is a statement pertaining to the transfer of the child at the age of majority. The IEP should also state the transition services required to help children with learning disabilities prepare to leave school. Dates show when services begin, how long they last, and how often they should be provided. Furthermore, the IEP should explain the extent to which the child cannot indulge in activities with other children. Regarding state tests, IEP must indicate the modifications the child will need in the administration. Transition service needs must also be addressed in the IEP, a requirement for subsequent IEPs.

Key Takeaway

As a new teacher participating in the IEP process, the main takeaway is that one needs to be aware of the important role that one plays in the decisions made in the meeting. School teachers, just like parents, tend to be very close to the child, and because of the nature of the relationship, they are also better placed to inform the team’s decision on the child’s eligibility for the services. Teachers spend a lot of time with learners and hence they can provide information about a child’s interest, their learning ability, and other important aspects that other people would not know. It is important for special education teachers to remain aware of the important role they have in deciding a child’s eligibility for service.

References

McNamara, S. W., Lieberman, L., Weiner, B., & McMullen, B. (2021). Discussing adapted physical education during IEP meetings: First‐hand parent experiences and a supporting tool. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 21(4), 302-311.

Rossetti, Z., Sauer, J. S., Bui, O., & Ou, S. (2017). Developing collaborative partnerships with culturally and linguistically diverse families during the IEP process. Teaching exceptional children, 49(5), 328-338.

Zirkel, P. A., & Hetrick, A. (2017). Which procedural parts of the IEP process are the most judicially vulnerable?. Exceptional Children, 83(2), 219-235.

What company was the first to sell a USB flash drive

 What company was the first to sell a USB flash drive?https://www.techwalla.com/articles/the-history-of-usb-flash-drivesThe ThumbDrive was the first commercially available USB flash drive that was produced by Trek Technology from Singapore in the year 2000.

https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/object-of-interest-the-flash-driveThe actual invention of the technology is, however, credit to Toshiba. According to its timeline, Toshiba suggest that the flash memory, a technology used for storing data in many devices such as smartphones was invented in 1987.

 What is the significance of the Universal symbol on Apple’s Mac application programs?

The universal symbol means the Mac application will work on all Macs be they new using Intel CPU chips or older running on PowerPC chips.

https://classroom.synonym.com/can-watch-netflix-browser-8022.html Which retailers offer to dispose of old computers and other electronic products properly to help protect the environment?

Best Buy

Staples

Sprint

https://www.answers.com/Q/Which_retailers_offer_to_dispose_of_old_computers_and_other_electronic_products_properly_to_help_protect_the_environment What are three Illustrative Grant Commitments the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has made?

Gavi Alliance for the expansion of childhood immunization. The fund amount is $1.5 billion

United Negro College Fund

PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI)

https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/documents/bmgffactsheet.pdf According the Fortune magazine, at what company do MBA students most want to work when they graduate?

Google.

https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/documents/bmgffactsheet.pdf Who created the first set of icons for the Macintosh computer?

Susan Kare was the woman that designed the icons and made the Macintosh the revolutionary computer that you could communicate with using graphics. She created a universal a visual lexicon for the Mac OS that was not only inviting but very intuitive.

https://www.fastcompany.com/1665639/meet-susan-kare-the-pioneer-who-created-the-macs-original-iconshttps://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-woman-who-gave-the-macintosh-a-smile What company manufactured the first notebook computer, the UltraLite, in 1989?

The Ultralite was created by NEC Information Systems and introduced more power and versatility.

Relationship of Philosophy to Other Fields

I watched the video on “Relationship of Philosophy to Other Fields” and after watching it, it changes my opinion about the philosophy of life and I believe that when it is related to my future education and goals of career, it is not only valuable but necessary also because it improves my ability to solve the complicated problems related to different phases of my life. As according to the video, “The power of rational argument helps to improve public life as well as personal life”. In my opinion, Most of the people can take the advantage of thinking more in philosophically way because it helps us in analyzing the theories and gives the true meaning for solving the problems that may come up in this way. It provides us the various different ways for getting the information from the various important evidences and that help further us in finding and coming up the best possible solution for the problem. I further believe that there are various ethical issues which are also affected by the philosophy. We can take an example of one ethical argument which may involve a disagreement in its belief and proves it that no any belief is correct in itself. A person’s belief may vary with the others which can further create the twist in the matters. In my belief, thinking and reasoning are two important elements that are important for flourishing the society and human also because it gives a path and guidelines for the persons to think and analyze the situation more carefully and deeply before taking any final decision. As according to the video, “philosophy from Socrates on-has been concerned with thinking carefully about how to live” Again we can say that thinking and reasoning allows us to handle the situation in a best possible way and help us further in determining whether we should accept or reject the certain claims while opening the other possibilities of solving the situations. Further it helps us in examining the claims in more critical way before accepting any type of results related to the claim. Willingham, D. T. (n.d.) has said rightly that “A person who thinks critically can ask appropriate questions, gather relevant information, efficiently and creatively sort through this information, reason logically from this information, and come to reliable and trustworthy conclusions about the world that enable one to live and act successfully in it” Thus we can conclude that thinking and reasoning play a very important role in our life in finding the best possible results.

References

Mosser, K. (2010). Philosophy: A Concise introduction. San Diego: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/books.

 Willingham, D. T. (n.d.). What is Critical Thinking?. Distance Education Office at Santa Rosa Junior College. Retrieved, from http://online.santarosa.edu/presentation/page/?27972.

The book hunger games by, Suzanne Collins

Hunger Games

The book hunger games by, Suzanne Collins is a young adults novel. The story is based on a post –apocalyptic country known as Panem. Each and every year the government organizes an event in the capital known as the Hunger Games: the games involve randomly selected 24 teenagers from the most subjugated Districts of Panem. The selected youths have to fight to death with the winner winning gifts (food) for his district, to cap it all the heinous event is broadcast live on television. The event is not in any way helpful to the people of Panem but it is held every year to remind all the residents of all the Districts the absolute power that the government wields. The book has several lead characters as the story of about each and every character tries to survive in their day to day lives, the main focus of this paper will be on the main protagonist or the narrator, a young girl by the name Katniss Everdeen.

Katniss Everdeen is a young teenager from district twelve; she lives with her mother and little sister by the name of, Primrose also nicknamed Prim. She is the main provider for the family she has to go hunting in the woods to find food for the family a responsibility she took over at the age of eleven after her father died in a mine explosion. To accompany her in the hunt is her best friend Gale who is 19 years old, he hates the capitol furthermore he wishes that all the people from the various districts could stand up and rebel against the government the way District 8 did. In order to ensure that he stays alive, Katniss has to pretend that the two are cousins.

Katniss Everdeen like any other young teenager is trying to help the family in whatever way she can. According to the theory put forward by Piaget the Preoperational Stage in children is divided in to two. At the age of about two to about six or seven years old, a child is able to acquire some skills and develops some sense of being. The child can be able to imagine and focus on items and make decisions. Another philosopher by the name of Erikson put forward a theory that “there were eight stages of psychosocial development. Each had a systolic (harmonious) element and a dystonic (disruptive) element. They reconciled in an ego quality or strength.” The stage in which a child proves competence is the fourth stage of development according to Erikson; it usually takes place between the ages of age six to thirteen. In the novel Katniss is at that stage of development and she proves that she is competent enough to take care of her family.

The death of her father and the living conditions of Katniss has played a major role in molding her character. The death of her father has forced her to be a brave teenager as seen in how she fairs in the Hunger Games. She has become an expert in shooting arrows as a result of hunting from a very tender age of eleven so as to provide for her family. Poverty also made Katniss to be a resilient young lady as their daily life was a struggle thus making her a more determined person later in life.

After winning the hunger games together with Peeta Mellark, who later becomes her fiancé even though later on Peeta is captured by the capitol Katniss experience in the games have brought out some character that was initially not visible. She proves that she is very clever this can be seen in how she tries to entice the viewers to side with her and her lover. She shows that she can be suicidal when she and her lover try to commit suicide.

Some of the major barriers that exist between Katniss and her success in life is the government in the capitol, as much as she is willing to prosper in life the government is doing all it has within its powers to oppress the people thus limiting their chances of succeeding in life. Katniss wish is to have her own family and work hand in hand with her husband to ensure that she fulfills some of her wishes, but the government ensures she does not succeed by capturing her fiancé.

The adults’ especially in District twelve plays a major role in the life of Katniss; they don’t see the games as senseless and are encouraging the teenagers to participate in games and even training them. The mayor takes pride in selecting teenagers to go and fight it out in the games, other teenagers in the life of Katniss such as Gale plays a very vital role in shaping Katniss.

The book is very interesting to read as it gives an account of what the protagonist has to undergo in order to save her sister in a competition whose ultimate price is food. The book is very relevant to the class as it gives a range of people with different characters to discuss. This book can be recommended to people who feel they are being oppressed, as it shows how self determination by an individual can change a lot.

Conclusion

The events that a person undergoes as a young child can impact on the person’s behavior later on as an adult. Katniss is shaped by the death of her father and poverty. The book gives a very interesting yet sad account of how the young people in the society are taken advantage of by the adults. Instead of the adults taking part in the games they push the teenagers to go and represent them in heinous games that they the adults have come up with.

Use of human resource management to create a competitive advantage

Human resource management

Use of human resource management to create a competitive advantage

Human resource management is the process of controlling and coordinating the workforce in a firm in a bid to streamline their efforts towards achievement of the firm’s goals. Human resource is the firm’s most important asset as it controls and coordinates the other inanimate assets. The company’s human resource executive can manipulate their workforce and hence gain an advantage over the other firms in the market (Barney and Patrick, 2003, 243). This can be achieved only if the human resource department executives put into consideration a number of factors as explained below.

The most important thing in gaining a competitive advantage over other firms is adding the company’s value and maximizing on its resources. The human resource executives can achieve this by cutting on their extraneous expenditure to increase the net revenue that accrues to the company. Some of the unnecessary workforce should be laid off to increase on revenue (Barnet and Patrick, 2003, 354). The Human resource managers should also identify and nurture the rare characteristics and qualities among the workforce. This creates uniqueness in the firm and places it above competing firms. The firm should also develop characteristics among the workforce that are not easily imitable by other firms. This ensures that the company is exceptional and unique to other firms even in the market. The blend of the three measures places the firm ahead of other firms.

HEA: Long term and residential care

Working mechanisms of hospices

Hospices are special kind of healthcare facilities that offers palliative care services to patients who mainly suffer from terminal illnesses. Hospices do not only attend to the patient’s physiological health but also to their emotional and spiritual needs (Joanne, 200, 69). Hospices in most countries are constructed as a charity project to cater for the needs of the disadvantaged and the terminally ill persons in the society.

Hospices are mainly located near other healthcare facilities. They are located this close to enable emergency utilization of the other medical care facilities where need is. They offer both in-patient and out-patient services to the patients. They also offer home-based care to the weakly patients. Hospices mainly depend on donations for finances (Joanne, 2007, 72). Some hospices are run by the government and hence receive a funding from the annual budgets. Hospices mainly face financial problems due to the nature of the clients. This depicts a major management problem.

Palliative care is a specialized scope of healthcare that involves and focuses on relieving and preventing the suffering in patients. Palliative medicine is administered to the patients who are undergoing treatment. Palliative care encompasses; the physical, spiritual and emotional concerns of the patient (Joanne, 2007, 72). The approach involves medical practitioners from different arenas.

BUS: Business strategy and policy

The MacDonald’s and Wendy’s are both chain fast food restaurants. Before visiting the two restaurants I was of the stereotype that their strategies and level of service is similar. However, I found this to be totally different on visiting their premises during business hours. Despite the two selling similar sized burgers with an identical taste and have a similar cost, there is a slight but notable disparity between the two fast food giants (Kottler and Keller, 2004, 375). The two in a bid to attract more customers have differentiated themselves in terms of the service delivery to their customers. Each of them has strived to achieve unique service delivery criteria with an aim of luring more customers.

Works cited

Barney, J. On becoming a strategic partner. New York: Springer LTD. 2003.

Joanne, L. palliative care: sick to death and not going to take it anymore. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2007.

Kottler, P and Keller, K. marketing management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Pearson. 2004.

Name The New York Times

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/26/business/global-economy-oecd-forecast.htmlName: The New York Times

Date: 09/26/2022According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the war between Ukraine and Russia has resulted to great impacts on the global economy. Economies around the globe are expected to slow down more than expected according to a new forecast from the OECD. The world economy is slowing down at an alarming rate according to a new forecast from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The organization released the updated forecast on November 29th, 2015, which predicts that developing economies will contract more than anticipated in 2016 and especially 2018 with only Asia set to avoid this fate slightly in 2017.

According to analysts that spoke with Reuters, countries including Brazil and Argentina could contract by 0.4% over the next three years because of these economic impacts of Ukraine-Russia war. Additionally, China’s GDP growth will also decrease due to financial deleveraging policy applied by authorities.

According to this article Europe is the most vulnerable region where numerous countries face the threat of recession. The most affected countries will be Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, Italy and Spain. In total, the European economy is expected to contract by 0.2% in 2016.

According to this article each year the OECD releases a forecast for the world economy based on its members’ current economic policies and domestic fiscal circumstances. The OECD expects this year’s global growth of 3.3% to decline to 2.9% in 2017. The decline is also due to slower growth in euro area countries and a negative outlook for North America and Japan owing to troubles related with emerging markets.

High price of food and energy have led to increased inflation causing the slowdown of the world economy. The OECD expects the consumer prices to increase by 1.6% this year and next. The OECD also expects unemployment rates to rise around the world, especially in Greece and Portugal where people are expected to become unemployed due to financial crisis and austerity measures.

WHAT IS THE VALUE OF THE COST POOL

HSA 525 Assignment 2 Cost Behaviors and Allocation

1. WHAT IS THE VALUE OF THE COST POOL?

100,000

2. WHAT IS THE ALLOCATION RATE IF:

A. Patient services revenue is used as the cost driver?

100,000/5,000,000=$0.02 per patient service revenue

B. HOURS OF HOUSKEEPING SERVICES IS USED AS THE COST DRIVER?

$100,000/5000=$20 per housekeeping hr.

3. WHAT IS THE COST-VOLUME-PROFIT (CVP) ANALYSIS AND WHY IS IT USEFUL TO HEALTH SERVICES MANAGERS?

The profit analysis is an analytical technique used to analyze the effect of volume changes on profit. The same procedures can be used to assess the effects of volume changes on cost, so this type of analysis is often called cost-volume-profit(CVP) analysis. Cost-volume profit analysis is a simple but flexible tool for exploring potential profit based on cost strategies and pricing decision while it may not provide detail analysis. Even entities without a profit goal find CVP useful. Government agencies use the analysis to determine the level of service appropriate for projected revenues. Non-profit agencies increasingly stipulating fees for service can explore-fee pricing options; in many cases, the recipients are especially price-sensitive due to income or health concerns (LOUIS C. GAPENSKI, HEALTHCARE FINANCE, FOURTH EDITION, 2008, PP134-135)

CVP analysis allows managers to examine the effects of alternative assumptions regarding costs, volume, and prices. Clearly such information is useful as managers evaluate future courses of action regarding pricing and the introduction of new services(LOUIS C. GAPENSKI, HEALTHCARE FINANCE, FOURTH EDITION,2008, PP134-135).

Managers need to estimate future revenues, costs, and profits to help them plan and monitor operations. They use cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis to identify the levels of operating activity needed to avoid losses, achieve targeted profits, plan future operations, and monitor organizational performance. Managers also analyze operational risk as they choose an appropriate cost structure (L.BRANNON AND A. MCCABE,”TIME RESTRICTED SALES APPEAL AUGUST/SEPTEMBER 2001, PP 47-53).

4.COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE FOLLOWING THREE METHODS OF DEVELOPING CAPITATION RATES: FEE-FOR-SERVICE APPROACH; COST APPROACH; AND DEMOGRAPHIC APPROACH.

Capitation is a fixed sum per person paid in advance of the coverage period to a healthcare entity in consideration of its providing or arranging to provide, contracted healthcare services to the eligible person for the specified period.

The fee-for-service approach is often used to set the within-system in-patient capitation rate. This method is based on expected utilization and fee-for-service charges rather than underlying costs, although there clearly should be a link between charges and cost. Fee-for-service is a technique that uses utilization forecasts and fee-for-service prices to set premium rates (LOUIS C. GAPENSKI, HEALTHCARE FINANCE, FOURTH EDITION, 2008,PP 44-46).

Fee-for-service methods, doctors, hospital could order as many test as they felt necessary for example doctors and hospital maded a lot of money under this system because they decided the prices charged every visit.

Cost approach is a technique that uses utilization forecasts and underlying costs to set premium rates. Therefore hospital and doctors didn’t make as much money because of set rates.

Demographic approach is a technique that uses population demographics and costs to act premium rates; son therefore depending on your location determines the money you make.

5.WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CONVENTIONAL BUDGETING VERSES ZERO-BASED BUDGETING?

Conventional budgeting prepare their budgets based on the previous year’s budget. Their department justify only the increases in the expenses required for the current year; they need not have to justify the expenses/budget already approved in the previous year; also the previous year’s expense will have to be made in any case to maintain the regular business level.

Advantages of zero base budgeting is :It question the current budgets expense levels, the effectiveness and efficiency of current processes

Thus, overall cost management control is built in

It focuses on corporate or organizational objectives and within them, the departmental objectives. Thus budget supports their achievements; it supports the overall business very effectively. It drives the department’s plan and so, the planning process starts right away with the formulation of the budgets right at the beginning of the year.

Ultimately focuses on value for money(VFM)

It is based on current market and business realities and therefore, more realistic

Disadvantage of Zero Based Budgeting

1 .More time and effort are required in zero based budgeting as compared to the incremental or conventional budgeting

2. Questioning the current ways of doing business may be threatening to some people within the organization

3. Deciding the departmental objectives within the frame work of organization objectives necessitates top down communication of these objectives with lots of clarity. (Shyam Bhatawdekar’s; website: http://shyam.bhatawdekar.com)

REFERENCES:

LOUIS C. GAPENSKI, HEALTHCARE FINANCE, FOURTH EDITION,2008L.BRANNON AND A. MCCABE,”TIME RESTRICTED SALES APPEAL, AUGUST/SEPTEMBER 2001

SHYAM BHATAWDEKAR-http://shyam.bhatawdekar.com

traditions are Beneficial

How Oral traditions are Beneficial and Challenging

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

How Oral traditions are Beneficial and Challenging

Introduction

Written documents are often seen as significant sources of history. Documents such as diaries, letters, and old shopping lists can tell a lot about how a person lived, their thoughts, and feelings regarding what was happening around them. Oral tradition refers to the information that is passed down from one generation to the next through word of mouth without being written down, including law, traditions, and literature (Jansen, 2017). Some examples of oral tradition include proverbs, customs, legends, and folktales. For a long time, Africa was deemed a barbaric continent because it did not have widespread writing. Additionally, people thought that something could only be taught if it was written down. This begs the question of how people learned about societies without written records and with very few illiterate people. The cultures that did not store their history in writing instead told their children stories about what transpired, and this way, culture was passed down from generation to generation. This way, history was kept alive. Worth noting, today historians recognize the role of oral traditions in preserving history. Various investigations conducted on studies found evidence indicating oral history as a source of African history. Oral traditions are useful because they help people know what happened in their societies, help people understand cultural beliefs, solve problems, and handle stressful situations, but they are challenging because of inaccurate transmission, unreliability, and language barrier.

Benefits of Using Oral Traditions

Oral Traditions Help People Know What Happened in Their Societies

To begin with, one of the benefits of oral traditions is that they help people know what transpired in their society long before their existence. At the time, in Africa, written communication was rare, and hence oral communication was the only way to preserve history. Oral traditions are critical in explaining events, including when and why events happened the way they did to people or a community. Stories, in particular helped in passing along key messages to future generations about a community. The stories are beneficial because they give explanations for events in life that even the members of the community themselves cannot explain. For example, fictional stories can explain how leopards came to have spots or a serious matter such as what happens when a person dies.

Oral Traditions Help People Understand People’s Beliefs

Another reason why oral traditions are significant in that they help people understand the cultural beliefs that African held and how they came to have those beliefs. By explaining occurrences and events, they help people understand why their predecessors believed what they did. Additionally, oral traditions also help people understand their feelings about the environment in which they live. Through oral traditions, people understand why a community named mountains, rivers, and other landmarks the way they did. Oral traditions also explain why people carried out practices such as rainmaking dances. Additionally, oral traditions also extend to explaining medical practices. For example, among communities such as Black, Afrikaans, and San people learned how to treat wounds and illnesses from what they observed or learned from their elders. This kind of learning was called apprenticeship. Among the Black and San cultures, medicine men were the ones who had knowledge about treating illnesses but among Afrikaans, medicine men were known as boererate, and anybody could use them.

Oral Traditions Help People Solve Problems and Handle Stressful Situations

Another reason why oral traditions are beneficial is that they help people resolve problems and overcome stressful situations. Particularly tall tales help resolve problems and are commonly used among children to boost their creativity. Tall tales are a type of oral story in which the hero is a supernatural being who possesses unusual strength and is large in size. In tall tales, the hero believes they are ordinary beings, uses ordinary language, and often exaggerates details (Vansina, 1985). Exaggeration is what defines a tall tale as it is often very difficult to believe. Noteworthy, since tall tales are developed using a person’s imagination, it encourages creativity. Tall tales can be silly or funny. They are also filled with descriptive language, metaphors, and similes. These metaphors and similes can be used to refer to a problem indirectly.

Challenges of Oral Traditions

Inaccurate Transmission

Oral traditions grapple with the challenge of inaccurate transmission. The fact that oral traditions rely on word of mouth to pass information from one person to the next and one generation to the next leaves room for mistakes. When a culture does not have a culture language or has very limited writing tools means that somewhere along the way, the information is likely to be distorted. For example, South Africa is a country rich in oral traditions. The stories from South African are numerous and they reference the various cultures existing in the country. For many years, these stories were passed from one generation to the next through word of mouth. Most of them have since been preserved. Before being written and being preserved, each story has its own version. This leads to one tale having several versions because as the narrator tells the story, they are likely to distort it. The fact that the story is told repeatedly and by different people means that some sections were likely to have changed. There is a possibility that the narrator may have omitted an important detail, added new information or simply switched information up in a bid to make it easy for the audience to understand. Despite this, the main stories in oral tradition remain the same and give people important clues concerning the past.

Unreliability

Another challenge associated with oral traditions is their unreliability. One cannot tell if and which account of a story is true and which one is false. As a result, one cannot tell which account of history is accurate, making it unreliable. This is evidenced by the stories narrated to young children growing up, including stories about the lions, the hare and others. This makes it hard to tell which tale if imaginary and which one is true.

Language Barrier

One major challenge associated with oral traditions has to do with language barriers. Oral traditions are passed from one person to the next using word of mouth. If the people are not familiar with the language, telling a story about African history can be challenging. For instance, a person may be having valuable information they want to talk about, but the language may get in the way of telling the story. If all parties involved do not understand the language, the process of communication is limited.

Conclusion

In closing, oral traditions use the word of mouth to pass history from one person to another and one generation to the next. Oral traditions are beneficial but, at the same time, are filled with challenges. Oral traditions are beneficial because they help people understand their cultural beliefs, understand what happened to their societies and resolve problems and overcome tough situations. On the other hand, challenges associated with oral tradition have to do with unreliability, language barrier and inaccurate transmission. Since oral traditions rely on word of mouth to transfer information, the narrator likely distorts the information. All in all despite oral traditions having their downsides, they remain beneficial in transmitting African history from one generation to the next.

References

Jansen, J. (2017). Sunjata: A New Prose Version.

Vansina, J. M. (1985). Oral tradition as history. Univ of Wisconsin