Blog

social norms

Introduction

In spite of the expansive increase of women in advanced education during the recent decades, the wide example of men picking more math, engineering and science and women picking more education, consideration and humanities holds all through the African countries. During the most recent decades the advanced education frameworks in all developing countries nations have encountered substantial progressions, of which the significant likely is the steady passage of women to the point that they today command the colleges. Aside from a couple of nations, in year 2000 more than 55 percent of the students in advanced education were female. Not only are most student females, as well as acquire the share of four year college educations, as outlined for a couple of nations. Alongside this change, the general desire was that the gender isolation between instructive fields would step by step vanish. Men were required to begin contemplating education to a bigger degree, while women were relied upon to begin perusing engineering and physical sciences. While there has been a meeting in the decision of real, a momentous level of sexual orientation isolation still remains. As a rule, gender fairness has been arrived at in subjects like law, drug and business & organization. A couple of subjects, for example, life sciences and brain science, have passed from being male-commanded to being female-ruled amid the previous decades.

Social norms are known to influence a single person in her/his decisions from numerous points of view. On account of subject of degree, therapists and sociologists have amid the most recent years indicated an arrangement of elements that could influence decision of major at the college, which all fit in with the social norms classification. Most importantly, it creates the impression that “even people who don’t generally accept that men are more skilled than women are likely mindful that this conviction exists in the society and expect that others will treat them as indicated by this (Swai 45). This desire has been indicated to adjust conduct and inclination judgments. That is, regardless of the fact that an individual does not accept that she (he) is sub-par (prevalent) to any other person, the sheer conviction and conviction that others suspect as much influences conduct. Second, it creates the impression that arithmetic, designing and other ‘bad-to-the-bone’ logical subjects are seen as ‘manly (Swai 45)’. Given that there seems, by all accounts, to be no investigative backing for such thoughts, they are by definition social builds (that may be some piece of a social standard). As per analysts and sociologists, this infers that a lady’s perception toward oneself could be adversely influenced by entering this field of study, since she then breaks the social desires and need to persuade both herself and whatever remains of the world that she is in the same class as any man in her “manly” field of study (Ambanasom 67). At last, social norms, in opposition to intrinsic inclination – practically by definition – change about whether with societal and social patterns. The women’ development in the 1960s and 1970s may well have impelled changes in instructive norms, which gradually have had pervasive impacts on women’ and men’s decisions of major.

Women because of their obligation regarding home and family, pick a major that does not lose its esteem about whether, in the same way as education. This speculation can’t, nonetheless, be the whole clarification behind the example within reach. Above all else, women with a four year certification are more probable both to be working full-time and to put off their first youngster a few years (in correlation to women with less education). This recommends that these women are generally arranged towards work market movement (Ambanasom 86). Women constitute 50% of the students in law and more than a large portion of the students in life sciences, two subjects that are profoundly delicate to a consistent upgrading of information. It has been contended that women maintain a strategic distance from the most prestigious education, for example, physical science and law. While truly there are few women in physical science, it is not valid for law, which shows that it is not the degree of renown of a certain instructive program that anticipates women to enter, but instead something else. Truth be told, the prerequisite for solution and science (both female-ruled fields in 2000) are like those for perusing arithmetic and material science, subjects with a solid male-predominance (Nafukho, Maurice, and Ruth 102). Social norms are absolutely a variable to consider, and an additionally early decision in auxiliary school together with potential varieties in comes back to subject of degree.

Challenges facing women scientists and engineers today

Women have progressed beyond anyone’s expectations as researchers and designers; a couple of them are heads of colleges and CEOs in investigative and building organizations. The issue is with the words “a couple” rather than “harshly half.” Despite 30 years of exertion to close the sex crevice, it hasn’t happened. Expanding consideration has been attracted to the issues confronted by women in science, building and engineering (SET). Women are unequally spoken to in science and their vocation movement is not similar to their male associates. The developing enthusiasm toward this point might somewhat be a direct result of the developing familiarity with the tremendous undiscovered monetary potential that women speak to (Lewis 75). The issue crosses national fringes yet appears to be prone to be best handled at a mixed bag of levels from neighborhood and provincial to national and global. The European Union, for instance, has as of late set up a ‘women and Science’ division to accumulate facts (of which few are at present accessible) and has made a system for women in these fields, activities that are as per its general standards in regards to equivalent open doors. (At the point when the Community was set up, the idea of equivalent open doors was restricted to the guideline of equivalent compensation. Correspondence of chance is presently sanctified in the Treaty of Amsterdam as one of the European Union’s targets (Lewis 85). The Treaty’s later Articles will empower fitting measures to be taken against segregation, and gives the particular legitimate premise to balance of treatment in the middle of men and women.) But in the USA the social event of such facts has been drilled since 1981, with the executive of the National Science Foundation consistently showing up for Congress and government authorities on the amount of women in business and preparing in science and designing (Misra 84).

Hard actualities on the urgent phases of a lady’s vocation in science are fragmentary, however mounting confirmation and episodic reports have a tendency to concur. Those staying in science frequently confront segregation, being utilized on a less secure balance and accepting lower awards than their male associates. In the interim, women that leave science for option professions can toll minimal better. In spite of the fact that there may be just a handful of studies, they progressively give weight to the recommendation that sexual orientation inclination is still fit as a fiddle, and without a doubt kicking. A fascinating perception is that African colleges making the most advancement at enhancing the position of women are those that have been as of late changed from specialized universities (Misra 96). This, which is humiliating for the more established, since a long time ago settled colleges, may be uncovering, that a male-commanded society exists in the customary focuses of advanced education that can militate against women’ accomplishing status or even correspondence. Such a “stronghold” climate does not win to the same degree in the “new” African colleges.

Women are under-spoken to on investigative sheets as they are on sheets in the corporate world. In a few nations, in the same way as Lewis, standards are connected to sheets delegated by the National Research Councils, yet in spite of these exertions, men are especially over-spoken to on choice boards inside the regular sciences and technology. The other challenge is when women attempt to have their youngsters. It hard to return once you’ve had a profession break and there are two explanations behind this. In most different employments, there is a profession structure and you’re utilized forever – you work for a firm, you have your agreement, with maternity leave and different rights obviously settled and anticipated (Misra 109). In science, you just have security in your ahead of schedule to mid- 30s, when you get a lectureship for instance and that being said it’s so shaky. It’s extremely uncommon for somebody on their 20s to have a lasting, secure occupation, which means they’re on delicate cash contracts which mean you’re just on a par with the amount of papers you distribute. In the event that you then require some serious energy off to have children, it means you’re contending with men who are two of three years in front of you despite the fact that they’re the same age, in light of the fact that they haven’t had the same profession breaks that you’ve had (Misra 119). These issues are especially clear in the realm of experimental exploration, which must be seen as an exceptional case.

Strategies to improve working environment

Working conditions alludes to the working environment and parts of a worker’s terms and states of business. This spreads such matters as: the association of work and work exercises; preparing, abilities and employability; wellbeing, security and prosperity; and working time and work-life offset. Pay is likewise an imperative part of working conditions. Gender uniformity is not pretty much financial strengthening (Lewin, Bruce and Paul 56). It is an ethical basic, it is about decency and value, and incorporates numerous political, social and social measurements. Sexual orientation correspondence, in any case, is likewise a key element in reported toward oneself prosperity and joy over the world. So as to enhance the nature, the government ought to give great quality competitive childcare for all folks and paid maternity leave for moms in business. Support a more equivalent imparting of parental leave, likewise by holding piece of the paid leave qualification for the elite use by fathers (Lewin, Bruce and Paul 60).

The government ought to uproot disincentives to paid work made by expenses and profit frameworks and guarantee that work pays for both folks. This is on the grounds that formal childcare backing is especially vital for raising female business levels and for accomplishing more sexual orientation balance all through the working life. The government ought to address social boundaries and generalizations about the part of women in the public eye, business and the general population division (DuBrin 65). This is on the grounds that women accomplish more unpaid work than men in all nations and the gender crevice builds with the landing of kids. The government ought to acquaint targets and measures with screen advance on female representation on sheets of recorded organizations. This is on the grounds that women frequently work low maintenance as it encourages consolidating work and family obligations, yet this habitually has a go at an expense to their long haul vocation and income prospects.

The government should fortify the ability to apply a sexual orientation responsive approach all through the general population money related administration cycle and improve sex sway appraisals. This is on the grounds that in a lot of people low-pay nations, youngsters are more prone to be none, of these occupied with paid work nor in education or preparing than young people.

The government ought to guarantee that arrangements for women claimed undertakings target new companies and little ventures, as well as energize and help development desire of all current firms. This is on the grounds that Women are less sharp than men on beginning their own particular business and women ambitious people keep on being a minority in all nations. There ought to be Promotion of exhaustive help projects focusing on women possessed undertakings in cutting edge parts (DuBrin 76). This is on account of endeavors possessed by women are essentially more diminutive and less spoken to in capital-concentrated segments and these and different components have a tendency to punish them as far as deals, benefits and work profit. The government ought to guarantee equivalent access to back for male and female ambitious people. This is on account of women ambitious people depend significantly short of what men on advances, both for start-up and for financing their exercises.

Changes in meeting expectations conditions and different parts of the livelihood relationship can produce genuine mechanical relations issues. One issue is that specialists might not have exact data about their working conditions in any case. This was tended to by Council Directive 91/533/EEC of 14 October 1991 on an executive’s commitment to advise workers of the conditions pertinent to the agreement or business relationship (Wunderlich and Peter 95). The mandate stipulates that the boss must give data coating all ‘crucial parts’ of the job relationship. The head honcho is obliged to set up a report with the essential data, and offer it to the representative not later than two months after the beginning of vocation. Further, another record that reflects any progressions in center working conditions must be issued. The ordinary principle is that a business can’t change the terms and states of work without the assent of the worker, when such alterations are outside the government privilege (Wunderlich and Peter 103). Thus, simply educating the worker by a composed proclamation is not indisputable of the presence of a concurred change in the terms. At the point when the boss does not have the right in the agreement – in the event that they attempt to modify rates of pay, hours of work, or the status or evaluation of the worker – they must get the representative’s assent before the change can have any lawful impact. The presence of a composed explanation does not imply that it has been concurred and is along these lines tyWork cited

Ambanasom, S A. Education of the Deprived: Anglophone Cameroon Literary Drama. Mankon,Cameroon: Langaa Research & Pub, 2010. Print

DuBrin, Andrew J. Leadership: Research Findings, Practice, and Skills. Boston: HoughtonMifflin, 2001. Print.

Lewin, David, Bruce E. Kaufman, and Paul Gollan. Advances in Industrial and Labor Relations:Vol. 17. Bingley: Emerald, 2010. Print.

Lewis, Richard D. When Cultures Collide: Managing Successfully Across Cultures. London:Nicholas Brealey, 2000. Print.

Misra, Baidyanath. Population Stabilisation and Development. Cuttack: Council of CulturalGrowth & Cultural Relations, 2002. Print.

Nafukho, Fredrick, Maurice Amutabi, and Ruth Otunga. Foundations of Adult Education inAfrica. Hamburg: UNESCO Inst. for Education, 2005. Print.

Sutherland-Addy, Esi. Gender Equity in Junior and Senior Secondary Education in Sub-SaharanAfrica. Washington (D.C.: World Bank, 2008. Print.

Swai, Elinami V. Beyond Women’s Empowerment in Africa: Exploring Dislocation and Agency.New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010

Wunderlich, Gooloo S, and Peter O. Kohler. Improving the Quality of Long-Term Care.Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2001. Print.

TEST III

Intro to PhilTEST IIIEd AimanPart I: Multiple Choice-Choose the best answer: 3 points each

1. For Nietzsche what has Christianity and Plato done to us?

Made us all peaceful, warless people, never killing others for religious reasons.

Saved us from a life of sin.

Made us into guilt ridden impotent wimps.

Shown us the way to enlightenment.

Answer

Made us into guilt-ridden impotent wimps.

2. In Ch.VI, Wollstonecraft raises several concerns for the way women were socialized. Which of the following would not be an item she addresses in that chapter?

That females are made women of when they are mere children.

That women deserve equal pay for equal work.

That the habitual slavery to first impressions puts women at a disadvantage.

None of the above.

Answer

That the habitual slavery to first impressions puts women at a disadvantage.

3. An explanation(s) Wollstonecraft offers for why women were drawn to the ‘rakish’ character in her day was…?

A. That the façade of the rake is easily detectable, but that his character is exciting.

B. That women could not live without love given the way they were socialized.

C. That the ‘bad boy’ image the rake projected filled their thirst for being provided for and would be the kind of man that would stand up for her.

D. All of the above.

Answer

c. That the ‘bad boy’ image the rake projected filled their thirst for being provided for and would be the kind of man that would stand up for her

4. When Wollstonecraft writes that, “The generality of people cannot see or feel poetically, they want fancy, and therefore fly from solitude in search of sensible objects; but when an author lends them his eyes they can see as he saw, and be amused by images they could not select, though lying before them.” Which of the following relates to that idea?

A. That females are taught to obediently follow the rules without question.

B. That it is advantageous to be alone sometimes.

C. That women were trapped to first impressions.

D. The value and importance of basic literacy skills.

Answer

B. That it is advantageous to be alone sometimes.

Part II: True/False: (a.k.a. flip a coin) 3 points each

5. For Nietzsche, being free means doing what your conscious tells you you should.

TRUE

6. In his book, On Liberty, Mill presents an anti-paternalist view.

TRUE

Part III: Short Answer: In a few actual, complete sentences, respond to the following: (6 points each)

7. Explain one specific example of Nietzsche’s point about the transvaluation of values and how a concept that once was considered bad is now good or what was once consider good now evil in the new system of value in conjunction with the actual lessons provided.

The transvaluation of values is a basic concept of humanity whereby the values held by a group of people ceases to be believed at the moment a new perspective is brought to the people. For example, he gives an example of Christianity and Buddhists. Christians make the human low and do not value the human person especially those who live a good life as it states they live in sin however Buddhism values human life and strives to end suffering. Therefore these two are contradictory and thus Buddhism in this case wins because it replaces Christianity which praises suffering.

8. Explain how Nietzsche would explain the phrase, “live in the moment” as suggested in the actual lessons provided.

He states that living in the moment is the best thing a person can do since they do not have to worry so much about eh past neither do they have to worry so much about eh future because from the present they can decide what kind of future they want and work towards it. therefore he stresses that a person should just look into the past into what they did not do correctly and make sure they do it correctly then the future is aligned.

Part IV: Essays: Write on any two (about one page each or more if possible)

1. Discuss Wollstonecraft’s thoughts on the education of women and the impact that can have on relationships as discussed in the lessons provided. What does she envision the future to be like? Are we there yet? If not, why not?

She was born in 1759 and her father did not provide for her good education. Therefore when she was 18 years she ran from home and she never went back there. She became a companion with a widow and she never stayed for long. However, at the age of 24, she began her school for girls only and this was to provide girls with education which her father never provided. She wrote different books like the vindication of the rights of women which inspired different people greatly to look towards women’s education and make it better for a balanced society.

Wollstonecraft especially celebrates women’s rationality and she values the place of women in the intelligent part of the society as she states that women should be intelligent on their own and not dependent on men. However, for intelligence reasons should be the first thing. And even with the development of intelligence, it does not mean that women to stop siring children. However, with the children and their caring nature women can still be outstanding in their intelligence and be better than thought about by most men. She stated that women should have the same education men have and they should study in the same schools.

2. Discuss Nietzsche’s critique of Plato and Christianity, emphasizing his thoughts on how the value systems hold us back. Be specific when possible with your examples and explanations as per the lessons provided and NOT other unsubstantiated internet sources.

3.Discuss the idea of freedom as found in Mill’s On Liberty and in Nietzsche’s concept of das Ubermensch. What is it to be free according to Nietzsche? Give specific examples as per the actual lessons provided.

4. Wollstonecraft writes, “This habitual slavery, to first impressions, has a more baneful effect on the female than the male character, because business and other dry employments of the understanding, tend to deaden the feelings and break associations that do violence to reason. But females, who are made women of when they are mere children, and brought back to childhood when they ought to leave the go-cart for ever, do have not sufficient strength of mind to efface the superinductions of art that have smothered nature.”- What is she saying here as presented in the actual lessons? What would a specific example of “females who are made women of when they are mere children” look like today and why as suggested in the actual lessons?

The behavior and the making of everyone is a result of their manner of being brought up. For the ladies, it is easy to get caught up by the first impression of something especially men. This, therefore, turns out that it is not the nature of women but their lessons when they were young. It is the same thing for boys who are never so much looked into when they are young to be taught what to look for as first impressions of something. However, ladies are taught these kinds of things, and therefore it is easy for them to identity first impressions of different things and especially men who might love them or who they might fall in love with.

For men, it is different though because they are not taught these but are taught other things like cognitive abilities and how good they can be in practical subjects and less of emotions. Men are taught generally how they can be supportive and protective shields in society, unlike women. Therefore women are made women when they are children the same as men. An example of an actual woman would likely be submissive to their husbands and do household chores and expect the man of the house to provide financial needs of the family.

5. Okay, I couldn’t resist: Discuss the “Dumbassification” of America and what specific factors lead to this phenomenon. Be sure to relate your response in some way to the actual lessons provided at some point in the semester.

Intro Outline for Exp. 1 Framing Effects

Intro Outline for Exp. 1: Framing Effects

NOTE: You cannot take sentences directly from this outline. You must write in all in your own words

Articles:

Johnson (1987)

Chien, et al. (1996)

Kahneman & Tversky (1973)

Hawkins & Hastie (1990)

Slovic & Fischhoff (1977)

YOU must find at least 5 more (you can use these in other sections of the paper as well)

Introduce and define problem: we all make decisions and choices involving risk (uncertainty). Usually we are good at it; sometimes, not so much! (1,3)

With uncertain decisions, we are essentially “predicting” the likelihood of our desired result (1, 3)

When dealing with uncertainty, 3 things affect our predictions (3)

Prior knowledge 

Specific info about the subject/object/person

“expected accuracy of prediction” (YOU MUST EXPLAIN WHAT THIS MEANS ☺ )

C. When expected accuracy is low (i.e. we are not confident in our assessment), we rely more/add more weight to prior knowledge and specific info (1, 3)

This is especially true when we are not given all the information needed (1, 3)

We then rely even more heavily on prior knowledge and heuristics

D.  New information can influence us to not rely on our own heuristics or prior experience (1)

2. One such type of influence is framing (how things are worded).

A. Define, explain, give example

B. Some research looked at whether people would chose a positively framed option over a negatively framed one, even if they were the same (1, others, your own articles?)

Demographic differences? 

Seems robust- works on everyone,  in every situation

Except: when we take into account EUT and Prospect Theory (3)

Expected Utility Theory: when making decisions, we assess probable outcomes by weighing the probabilities of each of them occurring (3)

Prospect Theory: a modified (improved?) version of the EUT (your own articles)

Focuses on decisions involving risk (gambles or prospects)

Insurance example: People like the certainty of coverage for one event better than the possibility of coverage for a bunch of events

Especially when it’s better than the probability of what you might lose

We select the option that we feel is most useful to us

Compare to the idea of “you get what you pay for” (1)

Main point: people are risk aversive (avoid risk) when one of the options is a sure gain; and risk-takers when there is a certainty of a loss. 

note that this is about the certainty and sure-gain options, compared to the possible or probable options.

Researchers began looking at other factors that would influence our decision making, and if the Framing Effect is affected by these things. (your own articles)

Demographic differences (others?)

Hmm… so researchers began wondering if the TYPE of risk would be a factor

Morality (others?)

Monetary (2)

Mortality (2)

The results show…

However, overall, research has shown that we seem to be most affected by FE when

we are personally involved in the situation. So how about level of involvement?

Your own life? (others?)

Loved one’s life? (others?)

Strangers’ lives? (2, others?)

The results show…

3.5 Hindsight Bias

What is it? How does it influence decision-making/outcome judgments?

Why does Hindsight bias occur?

Possible explanations?

The current experiment (ours): Purpose:

To understand the susceptibility of people to the framing effect by measuring differing responses based on either a positively or negatively framed prompt.

Will replicate K&T ’81 experiment, with the exception that we will only be using mortality-based scenarios. (This article was not provided for Fall 2021)

Hypothesis

This is a report of interview conducted on Musimbi Kanyoro, who is the Chief executive officer and president of Global Fund f

INTERVIEW

Overview of the subject

This is a report of interview conducted on Musimbi Kanyoro, who is the Chief executive officer and president of Global Fund for Women (GFW), which is a non-governmental organization, which has multi-objectives. Among the various roles, GFW does consultancy, offering grants, advisory, advocacy, empowerment, peace keeping, and protecting health and sexual rights of women. As will be detailed later, the organization not only benefits the registered members but also the non-member in the attempt to lure them to join. Therefore, from the mission and vision of the organization it was evident that women can make big developmental strides, especially by learning from Musimbi Kanyoro.

Objectively, the interview was meant to research on women who strive so hard on the global avenues to address the social, economic, and political factors that affect the society. With that, the consolidated result will be used to build a database on their profiles, global contributions, their arguments or view points, and drive. As a result, this interview on Musimbi Kanyoro provides an appropriate sample for the whole research.

As a sample interview, I interviewed Musimbi Kanyoro, who apart from being the CEO and the president of GFW is a prominent advocate dealing with girls’ health and women’s rights, and social cultural change philanthropy. Again, Dr. Kanyoro is a transformative leader who has close to three decades of experience in managing and leading international NGOs, cross-cultural enumenical agencies, and global programs and projects. With that experience and global stature, she has acquired strategic and transformative leadership skills that enable her to inspire a number of people in the global arena.

Dr. Kanyoro commenced the interview by questioning why I was interested in their organization out of the very many options; this surprised me but I tried to convince her that from what I know about her and the organization, it would provide the best ideas to answer my research questions. Thereafter, she was very free with me and started by explaining that, despite the commonalities in various organizations, significant disparity is found on how they execute their roles. She further explained that many organizations do duplicate what others do instead of clearly defining their roles, which leads to unhealthy competitions among them. The doctor again stressed on the importance of good leadership that must be transformative, informative, and inclusive to all the stake holders in the organization.

Throughout the interview, Dr. Kanyoro kept consulting her diary, which implicitly revealed the benefits of keeping records. When I asked her how recording keeping is essential for the thriving of their organization, she started a whole new level of discussion about their organization. Explicitly, the organization deals with funding, through mobilizing and dissemination of fund, which inevitably calls for proper record keeping and accounting of all inputs and output.

For better understanding about women and their role, I asked her about personal questions on a general notion so as to grasp the most out of the conversation. She detailed replied by reiterating that, women still represent a minor percentage of what is needed of them. However, she defended women by basing her argument on the crude and unfair social and cultural notions that still prevail worldwide, which sidekick women in favor of male. The answer struck me, so I further enquired why and how she reached to that famous and big position and what drives her? She surprisingly responded that challenges and failures keep her moving as opposed to what people normally look for, success. Doctor Kanyoro explained the whenever she fails in her undertaking, she get a wider field to work on that facilitates t improvement of her efforts and focus.

According to Dr. Kanyoro, if girls and women are given equal platform as women, the world will realize double its growth; not because women work better, but because so many women are not even given a chance to work as their male counterparts. She also approached the idea by saying that most women have been force to relax or render unproductive roles, but the advantaged are overworked, which affect the efficiency and effectiveness of their roles. She again linked women lower plight to global male chauvinism.

Furthermore, the interview revealed that the lady has vast skills to mobilize resources and actions. She does this though her well developed oratory skills and capability of associating with people from several social and cultural backgrounds. In order to achieve this, she learnt several languages, which she claims to be undertaking the lessons regularly so as to maintain and improve her acquaintance. She insisted that proper communication is the foundation for association and leadership.

She is also an author of more than ten articles in addition to writing and co-editing seven books. Additionally, Dr. Kanyoro has made hundreds of speeches coupled with various opinion pieces, which make her frequently sought after to make public speech. She reiterated that her developed communication skills and love for languages have earned her a great stature and global respect, which happened to be a big challenge to the interviewer, me.

In addition, the doctor has served on several international boards, meetings, conferences, workshops, and working groups, some of which include the CHANGE, UN High level Taskforce for Reproductive Health and the boards of CARE, Aspen Leaders council , and IntraHealth (xxxx)

Markedly, Dr. Musimbi Kanyoro holds a PhD education level in Linguistics which she got from the University of Austin and Texas. In addition to that, the lady has a Doctorate in the field of Feminist, which she earned in San Francisco Theological Seminary. From the Harvard University, she studied a course on the Old Testament and Hebrews. Furthermore, she has received various recognition awards and three honorary degrees; for example, she acquired an award on leadership from the government of Kenya. Also, she was recently named in the list of 21 women leaders by Women’s E-News

In conclusion, is a global role model of so many women in the world society that should be emulated in order girls and women to compete their male counterparts. Both implicitly and explicitly from her responses, she has risen to her current position through hard work, tolerance, and mentorship, which all women ought to embrace and apply.

Works Cited

This is an interview between me and Abornzine, a student here who is of Indian American descent.

Interview

Author’s Name

Institutional Affiliations

Date

This is an interview between me and Abornzine, a student here who is of Indian American descent.

Me: Hi Abornazine, how are you?

Abornazine: Am great, how are things going with you?

Me: With the semester just beginning, school is manageable. How’s school for you?

Abornazine: Pretty slow, Classes are picking up and you know how it is with the registration..Me: Am so glad you agreed to talk to me today. Its been a real hustle getting someone to talk to with the semester just beginning. Thanks again

Abornazine: Its My pleasure. A. platform to talk about my roots is always welcome. I hope I can be of help to you though, I don’t exactly know what you want to know.

Me: As I said earlier during our conversation, I want to know more about the culture of the Native Americans. I believe you are familiar with this culture, right?

Abornazine: Of course I am familiar with my culture. Remember am of American Indian descent and I have lived amongst them half my life.

Me:. This is a big plus to my research. So, Abornazine, would you be comfortable enough to speak to me about your history, where you originally lived before moving to the United States, your family and what prompted your movement.

Abornazine: Well as I told you earlier am of American Indian Decent. My family lived in Oklahoma west of the Mississippi until late 90s when I lost my father to arthritis and my mother, a single and jobless mother, decided to move to America to try and make a living for us all.

Me: Oh! Am very sorry about your father. So you have been here for over a decade, do you ever miss the culture or the people back in Oklahoma? Is there any family member who remained back there, and do you ever get to see them?

Abornazine: America is an interesting country with different people and different cultures but like the old saying goes, east or west , home is best. Of course I miss Oklahoma. Everything there was more familiar and everybody was pretty the same. The dressing, the cooking, even the language was one. My whole extended family still stays there. We go to them once in a while for visits, especially during festivities that are held high by the American Indian people, like the pow wow celebrations where dancing is the order of the day.

Me: Really. That sounds amazing. But do you get to do some of these practices here in America, considering how different people are here?

Abornazine: Oh yes. So many times by the way. It brings home a little closer though it is never the same. We celebrate events like Christmas the Oklahoma way and we cook our traditional dishes from time to time. Some of the ingredients for our traditional dishes are not readily available here though and the little that are here are quiet expensive for everyday use.

Me: Oh really? Like the Wojape meal?. And your siblings, how are they taking this whole American life thing? You know not everybody has the same tastes.

Abornazine: Actually they are pretty accustomed to the new life now. I wouldn’t really say if they miss the life back in Oklahoma. I come from a family of five. My mother, my two sisters my eldest brother and I. And am still taking cooking lessons on that specific meal.

Me: Seems a well knit family to me. I remember you mentioned earlier that you have experienced different cultures In America. Has this had any effect on you or your family in relation to the culture back in Oklahoma?

Abornazine: Of course. We grew in a culture where celebrations were marked in special ways. Rituals, specific attires specific dances. But here in America, things are different. If I put on my feather hat and rattles to a prom night celebration, everybody would think am crazy likewise our rituals would be termed as voodoo. In Oklahoma, we did most of our food home cooked. The American Indian people like their food spice up and very chilly. But Americans are more fast food people and the ingredients for home cooking are a little bit too expensive.

Me: That’s great. I have really learned so much from you today. I hope we can do this again one day and I want lessons too on that wojape meal. Had it once and fell in love with it.

Abornazine: It’s a good thing to learn something directly from a source, even cooking. Hope I was able to help you in some way though, feels good to talk about my culture.

Me: OH yes. This talk is of great help to my research. We’ll see you around. Goodbye.

In as much as people move away from their areas of birth, their cultural background does not necessarily change. Some people remain faithful to their cultures while others tend to pick up new behaviors.

Interview with Edwidge Danticat-video

Interview with Edwidge Danticat-video

In the video interview held at Miami which aimed at knowing more about the historical background Edwige Danticat and her writings, Danticat was born in Port-Au -Prince Haiti in 1965 where she lived with her aunt and extended family but later joined her parents living in Brooklyn, New York when she was aged 12 years. As a child, the most influential people were her parents, the main being her mother, and insist that her parents sacrifice lead to her future success and enable her and her siblings to good learning institutions. When still living in Haiti, she wrote her first short story “A Haitian-American Christmas: Crémace and Creole Theater.”

In New York, she faced some hard time to adapt and be accepted by the other kid, but dealt with it through reading and writing. She wrote her first newspaper article for The Youth Connection, and called the Haitian Christmas and went on writing articles all through high school. In most of her books, she wrote her personal experiences which influenced her. She claims to have her main themes like; immigration, contrasting culture, loss, and suffering. Over the years, her writings have been of different genres like essays, theses, short stories, novels, and works for young adults.

An Interview With Edwidge DanticatBy Jivin Misra In the Interview Edwidge Danticat by Jivin Misra held to discuss some of the elements in her writings, Danticat claims that she started writing “Children of the Sea” when she was an MFA learner at Brown University. When writing, she was focused on the structure and plot in her work; she insists that the story guided the writer to the structure of the work she is writing on, and the use of letters is the most relevant way to tell a story. In her book, she suggests that the woman is writing in a way that would not impose danger to her or her family in case the military authorities who ruled over their country found these letters and the man is writing as a person who at any time could die while at sea.

When writing Children of the Sea, she says she did not do too much research, and most of the information came from her interaction with people. She would listen to the testimonies of the people in church about their experiences. She researched without realizing she was doing it by gathering information from the past experiences of people. She claims that what makes a story a story is that no matter the length, character or other elements; doing what the writer feels like doing and thinks is important for the story is the most important thing

MALCOD081801-Coding Script

Interview Extract Codes

“Compared with my family, I communicate more with my friends. There is basically no difference in the way I communicate with them. At home, I mostly communicate face-to-face with my family members. Unless I’m not in a space, I will use WeChat or make a phone call. After I have WeChat, I don’t think the time of our face-to-face communication has changed.” Communication

Intimacy in communication

Face-to-face communication

Social media

Traditional communication

Relationships

Benefits of social media

“There are three groups about the family, my father, mother, and me, and some uncles and aunts. There is also a WeChat group with only me, my dad and my mom, this group does not have my brother, but only me and my parents. These groups are about the same level of activity, and sometimes what parents post is not interesting. I don’t know how to get involved. Or sometimes post some videos or moments, of course I don’t want to watch it.” Family communication

Group communication

Social media

Intimacy in communication

Traditional communication

Disconnect

Inauthentic communication

Relationships

Benefits of social media

“WeChat is very important to my life. It’s basically how I keep in touch with my family and friends back home. I use WeChat to contact almost everyone around me every day, including my Chinese friends in the UK. I may open WeChat dozens of times a day, and it is normal to get hundreds of messages. I must use WeChat every day, it has become my daily habit. I mainly use WeChat communicate with others, I used to read the official account articles, but now it may be less.”

Communication

Technology

Family communication

Relationships

Benefits of social media

“Online communication can’t control the other’s emotions and tone of speech in a timely manner, and you can’t feel the true mood of the other person. Through text, you may misunderstand the other person’s current mood or tone. Face-to-face communication can more intuitively feel the mood and tone of the other party’s words. When I communicate with my family, I think offline is more effective. Because I am more indifferent to my family online, and sometimes I find my family members very annoying, so I sometimes don’t even reply to their message. But online and offline I treat my friends the same.” Drawbacks of using social media

Disconnect

Face-to-face communication

Relationships

Traditional communication

Technology

Exhibit 1: Interview Extracts and Codes

Codes Theme

Traditional communication

Benefits of social media Traditional familial connections

Communication

Intimacy in communication

Face-to-face communication

Relationships

Family communication

Relationship building

Social media

Traditional communication

Group communication

Disconnect

Inauthentic communication

Technology

Drawbacks of using social media Inability to connect authentically

Exhibit 2: Codes and themes

Intervention, Planning, and Execution of Increasing Lifespan of Autism

Intervention, Planning, and Execution of Increasing Lifespan of Autism Patients

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Professor’s Name

Course

Date

Intervention, Planning, and Execution of Increasing Lifespan of Autism Patients

Introduction

The life span of an individual with autism has shown a tremendous decrease according to the world health statistical data. Majorly, a person with autism dies twenty to thirty years earlier than their peers due to increased development of social and communication disorders. The disorders inhibit the ability of individual patients to show and express their emotions hence leading to the development of stress and traumatic disorders. Notably, the symptoms that characterize the individual with autism get based on the difficulty in communication and social interaction, repetitive behaviors, and obsessive interest (Bernardini & Porayska-Pomsta, 2013). Moreover, the causes of autism include genetic mutation, birth from the older parents, imbalance of the metabolism, exposure to environmental toxins and heavy metals, and viral infections. As such, the paper is premised on describing the steps and methods of specific approaches to intervention, execution, and planning and their adoption to increase the lifespan of individuals suffering from autism.

Behavioral Steps and methods of Intervention in the Lifespan of Autism Patients

Methods

Applied Behavior Analysis creates a framework through which an individual living with autism can increase their lifespan. The analysis changes the behavior of an individual patient using the empirical approaches that involve operant and respondent conditioning approaches. As such, there exist three methods of behavioral approaches.

Rewarding good behaviors

Rewarding good behavior makes an individual exhibit desirable characteristics that create happiness. Happiness increases some level of social interaction with friends and family members (Hume et al., 2022). Notably, when good behavior rewards get applied to children, they become more likely to repeat the same behavior thereby increasing their lifespan through the reduction of traumatic disorders, stress, and anxiety.

The use of Observation Tools

The observation tool exhibited by the applied behavior analysis involves the use of antecedents that characterizes the actions and events which happen before the behavior. Also, behavioral understanding results from the antecedents (Hume et al., 2022). Consequently, the behavioral evection of the consequences that helps in the reduction of the traumatic disorders creates a path through which the lifespan increases through increased interaction, communication, and happiness.

Modification of the Antecedents

Modifying the antecedents creates the target behavior. The positive behavior, therefore, forms the basis of the desired consequences. As such, increased action as per the positive behavior creates inclusivity that reduces the possible occurrence of stress and anxiety.

The steps of Behavioral Intervention

The steps involve the use of behavioral management therapy that reinforces the wanted behaviors aimed at the reduction of unwanted behaviors. The therapy creates a framework through which the caregivers can follow before, during, between, and after the episode of the challenge. Also, the therapy involves the use of applied behavior analysis that tracks the progress for the improvement of skills to reduce the symptoms hence increasing the lifespan. The first step gets based on using the positive behavior and support that examine why an individual exhibit a particular unwanted behavior. Using positive behavior and support creates appropriate behavior (Hume et al., 2022). Consequently, pivotal response training becomes the second step that involves motivation and increased communication initiatives. It helps in making an individual learn new skills in dealing with the situation. Thirdly, the early intensive behavioral intervention involves the creation of large commitment time through the group’s instructions. Lastly, the discrete trial teaching creates steps through which an individual caregiver can use the positive feedback in encouraging the use of new skills.

Methods of social interventions

Social intervention involves the use of social skills to reduce the stress and trauma exhibited by individuals suffering from autism. The methods of intervention, therefore, get based on reinforcing and celebrating strength through the use of positive behavior. Also, modeling the structured behavior and practices creates the determination of the desired conduct (Hume et al., 2022). Talking through the possible social scenarios creates a sense of belonging hence reducing the stress and traumatic disorders. Another motive gets based on setting the environmental success.

Steps

Steps involve giving advanced notice before the transition. Secondly, the use of visual support enables the patient to identify the mistakes. Also, the use of structure and consistency creates a path through which rapid social learning gets exhibited (Hume et al., 2022). The application of reduced language enables the patient to feel accepted in society. Lastly, the provision of light praises for the good transition enables the patient to handle the challenges effectively for positive gain.

Academic/ Vocational

Methods

The immediate method involves the eradication of sensory overloads. The story overloads like the bright light, sounds, and smell increases the distraction of the patients. Also, the use of visual aids enables an individual with autism to learn extensively and act in accordance with the required behavior (Usta & Yazici, 2020). The teacher or the mentor should become predictable to enable the patient to extensively learn through the avoidance of the traumatic behavior. The mentor should continue to use concrete language in teaching direct social skills. Furthermore, the teacher should treat an individual patient or student equally hence reducing the possibility of stress generation.

Steps of Vocational Intervention

The step involves the use of a visual reality system to identify the disorder’s symptoms. After the system, the teacher should follow up on the behavioral changes exhibited by an individual client or student. Follow-up enables the teacher to identify the progress of improvement of all the trained skills (Usta & Yazici, 2020). Lastly, the teacher should provide alternative practical training where the result showed dismal performance.

Execution and Planning and their adoption to increase the Lifespan

Behavioral methods and steps in Execution and planning

Understanding the daily business and challenges enables an individual autism patient to have an in-depth overview of any events and environmental challenges. Also, the individual should insist on realism to enable the patient subsequently learn the desired behaviors (Hume et al., 2022). The patient should get taught to avoid procrastination by setting the goals and priorities hence increasing the lifespan through stress reduction and social acceptance. Following through continues to enable the patient to feel accepted within the society. Lastly, rewarding the doers is a behavioral execution that enables the patient to act positively awaiting the reward.

Social methods and steps in Execution and Planning

Social planning involves expanding and enhancing the development of an individual’s expression and communication system. Developing communication and expression skills involves planning for the best approaches to communication that are inclusive of the contact of any rising argument or information transfer hence capable of increasing the lifespan through the reduction of the stress (Graham Holmes et al., 2020). Alsop, supporting the individual understanding of the language involves execution which is planned through the use of both the verbal and non-verbal cues of communication to eradicate the possibilities of misunderstanding. Accommodating an individual performance on the predictability and structure is an execution that gets planned through an in-depth focus on initiation, predictability, and spontaneity.

Vocational strategies for the Execution and Planning

Vocational execution involves the use of appropriate criteria for handling cases of autism through planning strategies (Bernardini & Porayska-Pomsta, 2013). It also entails coordinating and sharing the attention through emotional expression. Emotional expression is planned through engagement in the reciprocal social interaction using gestures, words, and the ability to use the non-verbal cues in creating happiness hence expanding the lifespan of an individual autism patient.

Conclusion

Autism patient requires social, behavioral, and educational support for their survival in an environment. Provision of support enables the patient to reduce the symptoms like stress, anxiety, and other disorders hence liable to increasing their lifespan within an environment. Notably, the procedures and steps must get followed by a mentor, teacher, or a tutor in enhancing the social inclusivity of the patient within the environment.

References

Bernardini, S., & Porayska-Pomsta, K. (2013, June). Planning-based social partners for children with autism. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling (Vol. 23, pp. 362-370). https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICAPS/article/view/13591Graham Holmes, L., Zampella, C. J., Clements, C., McCleery, J. P., Maddox, B. B., Parish‐Morris, J., … & Miller, J. S. (2020). A Lifespan Approach to Patient‐Reported Outcomes and Quality of Life for People on the Autism Spectrum. Autism Research, 13(6), 970-987. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aur.2275Usta, M. B., & Yazici, D. N. (2020). Review of the Educational Intervention Models for Autism Spectrum Disorders/Otizm Spektrum Bozuklugunda Egitsel Modellerin Gozden Gecirilmesi. Turkish Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 27(3), 134-140.

Hume, K., Odom, S. L., Steinbrenner, J. R., Smith DaWalt, L., Hall, L. J., Kraemer, B., … & Bolt, D. M. (2022). Efficacy of a school-based comprehensive intervention program for adolescents with autism. Exceptional Children, 88(2), 223-240. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00144029211062589

Inter-Sectionality in Sports

Inter-Sectionality in Sports

Students Name

Institution Affiliation

Course Number and Name

Instructor Name

Due Date

Inter-Sectionality in Sports

Race, gender, and other societal issues that bring about segregation can also be factors to get us together. Most black women in the United States have had a rough past whereby they were completely unconsidered for jobs, education and they lacked a lot in terms of their dignity. However, with time, this has improved and it is better nowadays whereby the women get most of what they need more easily than before. This is especially true for jobs (Swanson, 2015). For example, in Vanderbilt’s case, Candice Storey Lee becomes the first woman to be an athletic director after Vanderbilt removes the position of an interim athletics director. This is a significant move since it recognizes women, and uniquely, it recognizes black women since she is the first woman and she is black.

Inter-sectionality is, therefore, an essential aspect of our daily interactions, which is very well depicted in the story of Lee. This is because not only is she a woman, but she is black. One thing is that women have always been looked down upon through history, whether white or black. However, when it comes to black women, there was a unique way they were never considered at all. Only the men were considered, and they were called boys. So having black women lead a Vanderbilt athletic group is a massive step towards positivity.

In the tide sport, there is also the discussion of inter-sectionality since after the census of 2016 was released, so many people got to understand the importance of all people of color and minorities since they made up to 30% of the total population (Racial & Gender Report Card | TIDES, 2016). Therefore, for any group to be recognized as aware of race and gender, they had to have a minimum of 30% people of color and minorities in their group. They are listed according to A+, A, A- and so on depending on the percentage of individuals in those organizations who are people of color and minorities.

References

Racial & Gender Report Card | TIDES. (2016). TIDES. https://www.tidesport.org/racial-gender-report-card

Swanson, R. (2015). Establishing proper” athletic relations”: The nascent SEC and the formation of college athletic conferences. Alabama Review, 68(2), 168-188.

Literature Review Reid Interrogation Technique

Interrogation techniques and their consequences:

Understanding aspects of the Reid Technique and its effectiveness in modern criminal justice

Felix Garcia Ortega

Florida International University

Literature Review: Reid Interrogation Technique

Interrogation is a key step in maintaining law and order. When suspects are arrested, it is important for law enforcers to ensure they have the correct suspects in custody and for the suspects to disclose information that may be useful in a court of law. There have often been concerns on the interrogation methods employed by law enforcers to get information from suspects or from witnesses. One commonly used mode of interrogation is the Reid Technique. According to Timothy Moore and Lindsay Fitzsimmons (2011), in their paper on justice impaired they look at the holes that exist in the Reid technique and how highly it is to lead on a suspect into admitting something they did not do. Moore points out that Redid Technique uses a line of questioning that tends to make a suspect believing that there is evidence that points into them.

Confessions are key evidence presented in a court of law as these are statements against one’s own interest. Criminal justice system regard confessions as reliable and at times just mere confessions can change the whole dynamic of a case. Reid technique is often the to go to technique for most officers as it is the easiest in squeezing out information from suspects while they are in the confession room (Kassin, 2010). Just as we see in the movies the tropes are familiar characterized by claustrophobic room, repeated accusation that one is guilty of the offence that they have committed, presentation of evidence that links the suspect to the crime or to the scene which may be real piece of evidence or may be invented and finally a buildup of pressure that makes the suspect feel that admitting to the crime is the easiest way home.

According to Moore and Fitzsimmons (2011), Reid technique has resulted in high number of false convictions. Last year the docu-series When They See Us caused a stir among people as it told a story of five young boys referred to as Central Park Five. Central Park Five were boys who were found guilty of assaulting and raping Trisha Meli a jogger who was a white woman. Boys who were around the neighborhood were rounded up and five were charged for this case. One characteristic thing about the case is the interrogation that was used as all these boys confessed into committing the crime. In the documentary they state that during the interrogation, there was pressure to confess to the crimes and were even convinced that if they did confess they would go home. These boys confessed because the confession seemed as the easiest thing to do but it is this confession that led to their conviction. There are a dozens of cases that suspects later state that they did not intend to confess but rather there was pressure from the interrogation officer to confess however, it is their statement that bites them as prosecuting officers will use these confessions to argue their case.

Eli Hager in an article titled “Seismic Change in Police Interrogation” highlights how most police officers are abandoning this old technique because it has become outdated. The techniques were developed in the 1940s and 5os by John Reid whose intention was to replace the traditional error of interrogation including beatings that police officers would use to get confessions (Hager, 2017). It is for a fact that technology in the criminal justice world was not as advanced as now thus getting confessions was important in ensuring one has sufficient evidence I try a case. However, in this era that we are living in, the technology can help solve a crime without having to solicit forced confessions. There are CCCTVs everywhere which may support or refute an alibi, DNA evidence which is the current strongest form of evidence can be used in determining if a suspect is guilty or not. According to project innocence, most suspects that have been exonerated using DNA evidence were judged because of their confessions.

David Dixon in his article on “Questioning Suspects” he states several reasons as to why a person may falsely confess. Some of these reasons include not having a lawyer or a legal guardian in the room, mental disability, pronged hours of questioning, being put in jail before questioning and intimidation from interrogation officer. Dixon notes that all these are characterized in the Reid technique. The technique creates a conformational bias in the mind of the investigators as all they want to do is to get a confirmation (Dixon, 2010). This results in them overwhelming the suspects to the point that the suspects feel that telling the truth is not a viable option for them. Reid technique used trickery and deception and as Wicklander-Zulawski stated there are no clear lines on the good amount of trickery and deception that one may employ and to what extent can they play the tricks and deception on the suspects.

Torture s one interrogating technique that has often been debated on how effective or non-effective it is. In some cases, Reid techniques are often not as convenient as they should be. Sometimes especially tough criminals do not often easily crack up from police intimidation and do not fall the tricks and deception played by the police during the investigation. While Redid technique abuses the mind, torture causes physical harm to the body. Torture refers to the deliberate as well as the systematic dismantling of an individual’s individuality besides humanity by subjecting them to physical or emotional pain plus suffering. The main of torture is destroying a sense of community, elimination of some leaders for example from society or nation and also it is aimed at creating an environment of fear in a specific culture.

Some researchers have often pointed out that certain investigation may not be solved easily using Reid technique for example terror suspects (Fiala, 2006). Terror suspects are often ready to die for their cause and may not really reveal any useful information during interrogation even with the use of tricks and deception. Terror cases are cases that have the least number of false confessions. People have often supported use of torture in getting information from terrorist on planned bombing or active cells that they may have in a country and their intention to bomb a country. In some aspect torture can be seen as a Reid technique. Aside from inflicting bodily harm, a witness is put in uncomfortable situation that may result in them yielding demands thus creating room for negation. For example, the torture may involve deprivation of water and food and because as humans we cannot survive for so long without certain basic amenities we eventually crack and disclose the information that is needed by the police officers.

Wyatt Kozinski in a research article on Reid technique and how it often contributes to false confession links use of torture to Reid technique. Kozinski points out that the technique uses Third Degree which is illegal in the United States. In 1897, the Supreme court made a ruling against type of inducement that was likely to cast a shadow on doubt of voluntary confessions. Wyatt points out that when Reid was introducing the technique, only the guilty suspects were supposed to be investigated but most police officers are employing the technique even to people who are innocent (Kozinski, 2017). The aim of the interrogator is to get the narrative of the crime, However, in most interrogations, police officers hints to the suspect the aspects of the crime and while confessing, the suspect may use the story in fabricating a confession just to be done with the interrogation. There have been cases where suspects have given details of a crime they did not know about because they got the hints of the crime from the law enforcers.

The Miranda warning of 1966 was a ruling by the court that stated police officers needed to inform the suspects that t they have the right to remain silent and the right to consult an attorney, and that anything they say may be used against them in court” (Beechy, 2014). This was passed ibn order to ensure police officers would not overstep their power in getting confessions from their suspects. However, most suspect often agree to talk even without a lawyer present without realizing how soon things can escalate in the interrogation room The Reid technique is becoming obsolete and people are poking holes into its validity. Wicklander-Zulawski and associates recently stated that it would discontinue their teaching on the Reid method. Other police precincts including Chicago Police department have also hinted on discontinuation on the use of Reid technique in their investigation.

In conclusion, there is vast scholarly materials that looks at advantages as well as the disadvantages of using the Reid technique. One thing that most parties agree however is that in most cases Reid technique is likely to result in false confessions. We also live in an error that officers do not have to use tricks and techniques to get information. DNA evidence CCTV surveillance, phone records are new ways that police officers can use in getting vital information without subjecting the witness into believing that the only way out for them is by confessing to having committed the crime.

References

Beechy, M. (2014). Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Its Impact on Interrogations.

Dixon, D. (2010). Questioning Suspects: A Comparative Perspective. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 26(4), 426–440.

Fiala, A. (2006). A Critique of Exceptions: torture, terrorism, and the lesser evil argument. International Journal of Applied Philosophy, 20(1), 127-142.

Hager, E. (2017, March 8). The Seismic Change in Police Interrogations. Retrieved from https://www.themarshallproject.org/2017/03/07/the-seismic-change-in-police-interrogationsKassin, S. M., Bogart, D., & Kerner, J. (2012). Confessions that corrupt: Evidence from the DNA exoneration case files. Psychological science, 23(1), 41-45.

Kozinski, W. (2017). The Reid interrogation technique and false confessions: A time for change. Seattle J. Soc. Just., 16, 301.

Moore, T. E., & Fitzsimmons, C. L. (2011). Justice imperiled: False confessions and the Reid technique. Crim. LQ, 57, 509.