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Introduction to Sociology

Introduction to Sociology

Research Paper Guidelines

This research project will provide you with the opportunity to conduct a sociological analysis on a topic of your choosing. You will write a 3-page analysis on the sociological issue of your choice (see suggested ideas below). For this paper, you will need to do some outside research to explore your topic and use course concepts to analyze and organize your findings. You will need at least 3 reputable journal articles as sources in addition to your textbook. You will also need a reference page listing your sources in correct APA format. The length of the paper requires you to condense a lot of material, be sure that you narrow your topic down to workable paper.

REQUIREMENTS:

Your paper must be typed, double-spaced, one-inch margins, 12 point Times New Roman.

Your paper should be 3 pages of written text in length. (this does not include the title page or the reference page – meaning that when you finish you should have at least 5 pages).

You must use reputable journal articles as your sources; failure to do so will significantly lower your grade. Use the CPTC library and Galileo to find reputable journal articles.

You must use and incorporate one of the major theories covered in the course.

Format your citations using APA style. The reference page does not count toward the page requirement.

You should be familiar with proper citation, as well as the appropriate use of quotations.

Papers that excessively use quotations will lose points. Your paper should be in your own voice, which means using quotations selectively and only when necessary.

You do not need an abstract. This will not count toward the page requirement.

You do not need an author’s note

You need a cover page for the paper; Follow APA format for the title page.

Proofread your paper. Deductions will be made for excessively poor grammar/proofreading.

Suggestions for selecting a topic: Pick a topic about which you can find information easily (i.e. not something too obscure). Choose something about which you are interested –you will read and write about it for several weeks, so it might as well be something you will enjoy exploring. The following is a list of general subjects from which you might select a specific project topic. This list is very general — use it to spark an idea for a specific, well-developed topic. You need to think through how you will conduct an analysis of your particular topic, what questions you will answer, and what your specific focus will be. Most importantly, be creative and have fun with it.

Gender and religious participation/affiliation

Welfare policies/reform

Teen pregnancy

Self-esteem and teens

Gender images in music (rap, country, pop, folk etc.)

Laws and Policies

Poverty

Race, Gender, or Class and the legal system

Women in the sciences, engineering, medicine, vet medicine

Capitalism

Sports

Globalization

Domestic violence

Military (Socialization, Group Processes, Gender, Social Control)

Health, illness, and health insurance

Magazines and culture (sports, teen, women’s, men’s etc.)

Gangs – male and/or female

Medicalization

School Violence

Suicide

Family Structures

Same-sex marriage

Race relations

Environmental concerns, impact, mobilization

Toys, games and gender socialization

Sweatshops/labor use by multinational corporations in 3rd world countries

Education

Historical variations in the construction of gender (middle ages, renaissance, civil war, turn

of the century, 1920’s, WWII, etc.)

Consumption (in one country or compare countries)

Illicit drug use and/or related policies

Aging (look at physical health, financial concerns, widowhood)

Social networks

Mental health

Crime

Political affiliation

Once you have selected a topic for your research paper, you need to focus and narrow it into a specific research question. Your question should be one that:

lends itself to sociological analysis

is not a “yes” or “no” question

has more than one plausible answer

you can get the information to answer

is answerable in the page length allotted

Questions to answer for your topic selection & description

Name your topic: I am studying ____________,

Imply your question: because I want to found out who/how/why ____________,

State the rationale for the question and the project: in order to understand how/why what ____________.

State how/which sociological theory provides insight to your topic.

Identify how each article contributes to addressing your topic.

Your paper should follow a general flow, give consideration to writing your introduction, body and conclusion, however keep in mind that you may have subtopics within each. Be sure you stay on topic and fully address your question.

It is very important that you do not write your paper as just a summary of the articles, for example, do not organize your paper and talk about each article one by one. In other words, your paper should include the following basics:

Define your question

Identify why your question is important

Outline what others have found out about your topic (gathered from your articles)

Which sociological theory applies to the topic and explain why

What your conclusions are based upon what you have read

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

1. Evaluation Process: Paper will be graded in terms of content, insight, originality, analytical skill, organization, clarity of expression, overall presentation style, spelling and grammar, and proper referencing protocols.

2. Plagiarism: students should be aware of the penalties for plagiarism and other form of academic misconduct. Please see the course syllabus and the Coastal Pines Technical College website for the college’s policies on cheating and plagiarism. Evidence of plagiarism from other students’ work or published materials will result in a grade of zero and disciplinary action will be taken.

3. Computer, printer or other technological failures: Unfortunately, these things do happen. However, they will not be accepted as an excuse for not completing the assignment by the due date. In this day and age saying ‘my printer failed,’ ‘my hard drive/flash drive crashed,’ or some other such thing simply isn’t good enough. And it isn’t good enough for one simple reason: you should be backing up your work as you complete it.

4. Submission Protocols: Research projects must be submitted under the “Research Project” tab in BlackBoard. Papers submitted through Coastal Pines email or through BlackBoard mail will not be accepted.

Introduction to Philosophy (2)

Introduction to Philosophy

Student’s Name

Course

Date

Question 1:

The categorical imperative, according to a German philosopher, Kant, is a formal procedure to evaluate any action performed as to whether it could be morally upright. According to Kant, the categorical imperative follows the rule that one should only justify an action to be ethical if that act could be generalized as a universal law. Thus, the categorical imperative is an objective, necessary rational principle that must always be followed despite any desire to do the contrary. The strengths of the categorical imperative include the universal acceptability of legal action. All human beings are seen as rational beings who would act in the same way because it is deemed the right thing to do so. Also, the CI is impartial since the actions categorized as moral are not guided by freewill but by general respect to the dignity of fellow humans. More so, the imperatives are based on reason and logic, which determines human behavior and choice. However, the CI has some weaknesses, such as lack of motivation, in realizing that something is irrational. There is also a conflicting duty in choosing the right way to follow based on the general acceptance of an issue (Lindner & Bentzen, 2018).

Utilitarianism is the ethical doctrine that suggests that actions are right if they are beneficial to the majority. It places the definition of right and wrong basically on the consequences of the work. For instance, killing a thief who would have made a large group of people to suffer is justifiable since the majority of the people will not suffer after his death. Among the strengths of this ethical approach is that it emphasizes on happiness, which is the aim of life for most people. Also, it is pragmatic in that it focuses on the consequences of an action. Besides, it is easy to follow since the consideration is whether the move will lead to happiness or suffering among the majority of people. However, utilitarianism may not be able to predict the consequence of an action before the action occurs (Letwin, et al. 2016). For example, would killing that thief lead to grief in his family? Or, would his death cause hatred among the killer and the thief’s society? Also, happiness is not easily defined as what makes one person happy may not make another happy as well. Therefore, I think the Kantian theory is better than utilitarianism because it focuses on the universal acceptability of an issue.

Question 2:

The pro-choice issue on abortion includes those people that buy the idea that abortion should be legalized. The pro-choice individuals believe that each woman has a right to decide what goes on in their body (Amery, 2020). According to Judith Jarvis Thomson, abortion is allowed in some instances and not in others. On one side, she argues that life starts at conception, and thus abortion is bringing an end to it. However, she also describes the right to life as not be unjustly killed, which in this case, abortion is no injustice to the unborn. She came up with some analogies like the case where a famous violist is hooked to another person for survival without the latter’s consent. If the person decides to detach the violist from his body, he will die to lack of support. However, it is morally right to determine what goes on with your body. And thus, detaching the violin would not be ethically correct (Mahon, 2016). According to Beverly Harrison, the right to abortion helps in preventing class dominance. That is, if made illegal, rich women would still be able to pay, unlike the poor ones.

On the other hand, John T. Noonan claims that personhood begins at conception, and changes follow after that. Therefore it would be wrong to commit abortion as it is seen as bringing an end to that development. He claims that the fetus holds the same life as a grown-up individual, and thus abortion is considered murder (Weir, 2016). Other pro-life activists support his argument and dictates that the government should have a say when it comes to abortion. The third approach to abortion is where a person can be both a pro-choice and pro-life. For instance, one may believe that abortion is terrible but refrain from warning people against it. A woman would be against abortion on a religious basis but allow another one to perform it on medical grounds.

Question 3:

The phrase that ‘existence precedes essence’ is a central claim of existentialism, which means that personality is not built on a precise purpose, but rather, it is the choice of humans to engage in the use. According to existentialists, humans create their values by determining the meaning of their lives. Thus, it is the nature or essence of humans that lead to their existence. The idea that existence comes before essence is well explained by the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre. However, the phrase, ‘essence precedes existence,’ is the traditional view that shows the selfishness of humans and that they are rational beings (Teo, 2018).

Sartre believes in the first phase of existence precedes essence. He believes that people are defined by what they surround themselves with, and thus, a difficult situation is only intolerable because the people allow it to be so. The feeling is evident through his claim that the world is a reflection of our freedom, where he meant that the world triggers people to react. To criticize the other phrase, Sartre claims that man first exists, establishes himself, fits in the world, and then defines his life afterward. Therefore, there is no way that the essence of a man would come before his existence (Hayim, 2017). I agree with Sartre’s claim that ‘existence precedence essence.’ The reason for my choice is that for you to realize your nature and importance in life, you must first be in that life. Humans learn of different life aspects as they grow and interact with each other, thus increasing their value. Also, people are only defined (essence) according to their actions, for which they are responsible. Therefore, it is like humans to choose what to do and what not to do. For instance, for a person to be described as having an essence of being cruel, they must have shown cruelty in their behavior. I believe that a person can choose not to be evil, and thus, it is not in their nature to be good or bad.

Question 4:

Thomas Hobbes, in his Leviathan theory, suggests that human beings are motivated by the need to preserve themselves. He claims that naturally, people would do anything to maintain their life, which is short, poor, and nasty. Also, he claims that humans are motivated by the desire to gain, and that is why they are competitive and violent. Due to these perceptions, humans need a central government to control their desires by placing no space for the unjust. Similar to Socrates, Hobbes believes that political sensitivity is has been overtaken by liberalism. He also states that men will always strive for peace when they are treated as equals since they want to outdo each other. Nature treats all men equally, and therefore the government has a role of ensuring peace between men as they strive to be better than each other (Green, 2019).

On the other hand, Jean-Jacques Rousseau described human beings as compassionate beings who are moral naturally. However, they adapt to changes in the pre-existing urban chaos and lose their natural compassion when subjected to the urge for money. Humans are prone to corruption to satisfy their greed for wealth and power. Therefore, the state is a collection of individuals who aspire to instill the morals in its people. The general will of the country is to determine the right from wrong and is established through laws. The public will of the state is created through the majority will of the people. Therefore, people rely on the government for peaceful co-existence and to prevent greed from overtaking their natural goodwill.

References

Amery, F. (2020). Beyond Pro-life and Pro-choice: The Changing Politics of Abortion in Britain. Policy Press.

Green, M. J. (2019). Human Nature and Motivation: Hamilton versus Hobbes. Interpreting Hobbes’s Political Philosophy, 93.

Hayim, G. (2017). Existentialism and Sociology: Contribution of Jean-Paul Sartre. Routledge.

Letwin, C., Wo, D., Folger, R., Rice, D., Taylor, R., Richard, B., & Taylor, S. (2016). The “right” and the “good” in ethical leadership: Implications for supervisors’ performance and promotability evaluations. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(4), 743-755.

Lindner, F., & Bentzen, M. M. (2018). A Formalization of Kant’s Second Formulation of the Categorical Imperative. arXiv preprint arXiv:1801.03160.

Mahon, J. E. (2016). Abortion and the Right to not be Pregnant. In Philosophy and Political Engagement (pp. 57-77). Palgrave Macmillan, London.

Teo, T. (2018). What Does It Mean to Be Human?. In Outline of Theoretical Psychology (pp. 49-76). Palgrave Macmillan, London.

Weir, J. (2016). Abortion: A New Argument from Evolutionary Biology and Psychology. Philosophy in the Contemporary World, 23(2), 35-51.

Introduction to Philosophy

Introduction to Philosophy

Student’s Name

Course

Date

Question 1

The categorical imperative, according to a German philosopher, Kant, is a formal procedure to evaluate any action performed as to whether it could be morally upright. According to Kant, the categorical imperative follows the rule that one should only justify an action to be ethical if that act could be generalized as a universal law. Thus, the categorical imperative is an objective, necessary rational principle that must always be followed despite any desire to do the contrary. The strengths of the categorical imperative include the universal acceptability of legal action. All human beings are seen as rational beings who would act in the same way because it is deemed the right thing to do so. Also, the CI is impartial since the actions categorized as moral are not guided by freewill but by general respect to the dignity of fellow humans. More so, the imperatives are based on reason and logic, which determines human behavior and choice. However, the CI has some weaknesses, such as lack of motivation, in realizing that something is irrational. There is also a conflicting duty in choosing the right way to follow based on the general acceptance of an issue (Lecture: Predominate Ethical Theories).

Utilitarianism is the ethical doctrine that suggests that actions are right if they are beneficial to the majority. It places the definition of right and wrong basically on the consequences of the work. For instance, killing a thief who would have made a large group of people to suffer is justifiable since the majority of the people will not suffer after his death. Among the strengths of this ethical approach is that it emphasizes on happiness, which is the aim of life for most people. Also, it is pragmatic in that it focuses on the consequences of an action. Besides, it is easy to follow since the consideration is whether the move will lead to happiness or suffering among the majority of people. However, utilitarianism may not be able to predict the consequence of an action before the action occurs. For example, would killing that thief lead to grief in his family? Or, would his death cause hatred among the killer and the thief’s society? Also, happiness is not easily defined as what makes one person happy may not make another happy as well. Therefore, I think the Kantian theory is better than utilitarianism because it focuses on the universality of an issue.

Question two

The pro-choice issue on abortion includes those people that buy the idea that abortion should be legalized. The pro-choice individuals believe that each woman has a right to decide what goes on in their body (lecture notes, abortion). According to Judith Jarvis Thomson, abortion is allowed in some instances and not in others. On one side, she argues that life starts at conception, and thus abortion is bringing an end to it. However, she also describes the right to life as not be unjustly killed, which in this case, abortion is no injustice to the unborn. She came up with some analogies like the case where a famous violist is hooked to another person for survival without the latter’s consent. If the person decides to detach the violist from his body, he will die to lack of support. However, it is morally right to determine what goes on with your body. And thus, detaching the violin would not be ethically correct. According to Beverly Harrison, the right to abortion helps in preventing class dominance. That is, if made illegal, rich women would still be able to pay, unlike the poor ones.

 On the other hand, John T. Noonan claims that personhood begins at conception, and changes follow after that. Therefore it would be wrong to commit abortion as it is seen as bringing an end to that development. He claims that the fetus holds the same life as a grown-up individual, and thus abortion is considered murder. Other pro-life activists support his argument and dictates that the government should have a say when it comes to abortion. The third approach to abortion is where a person can be both a pro-choice and pro-life. For instance, one may believe that abortion is terrible but refrain from warning people against it. A woman would be against abortion on a religious basis but allow another one to perform it on medical grounds.

Question 3

The phrase that ‘existence precedes essence’ is a central claim of existentialism, which means that personality is not built on a precise purpose, but rather, it is the choice of humans to engage in the use. According to existentialists, humans create their values by determining the meaning of their lives. Thus, it is the nature or essence of humans that lead to their existence. The idea that presence comes before essence is well explained by the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre. However, the phrase, ‘essence precedes existence,’ is the traditional view that shows the selfishness of humans and that they are rational beings.

Sartre believes in the first phase of existence precedes essence. He believes that people are defined by what they surround themselves with, and thus, a difficult situation is only intolerable because the people allow it to be so. The feeling is evident through his claim that the world is a reflection of our freedom, where he meant that the world triggers people to react. To criticize the other phrase, Sartre claims that man first exists, establishes himself, fits in the world, and then defines his life afterward. Therefore, there is no way that the essence of a man would come before his existence. I agree with Sartre’s claim that ‘existence precedence essence.’ The reason for my choice is that for you to realize your nature and importance in life, you must first be in that life. Humans learn of different life aspects as they grow and interact with each other, thus increasing their value. Also, people are only defined (essence) according to their actions, for which they are responsible. Therefore, it is like humans to choose what to do and what not to do. For instance, for a person to be described as having an essence of being cruel, they must have shown cruelty in their behavior (Existentialism lecture). I believe that a person can choose not to be evil, and thus, it is not in their nature to be good or bad.

Question 4

Thomas Hobbes, in his Leviathan theory, suggests that human beings are motivated by the need to preserve themselves. He claims that naturally, people would do anything to maintain their life, which is short, poor, and nasty. Also, he claims that humans are motivated by the desire to gain, and that is why they are competitive and violent. Due to these perceptions, humans need a central government to control their desires by placing no space for the unjust. Similar to Socrates, Hobbes believes that political sensitivity is has been overtaken by liberalism. He also states that men will always strive for peace when they are treated as equals since they want to outdo each other. Nature treats all men equally, and therefore the government has a role of ensuring peace between men as they strive to be better than each other.

On the other hand, Jean-Jacques Rousseau described human beings as compassionate beings who are moral naturally. However, they adapt to changes in the pre-existing urban chaos and lose their natural compassion when subjected to the urge for money. Humans are prone to corruption to satisfy their greed for wealth and power. Therefore, the state is a collection of individuals who aspire to instill the morals in its people. The general will of the country is to determine the right from wrong and is established through laws. The public will of the state is created through the majority will of the people. Therefore, people rely on the government for peaceful co-existence and to prevent greed from overtaking their natural goodwill.

References

Dr. John Tamilio III, Lecture Notes: Abortion.

Existentialism lecture, A Brief Introduction to Existentialism Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5HhGRfxH81M&t=2s.

Prof. John Tamilio III, Ph.D., Lecture: Predominate Ethical Theories

Introduction to Geology

Introduction to Geology

ASTR 1010L

There are four basic ways the surface of a solid object (a planet, moon, asteroid, or comet) can be modified geologically.

Watch the “Geological Surface Processes” video. What are the four major processes that change the planetary surfaces? Explain how each works and what kinds of features can be formed.

The four major processes are Cratering, Volcanoes, Erosion, and Weathering. Earth experiences many impacts including eruptions, but most craters have been erased by other processes. The craters left by impacting objects can reveal information about the age of a planet’s surface as also its nature and composition at the time the crater was formed. The Earth’s atmosphere and oceans are formed through volcanic outgassing. Volcanism involves the melting of materials within a planet and the eruption and transport of these materials on a planetary surface. For most surfaces the molten material is a silicate-rich fluid. The most common magma on the terrestrial planets is of basaltic composition. A special kind of tectonics, plate tectonics are responsible for shaping the Earth’s surface. Tectonic processes manifest themselves as distinctive morphologic features like faults, fractures, and folds, and the specific characteristics of these features can often be used to infer the local style of deformation that has occurred. Ice, water, and wind drive cause erosion on Earth. Erosion is distinguished from weathering, the physical or chemical breakdown of the minerals in rock. However, weathering and erosion can happen simultaneously.

Let’s examine each of these in turn. Open the “Global Image of Mercury”. What process has most affected Mercury’s surface?

Processes such as solar wind and meteoroid impact affect the surface of mercury. Comets or meteorites may dispose ice in mercury’s surface. Water vapor may also outgas from the planet’s interior and freeze out at the poles of the mercury surface. These process affect the smoothness of Mercury’s surface.

Would you estimate that the surface of Mercury is young or old? Why?

Mercury is about 4.5 billion years old so its surface is most definitely old.

4991100-165513Look more closely at the regions that look like this:

Hypothesize what could make the light streaks coming out from the center of the crater.

The light streaks coming out of the crater could be caused by an eruption. It is more likely that the light streaks is a result of a volcanic eruption.

6638925279414Now look at the “Global Image of Venus”. Zoom in, scroll around, and look for craters. Do you find very many? Note that stripes or rectangles that look like those in the picture to the

right are because a section of Venus was missed when the camera was scanning the surface.

Yes, there are many craters when the ‘Global Image of Venus” is zoomed in. The stripes or rectangular shapes are a result of catering which creates the shapes and the impacts creates the stripes.

If there aren’t very many craters, what surface process do you think would have covered them all up?

If there were no many craters, a volcanic impact could have covered them all up. When volcanism occurs, lava flows and as a result, the craters and faults created during cratering are filled up.

Much of Venus’ surface is covered with lava plains and evidence of tectonic activity. Find what you think is evidence of each of these and either sketch or copy and past part of the picture.

Why does it make sense that volcanic activity and tectonic activity occur in locations close to one another?

Tectonic activity occurs when tectonic plates come into contact and cause friction resulting to faults. Similarly, volcanic activity occurs as a result of high temperatures and pressure beneath the Earth’s crust. These temperature and pressure causes tectonic plates to move and cause tectonic activity.

Venus does have volcanoes in addition to its extensive lava plains, but we’re going to skip on to Mars and look at an example of a shield volcano. The most common volcanoes in the solar system are shield volcanoes, named because they are shaped like a shield placed on the planet’s surface. A computer-simulated view of Olympus Mons, the largest volcano in the solar system, is shown below.

5012690-48315Olympus Mons’ caldera, the location from which the lava flowed, is in the center of the volcano; the other two (smaller) circular features near the top of the volcano are impact craters.

An actual photograph of Olympus Mons is posted on iCollege as well as a topographic image. In the topographic image, the

greens and blues are lower elevations and the reds are higher elevations.

Estimate the height of Olympus Mons above the zero point of the elevation (the average radius of Mars; we use this as a reference height like “sea level” on Earth, but Mars has no sea…).

It has a height of about 20km, or 70,000 feet.

Estimate how far below the zero point the average land round Olympus Mons is. Explain your method; you should come up with a value that is not zero.

It is approximately 634 kilometers of land round. Olympus Mons is one of a dozen large volcanoes, many of which are ten to a hundred times taller than their terrestrial counterparts. The tallest of them all towers 16 miles (25 kilometers) above the surrounding plains and stretches across 374 miles.

Add your two values together to get an estimate of how high Olympus Mons is above the surrounding land.

Convert your value to km.

Measure the length of the scale bar in cm on your display.

Determine the scale of the displayed image: 1 cm = 0.00001 km.

Measure the width of Olympus Mons (not the whole image, just the volcano; it should be pretty easy to see where it begins because for an unknown reason Olympus Mons has a cliff around its base).

Convert your measurement to the actual size of Olympus Mons. Be sure to show your work.

1 cm = 0.00001 km.

Olympus Mons = 634km

634km = 6.34e+7

Answer= 6.34e+7.

Measure the size of the caldera in cm and convert your measurement to km.

Next you are going to construct a scale model of Olympus Mons as seen from the side. To start, let the line below be the base of Olympus Mons.

113220515049500

Based on the height of Olympus Mons you estimated in part c, figure out how tall Olympus Mons is on this same scale. Show your measurements and your work.

It has a diameter of 624 km (374 mi).

25 km (16 mi) high, and is rimmed by a 6 km (4 mi) high scarp.

A caldera 80 km (50 mi) wide is located at the summit of Olympus Mons.

Sketch a side view – correctly to scale – of Olympus Mons using the line above as the volcano’s base. Show the caldera to scale as well.

A Caldera 80 km (50 mi) wide is located at the summit of Olympus Mons.

Before continuing, send a picture of your side view to Dr. Skelton. You don’t have to wait for her to respond before continuing, but do get confirmation you have done this correctly before turning in your lab.

In addition to lots of volcanic activity in its past, Mars also had tectonic activity. Remember that when things – including the interiors of planets – heat up, they expand. Look at the “Global image of Mars”. What do you see that is evidence of extensional tectonics? Draw a sketch.

Evidence of extensional tectonics include craters and faults created in the planet as evident in the image below.

Valles Marineris on Mars is much larger than any other tectonic feature on Venus or Mars. It is so large and so deep, in fact, that early in Mars’ history when there was liquid water on the surface, water flowed in the bottom of it and eroded it.

Ius Chasma, shown up close in an image on iCollege, is part of the Valles Marineris system. The main part of the chasm, running in roughly parallel, mostly straight lines from top center to lower right, was formed by tectonic activity. What evidence of erosion do you see in and near the chasm? Look carefully for two different effects that running water had.

Some of the evidence of erosion include Eos and Ganges are another set of chasmata that contain volcanic or windblown deposits that have slowly eroded over time. Purgatory Chasm is the result of weathering of closely-spaced, quartz filled, ‘joints’ that may mark edges of the Valles Marineris system.

Before continuing on, look again at the small cracks (straight rilles) seen in the upper left of the image. Did the impact crater happen before or after the tectonic expansion? How do you know?

Wrinkles and rilles are evidence that impact crate happened before the tectonic expansion. Wrinkles and riles are as result of cratering. It means that the process begun with small cracks, riles then to wrinkles which created faults and led to shift in tectonic plates and as a result tectonic expansion occurred.

Mars also has wind and therefore wind erosion. Look at the “Curiosity Selfie”. What evidence of wind erosion do you see? (Hint – there are two… One is more basic and may be more difficult to come up with than the other one.) Also – this is a mosaic of 57 images, so the scientist constructing the “selfie” from Curiosity’s images removed the image of the arm holding the camera so it wasn’t distracting.

Ice, water, and wind drive cause erosion on a planetary surface. Erosion is distinguished from weathering, the physical or chemical breakdown of the minerals in rock. However, weathering and erosion can happen simultaneously. Water vapor may also outgas from the planet’s interior and freeze out at the poles of the planetary surface hence causing erosion.

Next we are going to turn to moons of the outer planets, starting with Io. Look at the “Global View of Io” and describe the features you see.

The inner surface of Io is composed of an iron or iron sulfide core and a brown silicate outer layer. giving the planet a splotchy orange, yellow, black, red, and white appearance. Io formed in a region around Jupiter where there is a lot of water or ice. The surface looks icy and windy.

The black features are not craters. In fact, there are no craters at all on Io! What does this tell you about what has happened geologically on Io? Has this happened recently, in the near past, or in the distant? How do you know?

Jupiter’s strong gravity attracted the planetesimals more strongly than Io and thus no crater landed on its surface. Io did have impact craters but they have all been buried in lava flows. This shows that there is no cratering in Io due to lack of gravity.

In fact, all of the black spots on Io are the calderas of active volcanoes. Look again at the image and find at least two locations where the lava is flowing out of the caldera in what look like sinuous rilles in the making. Sketch the lava flows below.

6332220-5414Prometheus is the volcano that is just to the left of the center of the photograph of Io:

In addition to having lava flowing from the caldera, there is also material being

erupted upward. You can figure out the maximum height of the material being thrown from Prometheus by looking at the image below.

75565047855First calculate the scale of the picture. The radius of Io is 1820 km; not all of Io is shown in the image of Prometheus, but the red dashed line shows where the center of Io would be.

1.82e+8 cm = 1820 km

1 cm= 0.0001 km

Next measure the height of the Prometheus eruption in cm, then convert your measurement to the actual number of km using the scale factor.

Measured height in cm: 1e+7 Calculated height in km: 100

What are two reasons you can think of that Io’s volcanoes can spew material so much higher that Earth’s volcanoes do?

The atmospheric pressure in Jupiter where IO is located is high hence the volcanoes will spew material quite higher than on Earth.

Temperatures are extremely high around Io so the volcanoes erupting around this area would be higher that Earth’s volcanoes.

5283836136818The volcanic plume Tvashtar erupts even higher than Prometheus. Use the same method as before to calculate the height of the Tvashtar eruption in km. Show all your measurements and your work – this picture is a different scale so you will need to calculate a new scale! Remember that this picture shows the whole diameter of Io…

Tyashtar erupts 385 kilometers (239 miles) high and covers a terrain as far as 700 kilometers (435 miles) from its center.

1 cm= 0.0001 km.

385 km x 0.00001 = 3.85e+7

Answer = 3.85e+7cm

A different perspective shows a ring around Tvashtar where the erupted material falls back to the ground. Pele is another volcano with a large ring. Draw a sketch of what you think Pele looks like as seen from the side instead of from overhead.

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Look at the global view of Saturn’s moon Enceladus. Identify as many geologic features as you can and discuss how you think they would have formed.

Some of the notable geologic features in Saturn’s moon Enceladus include; fissures, plains, corrugated terrain and other crustal deformations also indicate that Enceladus is geologically active. One of the more dramatic types of tectonic features found on Enceladus are its rift canyons. These canyons can be up to 200 km long, 5–10 km wide, and 1 km deep.

Do a Google image search to find pictures of Saturn’s moon Titan, both in visible light and in the infrared.

Describe how this moon looks different in visible light than the other moons you’ve observed.

The lighted side of the Moon faces away from the Earth. he right half of the Moon appears lighted and the left side of the Moon appears dark. During the time between the New Moon and the First Quarter Moon, the part of the Moon that appears lighted gets larger and larger every day, and will continue to grow until the Full Moon.

Describe how this moon looks different in infrared light than the other moons you’ve observed.

Infrared waves, or infrared light, are part of the electromagnetic spectrum. This is caused by the different angles from which we see the bright part of the Moon’s surface. These are called “phases” of the Moon. Of course, the Moon doesn’t generate any light itself; it just reflects the light of the Sun. The Moon passes through four major shapes during a cycle that repeats itself every 29.5 days. The phases always follow one another in the same order.

What explanation can you suggest for the features you see on Titan?

Titan is bigger than Earth’s moon, and larger than even the planet Mercury. It is the only moon in the solar system with a dense atmosphere, and it’s the only world besides Earth that has standing bodies of liquid, including rivers, lakes and seas, on its surface.

Does Titan have erosion? Find images that justify your position and describe what you see.

Due to a network of rivers in Titan, it experiences little erosion.

Is Titan’s surface young or old? What evidence do you have to make this determination?

Titans surface is old due to the presence of wrinkles and rilles are evidence that impact crate happened long time ago. Wrinkles and riles are as result of cratering. It means that the process begun with small cracks, riles then to wrinkles which created faults and led to shift in tectonic plates and as a result tectonic expansion occurred.

Finally, let’s loop back around to Mercury. We have looked at impacts, volcanism, and extensional tectonics, and erosion, but not compressional tectonics. Look at the “Scarp on Mercury”. Sketch what you see that is evidence of the interior of Mercury shrinking. Explain how this feature could have formed.

Cooling in the planet causes mercury to shrink. This slow cooling may drive very recent and even current tectonic and seismic activity on Mercury. This slow cooling drives a very recent and even current tectonic and seismic activity on Mercury.

Introduction to Criminology

Introduction to Criminology

Question 1

Classical criminology

Punishment for wrongdoing should have a pre-established balance with the crime committed, meaning that punishment imposed for murder should not be equal to rape or lesser forms of delinquency (Siegel 10). In classical criminology, people are free to choose lawful solutions to solve their challenges, crime is appealing if it has big befits with small effort, and crime is controlled by the fright of punishment. Also, very strict consequences for crime and similar forms of punishment discourage criminal behavior.

Positivist criminology

In this view, positivist criminology challenges classical criminology and focuses on the cause of crime (Siegel 11). To explain criminal behavior, the positivists use scientific methodology, social factors, physical factors, and biological attributes.

Sociological criminology

Sociological criminology focuses on the major social changes taking place in society (Siegel 12). People in society are very different and use criminal behavior to meet their demands. It is difficult for society to remain without criminal behavior since human petty vices would be uplifted to crimes.

Conflict criminology

Conflict criminology emphasizes that crime result from human conflict and interpersonal conflicts shapes human behavior (Siegel 13). People’s lives rotate around the means of production, the way people produce goods affects their character.

Question 1 A.

Positivist criminology developed in the nineteenth century and it presented an innovative way on the cause of crime. People pass through different stages as a way of understanding the world (Siegel 11). For instance, in the early stages societies believed that lifeless objects like the sun have a life while in late social stages societies accept science. The reason I chose this perspective is because in comparison to other perspectives, positive criminology is more applicable to modern life, as it focuses on the motive of committing a crime to determine the punishment for crimes committed. The scientific analyses of the crimes ensure justice is served to both parties since every party is considered including the accused.

Question 1 B.

Positivist criminology examines human behavior scientifically to determine if one is a criminal (Siegel 11). For example, a study on the facial appearance of criminals found that the shape of nose ears, and eyes were related to antisocial behavior. Furthermore, studies on abnormality found that anomaly of the human mind is associated with criminal behavior. Criminals have features that differentiate them from non-criminals. Lombroso’s study found that there were born criminals who had teeth common to carnivores (Siegel 11). People with such features are more prone to criminal behavior compared to non-criminals

Question 2

Criminal justice is made up of all of the bodies in a government that have the mandate to enforce the law, adjudicate crime, and correct criminal conduct (Siegel 19). Crime justice experts develop effective programs for crime prevention. Criminal justice is primarily an instrument of social monitoring and control. It is used to enforce wat society considers acceptable behavior. Agencies of justice, who form part of the criminal justice system, prevent social harms through apprehension, trying, and convicting criminals. Therefore, the criminal justice system has all the power to control crime as well as punish law breakers.

On the other hand, criminology is concerned with identifying the cause, nature, extent, and control of criminal behavior using scientific means (Siegel 4). Criminologists also are concerned with the operation of agencies’ justice and their influence on criminals, including how policies affect crime rates and trends. Criminology is primarily a study of crime, its various forms and triggers, including what may lead to increased or increased trends given different factors. Therefore, criminology is just an academic discipline that relies on science to provide meaningful interpretation of crime and criminal patterns.

Works Cited

Siegel, L. “Criminology: The core: Cengage learning.” (2019).

Introduction to Business – BUSA 2115 – Fall 2020

Introduction to Business – BUSA 2115 – Fall 2020

Written Assignment: BUSINESS LETTER Paper

For this assignment, each student is required to write a 3-5 page business proposal. The assignment includes a 1-page cover letter and the body (2-4 pages) of the letter. The cover letter is an executive summary of your proposal. The body contains the details of your proposal. Remember, you are providing this to a busy executive, so be concise and to the point with your information. Be sure and give rationale for your recommendations. This is an individual assignment. Your written assignment (BUSINESS LETTER) will be rubric graded.  Please review the rubric before you complete the assignment. Please use APA or MLA format for your paper.

The premise of your assignment:

You are a manager in the marketing, strategic planning, or operational department of an American company – you choose the company (real or imaginary) and your department. You have received an assignment from the CEO of your company to find new opportunities to improve the sales and the market share of your company, either in the US or abroad.

This assignment includes creating a written proposal of these new opportunities. In this proposal, you need to write (1) a business cover letter and (2) an attachment containing the detailed proposal. The proposal should address the following items: your company, the business type of your proposal, the marketing strategy, the marketing mix, the financial status, and the goals.

In this paper you need to demonstrate knowledge of basic business concepts and managerial functions in a business context. In your paper you will identify some key components of a business plan. You may choose to propose to your CEO to partner with (or purchase) another company. If so, please provide your plan to attract your prospective business partner.

Grading Rubric for BUSINESS LETTER Assignment

Description Pts Score

Cover Letter: Demonstrate knowledge of key concepts and business terminology learned in class. Use correct and complete format of a business letter consisting of 6 essential parts; use either APA or MLA format

Post completed assignment in COUGARVIEW 25 Attachment Describe your company 5 Describe your proposal 15 Explain your marketing strategy10 Describe your marketing mix of 4Ps 20 Describe your financial status and goals 15 Readability – were there sentences or sections that did not fit, make sense, or stay on course with the paper itself? Other minor errors in word usage, spelling, grammar etc. 10 Submit paper by deadline – 10 points deducted per day late TOTAL POSSIBLE POINTS: 100 YOUR SCORE: _______________

Business Letter

1. Demonstrate knowledge of key concepts and terminology learned in class.

Highlight any terms or concepts from the textbook. You can use any method you choose to highlight your terms. I simply want to see that you have used proper and appropriate business terms.

2. Describe your company.

This is like the Company Profile of the Case Assignment you have already completed.

3. Describe your business proposal.

What type of new business opportunity or opportunities are you going to propose for your company? Is your proposal for a sale or purchase? Manufacture or licensing or franchising? Joint venture or wholly owned operation? Feel free to be creative and pursue any of the concepts you have learned in this course. There is no single “right answer” for this type of assignment. It always depends on your proposal for pursuing this new business opportunity.

4. Explain your marketing strategy

Please provide a clear explanation of your marketing strategy for your business proposal, which should include your target market and the appropriate marketing mix to satisfy the target market.

5. Describe your marketing mix of 4Ps.

You need to address 4Ps of the marketing mix (product, price, placement, and promotion) for your proposal.

6. Describe your financial status and goals

You need to address the financial status of your company and your financial goals along with your business proposal.

APPENDIX – Rubric for the BUSINESS LETTER Paper

Criteria Exceeds expectations

(90-100%: A) Meets expectations

(80-89%: B) Does not meet expectations (less than 70%: C) Fail to meet expectations (less than 69%: D or less)

Cover Letter

(30 points) The cover letter uses the correct and complete form for a business letter. A business letter contains the six essential parts: heading, inside address, salutation, body, closing, and signature. The description provides the six parts in general but not in clear and professional manners. The description provides a few of the six parts not in clear and professional manners.

The description fails to provide a business letter in clear and professional manners.

Demonstrate knowledge of key concepts and terminology of business. (10 points) Descriptions use knowledge, concepts, and terminology from the class to describe the business letter and proposal: in the attachment parts, descriptions cite specific chapters from the textbook when using terms and or ideas: descriptions are very theoretical and analytical; statements are quantitatively enough. Descriptions use knowledge, concepts, and terminology from the class to describe the business letter and proposal, but not completely: descriptions are simple and descriptive; statements are quantitatively not enough. Descriptions need to use much more the knowledge, concepts, and terminology from the class to describe the business letter and proposal: descriptions are not academic; statements need more quantitatively. Descriptions fail to address the assigned items in effect in quantity as well as quality.

Describe your company (10 points) The profile includes all parts of a company profile such as history, vision and missions, CEO, product lines, organizational structure, supply chains, employees, financial statements, competitors and current issues; descriptions are very theoretical; the contents are quantitatively enough. Descriptions follow the guide but not enough in terms of the number of the items: the profile includes the information on the company, but not sufficiently or correctly; descriptions are simple; the contents are quantitatively not enough. The profile does not include all of the information on the company; descriptions are not academic; contents are quantitatively too brief and superficial. Descriptions fail to address the assigned items in effect in quantity as well as quality.

Describe the business type of your proposal. (10 points) Descriptions clarify a business type for the proposal with explanation on the benefits and costs on both sides of the business partners; it explores the alternative business types, and how it is determined in terms of optimum solution: descriptions are very theoretical and analytical; statements are quantitatively sufficient. Descriptions contain a business type for the proposal with explanation on the benefits and costs on both sides of the business partners, but not complete and clear; it explores the alternative business types, and how it is determined, but not completely: descriptions are simple and general; statements are quantitatively not sufficient. Descriptions do not clearly explain about the business type properly and explore few of the alternatives: descriptions are not academic; statements need more quantitatively. Descriptions fail to address the assigned items in effect in quantity as well as quality.

Explain your marketing strategy (10 points) Descriptions clarify a marketing strategy for the proposal with explanation on the pros and cons on both sides of the business partners; it explores the alternative marketing strategies, and how it is determined in terms of optimum solution: descriptions are very theoretical and analytical; statements are quantitatively sufficient. Descriptions contain a marketing strategy with explanation on the pros and cons on both sides of the business partners, but not complete and clear; it explores the alternative marketing strategies, and how it is determined, but not completely: descriptions are simple and general; statements are quantitatively not sufficient. Descriptions do not clearly explain about the marketing strategy properly and explore few of the alternatives: descriptions are not academic; statements need more quantitatively. Descriptions fail to address the assigned items in effect in quantity as well as quality.

Describe your marketing mix of 4Ps (10 points) Descriptions explain well about the 4Ps of marketing mix of your company product and business and provide an analysis for the alternatives; descriptions are very theoretical and empirically deep and accurate in information; contents are quantitatively sufficient. Descriptions contain the 4Ps of marketing mix of your company product and business and provide an analysis for the alternatives, but not completely and not enough in terms of the number of the items: descriptions need to be more theoretical and deeper empirically; contents are quantitatively not sufficient. Descriptions do not follow the guide in items: descriptions are not academic; descriptions lack significantly the analysis; contents are quantitatively too brief and superficial. Descriptions fail to address the assigned items in effect in quantity as well as quality.

Describe your financial status and goals (10 points) Descriptions specify a complete information on the financial status of your company; an analysis on the financial statements is addressed; then the financial goals from the business proposal is described; descriptions are very theoretical; the contents are quantitatively enough. Descriptions specify some information on the financial status of your company and provide an analysis on the financial statements, but not complete and correct; the financial goals from the business proposal is described, but not sufficiently or correctly; descriptions are simple; the contents are quantitatively not enough. Descriptions specify the information on the financial status of your company and the financial goals poorly and incorrectly; descriptions are not academic; contents are quantitatively too brief and superficial. Descriptions fail to address the assigned items in effect in quantity as well as quality.

Readability – were there sentences or sections that did not fit, make sense, or stay on course with the paper itself?

Other minor errors in word usage, spelling, grammar etc.

(10 points) 4 points

Sentences and sections are completely fit, make sense, or stay on course with the paper itself and few minor errors in word usage, spelling, grammar, etc; contents are quantitatively sufficient. 3 points

Sentences and sections are not completely fit, make sense, or stay on course with the paper itself and minor errors in word usage, spelling, grammar, etc; quantity of contents is not enough. 2 points

Sentences and sections are not fit, not make sense, nor stay on course with the paper itself and many errors in word usage, spelling, grammar, etc; contents are quantitatively too short. Descriptions fail to address the assigned items in effect in quantity as well as quality.

TOTAL POSSIBLE POINTS: 90-100 80-89 70- 79 Less than 70

 

Introduction to ASTR 1010L and the Solar System

Introduction to ASTR 1010L and the Solar System

Complete this lab before any other lab and ideally by 6/10/21

Object What are two main features or characteristics you observe on or about this object? What do you see that seems to be unique to this object?

Mercury It is rocky.

It is the smallest planet in the solar system. It is closest to the sun than any other planet.

Venus It is the hottest planet on the solar system.

It has a nearly round shape. It is covered with thick clouds.

Earth It is almost a sphere.

It has a solid surface. 70 percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water.

Mars It is rocky.

It has a thin atmosphere. Most of its surface is covered by red dust

Ceres It has a rocky inner core

It has a dusty outer crust It has an icy mantle.

Vesta It is almost spherical.

It is rocky and dense. It is separated into crust, mantle and core.

Mathilde It is very dark.

It has an albedo Not water or sign of hydrated features.

Gaspra It has several small craters.

Irregular in shape. Usually red and S-shaped.

Object Two observed features or characteristics Something unique

Jupiter Covered with clouds.

Has relatively low density. Its atmosphere is made up of mostly gases.

Saturn Less dense than all the planets.

It is covered by gases. Less dense than water.

Uranus Made up of water and other fluids.

It is blue in color because of the presence of methane in its atmosphere. It is the coldest planet.

Neptune It is dark and cold

It Is very windy It is the last planet.

Pluto It is rocky and icy.

It has a thin atmosphere It is heart-shaped

Earth’s Moon Its gravity influences the earth’s tides

Its bright at night. There is water in the moon.

Mars’ moons

Phobos and Deimos Irregular in shape.

Smaller compared to other moons. Look more like steroids than moons.

Jupiter’s moon

Io It has low density.

Crust mostly covered by ice It has its own magnetic field.

Jupiter’s

moon Ganymede It has a magnetosphere

Has a thin oxygen atmosphere. Largest moon in the solar system.

Saturn’s moon

Titan Covered by clouds

Crust with ice water. Contains largest seas

Saturn’s

moon Mimas Ovoid shaped.

Mostly composed of ice water Smallest moon.

Saturn’s moon

Iapetus Full of craters

Saturn’s largest moon Bright hemisphere

Uranus’

moon Miranda Its rocky.

Its inner core surrounded by ice. Orbit is inclined.

Pluto’s

moon Charon Large moon

Considered a dwarf moon. Its surfaces face each other.

Halley’s Comet Made of ice, gas and dust.

Bright and glowing appearance. It moves backward when orbiting.

Comet Hyakutake Long period comet

It passes close to the earth. It is the brightest comets.

Look at “The Planets To Scale” image. There are two really large planets, two medium sized, two small, and two very small!

Which FOUR planets are the terrestrial planets? (Terrestrial means Earth-like, which indicates that they have rocky surfaces and iron cores like the Earth – these planets do not have water on their surfaces or atmospheres like ours.)

Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.

Go back and look at the picture of Venus in the Solar System Bodies collection. What do you think you’re seeing instead of the rocky surface?

Craters, volcanoes, lava plains and mountains.

Which FOUR planets are the giant planets?

Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Uranus

What are some similarities and some differences you notice among these four planets? Similarities:

They have more than one moon.

Made up of rock and hydrogen compounds.

Differences:

Main component of Neptune and Uranus is carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.

Main component of Jupiter and Saturn is Hydrogen and Helium.

Another great size comparison is seen in “Earth and Jupiter’s Great Red Spot To Scale”. We’ll study the Great Red Spot more in the Jupiter lab, but it’s basically a gigantic hurricane-like storm. Based on the pictures in the last few questions, how many times larger (across its equator) is Jupiter than the Earth?

Draw a sketch to help you remember. **If you are typing your answers, then sketch this on a piece of paper and either insert a photograph or scan of your sketch into this document or upload it separately.**

Jupiter is 11 times larger than earth

Look at “The Solar System As Seen From The Top”. Based on this diagram, what can you say is really different about asteroids and the comets (found in the Kuiper Belt) than the 8 planets?

While asteroids are made of metals and rock, comets are comprised ice and dust (Kanas, 2019). Asteroids and comets in the Kuiper Belt are larger than the asteroids and comets of the 8 other planets

What do you notice about the size of the planets relative to the amount of space in the solar system?

Inner planets including; Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are smaller while outer planets such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Pluto are larger.

If you choose to do the Solar System Model Bonus Project, you will see that even those little dots are actually too big!

To compare to the moons, asteroids, and Pluto, look at both “The 15 Largest Objects in Our Solar System” and “The Not-Planets”.

Make observations about the sizes of the smaller terrestrial planets compared with the larger moons.

Smaller terrestrial planets such as Mars and Venus are quite smaller than other larger moons (Singer et al., 2021). The smallest terrestrial planet, mercury is 4879 km while the largest moon, Jupiter’s Ganymede is 5,268 km.

Make observations about the sizes of the smaller terrestrial planets compared with Pluto.

Pluto is larger than smaller terrestrial planets. They have larger number of satellites compared to terrestrial planets (Kanas, 2019). Unlike terrestrial planets which have solid surfaces, Pluto has no solid surface.

Make observations about the sizes of the asteroids Ceres and Vesta compared with the terrestrial planets and larger moons.

Some of the asteroids such as Ceres and Vesta are larger than terrestrial planets such as Mercury. They are quite similar to larger moons because of their size (Kanas, 2019). Some asteroids such as Vesta are larger than some moons such as Mathilde.

In comparison, Vesta is about 10 times the diameter of Mathilde (not in these diagrams but in the Solar System Objects), and most asteroids are even smaller!

The Kuiper Belt is the region of space around the Sun that holds the comets and Kuiper Belt objects. (Kuiper Belt objects are essentially just really big comets; Pluto is one of the two largest known Kuiper Belt objects.) Because they are so far from the Sun, comets and Kuiper Belt objects are made of not only rock and metal but also significant quantities of ice.

Look back at the pictures of the comets in the Solar System Objects. The photograph of Halley’s Comet shows its nucleus, which is the small icy/rocky part of the comet that is the responsible for the fuzzy coma (the round part in the lower left) and tail that you can see in the picture of Comet Hyakutake.

The nuclei of most comets are very small – Halley’s is pretty typical at 10 miles along its long axis, less than 1/3 the size of Mathilde – and yet the tails of a comet can easily stretch well over a million miles. The photograph of Halley’s Comet was taken by a spacecraft when the comet was close to its closest approach to the Sun. What do you think is happening to the comet to make the jets you can see in the left side of the picture?

The comet is orbiting round the sun hence making it stretch miles away and appear larger (Singer et al., 2021). However, when the comets are static, they appear smaller as they do not stretch (Kanas, 2019). As the comet orbits, it is drawn close to the sun and hence appears closer when captured by a spacecraft.

This is the kind of thing we will be doing for some of our labs – looking at pictures, learning about the objects, and then seeing what we can learn when we apply our knowledge to photographs of planetary surfaces.

Finally, to get a little feel for the rest of the universe, answer the following questions. You can do research online or in your lecture textbook.

What is a galaxy?

A galaxy is a system comprising of gas, dust, stars and their solar systems being held up by gravity.

What name do we give the galaxy we live in?

Milky Way Galaxy

Roughly sketch what a galaxy like ours looks like. **If you are typing your answers, then sketch this on a piece of paper and either insert a photograph or scan of your sketch into this document or upload it separately.**

Milky Way Galaxy

Approximately how many stars are in a galaxy like ours?

There are over 10 million stars scattered over our galaxy.

What is a light year?

It is the distance that light travels in vacuum in one year

How many light years away are we from the center of our galaxy?

We are 25,000 light years away from the center of our galaxy.

Show where the solar system is located (very roughly!) on your sketch of our galaxy (part c).

It located about 27,000 light years from the center of the galaxy.

Approximately how many galaxies are in our Local Group of Galaxies?

30 Galaxies.

What is the name of the other large spiral galaxy in the Local Group?

The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy

How many light years away is that galaxy?

Over 70 million light years away.

Approximately how many galaxies are in our universe?

Over a trillion galaxies

How many light years away are the most distant galaxies?

13.4 billion light years.

How does this all make you feel!?

Our galaxy is complex and difficult to comprehend. It will take us several years to understand our galaxy.

References

Kanas, N. (2019). Our expanding solar system: Planets and moons. Solar System Maps, 141-192. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0896-3_7Singer, K. N., Grundy, W. M., White, O. L., & Binzel, R. P. (2021). Introduction to Icarus special issue “Pluto system, Kuiper belt, and Kuiper belt objects”. Icarus, 356, 114269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114269

Introduction to archaeology, questions

Introduction to Archeology:

Name:

Professor:

Institution:

Course:

Date:

According to Richard Reece, the Roman coins were “not happy” about being in the so called sacred spring. Why not?

The Roman coin was one of the substances that were derived from the exchange of goods and services. These coins were said to be one of the most valuable due to the fact that were made from silver, gold and bronze. The coins were not only used in Rome but in countries such as the Great Britain and Greece. Despite the high value that the coins heard, some of the authorities took advantage of their position by hoarding the coins so as to increase their value further. These made the lifestyles of the citizens in that they had to work harder to get the value equivalent to one coin. These were not the easiest times for the people of the Roman society due to the immense oppression that came with the search for the coin. This is why Reece states that the Roman coins were not happy (Howgego, 2007).

Later when the Roman coins and the metal work came to light, Guy de la Bedoyere and Mick Worthington felt the assemblage was “wrong”. Why?

The Roman coins and the metal work had been introduced to the people of Rome. This meant that they could enjoy the advantages that came with the coinage. Guy de la Bedoyerere and Mick Worthington however did put the credibility of the coins in that they differ from the original ones. The two archeologists argued that the original assembly of the coins differed from the original ones. This further implied that the original coins had been tempered with. Some of the ways in which they were tampered with was the quality, shape and texture of the new coin. This affected the general coinage of the new coin (Ando, 2000).

Why did the archeologists think the “Neolithic tomb” was a fake?

The Neolithic times consisted of tombs that consist of large rocks in nature. Most of the tombs created during this era posses the same qualities such as Stone Age and organized arrangement. The most recent discoveries on the Neolithic tombs were found in Ireland. These toms attracted an enormous amount of attention due to the controversy that came with their discovery. The tombs were said to be fake due to the way in which they were structured. The tombs are classified under passage tombs. Passage tombs have orthostatic characteristic that display the time in which they were drawn. These tombs however displayed armature orthostats that were supposed to make the tombs resemble the ancient tombs. This was exaggerated making the tombs subject for planted evidence which is not uncommon in the world of archeology (Malone, 2001)

There were three reasons why the archeologist believed the ‘Norman tower’ was a fake identify two

The Norman towers were fake due to the type of stone that are used to construct them. One of the reasons that support this notion is the fact that they are not built with genuine Kensington rune stone. The tower consists of modern stone that does not match the one of the prehistoric times.

Writers who wrote of the existence of the towers on several occasions wrote about non nonexistent features. Some of the components of the towers cannot be found to date. This displays that the towers were part of myths that were written to fuel the interests of the public (Adams, 2007).

According to the law of superposition, we know the Iron Age sword was placed in the ground at Llygadwy fairly recently. Explain?

The laws of superposition explain the arrangement of the rocks that are in existence. One of the reasons for this is to explain the age of the items found in the found. There are claims that the Iron Age sword was planted in the ground. This can be supported by the age of the soil which does not match with the age the discoverers claim the sword is. This sword is said to poses qualities of the Iron Age although the soil in the ground is younger than the stated time (Kelly & Thomas, 2010).

Adams, H. (2007). Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres. Middlesex, UK: Echo Library.

Ando, C. (2000). Imperial ideology and provincial loyalty in the Roman Empire. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Howgego, C. (2007). Coinage and identity in the Roman provinces. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

Kelly, R. L., & Thomas, D. H. (2010). Archaeology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Malone, C. (2001). Neolithic Britain. Stroud: Tempus. Neolithic Britain. Stroud: Tempus.

Software Development and Improvement using P-CMM

Introduction The need of organizations to compete in a global market has forced them to implement methods that will enable them have competitive advantages and survive corporately. Many methods have been employed to see this trough but there were still some shortcomings until the People Capability Maturity Model (P-CMM) was introduced. P-CMM may be effected as an instrument by which the process enhancement efforts of an organization may be ripened to facilitate effective corporate enactment and pursuits.

People Capability Maturity Model

The People Capability Maturity Model is an instrument that aids in efficaciously addressing the critical issues of employees in an organizations. The P- CMM implements the process maturity outline of the highly fruitful Capability Maturity Model for Software as a blue print for a model of excellent practices for manning and developing an organization’s personnel. Most software organizations around the globe nowadays use the P-CMM Software for guiding vivid developments in its capability to improve production and quality, costs and time reduction to market, and increase client fulfilment. P-CMM has helped organizations to improve processes for managing and developing their workforce which has resulted to the best practices such as knowledge management, human resources and organizational management.

There are several practices and improvement activities from the P-CMM that can be used to address

the software failure and accomplish the desired satisfying product.

These practices are normally initiated since software developers face problems that have propelled them initiate these changes. Issues like customer discontent, insufficient software quality, late delivery and delivery within budget, too much rework and many more. P-CMM revolves around four strategic objectives which are; improving the software ability, workforce capability increase, ensuring that software development capability is an aspect of the organization and not of a few people, aligning the inspiration of employees with that of the organization and retaining human asset.

Maturity Levels

P-CMM consists of five maturity levels. The maturity framework underlying the CMM for Software uses the best management practices to software firm to enable them advance their ability to develop best quality software on schedule and within the intended budget. The maturity framework guides software firms through five stages in refining their capability.

-11430039624000The figure below illustrates the stages in the maturity level.

The Initial Level

Most firms at this stage normally have trouble retaining talented staffs. Organizations ought to train the responsible workforce to carry out the practices that exist and offer financial or career motivations for individuals to encourage them and to align themselves with the organization’s objectives. Organizations at this level normally usually show four features: Inconsistency in implementing these practices, responsibility dislocation formalized practices and dissociated workforce.Recruiting promotions, training, and awards are some of the practices that should be performed in order to achieve specific and quantifiable results. Workforce should also be evaluated continually to ensure their input to the organization is not counterproductive to the intended effect and also to ensure that these people do not chase their own agendas.

Managed level

In managed maturity level the managers take the accountability for managing and rising staffs in their departments. The main process areas are teaching, development, coordination and communication. The second thing is to do away with the problems the staff are facing when performing their responsibilities and coming up with a workforce practice to improve in developing the workforce. Team building and mentoring should also be carried out. The team consists of individuals with corresponding skills in order to make the most of the efficiency of main competences, whereas, the mentor offers the backing, guidance and skill improvement.

Defined level

The main objective at this level is to come up with the workforce in organization’s business and pin point the core capabilities in it. The individuals with knowledge and skills ought to cultivate the fundamental competences of the business procedure. This develops staff competencies and workgroups, and junctions with the business plan and goals. The process areas then develops work group and skill based practices. It also works in career development and personnel preparation. This also helps organization to establish a blue print for upcoming development of skills and knowledge. Examining the skills needed by the workforce and the business tasks the individuals carry out will enable the organization identifies the core competencies and then adopt the workforce practices to nature specific knowledge and abilities that comprise these core competencies on the grounds of recognized best ascription.Predictable level

The main objective at the Predictable Level is to come up with an assessable approach for gauging the core competences. It enables and assimilate workforce capabilities and manage their performance quantitatively. When competent individuals carry out their duties using confirmed competency grounded processes, management relies in the outcome results. This trust allows the organization to store the results of carrying out capability based processes and advance them as resources to be used again. The trust of these assets comes as a result of trusting the procedure of their production. When these assets are formed and fully utilized, knowledge spreads quickly through the organization which will in turn result in higher productivity of the software.

Optimizing level

At this Level, the energy of the entire organization is directed on continual enhancement. These improvements are made to the ability of people and tem groups, to the execution of

Levels Developing Competency Building workgroups & culture Motivating & managing performance Shaping the workforce

Optimizing5

Continuous Capability Improvement Organisational Performance Alignment Continuous workforce Innovation

Predictable4

Competency based assets

Mentoring Competency Integration

Empowered Workgroups Quantitative Performance Management Organisational Capability Management

Defined3

Competency Development

Competency Analysis Workgroup Development

Participatory Culture Competency based practices

Career Development Workforce Planning

Managed2

Training and Development Communication & Coordination Compensation

Performance Management

Work environment Staffing

Skill based processes, and to staff practices and activities. Coming up with creative ways for refining the workforce enthusiasm. Innovative technologies and tools should be used in trials on the organization and the effective tested methods are circulated over the organizations. In an optimizing organization the philosophy of all the individuals to come up with the performance of the work-group, unit or individual knowledge, abilities and motivation so as to come up with the general organization performance.

The above table summarizes the levels involved in the maturity levels

Measuring returns

Measurement delivers objective facts and visibility into project performance, process performance, process ability and product and quality services. This will help the organizations to learn from the past so as to improve software performance and attain better expectedness over time. The P-CMM undoubtedly confirms this and represents measurement practices as a virtual constituent of project. Positive returns have been witnessed in the organizations that have deployed the P-CMM practices in the activities of their organizations. The organizations that have employed the PCMM guide have exhibited the remarkable result in improved software delivery.

The organizations return is done by measuring and monitoring the software life right from the start of an application’s lifecycle, this guarantees optimal business benefit delivery.

Bad quality software should be investigated well before they become major issues at distribution; the major causes of these problems are identified and highlighted, and rectified once and for all, thus averting major business interference and customer frustration.

Project budget and schedule data were collected. Project cost is divided into two parts: direct and indirect costs.

Direct costs

Direct costs are the cost is the total expenditure of the resources that will be required to carry out the project, this will also include man power, materials, and equipment.

Indirect costs

Indirect costs are the repayment of the overhead costs related with completing of the project. These will include clerical, utilities, administrative, and miscellaneous expenditure.

The quotient of original budget and real cost is used to calculate the cost index (CI). Project

performance indexes is to be used to evaluate the cost and schedule performances on the project considered to be illustrative of the company being benchmarked. The CI and schedule index (SI) are defined in the following equations.

Cost Index, CI= Actual Project Costs

1228725122555

Original Budget

Schedule Index, SI= Actual Project Duration

9715508763000

Original Project Duration

Conclusion

The success any software organizations depends on its ability to satisfy its clients. A highly qualified and competent workforce could help the organization achieve this goal. The P-CMM is a major breakthrough to software organizations since it has helped them assist their personnel to attain objectives such as developing individual competence, managing and motivating performance, building team groups and traditions and also to nature the workforce. Delivery optimization is the most important organizational advantage gained by applying the practices of PCMM. The P- CMM has helped many software organizations effectively address their grievous human capital matters. The P- CMM initiates a process maturity framework as the basic blue print for the best practices for running and developing an organization’s staff. Therefore it should be encouraged to attain the best result for the software organizations and their clients

Introduction and Objective

Introduction and Objective:

The Nkye shoe company has some data on SHOE SIZE, HEIGHT, GENDER and they are looking to change their business model based on this data which is to “include only one size of shoes – regardless of height or gender of the wearer”. So based on their objective we can define the hypothesis as below for Gender and Height:

For gender:

Null Hypothesis (Ho): There is no statistically significant difference in the population mean size of shoes for males and females.

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): There is a statistically significant difference in the population mean size of shoes for males and females.

For Height

Null Hypothesis (Ho): There is no statistically significant difference in the population mean size of shoes among different height categories.

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): There is a statistically significant difference in the population mean size of shoes among different height categories. At least one category has different mean from each other.

Data and variables:

Here we have three variables which are

SHOE SIZE, HEIGHT, GENDER

Here SHOE SIZE is continuous variable

GENDER is categorical variable

and HEIGHT is also continuous variable.

We have 35 observations in these three variables and there is no missing data.

As our objective is to see whether there is any significant difference between the population shoe size for across different heights of the wearer so we need to convert this variable into category so that we can perform the test and get the information from the analysis. The Height variable will be categorized as

60-65 -> Group 1

65-70 -> Group 2

70-75 -> Group 3

75-80 -> Group 4

Note: We will test the above hypothesis at 5% level of significance.

Method of Analysis:

Here we have to test the population mean for two groups as well as for more than two groups. We will use t test for unequal variance and ANOVA (One way analysis of variance) to test the above hypothesis and objective.

T test for independent sample will be performed for Gender as there are only two groups such as Male and Female.

ANOVA test will be performed for Height as there are more than two groups which is defined below again.

60-65 -> Group 1

65-70 -> Group 2

70-75 -> Group 3

75-80 -> Group 4

Modified data and output:

Data for gender is given below:

Male Shoe Size Female Shoe Size

7 5

11 7.5

12 9

14 7

10.5 7.5

11 8

10 6.5

12 7

10.5 7.5

12 6.5

9.5 6

11.5 6.5

14 10

13.5 6.5

9.5 7

13 6

11 7

7.5

Output for t test is given below:

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

  Male Shoe Size Female Shoe Size

Mean 11.29412 7.111111

Variance 3.251838 1.281046

Observations 17 18

Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df27 t Stat 8.165111 P(T<=t) one-tail 4.53E-09 t Critical one-tail 1.703288 P(T<=t) two-tail 9.06E-09 t Critical two-tail 2.05183  

Data for height is given below:

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4

6 6.5 7.5 14

6 6.5 9 14

5 7 7.5 13.5

6.5 7 11.5 7 7 7.5 6.5 8 7.5 7 10.5 9.5 11 10 11 12 12 9.5 10.5 10 13 12 11

Output for ANOVA test is given below:

Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Group 1 6 37 6.166667 0.466667 Group 2 11 90 8.181818 3.263636 Group 3 14 140.5 10.03571 3.671703 Group 4 3 41.5 13.83333 0.083333 ANOVA Source of Variation SS dfMS F P-value F critBetween Groups 140.3668 3 46.78893 16.9385 1.27E-06 2.922277

Within Groups 82.86851 30 2.762284 Total 223.2353 33        

Interpretation of results:

We can see from the t test that the P-value of the two tailed critical value is less than 0.05, so in this case we will reject the null hypothesis because p-value is less than the 5% level of significance. It means that there is a statistically significant difference in the population mean size of shoes for males and females.

From ANOVA table we can that the P-value is 0.000 which is less than 0.05, so in this case we also will reject the null hypothesis because p-value is less than the 5% level of significance. It means that there is a statistically significant difference in the population mean size of shoes among different height categories. At least one category has different mean from each other.

Conclusion and Recommendation:

We can conclude from the above analysis performed with respect to this data that there is a significant difference in the shoe size for gender as well as for height. Nkye Company needs to make shoes of different sizes. There is no way or no possibility to make one size of shoes because it varies with respect to gender and height.