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Social sciences theories

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Social sciences theories

Social theories are backgrounds of experiential evidence used to study and explain social spectacles (Macionis and Plummer 2005). There are used by the social scientists to bring out the relationship between historical debates using the most valid and reliable procedures. In a nut shell, social theories are a set of logical explanations about patterns of human social life. There are two methodologies used in the quest which include positivism and ant positivism. The positivism theory is based on the view that all known information is derived from logical and mathematical treatments and reports of corporeal involvement is the only source of the authoritative knowledge. Ant- positivism is based on the view that the social realm is not subject to the similar procedures of inquiry as the natural world.

Some of the social theories remain confined to the scientific perspectives and they strictly remain descriptive and objective. In the contemporary world, social science is used to refer to a wide scope of issues ranging from sociology, economics, political science and jurisprudence. There also exists social theories which are of an informal nature and their perspective is neither in the academic social nor political science. Such theories can be comprehensively referred to as social criticism or social commentaries. Numerous social theories exist and more are still cropping up. Social scientists have been fighting hard and researching on various social occurrences in the world (Macionis and Plummer, 2005). This attempt is aimed at producing knowledge in a bid to understand and explain the world around us.

For a single phenomenon a number of theories may be formulated by multiple social scientists in a bid to explain it vividly. Each of the social scientists armed with facts to support his synthesized information. The multiple theories revolving around one social phenomenon may exhibit similarities among them and contrasts may also be evident. The differences may be as a result of the methodologies used to derive the theories. The dissimilarities may be also as a result of the different views of the social scientists used to derive them. The social science theories comprises of two perspectives; the scientific perspectives and the theoretical perspectives. The scientific perspectives are the experimental derivatives and observations that support the particular theory. The theoretical perspectives are based on written logical explanations to a particular theory (Derek and Sheffrin, 2003, 4). Theoretical aspects assist in making sense of what has been observed. Statistics are used when designing theories to compare the observations to what is logically expected.

There exist a number of theories that try to explain economics. Two of the most famous theories are by renowned economists; Adam Smith and Karl Marx. Each one of them came up with economic theories that have been continuously used in the world for generations. Both theories exhibit a number of similarities as well as differences.

Similarities between Karl Marx theory of economics and Adam Smith’s theory

Both Adam Smith and Karl Marx made a critical inquiry into the world of business affairs. The chief similarity that occurs between the two theories is that they both tried to elaborate the economic situation in the world (Harvey, 2005, 24). Despite taking totally different stands each of the theory expounded on the forces behind the daily monetary transactions in the world. They have been both classified into a school of thought by the name, the classical economics. This school of thought of whom Karl Marx and Adam are the custodians insinuated that the free markets regulate themselves when free of any intervention. They both speculated an unknown force that controlled the market system without requiring an external force. Both also related the market system to political systems in their theories. Thus both of their theories were political economic.

Differences between Karl Marx theory and the Adam smith’s theory

There is an immense rift between the two theories by the two philosophers that are as a result of disparities in views between them. The main incongruence between the two theories is the ideologies used by the pair to express their finding. Karl Marx used a communist approach while Adam took a capitalistic approach. Karl Marx used a pessimistic explanation that the free market would crumble down to pave way for a more expansive system in which monetary benefit was not the main aim (Michael, 2000, 123). On the other hand, Adam hinted that the world was heading to a situation whereby every person’s aim would be making monetary gains.

Karl Marx’s enlightenments indicated that the world was slowly but gradually slipping into an expansive welfare whereby joint ownership of resources would be the order of the day unlike Adam whose clarifications on the future economic system gave a direction that it would be branded by individual ownership of property in which the distribution of goods would be determined freely by the market forces and the investments made by individuals. Adam insinuated harmony and growth in his theories unlike Karl Marx who saw instability, struggle and decline. Marx also stated that the class struggle would cause the crumbling down of capitalism due to the tension that would arise between the capitalist and the workers which is incongruent to Adam who predicted prosperity of capitalism if the governments gave the economies a laissez-faire approach (Derek and Sheffrin, 2003, 112). Therefore, their theories are seen to yield controversy in this view.

References

Brass, T. (2011). Labour regime, change in the 21st century. New Jersey: Brill LTD.

Derek, I and Sheffrin, H. (2003). Economic principles in action. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Pearson.

Harvey, D. (2005). The new imperialism. London: Oxford University Press.

Macionis, J and Plummer, K. (2005). Sociology: A global introduction (3rd ED). Harlow: Pearson Education.

Michael, P (2000). The invention of capitalism. Cambridge: Duke University Press.

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT (APPLE INC)

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How to use market growth and market share to develop strategy

Strategic management is a dynamic process that changes course with change in a number of factors to ensure that the corporate’s mission is achieved best. It entails analysis, decision making and taking an action towards the achievement of the firm’s objectives. A strategy is a plan that is adopted by an organization especially in a competitive environment that enables it to enjoy an advantage over the other rival firms. A marketing strategy is therefore a plan by a firm which is adopted by a firm after a close analysis of the market and their resources which enables them to increase their sales and on the other hand maintain a competitive advantage over their rival firms in the market.

Before any firm ventures into the manufacture of any product it has in mind the prospective market (Kottler and Keller, 2005, 465). A single market may have numerous firms producing close substitute product but there may be variance in the price and quality of the products. Various firms serve a different proportion of the market. Some firms control and occupy a larger share of the market while others occupy a negligible part of the market. For a company to maintain or improve on its market share, some sound strategies have to be formulated by the firm. A company may experience market growth depending on the strategies used.

The Apple Inc. is a renowned manufacture of technological products. It is a multinational company based in the United States of America and its products are sold all over the world. It sells a number of consumer electronics which include; computer hardware, computer software and personal computers. Their brand names includes; the iPod music player, iPhone smart phone, the iPad tablet handheld personal computer, the OS x and iOS computer operating systems, the safari web browser and the iTunes. The company was founded in 1979 and boasts to be the world’s second largest information technology company and is among the top most sellers of mobile devices. The apple brand has been admired all over the world. The company has experienced a rapid market growth in the last span of ten years and now boasts a large market share in the world’s information communication technology market.

In developing a marketing strategy for the jumbo Apple Company the company has to consider internal as well as external factors in respect to the market situation. The strategies should change from time to time depending on the market environment (Jobber and Chadwick, 2012, 234). The company can employ marketing growth as well as the market share to develop a strategy.

Marketing growth strategies involves employment of the market behavior knowledge. Being a large company with numerous resources, use of market growth to develop a marketing strategy is highly achievable. This chiefly entails marching the marketing opportunities and the company’s resources without forgetting the company’s objectives. Market growth can be defined as a bid to increase the sales of a firm in the existing markets and the introduction of the products into new markets (John and David, 2012, 473). Market growth also involves creation of new products or tailoring of existing products to get new uses in a bid to encroach the market.

To ensure that the market development is used to build new strategies a number of factors have to be put into consideration (Morden, 2007, 174). One of these factors is the attractiveness of the new market the Apple Company wants to encroach. Investing in creating markets in some geographical areas would be a waste of resources (Simerson, 2010, 278). Not all regions have adopted sophistication in terms of communication. Some areas especially in the poverty stricken continents still use low quality cheap products in communication or no mobile devices at all. It would sound ironical if the Apple Inc. tried to expand its market in Africa by intensifying its marketing strategies in the sub-Saharan Africa. There are countries in which the Apple Company has not deepened their market in them. These countries may however have a great potential of purchasing their products. This includes the Middle East. This is an attractive new market which has a potential of increasing their total annual sales by a great deal. Therefore it is advisable that they consider first the attractiveness of the new market.

The second factor that the company should put into consideration before using market development to create a strategy should be the availability of resources and their willingness of the company to commit them. Some market expansion plans may require intensive capital expenditure to achieve. Expansion of the market requires capital resources as well as human resources (Simerson, 2010, 295)). Therefore it would be of great importance for the company to evaluate first the kind of market being intruded, the resources required and the power of the company in respect to the requirements. For example some regions would require intensive advertising and promotion before they would purchase the products while other would call for less advertisement and less product promotion before purchase

The third factor the Apple Inc. would have to consider is any modifications or rather adaptations that would be necessary for the company in covering new markets. Entering into new markets would have some obstacles. It would be necessary if the company evaluated if it had the time and the power to overcome any obstacles encountered (Morden, 2007, 234). The Apple Inc. is a multinational firm however some obstacles which include government regulations in different continents and countries would be a barrier to their activity especially in development of new markets. Some countries may enact legislation to protect their young information technology industries.

The fourth factor to put into consideration is the competitive advantage in the new markets. A competitive advantage is an advantage that accrues to the firm over other firms that may be as a result of better quality and better pricing (Jobber and Chadwick, 2012, 463). Therefore it would be necessary for the Apple Inc. to evaluate the new prospective market’s status, evaluate the other technological products in that market, their market price, quality and their utility to the consumers. This would enable the company to establish possible modification of their products or revision of their prices. Competitive advantage is of great importance in a multiple seller market. It ensures that one firm is ahead of the others in sales and preference by the consumers.

The fifth factor would be comparing the advantages of new markets and their disadvantages. In some situations the advantages of market development may surpass the handicaps (John and David, 2012, 345). In this case after weighing the two then it would be advisable that the Apple Inc. expand its market to areas with such situations. In some regions, the drawbacks and the bottle necks would exceed the benefits of escalating the market. In such situations then it would not be advisable for the Apple Inc. to impinge such new markets.

It would also be necessary for the company to establish it strength and weaknesses. It would be of great importance for the company to carry out a SWOT analysis prior to expanding and developing new markets. The SWOT analysis basically involves analysis of a firm’s strengths and weaknesses, the threats and opportunities (Kottler and Keller, 2005, 278). This would give a good direction to be taken in capturing new markets for this technology giant, the Apple Inc.

In their bid to ensure market growth it would also be necessary to establish well defined sales and marketing strategies. The main objective of expanding the market or market growth is the increment of sales for the firm. Consequently, this would necessitate the presence of strong sales and marketing strategy that would ensure proper sales in the new markets gotten into by the Apple Inc. this would involve a proper study of the market prior to the expansion. This prior study is referred to as pre-feasibility study in a technical term (Jobber and Chadwick, 2012, 375). It enables the marketers to establish the viability of that particular market in terms of future sales. It would be good to have a rough estimate of the possible sales in a given location and compare them to other area hence establish which is the best area to expand to.

The market growth can be used as a marketing strategy in various ways. The first would be establishment of new geographical markets. The Apple Inc. is a multinational company. However, the company has not done it sales to all geographical locations on the earth’s surface. Consequently in this bid to strategize its marketing it would be of great importance if the Apple Inc. expanded its sales to new Geographical regions. Entry into new markets with a prefeasibility test done prior would definitely result in the increment of the aggregate sales (Morden, 2007, 278)).

The other market expansion strategy would be expansion of the Apple’s brand and improvement of the currents product utilization. Currently in the world the information and communication technology sector has experienced a massive growth. Formulation of new and unique products in the same line would be a milestone in encroachment of new markets (Kottler and Keller, 2007, 478). There also exists a great potential to improve and increase the satisfaction yielded by the current Apple Inc.’s. Products. Consequently improvement of their current products to higher standards would enable them to jet into new markets. For instance they may introduce children laptops. The company can also tailor their computer operating systems and other soft wares to meet more needs of the consumers. This would result in expansion of their market as more people would be attracted to their products.

To such a large company like the Apple Inc. the distribution channel is quite large and complicated. Their distribution of their products in the market determines to a great extent the aggregate sales of their products. The choice of the distribution channel may influence the sales made and the markets reached. If the company would wish to expand into new markets it would be necessary to find the best distribution channels to ensure that their products are available and their after sales services are also available to their customers. This would mean that new procedures that are more viable be applied in the distribution of the products. This includes increasing the number of the distributors as well as diversifying their physical location. These efforts would result in the market expansion of the Apple’s products.

The other effort that would be required in expanding the market of the Apple Company is the pricing policies. Most of the customers are mired from purchasing the Apples products by their relatively high prices. Price of the product is interrelated to its demand and supply. Therefore, it would be of great importance if the Apple Inc. revised the price of all their products to make them more affordable to the consumers. Affordability would mean increased sales of the products.

The market share can also be used by the Apple Inc. as a strategy to reach more market and hence increase their total sales as well as revenue. Market share is the percentage of the market total sales that is earned by a given firm (John and David, 2012, 345). It can be expressed as the command of the company in the market. In this respect a company can be termed to be a market leader if it commands the greatest market share. On the other hand the other firms with lower market shares are called market followers. The Apple Inc. is a multinational company that commands quite a big share of the total technological market share. It is estimated to be the third largest seller of mobile devices. Improving the market share is a strategy embraced by many companies. The Apple Inc. can also use this as a strategy.

The primary purpose of investments is to raise more revenue for any money that is invested that is, the capital (Kottler and Keller, 2005, 435). Therefore it is important for any company to command a better part of the market in this bid. In order to improve the market share a number of information has to be put into consideration. The Apple Company can increase its market share by first studying the business environment. They also have to study their internal structure which includes their resources. After the study, the company is in a position to establish the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities in the market.

After they are through with the market study they can set strategies on how to increase their market share. This may include use of product promotion methods or even tailoring the products to meet the needs of their customers. It is also important for the Apple Inc. to study the methods used by other giant corporations like the Samsung Company, the Nokia Company and the Hewlett-Packard Company. This enables the company in setting up unique strategies that beat those of their rivals and hence increase their market popularity.

A blend of the two, that is the market growth and the market share, the Apple Company can have the best marketing strategy. If they expand the market to sell their products to places which did not previously receive the product the increase their market share, therefore the combination of the two can be referred to as a strategic plan. It would result in more sales of the Apples brands and hence more revenue would accrue to the company.

Reference

John, F and David, J. (2012). Foundations of marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Jobber, D and Chadwick, F. (2012). Principles and practice of marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Kottler, P and Keller, K. (2005). Marketing Management (14th edition). New York: Prentice Hall Pearson.

Morden, T. (2007). Principles of strategic management. New Jersey: Ashgate Publishing.

Simerson, K. (2010). Strategic planning. New Jersey: Ashgate publishing LTD.

management and culture

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Cultural awareness quiz

A cultural quiz is an online test that asses ones understanding and awareness of a given culture. They mainly base their questions on business, work, working in multicultural situations and other cultural questions pertaining to a specific country. A culture is a complex institution of a specific place that encompasses knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by the inhabitants of the place.

I took a Bolivian culture test offered by the kwint essential site. Various queries about the Bolivian culture were tested. My score was a real surprise. As I countered the quiz, I experienced some real brain teasers. Nonetheless I managed to score an equivalent of seventy percent in the test. This proved my speculations wrong. I was of the opinion that I was devoid of the multicultural knowledge.

I found out that I was well conversant with the economic issues. I could perfectly and without much strain respond to quizzes based on these perspectives. The issues on business were mainly about how the Bolivians conduct their businesses. My knowledge on the social interaction in business was notable. Socio-economic aspects of businesses are very vital. Business etiquette is also a field that I was conversant with. It dealt with the expected behavior. Time consciousness and punctuality was also a booster in my performance. On the other hand I found out that I was weak on the social cultural aspects of the Bolivians. The social culture of the Bolivians is much complex and is much dissimilar to other cultures in the world. My understanding of the social aspects was shallow and hence I flopped on this part.

How to improve my inter-cultural knowledge

Inter-cultural knowledge is very vital especially in the contemporary world. In the current world, people are bound to work or set business within areas of diversified cultures (Barry, 2012, 278). Cultures in different settings are not always similar. For a successful career or a flourishing business in any setting, good mastery of cultures is highly essential. For peaceful coexistence between professionals despite their areas of study or their native countries intercultural knowledge is vital. This is the steps that I or any other person can take to improve on the inter-cultural knowledge.

Cultures can be different not only between continents and nations but also within the same company or family. The company or family may experience differences in ethics, ethnicity, geography, and history, moral, political and religious aspects. The basic requirement to enhance on one’s intercultural knowledge is empathy. Empathy is the ability to recognize the emotions in a situation (Christine, 2011, 156). The other important aspect is the proper understanding of other peoples’ behavior and their thinking traits. For proper results four important things have to be put into consideration.

Enhancing on the Knowledge on other peoples culture is very vital. The knowledge capacity improvement can be done by studying the various cultures from books and other sources. With this interaction with different cultures is made smooth. Language is part and parcel of culture. Therefore, it is also important to learn various multi-cultural languages (Mirela, 2012, 343). One of the widely used languages is French and English languages. The languages are spoken by about three quarters of the world’s population.

Self-confidence is also important in achievement of cultural competence. One has to believe in ones abilities in the bid to acquire inter-cultural competence. One should also be competent in one’s culture. This is called cultural identity. As the English men said, charity begins at home. A good mastery of one’s culture sparks the insight to gather knowledge of other cultures. If all these steps are followed then, intercultural competence is inevitable.

Importance of improvement on cultural awareness by managers

Managers are vital in the running of the firm. They offer insight and guidance on various matters in the firm. With the current global situation, firms consist of persons from different cultures. To ensure they achieve the company’s goals they have to be conscious of the different cultural origins of their work force.

The most critical and common challenge today in different companies are management of people who executes the businesses’ strategies. Therefore it’s important for all managers to recognizing the cultural discrepancies in their companies and hence knows how to handle the various workers under their watch. It also enables the human resources managers to make the rightful decisions on hiring workers (Barry, 2012, 145). This ensures that the hired workers are all in line with the core values of the business despite their cultural diversity. The managers with multicultural awareness are able to coordinate their workers and hence prevent occurrence of conflicts in the company. Inter-cultural knowledge also facilitates smooth interaction between the company and its customers.

A case example is in the tourism industry. This is a global industry which experiences stiff competition. The clients in this industry are from numerous cultural diversities. For a company to ensure that they maintain a large customer base they have to put in mind the existence of cultural miscellany.

References

Barry, T. (2012). Promoting concepts of cultural awareness. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Pearson.

Christine, H. (2011). Cultural awareness in healthcare. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Mirela, V. (2012). Raising cultural awareness. London: Routledge.

NOOR AWARENESS CAMPAIGN

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1- Limitations of the Noor Dubai campaign

The Noor Dubai awareness campaign is steered by the Noor foundation whose chief mission is to combat global blindness especially among the disadvantaged groups (Jill and Hugh, 2001). The Noor awareness campaign has made tremendous strides towards tackling global blindness and poverty related issues. However a few hitches have affected the delivery of this campaign. There exist a handful of awareness campaigns in Dubai especially in the health line. These include the Dubai HVC public health awareness and the Dubai anti-smoking campaign (Sorel, 2013). The two campaigns have been rated to be miles ahead of the Noor Dubai campaign.

The campaign has encountered a series of setbacks that have been caused by hitches experienced. The economic constraints experienced by the campaign have been the major source of snags for the campaign. All their activities require intensive amounts of capital. They have been drawing various strategies to raise cash for their campaigns. This has not been an easy task. The natures of their campaigns example cataract surgeries have been consuming literary even the unavailable cash (Jullie and Hugh, 2001). For instance a single cataract surgery costs ten US dollars.

The other glitch experienced is inadequacy of experienced personnel. With the nature of the venture most cash oriented eyesight experts have shunned the campaign. This has been a major drawback to their different missions. Reduction of blindness requires a batch of highly experienced opticians. Inadequacy of eyesight experts in the campaign has paralyzed the whole plan (. The campaign is duped a global campaign, however the effect of the campaign has not been felt worldwide. The sum up of these drawbacks however has been overshadowed by the achievements.

The campaign has really made a great impact in the eyesight health sector in and out of Dubai. The campaign has made a series of achievements. This includes creation of awareness on eyesight glitches to a better part of the global population. There exists a consignment of illnesses that result in blindness and even death of the victims. They have managed to curb these by offering free treatment to victims of the illness.

In the year 2012 during the world sight day the Noor foundation carried out intensive campaigns on a number of health problems. Their theme was diabetic retinopathy. They succeeded in screening inmates and other persons in the rehabilitation centers in the United Arab Emirates. The ministry of medical services in Dubai offered them support in their quest. The campaign also launched an awareness campaign using short message services (sms) which has been duped as a success. The Noor campaign has received a number of awards.

If I was to be in charge of the campaign I would give a number of proposals to enhance achievement of its goals. First, I would make efforts to gather support from world governments. This would facilitate gathering of resources to enable intensification of the campaign. The second effort would be linking the Noor foundation with other health organizations in the world and other campaigns like the Dubai HVC public health awareness campaign. Linking with other organizations would bring economies of scale to the campaign. This would also facilitate sourcing of experts form the other organization. Finally I would ensure that the internal organization of the Foundation was in the right order. Success and charity begins at home. External success is always proportional to the internal organization.

References

Garry, S. (2013). Sheer dedication for a special cause. Retrieved from http://www.thefreelibrary.com> the free library> general interest>gulf news (United Arab Emirates)> the Noor campaign>march 31 2013.

Jill, E and Hugh, R. ( 2001). World blindness: a 21st century perspective. British journal of ophthalmology. Volume 85, issue 3. Retrieved from bjo.bmj.com.doi:10.1136/bjo.85.3.261Sorel, E. (2013). Global health. New Jersey: Ashgate publishing Ltd. Retrieved from www.jblearning.com/health/global

Lessons learnt on ethical decision making from the ethical self-assessment

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Health assessment testLessons learnt on ethical decision making from the ethical self-assessment

The ethical assessment test is a closed kind of questionnaire that has healthcare ethics related questions. The assessment enables one to gauge their level of compliance to the set ethical standards. Affiliates of the American College of healthcare executives have a set of ethics of which they are expected to strictly adhere to (Steve, 2011, 123). The code of ethics acts as a guidance to the health care executives during their day to day professional relationships.

Abundant lessons and experiences can be derived from the ethical self-assessment on ethical decisional making. The experience of this assessment acts like a mirror to one’s healthcare professional life. It enables one to reflect on their professional life. The assessment is very comprehensive since it entails and fully covers all scopes of health care ethics (Cheshire, 2013). The assessment enables one to evaluate their level of ethics in each of the scopes of healthcare.

The test begins with evaluation on one’s leadership skills. The queries here enable one to learn the skill of coordinating all the other scopes of health care in an effort to ensure smooth running of health care services. This includes role Modell-ship and conflict resolution. The assessment also enables one to learn to learn about decisions important in ensuring an ethical relationship with the community in providing satisfactory services. The process also enables one to jog the mind on the ethical standards required in the patient-healthcare profession interaction. The set of questions asked also facilitates one to learn the suitable ethical measures that should be taken in interacting with the health care facility’s board members (Zahra and Howard, 2011, 243). The test also incorporates the relationship with the other healthcare colleagues. They increase ones knowledge on the required standards of interaction with fellow staff. The assessment outlines on the expectations of the collaboration with buyers and suppliers in the health care.

Effects of professional ACHEs standards on one’s ethical decisions

The healthcare executives are expected to make abundant decisions in their day to day interactions with all forms of people and organization. The American College of Healthcare executives has set a common code of conduct for their affiliates which act as a guidance to their professional activity. Different people have different approaches to different encounters in life (Steve, 2011, 267). However, to ensure that the quality of service is put into consideration by all the healthcare executives, it is vital to put limits within which they work.

The code of conduct affects the executive’s ethical decision making. It influences by a great deal any path they take in the decision making process. Healthcare executive are chiefly involved in solving uncertainties and conflicts that may arise. They also address a couple of competing professional and societal ideals. The ACHEs standards therefore give the executives a skeleton of their expected decisions (Zahra and Howard, 2011, 243). All their decisions made must strictly obey the set ethical principles. This includes the principles of justice, autonomy, beneficence as well as organizational and professional ethical standards and codes.

How ones ethics influence their decision making in healthcare

Ones ethics are also very vital and are essential in decision making (Steve, 2011, Health care executives are expected to make comprehensive decisions that consider the healthcare ethical standard. They are also expected to incorporate their own decisions depending on the situation at hand. Health care executives have a moral obligation to fulfill to the patients, their co-workers and to the society at large.

Therefore, the executives must also integrate their own moral principles in coordinating the activities in a healthcare setup (Rolland, 2009). They must however ensure that, their moral principles are not contra to the ACHEs code of ethics. Consequently, their own ethical principle should be only be used as bridges between the sets of the preset ethical principles. They are also applicable where there are no clearly defined ethical principles. Nevertheless, one’s moral principles should never be used as an excuse for circumventing the ACHEs code of conduct.

Strategies to improve one’s ethical decision making

A handful of strategies can be taken in an effort to improve one’s ethical decision making. First, one should ensure familiarity and awareness to the set ethical standards. One should always define an ethical problem before tackling in order to find the most suitable solution. One should enrich their moral principle in order to create alternative solutions to various ethical hitches. However all alternatives formulated should be in line with the code of ethics set by the ACHEs (Rolland, 2009, 256). The articulated alternative should be evaluated to test for efficiency.

One should be comprehensive when making decisions. The foresight should be on all scopes of healthcare. Skills, knowledge which have been acquired through experiences should be brought together to ensure an excellent performance in the ethical decision making process. It is also important to consult and to engage the involved parties in the decision making. Additional backing should be sought from peers, other similar cases that happened in the past and personal experience (Steve, 2011, 243). The most important thing is to monitor the outcome to ensure that future correction further improvement in the decision making is done.

References

Cheshire, W. (2013). The middle word in bioethics. The International journal of Bioethics. Volume 29 issue 2.

Rolland, P. (2009). Whistle blowing in healthcare: An organization failure in ethics and leadership. The Journal of law, healthcare and ethics. Volume 6, issue 1.

Steve, W. (2011). Beyond bumper sticker ethics: an introduction to the theories of right and wrong (2nd ED). Ohio: Downers Groove LTD.

Zahra M. and Howard B. (2011). Michael Ryan’s writings on medical ethics. New York: springer publisher.

United States of America’s interventions since the Truman’s era to the Reagan’s era

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1-United States of America’s interventions since the Truman’s era to the Reagan’s era

The cold war happened in the period between the year 1947 and 1991. During this period the western bloc powers experienced a state of military and political tension among them. The kickoff of the cold war was followed in quick succession by the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization also known famously known as the NATO. This was a military alliance formed by twenty eight member countries with the aim of ensuring their collective defense. The famous North Atlantic Treaty was signed among the member countries with an agreement of a mutual defense against any external aggressor (Foner, Give me Freedom 2006, 154). The cold war was dominated by the NATO, the United States of America, the Soviet Union and the Warsaw pact (History lesson 14). By this time the USA and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics which is current days Russia. Basically the cold war was a rivalry between the east and the west championed by the United States of America and its affiliate countries against the USSR and its affiliates. However some countries maintained neutrality in the turf and formed the Non-Aligned Movement. The countries include Egypt, Yugoslavia and India.

The cold war did not involve any military combats. It involved psychological rather than the physical warfare. This is chiefly because the two superpowers had the fear of the unknown if they got involved in the military warfare. They both possessed lethal war equipment especially nuclear weapons which were still foreign by the time. They therefore feared for mutual destruction that would result if they got involved in a real battle. Both countries had witnessed the adverse effects of the world wars which ended in the year 1945. The cold war period was ensued by proxy wars in which the main antagonists used their affiliate parties in battles without themselves being involved (History lesson 14). The period was also characterized by massive propaganda campaigns as each super power worked towards gaining favour from other states in the world. Numerous military coalitions were formed during this period and appeals made to the neutral states to join this rivalry (History lesson). Despite the efforts to make it a psychological warfare, numerous battles were fought. These wars include; the Cuban missile crisis, the Vietnam war, the Korean War and the Yom Kippur war.

The NSC-68 was a secretive policy document that was drafted by the United States National Security Council which bore the secretive statements of the USA’s policy on the cold war. The document was ratified in the year 1951 September by the then president Joseph Truman (History lesson 15). This was the steering document of the United States of America in the cold war. The document analyzed the situation that ensued between the Soviet Union and the United States at many standpoints (Foner, Give me freedom, 2006, 134). The group that conceived this idea was in response to a perceived soviet threat. The policy maintained that a military approach towards the rivalry was the best and it gave a little chance for diplomatic action.

This particular policy called for the defense of the western hemisphere in a bid to develop its war-making capabilities. It also provided for the fortification of a conscription base before they reorganized their military structure. The documented also stipulated the conduction of offensives meant to weaken the elements of the Soviet Union until the power balance was completely toppled and the United States and its affiliate countries took over the victory (Foner, Give me freedom 2006, 256). There were plans that were being set to ensure the security of the communication bases that were extremely vital in the offensives. These plans were to cost the United States of America a fortune. It is roughly estimated that full implementation of this foreign policy would cost a whole twenty percent of the country’s Gross National Product.

USA’s interventions

During the course of the cold war the United States took a number of intervention measures in a bid to safeguard its interests. Prior to the cold war, the USA was also involved in a number of overseas interventions. That includes the liberation war of Liberia which was waged by the private American groups with the unofficial USA government support. There existed policies that were being enacted by the United States that resulted in the interventions. The policies stipulated in the National Security council Report of 1950 was the chief reason behind the interventions (Foner, Give me freedom 2006, 253). The foreign policy of the US during the cold war is one of them. The foreign policy outlined the way the United States of America was to interact with foreign nations during the period of the cold war (History lesson 15). The containment policy in which the United States sought to uproot and curb the expansion of communism in the world was the reason behind most political and military decisions the United States of America in the cold war period… Communism was greatly championed by the Soviet Union and its affiliate nations. Some of the interventions that the United States made are as below.

The Korean wars, 1950 to 1953

The Korean War broke out in the year 1950 and came to a halt in the year 1953. The war was between the republic of Korea which is todays South Korea and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea which is the current day North Korea. The war erupted due to the political division of Korea which had occurred after the termination of the Pacific war (History lesson 13). The 1948 general elections in the Korean peninsula were faced by malpractices and skirmishes that resulted in the antagonism between the northern part of the peninsula and the southern part. A political division occurred at the 38th parallel. Diplomatic measures were taken by the two parts but they failed terribly resulting in the eruption of war between the two fronts (History, lesson 13). Before the eruption of the pacific war, Korea was under the colonial power of the Japanese empire. In the battle the republic of Korea was supported by the United Nations while China and the Soviet Union supported the present day North Korea. The United States however under the authority of the then president Joseph Trauman without the consent of the congress sent troops in support of the United Nations envoys and against the Soviet Union which was fighting in the North (Foner, 2006, 365). The decision to intervene was out of the tense atmosphere that surrounded the cold war. The United States of America was also greatly opposed to the adoption of communism by the North Korea.

The US intervention in Iran

In the year 1953 the USA in a project duped the TP AJAX in conjunction with the United Kingdom orchestrated a coup d’état that resulted in the overthrowing of the democratically elected government of Iran. Immediately after the overthrow a military government was put in place and was heavily supported by the United States of America. The Iranian state was rumored to be a sphere of influence for the Soviet Union as well as the British government. This was the chief reason the US took intervention measures to ensure that the Soviet Union did not benefit from the Iran’s wealth of natural resources like petroleum wells (History lesson 13).

USA intervention in Americas

Guatemala is a country in Latin America. In the year 1952 the Nicaraguan president sought power and support from the United States in a bid to overthrow the then Guatemalan leader. This was chiefly because Guatemala under the leadership of the communist party had embraced communism which was being championed by the Soviet Union. The United States of America was greatly opposed to the Soviet Union and their communist ideologies (History Lesson 15). They therefore overthrew the government of Jacob who had adopted a communist approach. This was in an effort to curb the spread of communism in the Latin America. In the year 1961 the US invaded Congo in 1960 to 1966. It was one of the cold war proxies waged by the US in a bid to DE popularize the Soviet Union’s communism.it resulted in the assassination of the then premier, Patrice Lumumba.

The Vietnamese war is the longest military offensive the US ever had. It was also another reproach to the communism spread and the US lost this war. It was an implementation of the US’s foreign policy. The US government during the cold war era also invaded and ousted democratically elected leaders in Central America (Foner, Voices of Freedom, 2007, 189). This includes the Chilean coup which was orchestrated by the US.

It can be conclude that the main reason for the coups, the offensives and the combats carried out by the US against other nations was in an effort to safeguard the National interest. They were against the communism campaigns waged by the Soviet Union.

2-Transformation of the United States of America from an expansive welfare state to neoliberalism

Neoliberalism is an approach that promotes free trade and encourages a capitalistic approach. The approach allows free movement of goods, resources and enterprises with an aim of maximizing returns and promoting efficiency. Neoliberalism promotes the reduction and shrinkage of the public sector and champions the growth and expansion of the private sector (Foner, Give me liberty, 2006, 323). This methodology was adopted after socialist approaches which promote working in harmony of people in a nation failed and resulted in the crumbling of economies in these nations.

The United States has over the years evolved from an expansive welfare state to fully adopt neoliberalism. This was promoted by a number of factors. The main aim of adopting this approach was to alleviate poverty and promote economic growth in the country. Since attainment of independence, the country had been promoting a socialist economic approach with less concern on the capitalistic approach (Foner, Voices of freedom, 2007, 476). In the few decades that had passed since the 1940s to 1970s the United States had been involved in a series of wars. This had hurt its economy to a large extent.

The period between 1970 and 1980s was characterized by a great social, economic and cultural change in the United States. People in all regions had developed a great affinity for money as they were convinced beyond any reasonable doubt that a good life could only be achieved by the economically stable. In the 1960s this had not been the case. There rose a group of reformers who were mindful of their brother’s welfare in the countries USA had been oppressing (Foner, 2006, 321). The people campaigned vibrantly against the Vietnam War waged by the federal government. Numerous persons especially women also fought hard for the attainment of gender equality. Philanthropists also took numerous measures to bring to an end racism that had been rampant in the United States (Foner, Give me liberty, 2006, 36). The people who championed for social changes to better the living conditions were perceived to be heroes by the then society (History lesson 15).

After 1970 things changed a lot in USA. Many milestones had been reached in the social aspects. It is during this age that equality was embraced. Gender inequality became a thing of the past. Women oppressors had been uprooted out of the community. The campaigners had achieved their goals. Negligible cases of violence against female were heard all over the expansive country (History lesson 15). There was also a great change even in gender balance in employment. The rate of employment among women rose by a great deal compared to other years. They were actively involved in economic activities more than ever. The women also indulged themselves into political matters more than previous years.

During this period, the education sector experienced a torrent in growth. There was a massive sprout of institutions of higher learning all over the country. In the previous decades, few people showed a little interest in education. However, during this period things changed. More and more persons were enrolled in higher learning institutions (Foner, Voices of Freedom, 2007, 213). This also caused a revolution in the labor sector. Many young people enrolled into law and health studies institutions with a sole aim of acquiring skills which would enable them get jobs in the future. As more people were enrolled in learning programs the higher the number of skilled labourers that was available (history lesson 18). More job opportunities were created as a result of expansion of the economy.

The university system during the period underwent a radical transformation changing the basic objectives and ruining the possibilities for social liberation. Financial crises and recession experienced resulted in the dismantling of the former structure of the public universities. In the beginning, the universities were created to improve the social mobility of the United States massive population. In the 1970s and 80s most established higher learning institutions were put in place mostly due to economic reasons (Foner, Give me liberty, 2006, 456). Most of the social objectives that the public universities masterminds wanted to achieve have been eroded (History lesson 15). Most private proprietors who have established learning institutions do not have the interests of the nation as a whole at heart. Most have the aim of enriching themselves.

The governance of the United States evolved over the years changed greatly. Following the defeat of USA in the Vietnam wars a democratic approach to governance was adopted. Immigration into the country rose due to the friendly acts of the congress that allowed external investors to get into the country. This period saw the resignation of a president due to an alleged economic crime committed by him (History lesson 16). The period also saw the rise and fall of racism in the United States. During the previous decades, philanthropists and human rights activists had waged a war against the racism that was seen as an archaic practice (Foner, Voices of Freedom, 2007, 156). Their efforts bore fruits as very few cases of racist oppressors were heard.

It is during this period that the Nixon laws were cancelled. This was a series of economic measures that the United States put in place by the then US president, Richard Nixon. This ushered the era of the freely floating currency unlike the other years. In 1980 when Ronald Reagan ascended to the highest office in the USA, his chief aim was to curb the power of labour, to deregulate industry, resource extraction, and agriculture and to liberate the powers of finance (history lesson 16). The USA experienced a radical change during the ten years to accommodate neoliberalism. Literary everything was done with the aim of making monetary gains.

Neoliberalism therefore, can be said to have brought economic growth of the United States of America. It was a period of renaissance that resulted in economic revolution in the USA. All people were more focused on making economic gains since most social issues has been attended to in the previous years. The period also experienced revival of democracy. There were notable political changes for the better. These changes have up to date ensured political, economic and social prosperity of the United States.

Works cited

Foner, E. voices of freedom: A documentary history (3rd edition). New York: W.W Norton and company. 2007.

Foner, E. Give me liberty: An American history (3rd edition). New York: W.W Norton Company. 2006.

tickets to the concert

Name:

Institution:

A relational transgression occurs whenever people go against or violate explicit or implicit relationship rules. The transgressions include diverse behaviors that may result from actions of people in a relationship. In this case, the core concept of relational transgression that has been brought to light is forgiveness. After the failure of David to take Jennifer to a concert that he had promised here months ago, she did not care to forgive him even after he explained himself and apologized, promising never to do such a thing again.

In general terms, forgiveness is a tough decision that involves letting go of a certain kind of resentment and diverse thoughts of revenge towards somebody after a wrong has been committed towards you. The act that offended ether of the parties may remain always, as part of life, but the act of forgiveness may in most cases lessen the grip and help the offended party focus on the more profitable and positive parts of life.

Forgiveness never means that there is denial of the other person’s responsibility for committing the act that offended somebody; neither does it serve to justify a wrong. Instead, a person can be forgiven without excusing the wrong that has been done. Forgiveness acts in bringing to an individual a certain kind of peace that is essential in building life on a positive perspective.

Jennifer was hurt y the act of David taking his ex-girlfriend to the concert, but if she continues living without forgiving David for this offense, then her life will not be peaceful as there will always be something reminding her of bitterness that she felt as a result of this act. What is going to solve the case is forgiveness, whereby even if she keeps on remembering what happened in the past, she will be at ease as she will have forgiven him and moved on with life.

Reference

M.E., Rachal, K.C., Sandage, S.J., & Hight, T.L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in

close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement.

M.E., Bellah., Johnson, J.L. (2001). Vengefulness: Relationships with forgiveness,

rumination, well-being, and the Big Five

Research on Marijuana

Name:

Date:Research on Marijuana

Many people tend to use different drugs for various purposes both medicinal and recreational. The research paper will major on marijuana which is also known as cannabis sativa or bhang in other countries. Marijuana is a hyper reactive dug which can be taken through smoking, inhalation, sublingual or topical ingestion into the body. Each of the four methods had varied effects and characteristics that makes it preferred and appropriate for the consumer. Marijuana can be used for medicinal or recreational purposes.

The reason for researching on Marijuana is because of the controversies and the debates That have been in existence on whether to legalize the drug or not. Perhaps it because there are different reasons for its impact on human health and the economy of the country thus the divided stands on legalization. Many young people are using marijuana both on the open or hiding it thus there is need to find the reasons behind the increasing numbers of the marijuana abusers. Many argue that legalizing marijuana has a positive impact on the community but some consider this as a lie. Also there is an increased curiosity to understand on the various forms of taking marijuana and why people prefer one way to the other since all these forms are available in the market.

Conclusively, marijuana is not only an issue in the united states but also in the other countries worldwide. It is so alarming on the increased use of the drug worldwide. Some countries have managed to reduce the rates at which marijuana is taken for recreational purposes thus it is good to understand what other countries are doing. Marijuana is not only an individual concern but also a public health concern.

Originally from the Midwest, Sula is a member of the black community known as The Bottom, where she now resides

NAME:

DATE:

UNIVERSITY:

PROFESSOR:Originally from the Midwest, Sula is a member of the black community known as The Bottom, where she now resides. The novel’s two key characters, Sula and Nel are shown developing their relationship throughout the novel’s pages, from a tender early age to an increasingly broken adulthood. In her drive for self-sufficiency, Sula embodies both the potential of the black female and the social exile she suffers as a consequence of that potential in her struggle for independence (Chegeni). On the other hand, Nel is convinced that she would not desert her friends and neighbors to provide for her family. Following in Nel’s footsteps, many women in the Black community have taken on the role of mother to raise their children. As their friendship develops, Nel and Sula get closer, which helps them to overcome their common social difficulties. This is a recurring motif throughout the novel.

Throughout her career, Toni Morrison has focused on the hardship of Black American women and the oppression they have experienced as a result of racial and gender inequity (Thurman). Morrison’s work is heavily influenced by issues such as sexism and women’s marginalization. Since Toni is concerned with the changing status of women in society and the battle that is now occurring between conventional concepts of femininity and the emergence of autonomous women, the author will discuss how Toni goes about her business. Additionally, to achieve self-empowerment, an investigation will be conducted on how black women in the white community interact with patriarchal structures.

A variety of obligations that women do in contemporary society are shown by the regulations that have been devised to aid them in their role as members of their community. It is anticipated that everyone in the group will abide by the facilitator’s rules (Ramírez 129-147). Notwithstanding that the two houses are more or less the same, Sula Peace’s home is significantly different from Nel Wright’s. She was reared in a home that adhered to strict social norms and expectations. In Nel’s case, she is entirely oblivious of her mother Helene’s desire for her to live a more conventional life. Only her grandmother, Rochelle, had a criminal record as a prostitute among Nel’s relatives, making her somewhat of an outcast. As a result of the rest of the group’s long-standing adherence to social norms, Nel is under an obligation to do so, as is the case with the other members. However, Sula’s family is shown in a completely different way from the rest of the cast.

When women of color expressed a desire to live their lives without being bound by the constraints of society, a new category of Black women was created as a result of this desire. Sula and Nel eventually become close friends when they enter adolescence, even though their families are opposed to one another. Unfortunately, their relationship was irreversibly harmed as a consequence of a horrible event that occurred. Sula was swinging a local toddler called Chicken Little when she lost her grasp, causing the boy to fall into a nearby river, where he drowned. Even though they had no intention of injuring the child, Nel and Sula decided not to notify anybody about the incident. As the two young ladies became older and more independent, their friendship began to deteriorate (Haraway 117-158).

Sula’s mother died when the clothing on which she was dressed caught fire and burnt to death. Nel and Sula’s relationship was strained due to their divergent perspectives on how they should live their lives. Despite this, Jude Greene’s description of the Blacks’ efforts has proven to be a disappointment. To find a job in Medallion, Jude attempted multiple times before understanding he would never be hired since all Black guys from the Bottom are often discriminated against and seldom allowed to work on construction projects. The message he received from his supervisor daily was, “Nothing today, please come back tomorrow.” On page 35, Chegeni and colleagues state that

Morrison expressed her concern for the suffering of the Black population in the primarily white society in which she lived via her work. Morrison has made a point of underlining the isolation and alienation that people of color have felt throughout history. Readers may learn about the oppression of black female characters in the western world and how they fight back against racial injustices to acquire empowerment and knowledge in patriarchal society through studying Morrison’s work and her characters.

Work cited

Thurman, Deborah. “Sula’s Compromise: Toni Morrison and the Editorial Politics of Sensitivity.” MELUS (2021).

Ramírez, Manuela López. “The Shell-Shocked Veteran in Toni Morrison’s” Sula” and” Home”/El veterano con neurosis de guerra en las novelas de Toni Morrison” Sula” y” Home”.” Atlantis (2016): 129-147.

Chegeni, Nasrin, and Nastaran Chegeni. “Marginalization and Oppression of Afro-American Women in Toni Morrison’s Sula.” (2013).

Haraway, Donna. “A cyborg manifesto: Science, technology, and socialist-feminism in the late 20th century.” The international handbook of virtual learning environments(2006): 117- 158.

Title of the document

NAME:

DATE:

UNIVERSITY:

PROFESSOR:

Title of the documentThe Declaration of Independence (1776)

Date(s) the document was originally produced

June 11, 1776-First appointment to make the draft

June 12-27, 1776-Jefferson makes first draft

July 1-4, 1776-Debate and revision of draft

July 4, 1776-Adoption of the document

Author of this document

Thomas Jefferson

Title (occupation) of the author

Author/creator’s position or title: Served in the Virginia legislature, the continental congress, and governor of Virginia

Type of document

Congregational record

Is it a primary or secondary source?

Primary source.

Who is the audience or intended recipient of the document? Be specific

The document was written for moral and religious people

Why do you think the document was written? Be specific. Write in your own words

1. Tell the king they would like to become independent from British rule.

2. To express to the king how he treated them really bad.

3. To explain why they have decided to separate from British rule

List three things the author said were important. Be specific. Write in your own words.

1. People have many rights that should never be taken away by anyone.

2. Colonists had almost no other options than to separate from Britain because they were being controlled.

3. The king was being unfair to the people, which the people did not tolerate anymore

What evidence in the document helps you know why it was written? Quote from the document.

1) “Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.”

2) “not to find out new principles, or new arguments, never before thought of . . . but to place before mankind the common sense of the subject, in terms so plain and firm as to command their assent, and to justify ourselves in the independent stand we are compelled to take.”

3) “A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.’’

List three things the document tells you about life in the United States at the time the document was written (if a primary source) or the time described in the document (if a secondary source). Be specific. Write in your own words.

1. Life in the colonies was unfair and people were desperate for freedom.

2. Their human rights were progressively being taken away from the King controlling all the British empire.

Write a question to the author that is left unanswered by the document. Be specific. Write in your own words.

Did you ever consider that in the future there would be more conflicts like the revolution?