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Understanding aspects of the Reid Technique and its effectiveness in modern criminal justice

Interrogation techniques and their consequences:

Understanding aspects of the Reid Technique and its effectiveness in modern criminal justice

Felix Garcia Ortega

Florida International University

Introduction

Interrogation tactics have been around since the start of humans with examples dating back to biblical times. Interrogation techniques or the practice of questioning an individual to solicit the truth is a large part of the criminal justice system. Through the years there have been many alterations and improvements to the practices used by law enforcement personnel to question suspects. From China, circa 1,000 BC where suspects of a crime would be questioned with uncooked rice kernels in their mouth to test if the suspect was nervous causing them to expand the rice kernel with saliva to the Salem witch trials in 1692 which used the gathering of evidence in the form of witness accounts to question suspects. In modern times The Reid Technique is the primary interrogation tactic studied and used within the United States. It was originally developed by John E. Reid a psychologist and former police officer in the early 1950’s. The process begins with the common practice of fact analysis, then a non-accusatory questioning of the suspect to monitor behavior, and lastly the start of the Reid nine step process forming into an accusatory form of questioning (Gudjonsson, G. H., & Pearse, J. 2011). Since the term was coined in the early 1950’s the Reid Technique gained steady traction and began to be the main form of interrogation style taught and practiced in the United States (Dixon, D. 2010). Since its creation many experts have questioned its validity due to its high percentage of coercing suspects into a false confession.

The Reid Technique’s main attraction and most likely its reason for such widespread adaptation as the main form of interrogation technique is the nine-step process taught by John E. Reid and Associates, Inc. The process begins with step one, a positive confrontation of the suspect where the interviewer should express to the suspect that they are guilty. Step two, the interviewer should help provide an explanation to why the suspect would commit the crime to be understanding followed quickly by step three, controlling and minimizing any denials the suspect has during the process. Step four consist of putting the suspect at ease and overcoming any objection to why they could not commit the crime in question. During step five is when the Reid Technique believes it has eliminated any chance of an innocent suspect if they do not move from step three, however, for many individuals this is not the case. During step five of the process the focus is used on keeping the suspects attention and receptive to move into step six, where the investigator will offer the suspect alternatives to why they committed the accused offense to help the suspect rationalize the confession. Step seven and eight offer the suspect no choice but to offer a confession by first presenting the suspect with two different possibilities to what happed but both having the suspect being guilty and finally get the suspect to repeat his admission of guilt. When the interviewer reaches step nine of the Reid Technique it is presented as simple as gathering the confession on video, audio, or written forms.

The nine steps associated with the Reid interrogation style set a dangerous process where many innocent people can fall into the trap of a false confession when backed into a corner of guilt. Each passing step into the Reid Technique slowly but effectively removes a persons ability to combat such accusatory claims and when combined on the fact that many integrations take place on juveniles and people with potential mental disability it almost eliminates all hope of approaching a valid conclusion in an investigation (Gudjonsson, G. H., & Pearse, J. 2011). The Reid Technique has many critics that claim the method can result in a high number of false confessions due to the long lengths of the interrogations and the continuous accusations that this method calls for. The investigators will tell the suspect that they have clearly committed the crime, as the evidence obtained during the investigation leads to them (Dixon, D. 2010). Then they will insist that the person confess for their sake, or their family’s sake, as this will give them a reduced sentence.

Historically in the United States and countries alike the criminal justice system relied heavily on coercive tactics in order to obtain a confession. Focusing heavy on the investigative aspect of the case and assuming that any suspect being questioned to be guilty of the crime in question. Prior to the 1930s torture tactics were commonplace in the investigative process using beatings, starvation, and other forms of torture to solicit a confession from a suspected criminal. These tactics changed in 1936, the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Mississippi where the supreme court decided that any confession solicited through violence could not be entered into evidence. This change in the criminal justice system stopped the use of physical force by the questioning party however, it did not alter the thinking that a person being question is already guilty of the crime even before being found to be in court.

In the early 1960’s an experienced polygrapher and former police officer by the name of John E. Reed developed and popularized what is known today as the Reed Technique. The leading style of questioning used on suspects of a crime within the United States. This form of questioning is based largely with the mentality of the guilt of a suspect just like in the early 1930’s (Dixon, D. 2010). The accusatory form of questing slowly began to grow in popularity. Since the United States Supreme court ruled that no confessions received with the use of physical force would be admissible in court, they did not cover psychological tools that the investigative party can use to solicit a false confession. In 1966, the court addressed the extent questioning of a suspect could be used in court when they decided Miranda v. Arizona.

When the court reached a decision in Miranda v. Arizona among many opinions reached the court decided on what constitutes voluntary versus involuntary confessions. Although, in the case itself it lacked any concrete evidence of the physical torture that court decided that they consider coercion to be both physical as well as mental (Allen, R. J. 2007). This decision by the United States Supreme court allowed the protection of suspects being questioned to be informed of there rights as a suspect as well as established protections from phycological torture that individuals could have been placed under such as confinement to a small room, being isolated for long periods of time, and repeated verbal abuse (Allen, R. J. 2007).

On the subject of interrogation techniques and the consequences they pose for individuals such as the rate of false confessions and wrongfully accused suspects imprisoned, there have been multiple studies conducted.

References

Allen, R. J. (2007). The Misguided Defenses of Miranda v. Arizona. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 5(1), 205–214.

Dixon, D. (2010). Questioning Suspects: A Comparative Perspective. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 26(4), 426–440. doi: 10.1177/1043986210377107

Gudjonsson, G. H., & Pearse, J. (2011). Suspect Interviews and False Confessions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(1), 33–37. doi: 10.1177/0963721410396824

Salvati, J. M., & Houck, S. C. (2019). Examining the Causes and Consequences of Confession-Eliciting Tactics during Interrogation. Journal of Applied Security Research, 14(3), 241–256. doi: 10.1080/19361610.2019.1621508

Inter-Relationship of The Skeletal Muscular System to The Skeleton

Inter-Relationship of The Skeletal Muscular System to The Skeleton

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Inter-Relationship of The Skeletal Muscular System to The Skeleton

The human skeletal system is broadly divided into two, namely the axial and appendicular skeletal systems. The former is the central skeletal system and serves to protect vital body organs as well as act as an attachment site for muscles which cause bodily movement. The latter comprises of the bones in the upper and lower limbs and the girdle bones that connect limbs to the axial skeleton (Taylor, 2020). The muscular system is essentially divided into three types of muscles namely, visceral muscles which are found in internal organs such as blood vessels and intestines to allow movement of substances, cardiac muscle which is found in the heart and is responsible for pumping of blood in the body, and the skeletal muscle which form when many tiny progenitor cells attach themselves together to form long multinucleated fibers and voluntarily contracts to move body parts closer to the axial skeleton they are attached to. The skeletal muscles are attached to two bones through tendons which are tough bands of dense connective tissue with strong collagen fibers that firmly attach muscles to bones. Essentially, muscle movement is characterized by contraction which pulls tendons to move bones close to each other.

In detail, for muscle contraction to occur there must first be a stimulation of the muscle in the form of an impulse from a motor neuron (a nerve that connects to muscle) (Taylor, 2020). A motor neuron only stimulates a number of muscle fibers in a muscle. The individual motor neuron and the muscle fibers it stimulates is known as a motor unit. Neuromuscular junction is the junction between the motor neuron axon and the motor fibers it stimulates. When an impulse reaches the muscle fibers of a motor unit, it stimulates a reaction in each sarcomere between the actin and myosin filaments. The actin and myosin filaments within the sarcomeres of muscle fibers bind to form cross-bridges and slide past one another, thereby creating a contraction. In other words, the reaction created from the arrival of an impulse stimulates the ends of the myosin filament to reach forward and attach to the actin filament, then it pulls actin towards the middle of the sarcomere. This process causes the shortening of the sarcomere.  Additionally, this process occurs simultaneously in all sarcomeres.

The contraction process also entails Troponin which is a complex of three proteins that is attached to the protein Tropomyosin within an actin filament such that when the muscle is relaxed, the Tropomyosin stops the attachment sites for the myosin cross bridges. This is the process that prevents muscle contraction. Additionally, the muscle stores calcium in its sarcoplasmic reticulum in a fluid known as sarcoplasm. Thus, when a muscle is stimulated to contract by a nerve impulse, calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum usually open to allow the minerals into the fluid. Some of the calcium released however attach themselves to the protein Troponin which leads to a change in the cell of the muscle that moves Tropomyosin out of the way so as to allow the cross bridges to attach and cause a muscle contraction.

In a nutshell, the muscle contraction process can be subdivided into four stages, namely, muscle activation through the motor nerve stimulation of impulses which causes sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium; muscle contraction which occurs upon release of calcium into the muscle cell and its subsequent binding with troponin to allow actin and myosin cross bridges to bind and contract by making use of ATP; recharging which involves re-synthetization of ATP; and relaxation which occurs when nerve stimulation stops and calcium is pumped taken back into sarcoplasmic reticulum.

References

Taylor, T. (2020). Muscular System – Muscles of the Human Body. Innerbody. Retrieved 2 October 2020, from https://www.innerbody.com/image/musfov.html.

Interpretive Frameworks Clarifying your Perspective

Interpretive Frameworks: Clarifying your Perspective

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Trying on Different Lenses

Where would you locate each researcher on the continuum represented in Figure 3.1(in the attached chapter)?

The continuum is composed of two main aspects, the orienting question and the aims of the researcher each of which is made up of four factors. The researcher’s aims can be found by understanding the way things are, questioning the perceptions of the participants, taking issue with a situation, and transforming and unsettling the situation. The orienting questions are composed of a number of questions that helps one discover what is going on (Chapter 3).

Rebecca Rogers’s stance in this case is at fourth aspect of the continuum; the transforming and unsettling the way things are. She does by asking herself whether she should take the challenge of educating the perspectives of the setting or choices they might not be aware of, or not. This stance requires the researcher to decide whether she will add to the basic research she has done the responsibility of aiding those in the setting act upon or attend to a perspective. In doing this, Rogers engages in her research with a mindset which is more confrontational (Chapter 3). In doing this, she assumes the role of raising the critical consciousness in herself and others around the issue at hand. She presents a discourse analysis that is critical of two aspects. She analysis the subjects of her study and feels that she is obliged to make corrections to the prior studies by adding that the CSE meeting is filled with discourses and further gives a number of recommendations. Her position is critical (Rogers, 2002).

Elizabeth Crepeau, on the other hand, takes the second stance in the continuum. She tries to figure out in her research what is it that is going on that makes things fell like they are supposed to be like that in a setting. In doing this, Elizabeth begins by building into her position an inquiry approach that is more value- focused. This means that by asking this question, Elizabeth includes into her goals the intent to show how other perspectives and possibilities might provide an understanding that is more comprehensive if what is going on with a certain group or individual in her survey (Chapter 3). For example, Elizabeth focuses on the responsibility narratives about a patient play in building an image of that patient. She uses the stories given by three participants to show how they can be used to create images of the patients. Her position is, therefore, interpretative (Crepeau, 2000).

How are their respective research purposes, as stated in the articles, served by the extent to which they chose to emphasize a critical or interpretive perspective within their research stance?

The perspectives with which these two authors choose to reach their goals serve them largely by asking questions. The critical perspective, for example, serves Roger’s goal of critiquing the discourse analysis of two studies by engaging in her research with a mindset that is more critical and confrontational than she would if she took a different perspective (Rogers, 2002). Her purpose is served by this perspective because it allows her to raise questions and critical consciousness both in herself and in others. She might also use notions like catalytic validity explicitly with this perspective to help her frame her aims (Chapter 3). Elizabeth, on the other hand, aims to find out the role stories about patients play in forming images about them. She assumes an interpretative stance which also helps her attain the research goals. This is because the stance helps her come up with questions which include in her research goals the intent to show how alternate perspectives and possibilities can provide an understanding that is more comprehensive of what is going on with a particular subject in her survey (Crepeau, 2000; Chapter 3).

In her article, Rogers makes the following statement ‘Further, I gained insight into how, as a female literacy researcher and teacher, I was implicated in a system of education that assumes literacy is women’s work but not their right’, how could Rogers have reshaped her research aims, focus, and/or questions to foreground an even more explicit feminist perspective?

Rogers could have done have shaped her goals to depict her feminist perspective by doing a number of things. For example, she could have questioned the role or the responsibility relationship and power play at both the personal and societal levels between the researched and the researcher. She could have also designed her goals in a manner that establishes a non- exploitative and collaborative relationship through processes in research to show how these relationships really impact the stories being told in a study. Another way she could have shown a more feminist view would be to design her goals in a manner that questions the neutrality and objectivity ideas and the denouncing of ‘distancing’ that most traditional social sciences endorse as the only fair way of observing (Chapter 3).

Would it have made sense for either researcher to filter her ideas, aims and methods through an ecological or systems- oriented perspective? Why or why not?

For Rogers, it would have made a difference because with her feminist ideas, she believes that research should be based on a perspective or on the notion that individuals are equal and the same. The results she would get would be different because she has based her research on the fact that individuals cannot be analyzed based on their differences and that they are the same (Chapter 3). On the other hand, the research by Elizabeth would not be affected because she carried out her research based on the fact that different people have different ideas. Her research would not have been affected.

Developing Sensitivity to your Perspective

Introduction

Qatar museum is an organization that was set up by the government for the purposes of enhancing museums and archeology within Qatar. The organization was set up in 2005, thereby, it is a newly formed with limited experience in the field. The institution is operated and run under the budget provided by the Qatar government and its aims are to improve the services of the institution with time. The company has a number of responsibilities, one being to manage and supervise archeological and museum projects. Furthermore, the company participated in the processes of development in these areas (Qatar living.com, 2008).

Background Information

Before delving into the details of this case study, it is essential to first comprehend the background information on which the operational methods of the company are based. For one to properly understand the human resources issues and employee policies in this country, it is essential to understand the country (Jirasinghe & Houldsworth, 2008). For example, Qatar is one of the richest countries in terms of oil reserves, and products. The largest population in the country is concentrated in the capital city. It is one of the richest countries in the world. The largest population is made up of foreigners, and so is the labor force. As a result, most practices at work have been adopted from the western culture. The country is also largely a Muslim country, therefore, most of the beliefs, and values are based on the religion. Though women have been taking up professional roles, the level has not raised high enough to reach that of other developed countries. The poverty level in the country is extremely low, and so are the crime rates (Qatar living.com, 2008).

Before going to work for the Qatar museum, the author used to work at the fuel industry in the country. This sector employs a larger number of employees than the museum and archeological industry. Management skills and techniques are also different between the two sectors. For example, it has been found that the museum sector does not have any program for managing talent and retaining employees. The author tried to apply a number of methods of talent management and employee retention commonly practiced in the oil sector but they did not work, as the two sectors are governed by different factors (IDS, 2008). As a result, it was found necessary to launch a study to find out methods of talent management that can be useful in the sector. The government has invested a large amount of money in the sector, therefore, it would be wise manage talent and improve performance in the museum. The author was appointed to lead a group of individuals in a program called Young Cultural Program whose main aim is to improve talent management in the museum.

Expected Results

The author and his program team members deem that if the program is successful it will be of immense help to the organization by achieving a number of goals. For example, it is expected that the program will come up with ways that will help the organization retain the talents the employees exhibit and use these talents in building the organization, as well as, improving the whole industry (Baron & Armstrong, 2007). The author and his team can achieve this by ensuring that employees attend constant training on their skills and new skills. The author also hopes that the program will come up with ways of enabling talents in the organization for the purposes if managing the museum’s investments. One way the program can do this is through retaining the motivation of the employees by providing them with incentives. The author and his team also figure that they can come up with a model that fits with the needs of the organization and help the industry manage and retain talent. This model can be developed after a thorough research on the needs of the organization, the strengths and weaknesses of the employees.

Reasons for giving this Research more Importance.

There are a number of reasons why the managing of talents n the museum has been put on the forefront. One of the reasons is that there have been huge investments that have been made towards the improvement of museums in the country which have been made to align with several events in the future such as the 2022 world cup. Additionally, there is a need for an improvement model as the sector does not have any such model which is essential in such a significant industry (Improvement and development agency, 2007). Furthermore, the author has an undying passion for talent management.

Why is the Author so Passionate about the Subject?

Since the author’s career goes in line with the business o museums, he has found it irresistible to avoid talent management issues in the industry. While working at the at the museum and archeological sector, the author hopes that he will be able to come up with a model for retaining employee talent that he will able to retain for a long time so as to minimize costs associated with hiring new talent (North Cornwall District Council, 2007; Rankin, 2008).

Conclusion

The Qatar museum sector is a new venture that the government recently started. It has numerous challenges some of which have to do with maintenance and management of talent. The author was given the responsibility of leading a team that was supposed to come up with a model for managing talent in the museum. A number of ways of managing talent were recognized that the author could use in the management of talent in the industry.

References

Baron, A. & Armstrong, M. (2007). Managing performance: performance management in action. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development Report

Chapter 3. Clarifying your perspective. Positioning yourself for inquiry, 39- 51.

Crepeau, E. B. (2000). Reconstructing Gloria: a narrative analysis of team meetings. Qualitative health research, 10: 766.

IDS (2008). Improving staff retention. Report on HR Studies, 863, 56.

Improvement and development agency (2007). Getting performance management right. Retrieved from http://www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do?pageId=440577

Jirasinghe, D. & Houldsworth, E. (2008). Managing and measuring employee performance. New York: Kogan Page.

North Cornwall District Council. (2007). Staff retention. Retrieved from http://www.ncdc.gov.uk

Qatar living.com (2008). The Qatar Museum Authority. Retrieved fromhttp://www.qatarliving.com/user/login?destination=node/24186#

Rankin, N. (2008). Labor turnover rates and costs. IRS Employment Review, 894, 89.

Rogers, R. (2002). Through the eyes of the institution: a critical discourse of decision making in two special education meetings. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 33 (2), 213.

Interpersonal Self

Interpersonal Self

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The idea of self is unique to each person. What makes me who I am is not what makes defines another person.

The following traits are unique to my idea of self:

Female

African American

Plant lover

Nurse practitioner

Cat lover

Vegetarian

Christian

Environmentalist

Millennial

College student

The above groups tend to influence my ought self in numerous ways. My ought self is not much different from my ideal self. However, in some cases, I tend to deviate from my ideal self on specific aspects. Traits such as my gender and race have not influenced my ideal self in any way because these are traits about myself that I cannot change. Worth noting, for the larger part, I tend to conform to the rules and expectations of the specific groups that I belong. For instance, because I am a female, I dress according to the societal expectations of a girl’s dress code. I dress in skirts and dresses and look neat and polished at all times, as is expected of any girl. Additionally, I have always wanted to lead a healthy lifestyle, so I choose the vegetarian route. Being a vegetarian has not influenced my idea of self as this is something I always wanted for myself, which is why I remain dedicated to this journey for a long time. The same applies to the plant lover, cat lover, and environmentalist categories. These are things that I am passionate which is why they describe my true and ought self. The instance that I tend to deviate from my ideal self has to do with religion. Being brought up in a Christian home, I have always practiced Christianity, however, that is slowly beginning to change. Although I remain a believer, I no longer consistently practice religion. I do not attend church as often as I used to and am less involved in religious activities like tithing and attending service.

Being a member of the above-named groups has affected my idea of self-preservation in one way or another. For example, because I practice Christianity, there are certain boundaries that I cannot cross. For instance, actions like lying and stealing are prohibited in the Bible, so I try as much as possible to avoid indulging in such activities. While I come across friends engaging in such activities, I try not to judge them as it makes me a hypocrite knowing that I am not perfect.

Interpersonal Communication

Interpersonal Communication

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Interpersonal Communication

Effective communication skills are an essential aspect of the life of any individual. It is through communication that an individual can pass critical messages. Interpersonal communication represents the process of conversing between parties (Turistiati, & Poernomo, 2020). Interpersonal skills are vital since it allows an individual to communicate effectively with other people. Interpersonal communication refers to how individuals communicate, evaluate, and coordinate messages to establish shared meaning, achieve social goals, maintain personal identity, and carry out their relationships (2.2 Perceiving Others – Communication in the Real World. 2016). Interpersonal communication aims to perform a specific purpose, depending on how it is conveyed: to inform, entertain, convince, or impact or persuade. The most important of all the above four goals of interpersonal communication is passing down information. This is because information is critical for every aspect of our society.

References

2.2 Perceiving Others – Communication in the Real World. (2016, September 29). Pressbooks. Retrieved from

https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/2-2-perceiving-others/Turistiati, A. T., & Poernomo, B. (2020). The Role of Interpersonal Communication in Students’ Self-control to Avoid Substance Abuse. Ijtimā’iyya: Journal of Muslim Society Research, 5(2), 84-94. Retrieved from

http://ejournal.iainpurwokerto.ac.id/index.php/ijtimaiyya/article/view/4156

Interpersonal Communication in Nursing

Interpersonal Communication in Nursing

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Interpersonal Communication in Nursing

Good relationships do not just occur overnight. They take significant effort, compromise, and commitment. The connections we establish with others are crucial to physical, emotional, and social health (Holt-Lunstad, 2017). Specifically, interpersonal relationships are essential in nursing, for example, improving longevity and decreasing the risk of suicide and depression. Relationships refer to a social affiliation or connection between two individuals or more. Relationships such as those involving co-workers, patients, and other individuals are significant in nursing in bettering patient care.

There are various ways that I am ensuring success in the current relationship topic concerning nursing. As a future nurse, I am developing healthy interpersonal relationships with colleagues. The relationships are significant. I have become aware of maintaining relationships, which has helped me develop a support system that offers me strength as I cope with life’s numerous challenges. In addition, I have established and maintained healthy boundaries in my relationships.

I have multiple ways in which I can improve my relationships. First, I want to ensure good communication with my colleagues and various patients in healthcare; this is essential in all relationships. Also, I can ensure active listening in my relationships to make them better (Jones et al., 2019). It involves being part of the conversation my partner is talking about. I can also provide emotional validation and support through listening to my patients. Therefore, this can contribute to better relationships with co-workers and patients.

Moreover, in order to gain more success in relationships as a nurse, I will employ various practices from the readings. I will avoid judgements or voicing opinions in my relationships with colleagues and patients. Thus, I will always inquire than make judgments. Also, I will avoid interrupting the other individual while in a conversation (Wiemann & Knapp, 2017). I will also ask open-ended questions to my patients for better relationships. In addition, I will be open; this involves an urge for mutual give-and-take in sharing information, especially with patients, to form and keep strong bonds.

Lastly, there are various ways in which I might be able to assist others. Relationships can have psychological and physical health benefits for other individuals. Hence, in nursing, I can ensure strong relationships with others to combat their loneliness to help them with psychological benefits. Also, I can validate other people’s feelings and be honest to ensure successful relationships, especially with patients. Therefore, I will ensure openness, active listening, and healthy boundaries to maintain strong relationships in my nursing career.

References

Holt-Lunstad, J. (2017). The potential public health relevance of social isolation and loneliness: Prevalence, epidemiology, and risk factors. Public Policy & Aging Report, 27(4), 127-130.

Jones, S. M., Bodie, G. D., & Hughes, S. D. (2019). The impact of mindfulness on empathy, active listening, and perceived provisions of emotional support. Communication Research, 46(6), 838-865.

Wiemann, J. M., & Knapp, M. L. (2017). Turn-taking in conversations. Communication theory, 226-245.

Inter-Office Email

Inter-Office Email

To: Acme Petroleum CEO

Date: October 11, 2022

Subject: Public relations strategy to handle resistance to tank farm

Dear Madam,

I have put together an interdepartmental team pursuant to your request that my office create a public relations plan to handle resistance to tank farms. I have called a team meeting to examine the situation and come up with a workable solution. I also suggested a public forum to the Victoria Advocate and told Acme staff to direct any enquiries about the proposed tank farm to me, the communications director.

Thank you for your time in this matter.

Sincerely,

Communications Director, Acme Petroleum.

Internet market recommendation for Sprout Stack company

Internet market recommendation for Sprout Stack company

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Internet market recommendation for Sprout Stack company

Introduction

Sprout Stack company is a firm producing agricultural products through technological means of vertical hydroponic farms in upcycled shipping containers. It has a website that provides information on how it operates, its produce, benefits of the product to the human body, and the contact information. The website is an appropriate medium for internet marketing as it reaches a broader market through the internet. The internet beats all other mediums of promotion due to up to date availability information and content (Olanrewaju & Deborah, 2016).

Right Medium

However, the company should apply the use of the Search Engine Optimization (SEO) method ensures that the website and the company are easily identified by the search engines, making it available for interested consumers. The objective of the process is to increase consumer awareness of the products produced. SEO involves the creation of relevant content, with keywords and phrases that consumers are used to and which is more likely to be used when searching for information. It introduces more internet content and challenge page ranking of search engines (Xing & Lin, 2006). Therefore, any consumers who wish to have fresh produce and searches through online search engines will find the sprout stack website and could purchase from them.

Within the SEO, a link can be provided for a video, providing evidence for the information given on the company’s website. This information includes not applying any pesticides in production and producing locally. The proof in the SEO will aim to convince consumers of the fresh and safe products for consumption with no chemical additives. Providing a video that explains the process along with shots of the process and environment for growth shows enormous flexibility of the business and is fully revealed through watching.

Right Customers

Finding the right consumers increases the chances of marketing and marketplace success (Hoffman et al., 2010). Sprout stack customers produce agricultural products that are consumed by vegetarians and a healthy product recommended for healthy living. Therefore, the consumption of the products is high, especially among people of various ages, the young children and old. With the rise in diseases caused by the intake of a lot of fatty and processed foods, most individuals are moving to green consumption. People are purchasing more vegetables and reducing the intake of animal products and processed foods. Therefore, the target market for the company should be vegetarians, and individuals are moving to green consumption.

With the identification of products to consume, the readily available medium is the internet, where they would search for vegetable products of their choice. Since vegetarians only consume greens and those green products are perishable, shopping will be more frequent. Technological advancement has also increased the need for e-commerce where consumers order online, and delivery is made to them. This technique makes consumers purchase more through digital means. Examining the acquisition, usage, and disposition determines the decision points of consumers in finding sustainability in consumption (Ruchs et al., 2011). The consumers’ decision before a purchase is to get safe products hence find sources with quality products. The continuous availability of the product is also a factor considered. After using the internet medium to find suppliers, the consumers gauge the level of satisfaction from the consumption of the products. Therefore, the company should aim at making products available and providing quality according to consumers’ expectations.

Right messages

The SEO will involve the operations of the company and the methods used in producing its products. Since the objective of marketing is to create awareness, the message will be informational. The informational message presents facts on the product and production methods used in clear and concrete terms (Tafesse & Wien, 2018). The aim is to inform the consumers of the benefits they will receive after the consumption of vegetable products. Therefore, in the SEO, keywords such as healthy, safe, free from pesticides, and locally produced will directly lead the consumers to the company’s website. Apart from the benefits, the SEO will include the process of production, from planting, fertilizers used, watering, harvesting, and packaging, to when it gets to the consumers. This information is of interest to vegetarians and also the consumers wishing to go green. The objective of going green is to have a healthy living; hence the procedure for production is necessary.

Since the SEO is also providing the link to a video that shows the process, the consumers will be more interested in the products. As searches are done on vegetable products, Sprout stack becomes among the first to be found, and the information provided satisfies the target consumers, which leads to purchases. The internet offers adequate access for customers and enables immediate communication with the target consumers (Corley et al., 2013). To create awareness of the vegetable products to vegetarians, the production process is essential in guaranteeing no use of pesticides or chemicals that may affect the body or lead to other diseases.

Budget

SEO involves onsite and offsite scope. Onsite includes activities such as the creation of content required by the company and technical responsibilities such as site optimization. The offsite roles involve managing the website, seeking out links, and publishing for social use, to make the content available for target consumers. Also, the site needs to be audited periodically to prevent hacks and ensure consumers have access to the site. These activities can be done by an internal SEO specialist, or one can be outsourced. However, for Sprout stack company, hiring an internal specialist may be more convenient due to the familiarization of the company and the objectives set. This option will help in creating content that aligns with the aims of the company, and also to find more consumers.

The budget will focus on salary for hiring and costs required for maintenance and acquisition of resources to keep the site running. The budget is for the whole year, incorporating the yearly salary for the SEO specialist hired.

Activity Costs Hiring an SEO Specialist Advertisement $100 Interview $200 Orientation $100 Total Hiring cost $400

Salary $60,000

Costs for Resources Seeking out links $400 Publishing social $300 Web Video $600 Total Cost for Resources $1,300

Total Budget for SEO $61,700

Measure, Evaluate and Define Success

Effectiveness and efficiency are measures of success. Effectiveness is the foundation of success, while efficiency is a requirement for survival after the achievement of success (Gao, 2010). Measurement of the effectiveness of the website will be done by checking the website’s statistics. The data includes the number of visits and the duration on the website. The number of visits shows the number of people interested in vegetable products and who google searched to get to the site through the SEO developed. The number of visits shows the measurement of awareness created to target consumers, which can also be transformed into sales. Duration on the website also shows the content that the viewer could have acquired. Reading through the content and watching the video provides information on the products and company. The duration may measure the number of individuals who took the time to read through the material. Also, the top site pages provided by google in traffic volumes will show the effectiveness of the SEO content and keyword use.

The outcome can be evaluated through the use of goal completion rate metrics. This technique measures the SEO efficiency by comparing the website number of visits, before and after its development. If the number of visits has increased, it shows that the website has effectively performed the objective to create awareness to more people. In the long term, acquisition, satisfaction, and retention can be used to evaluate the efficiency of a method. This metric shows the rate at which information gets to targeted consumers; the potential consumers are transformed to customers and how they have been retained to keep purchasing from the company. These metrics show the effect of SEO on achieving the creation of awareness goals.

The objective of internet marketing is to create awareness for a larger population of the benefit of consumption of the company’s products and also increasing sales of a company through provision of internet purchasing (Grubor & Jaksa, 2018). In this case, the company aims to create awareness, thus, measuring success will involve calculations of the ROI using the net profit and the total investment. This formula will be the net profit divide by the total investment used. When the return on investment is positive, it shows that the internet method was useful in making individuals aware of the existence of the company as well as the quality of the product, which then led to higher purchases.

Combining online and offline marketing strategies provides efficient synergetic effect which creates an objective outcome (Bobalo, 2018). Offline marketing should involve a tracking response using offline campaigns. It can be done through creation of a URL for a campaign in that a person visits the website; it leads them to the campaign, which then reflects through the URL. The metric will keep information on the visits and the conversion rate of potential consumers to actual customers.

References

Bobalo, O. (2018). FUTURE OF OFFLINE MARKETING AHEAD OF THE RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF ONLINE MARKETING. Baltic Journal Of Economic Studies, 4(3), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-3-1-7Corley, J., Jourdan, Z., & Ingram, W. (2013). Internet marketing: a content analysis of the research. Electronic Markets, 23(3), 177-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-012-0118-yGao, Y. (2010). Measuring marketing performance: a review and a framework. The Marketing Review, 10(1), 25-40. https://doi.org/10.1362/146934710x488924Grubor, A., & Jaksa, O. (2018). Internet Marketing as a Business Necessity. Interdisciplinary Description Of Complex Systems, 16(2), 265-274. https://doi.org/10.7906/indecs.16.2.6

Hoffman, D., Kopalle, P., & Novak, T. (2010). The “Right” Consumers for Better Concepts: Identifying Consumers High in Emergent Nature to Develop New Product Concepts. Journal Of Marketing Research, 47(5), 854-865. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.47.5.854Olanrewaju, O., & Deborah, O. (2016). Evaluating the use of internet as a medium for marketing and advertising messages in Nigeria. African Journal Of Marketing Management, 8(2), 12-19. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajmm2015.0459Ruchs, M., Rose, R., Naylor, R., & Caitline, J. (2011). Journal of Research for Consumers. Journal Of Research For Consumers, 1(19). Retrieved 12 June 2020, from.

Tafesse, W., & Wien, A. (2018). Using message strategy to drive consumer behavioral engagement on social media. Journal Of Consumer Marketing, 35(3), 241-253. https://doi.org/10.1108/jcm-08-2016-1905Xing, B., & Lin, Z. (2006). The impact of search engine optimization on online advertising market. Proceedings Of The 8Th International Conference On Electronic Commerce The New E-Commerce: Innovations For Conquering Current Barriers, Obstacles And Limitations To Conducting Successful Business On The Internet – ICEC ’06. https://doi.org/10.1145/1151454.1151531

International Strategy and Organization

International Strategy and Organization

Name:

Number:

Course:

Lecturer:

Organizational structures

There are different types of organizational decision making structures. The major types of these structures include the independent, decentralized, centralized decision making structures. The advantage of independent decision making structures is that it has low communication requirements. The disadvantage of independent structure is that they can neither take the advantage of economies of scale nor pool resources in a simpler manner. In addition, the independent structures are characterized by relatively uninformed decisions as they do not know what takes place elsewhere due to failure to learn from people’s experience in different places (Malone & Team, 2013).

The advantage of centralized structures is that individuals can regularly make excellent decisions when more information is used. The managers can also share finest practices between stores, be able to recognize the best suppliers as well as capturing the economies of scale. In other circumstances, fresh technologies makes it is likely for the personalized, home-grown decisions to be carried out at national level. The disadvantage of this structure is that it has considerably higher requirements for communication hence costly. Another problem is that the stores for the individuals tend to vary greatly in terms of colors and sizes that are sold. Decentralized structures also have the advantage in that decisions can be made based on vast amount of remote information that exist via networks or electronic media. They at times cooperate with one another in addition to competing some other times thus resulting to quality results (Malone & Team, 2013).

The role played by a firm’s strategy in determining organizational structure

In this case, the firm’s strategy of fresh technology implementation which transforms the structure of the management process as well as enhancing the capacity to center on customer service. This implementation of fresh technology comes with relatively low cost and personal computers having sophisticated software and operating systems that are graphically based. This reduces the danger or risk of the change process for the firm (Yetton, Johnston & Craig, 2012).

Meaning of horizontal differentiation and its possible implications to how managers design the company structure

Horizontal differentiation is a situation where by the equilibrium prices goes up whenever the disparity of population goes down. This can help the managers to enhance the effectiveness of the design structure in addition to affecting the design of the hierarchy of the organizational structure (Gabszewicz & Wauthy, 2012).

References

Malone, T. W., & Team, L. Y. (2013). Is empowerment just a fad? Control, decision making, and IT. Sloan management review, 38(2).

Yetton, P. W., Johnston, K. D., & Craig, J. F. (2012). Computer-aided architects: a case study of IT and strategic change. Image.

Gabszewicz, J. J., & Wauthy, X. Y. (2012). Nesting horizontal and vertical differentiation. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 42(6), 998-1002.

International Strategy and Organization (2)

International Strategy and Organization

Name:

Number:

Course:

Lecturer:

Organizational structures

There are different types of organizational decision making structures. The major types of these structures include the independent, decentralized, centralized decision making structures. The advantage of independent decision making structures is that it has low communication requirements. The disadvantage of independent structure is that they can neither take the advantage of economies of scale nor pool resources in a simpler manner. In addition, the independent structures are characterized by relatively uninformed decisions as they do not know what takes place elsewhere due to failure to learn from people’s experience in different places (Malone & Team, 2013).

The advantage of centralized structures is that individuals can regularly make excellent decisions when more information is used. The managers can also share finest practices between stores, be able to recognize the best suppliers as well as capturing the economies of scale. In other circumstances, fresh technologies makes it is likely for the personalized, home-grown decisions to be carried out at national level. The disadvantage of this structure is that it has considerably higher requirements for communication hence costly. Another problem is that the stores for the individuals tend to vary greatly in terms of colors and sizes that are sold. Decentralized structures also have the advantage in that decisions can be made based on vast amount of remote information that exist via networks or electronic media. They at times cooperate with one another in addition to competing some other times thus resulting to quality results (Malone & Team, 2013).

The role played by a firm’s strategy in determining organizational structure

In this case, the firm’s strategy of fresh technology implementation which transforms the structure of the management process as well as enhancing the capacity to center on customer service. This implementation of fresh technology comes with relatively low cost and personal computers having sophisticated software and operating systems that are graphically based. This reduces the danger or risk of the change process for the firm (Yetton, Johnston & Craig, 2012).

Meaning of horizontal differentiation and its possible implications to how managers design the company structure

Horizontal differentiation is a situation where by the equilibrium prices goes up whenever the disparity of population goes down. This can help the managers to enhance the effectiveness of the design structure in addition to affecting the design of the hierarchy of the organizational structure (Gabszewicz & Wauthy, 2012).

References

Malone, T. W., & Team, L. Y. (2013). Is empowerment just a fad? Control, decision making, and IT. Sloan management review, 38(2).

Yetton, P. W., Johnston, K. D., & Craig, J. F. (2012). Computer-aided architects: a case study of IT and strategic change. Image.

Gabszewicz, J. J., & Wauthy, X. Y. (2012). Nesting horizontal and vertical differentiation. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 42(6), 998-1002.