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Should Minimum Wage be Increased.

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Should Minimum Wage be Increased.

There are several factors in the $15 minimum wage debate. These factors can benefit people struggling to support themselves and their families. If the minimum wage is increased, it will positively affect the economic situation of a community of individuals. The minimum wage increase to $15 will be a turning point in discussing the minimum wage. This growth would be unprecedented in the country’s past. $15 is already stronger in 2024 than it was in 2016. In the 1960s, the minimum wage was just half of the national average. The increase will provide for a historic minimum wage of about 60% of the median wage in 2024.

The Raise, the Wage Act, will benefit those who require it. This rise would help every employee and enhance their quality of life. Fifty-five percent of the employment that would benefit from the increase comes from households with incomes below $50,000 annually (para. 3). Any home ought to increase the minimum wage enough to do this. MIT scientists found that, in a family of four, all adults on average require a full-time employee who pays $15.80 an hour to meet their goals (para. 3). Not just that, but a single parent with one kid will require $20.74 an hour to get by in Mississippi in the lowest-wage state (para. 3). This increase would support specific parents who need assistance. Research by David Cooper, Larry Mishel, and Ben Zipperer indicates that this rise could contribute, with fewer hours of work over a year, to higher averages for honest low-wage workers (para. 4). This impact helps individual parents to function to take care of their offspring.

The financial outcomes that could be obtained could be advantageous. The worker saves for what he likes, and so he has worked on it. The rise in minimum wages aims to provide employers with economic incentives that permit them to invest money on what they want in their lives (Halvorson para. 2). Inflation will continue to rise with time. The minimum wage should be changed to account for inflation (para. 2). Some could claim that the rest of the minimum wage jobs are adolescents who labor for extra income. The total age of the bill is 36, not young people (Bernstein, Spielberg para. 7). And if so, couldn’t the situation be reduced to the wages that need to be raised in order to fight? As I previously said, several factors influence the $15 minimum wage, including the fact that it has a tax, societal, and economic effect on communities and the fact that it violates long-standing expectations. The 15-dollar minimum wage is incredible and has a significant impact on people’s lives. A $15 minimum wage will aid a group of people in their battle.

The federal minimum wage has recently been a hot subject of discussion all around the country. President Franklin D. Roosevelt adopted the plan for the first time in the United States in 1938, during the Great Depression. The United States Congress initially set the prices at $0.25 per hour. According to a 2009 federal government mandate, rates have since been raised and currently stand at $7.25 per hour. As of January 2018, 29 states have met, with the vast majority having a higher minimum wage than the federal mandate. Washington has the highest minimum wage in the country, at $11.50 per hour. This paper explores two contrasting points of view to decide if the government should consider increasing the minimum wage.

Economists have been at the forefront of the dispute regarding minimum wages. Some fear that raising the minimum wage will break the wage inequalities in the world. Others, on the other side, argue that the country will profit from raising the minimum wage. Any party mentions economic analyses and forecasts to support their arguments. The critical points of view are The benefits of raising the minimum salary Proponents of higher minimum wages contend that $7.25 per hour’s existing wages are much too little. They argue that raising salaries will increase jobs, leading to economic development. The decrease in the minimum wage value is also linked to the increase in wage disparities. According to Collins (2017), raising the minimum wage from $7.25 to $10.10 an hour will give rise to more than 85,000 new employees and $22.1 billion in net income for three years in the United States. New estimates show that many Americans with low incomes do not have many funds to fulfill their basic needs. This would increase the country’s total cash balance by boosting the minimum wage and spending more on entrepreneurship. In addition, as resources grow, individuals can afford to meet their essential needs, such as food and shelter, which leads to fewer disparities.

Opponents raise their minimum wage to the detrimental effect they can have on employers, small and medium-sized enterprises. Businesses would have to adjust if they had to compete with a solid minimum salary in a free economy. This will delay economic development and lead to falling job rates. Neumark (2017) states that companies can increase their minimum wage and find alternatives to compensate for a resource deficit. Reduces on imported goods and services or wage increases on employees are the most popular means of paying for deficiencies. According to the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland poll, the minimum wage is a good decision for middle and lower-income jobs. However, the salary rise decreases their job prospects, improves their working hours, and increases their net income (Eisenbeis et al. 164).

Conclusion

The better choice could be to double the country’s minimum wage. However, good policies are required to make the change effective. The government must address work availability, tighter labor rights, and, above all, the expanding income disparity. Moreover, higher pay is not determined by the goodwill or location of an employer. Work Cited

Collins, Christopher. “Raising the Minimum Wage: An Economic Gain.” The Park Place Economist 25.1 (2017): 20.

Eisenbeis, Robert A., Simon Kwan, and Larry Wall. “Financial stability and resolution of Federal Reserve Goal and implementation conflicts.” Journal of Financial Services Research 53.2-3 (2018): 163-178.

Neumark, David. The Employment Effects of Minimum Wages: Some Questions We Need to Answer. No. w23584. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2017.

Occupational therapy enables people to achieve things throughout their life by therapeutically implementing daily tasks (occu

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Occupational therapy enables people to achieve things throughout their life by therapeutically implementing daily tasks (occupations). Occupational therapists provide complete support for people of all ages via health promotion, injury prevention, sickness or disability prevention, and improving their lives under these situations (Tayloy 76-80). In addition, workers must carry out research to be efficient in their different roles, such as helping children with disabilities participate fully in schooling and social conditions, helping them recover from injury to recover their skills, and providing support for the elderly undergoing physical and cognitive changes.

Occupational health research is being conducted in various domains, including mental health and other types of impairment. For example, mental health research could be undertaken to uncover the causes of an individual’s condition, the indicators and symptoms, and the most efficient therapies for that individual (Case-Smith 21-56). Then, after consulting with an occupational therapist, the individual may seek guidance and counseling services to help him, or her recover from the mental health crisis.

Some other forms of research, such as completing a tailored evaluation in which the client and the occupational therapist establish the person’s goals, can be carried out ethically using real-life clients as participants (Schell 89-98). Once it has been determined what the individual is interested in or what field of study the individual intends to pursue, this may be accomplished. However, developing a specific intervention that will enhance the person’s capacity to complete daily tasks while also achieving the goals will take time and effort, as will conducting an outcomes evaluation to ensure that the objectives are reached, and adjustments to the intervention plan are required.

If I were to do a research project today, I would predominantly focus on using technology in occupational therapy and how it compares to how things were done in the past. Aside from that, I would investigate approaches that can aid in the advancement of occupational therapy and areas where the government and organizations may work together to ensure the field’s future development.

Work cited

Taylor, Renée R. Kielhofner’s research in occupational therapy: Methods of inquiry for enhancing practice. FA Davis, 2017. Pp 76-80

Schell, Barbara A., et al. Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013. Pp 89-98

Case-Smith, Jane, and Jane Clifford O’Brien. Occupational therapy for children and adolescents-e-book. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014.pp 21-56

Challenges of Joining Old Westbury College

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Challenges of Joining Old Westbury College

Joining Old Westbury College has been a dream for me since the days of my childhood. My desire to immerse myself in the prestigious learning environment that characterizes Old Westbury College has driven me to apply for a degree course in the college. This is my second degree in accounting, which comes after 8 years of rest from the college curriculum and syllabus. In addition to being renowned as one of the leading faculties in the world today, Old Westbury College will present me with a number of opportunities, as well as, challenges. At the outset, the first challenge I expect to face while studying at the college relates to the fact that I have been out of school for 8 years. I am well aware of the changes that have taken place in the college curriculum especially the incorporation of technology in the classrooms but my experience out of school has exposed me to the technological world hence my adaptation in school. Joining college after eight year of break also implies that my fellow students may be younger than me. For that reason, I will be required to improve my communication and interpersonal skills so as to socialize with the younger age groups for the promotion of group edification initiatives.

Old Westbury College is also recognized for its commitment towards maintaining a diverse student population, and for that reason I expect to intermingle with a number of student from diverse communities and cultures. This poses as a challenge because of the different cultural backgrounds that is characteristic of the college’s student population, which will demand awareness of the different cultures from the world. For example, I need to familiarize myself with the various ethical principles of each community to facilitate harmony with other students and reduce the risks of conflict in the college environment. Awareness of the diverse cultural backgrounds will demand research and compliance, which may be time consuming but extremely necessary. Additionally, the College’s diverse student population commands familiarization with different foreign languages to ease communication with other students in the school. This will, in turn, oblige me to take up one of the foreign languages as an extra course, which will demand additional time and commitment.

The last challenge I expect to face in Old Westbury College relates to my preferred degree course, which is accounting. As it is my second degree in accounting, I am well aware that the curriculum will be much tougher than my previous accounting curriculums in other schools. Because of the probability that the accounting curriculum maybe much broader and harder, I am aware of the requirement to commit plenty of my time, as well as, my resources if I am to attain success in my educational pursuit. I will be required to suspend some of my commitments so as to give full attention to my studies in the college, which will force me to defer my current employment. I am an ambitious individual who understands the challenges that may face me in my pursue for education in the College. My dreams and goals for the future motivate me to work harder for the achievement of an accounting education despite the potential challenges of pursuing this course at Old Westbury College.

Challenges managers face in companies

Challenges managers face in companies

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Managers are the foot solders of directors in a company any happening or event must be recognized by the managers. Any loss or tragedy that befalls the company is usually taken to be the manager’s fault. According to (Punch 2014) the Power Holding Company of Nigeria was privatized and the lead reason was managers. Managers are faced with the task of always achieving a stretch goal by being aggressive .The new CEO of Apple Tim cook apologized after the company promised that the Maps application would be ready. His dreams were shuttered after the internet was outraged about the mapping errors prompting him to apologize (Nnodim, 2014).

Continuous improvement

Manager should ensure constant improvement through change in process, embracing new technology embracing change in owner. In PHCN the privatized firm that took over wanted to change its operation to technological thus would retrench people as they would not have any work to do. Large organizations manage performance and provide feedback thanks to online applications Apple has not embraced the evolution and it would be better if they would purchase twitter and integrate it to IOS5 and it would take advantage of the evolution. This is also done by keeping up with technology especially with growth of new devices everyday and managers should instill constant improvement in all employees. Managers should also foster next generation talent to get better success rate as they are the future.

Responding to a crisis

In PHCN there was the striking loom that would cause a shutter in the production industry. Managers should find alternative solutions to beat such occurrences. The crisis in Nigeria was brought about by retrenchment policies that would cause 40,000 employees to be jobless. Managers should have organization plans that will response to change in the environment conditions such as strikes. Creative management should anticipating the trend, companies should spot potential customer groups and new channels of distribution that would improve sales and new technology that make company more efficient to reduce such instances.

Employing the right employee

Private investors who took over the company also required labor personnel who had experience in the power field. The reason for retrenchment was to hire personnel who could perform work, with qualification in the energy industry. Human capital management is a challenge that the human resource goes through. Constant change in the technology field needs skills from employees and constant training to enable them adjust to change. Online human resource services such as cloud based services can provide much higher security than paper kept in file cabinets which Apple Company adopted. The traditional interviews are not practical anymore and managers should adapt technology.

Resource allocation

Managers are faced with the task of allocating resources to ensure success rate is constant. Human resource was lacking in the Nigerian industry as they retrenched most of their personnel. They required recruiting more individuals to be given roles and responsibilities. Resources should not be wasted but choices have to be made to allocate the financial and human resource. Financial resource should be allocated to major departments to develop products that would improve a company’s profit ratio. This can be done by controlling costs and identifying opportunities to build profitability in equities

Reference

Nnodim O (2014, 04 23) Strike looms in power firms over job losses. Punch

Connor, T (2014) how are you handling the five biggest challenges facing managers and business owners today? Employee Performance

Challenges in Establishing a company

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Strategic Human Resource Management

Establishing a company is never a smooth sailing affair as one has to be prepared to deal with different challenges. The management plays a critical role on how a company progresses since they are mandated to set both short and long term goals for the company. Positive attitude and determination to succeed should always be the mission of every individual or group of people who want to start a company despite the challenges that may come up.

Capital is the major challenge that any person or groups of individuals would face when starting a company. Murphy and the six who quit their job in the public sector to start an IT company were not spared of this challenge either. This was made difficult by the fact that their family members were against their resignation from the job they had got in the public sector and family support being important in any project undertaken by anyone proved to be the first great challenge they faced. However the determination to succeed enables any management team to achieve their set objectives. Murphy and the six having that determination to see their company grow never even listened to their ill-wishers who expected them to fail. They also faced challenges such the bureaucracy in government at that time, difficulty in importing computer and telephone lines but this made them more determined. This was an excellent attribute shown by this management team. Keeping the company’s goals and hope alive proved to be the determination of all the six members of the company. This enabled them encourage each other in the meetings that they regularly held to be strong and determined. This is what is expected of any management team.

Secondly, any management team has to develop a vision and mission statements for their company. These statements motivate both the management and other staff to work harder in order to achieve the set objectives. Infosys group had a vision creating wealth in a legal and ethical manner and become a global company. Their aim was to work transparently and in accordance with the set laws of their country. They also strived to be unique and different from other firms in India which were dominated by family members in their management teams. Their company was to be managed by professions and in professional manner. The current C.E.O reaffirms this by noting that they wanted to build a professionally owned company managed by professionals with good cooperate governance, good employee management and good ethics.

The management should also be able to review its strategies when need arises in order to improve the quality of services they provide as well as expand their customer market. Infosys’ initial vision was to offer services to foreign clients in their own country but they later reversed this and in subsequent years, they sent their employees to the clients in different foreign countries to offer direct services to them. This improved their customer base as well as the quality of their services. They were able to value added services such as IT design and IT strategy.

The management team has to be able to work on how to branding quality of their goods and services to make their product competitive in the market. This is a great challenge that every company faces especially when the said product is manufactured by several companies and every company has to stand out.

The management is also bound to face several challenges within the company and should establish clear mechanisms to deal with the challenges. Bonding between the employees and the management should be prioritized as well as bonding among the employees for example, offer support services to its employees in emergency situations.

The management shout also be able to find ways of managing employee discontent by making the work place more fun as well as offering good pay for the employees. Good remuneration increases work morale among employees.

Challenges in Dealing with My Selected Topic

Challenges in Dealing with My Selected Topic

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Institutional Affiliation

Challenges in Dealing with My Selected Topic

The topic that I will research in my final project is the role of leadership in the management of disasters and emergencies. As I prepare to tackle this subject matter, I anticipate facing several challenges, one of which is the relative overabundance of reading materials and scholarly works relating to leadership. Thus, sorting through them to identify those that will be relevant and specific to my research area will be somewhat challenging in that it will require establishing a particular set of inclusion criteria. Also, this will be a challenge in that it will complicate the scoping of my literature review. Scoping the literature review is crucial in identifying its linkage with the research questions, especially when qualitative research methods are adopted, as Fellows and Edwards (2014) suggest.

The second challenge is the quantity of literature. Given the potential of the overabundance of sources and reading materials on the construct of leadership, the quantity of literature that I will likely access will be overwhelmingly large. Dealing with such literature quantity will be a challenge for me because a literature review is usually an iterative engagement rather than a linear process. By iterative I mean that literature review entails managing the quantity of literature accessed, retrieving data that will support the framework of my research, and determining the keywords and alternative search terms while constantly looking for new research sources to validate findings (Hagen-Zanker & Mallett, 2013; Lentz et al., 2016). For this reason, I will most likely find myself revisiting each of the literature-review steps multiple times before I can complete my literature review.

The third challenge I anticipate to encounter is the concern relating to the narrowness or broadness of my study focus. I see this concern as inevitable because I have to balance the focus to ensure that it is neither too narrow nor too wide, as Donahoe and Ross (2013) advocate. On the one hand, a study focus that is too narrow will imply possibilities of covering little about the topic because I cannot find enough information to work with (Fayetteville State University, 2020), hence missing out on the real impact of the research. One the other hand, a study focus that is too broad will be deemed vague while leading to the problem of overabundance of information that can overwhelm my research efforts. For this reason, I will be obliged to prepare myself for adapting my research as I skim through literature to ensure I maintain the desired level of study focus and make my research manageable.

The fourth challenge that I expect to face when researching my selected topic is the time management issue. As I grapple with attaining a balance between my part-time job commitments and research efforts, meeting research project deadlines, and juggling other tasks, I will need to manage my time better. A significant amount of time will be necessary for me to conduct an in-depth inquiry into literature, engage in an intense exploration, and draft and polish my research project paper. Accomplishing these research steps without proper time management will be impossible.

The last challenge will entail choosing the right research methodology that appropriately aligns with the scope and design of my research. While the research methodology is the necessary procedure for moving forward with my research topic, getting it to align with my research question will be challenging because it will require considerations of three factors. These factors will include honing my research design, soliciting feedback from my instructor, and deciding whether a qualitative or quantitative orientation or a mixture of both approaches will best work for my research methodology.

References

Donahoe, D., & Ross, J. (2013). Chapter 7: Student scholarly writing: The seminar paper. Legal Writing Pedagogy: Commenting, Conferencing, and Classroom Teaching. Pressbooks.

Fayetteville State University. (2020). Develop a research topic. Fayetteville, NC. Fayetteville State University. Retrieved June 06, 2020, from http://library.uncfsu.edu/reference/intro-to-library-research/develop-a-research-topic.

Fellows, J., & Edwards, M. (2014). User guidelines on qualitative methods in health workforce planning and forecasting. London: Centre for Workforce Intelligence.

Hagen-Zanker, J., & Mallett, R. (2013). How to do a rigorous, evidence-focused literature review in international development: A guidance note. London: Overseas Development Institute.

Lentz, J., Kennett, M., Perlmutter, J., & Forrest, A. (2016). Paving the way to a more effective informed consent process: Recommendations from the clinical trials transformation initiative. Contemporary clinical trials, 49, 65-69.

Challenges in Dealing with My Selected Topic (2)

Challenges in Dealing with My Selected Topic

Author’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Challenges in Dealing with My Selected Topic

The topic that I will research in my final project is the role of leadership in the management of disasters and emergencies. As I prepare to tackle this subject matter, I anticipate facing several challenges, one of which is the relative overabundance of reading materials and scholarly works relating to leadership. Thus, sorting through them to identify those that will be relevant and specific to my research area will be somewhat challenging in that it will require establishing a particular set of inclusion criteria. Also, this will be a challenge in that it will complicate the scoping of my literature review. Scoping the literature review is crucial in identifying its linkage with the research questions, especially when qualitative research methods are adopted, as Fellows and Edwards (2014) suggest.

The second challenge is the quantity of literature. Given the potential of the overabundance of sources and reading materials on the construct of leadership, the quantity of literature that I will likely access will be overwhelmingly large. Dealing with such literature quantity will be a challenge for me because a literature review is usually an iterative engagement rather than a linear process. By iterative I mean that literature review entails managing the quantity of literature accessed, retrieving data that will support the framework of my research, and determining the keywords and alternative search terms while constantly looking for new research sources to validate findings (Hagen-Zanker & Mallett, 2013; Lentz et al., 2016). For this reason, I will most likely find myself revisiting each of the literature-review steps multiple times before I can complete my literature review.

The third challenge I anticipate to encounter is the concern relating to the narrowness or broadness of my study focus. I see this concern as inevitable because I have to balance the focus to ensure that it is neither too narrow nor too wide, as Donahoe and Ross (2013) advocate. On the one hand, a study focus that is too narrow will imply possibilities of covering little about the topic because I cannot find enough information to work with (Fayetteville State University, 2020), hence missing out on the real impact of the research. One the other hand, a study focus that is too broad will be deemed vague while leading to the problem of overabundance of information that can overwhelm my research efforts. For this reason, I will be obliged to prepare myself for adapting my research as I skim through literature to ensure I maintain the desired level of study focus and make my research manageable.

The fourth challenge that I expect to face when researching my selected topic is the time management issue. As I grapple with attaining a balance between my part-time job commitments and research efforts, meeting research project deadlines, and juggling other tasks, I will need to manage my time better. A significant amount of time will be necessary for me to conduct an in-depth inquiry into literature, engage in an intense exploration, and draft and polish my research project paper. Accomplishing these research steps without proper time management will be impossible.

The last challenge will entail choosing the right research methodology that appropriately aligns with the scope and design of my research. While the research methodology is the necessary procedure for moving forward with my research topic, getting it to align with my research question will be challenging because it will require considerations of three factors. These factors will include honing my research design, soliciting feedback from my instructor, and deciding whether a qualitative or quantitative orientation or a mixture of both approaches will best work for my research methodology.

References

Donahoe, D., & Ross, J. (2013). Chapter 7: Student scholarly writing: The seminar paper. Legal Writing Pedagogy: Commenting, Conferencing, and Classroom Teaching. Pressbooks.

Fayetteville State University. (2020). Develop a research topic. Fayetteville, NC. Fayetteville State University. Retrieved June 06, 2020, from http://library.uncfsu.edu/reference/intro-to-library-research/develop-a-research-topic.

Fellows, J., & Edwards, M. (2014). User guidelines on qualitative methods in health workforce planning and forecasting. London: Centre for Workforce Intelligence.

Hagen-Zanker, J., & Mallett, R. (2013). How to do a rigorous, evidence-focused literature review in international development: A guidance note. London: Overseas Development Institute.

Lentz, J., Kennett, M., Perlmutter, J., & Forrest, A. (2016). Paving the way to a more effective informed consent process: Recommendations from the clinical trials transformation initiative. Contemporary clinical trials, 49, 65-69.

Cervical cancer is a significant open wellbeing issue; it is the second most normal growth among women on the planet, and one

Introduction

Cervical cancer is a significant open wellbeing issue; it is the second most normal growth among women on the planet, and one of heading reason for death by gynecologic threatening cancer in creating nations. Furthermore, cervical cancer is a standout amongst the most preventable and treatable growth when it is distinguished early, and this is because of its moderate movement, since it take a few years to develop from a perceivable forerunner injury (Von Karsa et al,. 2010). This key peculiarity gives a huge window of around ten years or more for compelling early discovery of the precancerous sore, and keeping its movement to obtrusive growth. A comparison between UK and Malawi health care concern about cervical cancer will be noted in this paper.

From this point of view, decently composed avoidance methodologies have been connected by high wage nations in the course of recent years, and have brought about an amazing decrease in bleakness and mortality from this obtrusive sickness (Bloom & Canning, 2000). The screening system is a fruitful case for viable anticipation from cervical growth, it has been utilized as a part of the Nordic nations (UK); this project was inspected by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1960s and it was discovered that the death rate in these nations fell by around three- fourth, The most extraordinary lessening was checked in UK by 74 %, Malawi by 54% and this was because of the wide target age range for screening in this nation . Nonetheless, over the same period, creating nations have fizzled through utilizing the same project to lessen the load of the ailment, and cervical growth keeps on meaning the lives of a huge number of women, this may be because of the absence of a compelling counteractive action methodology.

We will attempt in this paper to survey the determinants of cervical disease screening among UK and Malawian women, to clarify the striking hindrances in regards to screening and to highlight the chief variables impacting the individual wellbeing conduct, for this study, we will utilize the Health Belief Model as a reasonable structure, we will clarify the structure of the Health Belief Model (Becker) and how the diverse builds of the model could anticipate the women’ wellbeing conduct with respect to cervical neoplasm screening , at last the application of this model as a controlling skeleton to ground behavioral mediations and to enhance disposition of women in regards to cancer screening will be examined (Hilton & Hunt, 2010).

Cervical Cancer Case in UK

It was not until 1988 that the NHS cervical screening system started; from that point forward it has turned out to be a fruitful plan in the identification and anticipation of cervical malignancy sparing 4500 lives for every year. Regardless of the adequacy of smear tests, proof demonstrates that just 80% of women with cervical malignancy would have had cervical screening (Hilton & Hunt, 2010).

In 2013 2,828 new instances of cervical malignancy were diagnosed in the UK, and worldwide there are 493,000 cases yearly. With the predominance of cervical malignancy expanding there are concerns with the uptake of cervical screening in the UK especially among ethnic minority of women. Prove by Kitchener et al,. (2010) has indicated there is a low uptake of cervical screening in ethnic gatherings of women; British women were 1.35 to 3.42 times more inclined to have a cervical spread in correlation with women from an ethnic minority. Albeit different components, for example, age and financial as showed in Forman et al,. (2011) have an effect on the uptake of cervical screening, ethnicity is by all accounts a noteworthy impact. Cervical screening is offered to women matured 25-64 years of age; for women matured 25-49 screening is at 3 year interims and for women matured 50-64 it is at regular intervals. Despite the fact that uptake of cervical screening is lower in general in ethnic minority bunches, there are contrasts in the uptake between ethnic gatherings. Cervical malignancy is the second most normal disease in women under age 35 in the UK (Jemal, Siegel, Xu & Ward, 2010). As the name proposes cervical growth is malignancy of the cervix. The cervix is piece of the female regenerative framework and unites the uterus to the vagina. The cervix has numerous capacities: amid feminine cycle it permits the entry of blood stream and amid labor it enlarges for the infant to pass through the uterus and into the vagina (Forman et al,. 2011).The cells of the cervix can create to precancerous changes known as dysplasia. Dysplasia (which is anomalous cells on the cervix) can be sorted utilizing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) characterization. Therefore it is essential that women have normal spreads as right on time identification of cervical variations from the norm can launch treatment before cancer creates.

There are two sorts of cervical cancers: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most widely recognized manifestation of cervical cancer and records for 80- 90% of cervical malignancies. Squamous cell carcinoma attacks the squamous epithelium of the ectocervix (Jemal, Siegel, Xu & Ward, 2010). The other type of cervical disease is adenocarcinoma, albeit less regular as it records for just 10% in all cases it is thought to be the more serious than squamous cell carcinoma (Cuzick et al,. 2010). Also the cervical smear is not intended to catch adenocarcinoma, however is essentially expected at locating the early changes of squamous cell carcinoma.as cervical growth advances gradually it might be asymptomatic, however as it advances the manifestations, for example, spasmodic dying, draining or agony after sex and expanded release may be an indication of cervical cancer. As per Symonds et al,. (2010) there is solid proof to recommend that Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) causes cervical growth, with sorts 16 and 18 esteemed to be firmly connected with cervical malignancy. Other danger elements incorporate, smoking, number of sexual accomplices, and time of first intercourse and utilization of oral contraceptives (World Health Organization, 2010).

Cervical Cancer case in Malawi

Malawi has a populace of around 50.14 million women who are at danger of creating cervical growth. It is the commonest gynecological threat and current evaluations show that consistently, 10034 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and 8030 kick the bucket from it (WHO 2010). World Bank Group (2012) expressed that the fundamental purpose behind the pointedly higher cervical growth frequency is the absence of viable screening projects went for identifying precancerous conditions and treating them before they advancement to intrusive cancer. The current perspicacity about cervical disease control is the basic vitality of ahead of schedule location. Most women in Malawi present with cutting edge ailment when radiotherapy and hysterectomy is of no profit. Bloom & Canning (2000) exceptional a few explanations behind late presentation and these are; lack of awareness about the condition and indications, fatalistic state of mind, humiliation, status to credit neoplastic ailment to extraordinary reasons, apprehension of affirmation of suspicion and the lasting issue of low scope of the populace by human services benefits particularly the country regions. It has been assessed that just 10% of women in Malawi have been screened for cervical dysplasia in the previous 10 years contrasted with 50 – half seen in created nations (Von Karsa et al,. 2010).

Malawi has not had a lot of accomplishment in actualizing successful cervical cancer screening until date. The conveyance of cervical cancer screening in Malawi is normally led in an artful way, whereby screening relies on upon the activity of the lady and/or her medicinal services supplier. This may prompt improper screening use and insufficient catch up of anomalous results. There is presently no mass screening project for the identification of cervical disease in Malawi. Administrations are just accessible in showing healing centers and are not enough used. Stipulations against underutilization were discovered to be destitution, obliviousness and framework disappointment (World Health Organization. Reproductive Health, 2010).

Conclusion

Today, the HBM is utilized by numerous scientists to rule the advancement of methods for viable wellbeing intercession, in this area, I will attempt to compress some finding from the distinctive intercessions based HBM that push me to recommend this model to enhance women’ conduct in Malawi and UK. The wellbeing conviction model has been utilized by a few study, alone or consolidated with other wellbeing advancement models to and to enhance conviction and practices among women in regards to the screening program, a case of this study, has been led in UK, in 2010, this study demonstrated that the “HBM has structured the premise for an interventional project to enhance conduct among Iranian women”, For the information accumulation instrument, a self-regulated multi-decision survey was created focused around the ideas of the HBM. It is clear from the study that the UK has advanced policies and frameworks to manage the case of Cervical Cancer as compared to that of Malawi.

References

Arbyn, M., Anttila, A., Jordan, J., Ronco, G., Schenck, U., Segnan, N., … & Von Karsa, L. (2010). European guidelines for quality assurance in cervical cancer screening. —summary document. Annals of Oncology, 21(3), 448-458.

Bloom, D. E., & Canning, D. (2000). The health and wealth of nations. Science (Washington), 287(5456), 1207-1209.

Cuzick, J., Castanon, A., & Sasieni, P. (2010). Predicted impact of vaccination against human papillomavirus 16/18 on cancer incidence and cervical abnormalities in women aged 20–29 in the UK. British journal of cancer, 102(5), 933-939.

Hilton, S., & Hunt, K. (2010). Coverage of Jade Goody’s cervical cancer in UK newspapers: a missed opportunity for health promotion?. BMC public health,10(1), 368.

Howell-Jones, R., Bailey, A., Beddows, S., Sargent, A., de Silva, N., Wilson, G., … & Kitchener, H. (2010). Multi-site study of HPV type-specific prevalence in women with cervical cancer, intraepithelial neoplasia and normal cytology, in England. British journal of cancer, 103(2), 209-216.

Jemal, A., Bray, F., Center, M. M., Ferlay, J., Ward, E., & Forman, D. (2011). Global cancer statistics. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 61(2), 69-90.

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Centralia is a borough and looks like a ghost town

Centralia is a borough and looks like a ghost town which is situated in  HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_County,_Pennsylvania” o “Columbia County, Pennsylvania”Columbia County, Pennsylvania, States. From over 1000 people now there are only 10 people living in this borough . This has been cause by massive mine fire which has been raging underneath from 1962. The local administration knew about the fire and did nothing whatsoever to warn the people or take steps to mitigate the effects of the fire raging beneath the borough The definition of a public administration system is meant to be one where the administration takes care of the public and makes sure that the people living within their area of supervision are properly taken care of. This is the meaning of what a public administration should do. In case of emergencies it has to make sure that people are protected and evicted to safe places and no loss of life occurs either property or to life. The role of the public administration is safeguarding the people and educating themselves about imminent disasters and of all possible cases of natural calamities and informing the people about the natural calamities that the area is likely to be hit by. The function of the public administration is like that of a guard and a police officer under whose care giving the people are protected. They function as well wishers who are to take care of the public. But in this case neither were the public administration caring enough nor were te employers careful enough. This shows apathy of the authorities .the public administration is like a welfare body instituted to take care of the local people.This is hwere the system failed.

Causes of Volcanic Eruptions

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Causes of Volcanic Eruptions

Introduction

The cause of volcanic eruptions range in terms of nature and the amount of force involves when triggering the magma to forcefully erupt beyond the surface of the earth. Over the years, scientists have conducted adequate research that has formed the major causes and their nature. By studying the causes of volcanic eruptions, geologists are able to predict the exact time and nature of the eruption. The technological advancement in the area of geology combined by ingenious plate tectonic study, the world today feels safer as the volcanic eruptions can be predicted and avoided. For example, Indonesia that has been the recent and most regular victim of volcanic eruptions has attracted the eyes of the geologists who have pinpointed the occurrence of these eruptions thus saving millions of lives. The core reason for studying the causes of volcanic eruptions is to be ahead of disasters and thus come up with the right precautionary measures like evacuations.

The most common type of eruption is caused by the movement of tectonic plates. When one is pushed under the other the magma, sediment and seawater is forced into the chamber which eventually overflows and the volcano erupts spewing lava into the sky (Rokhmana et al., 7). This kind of eruption produces sticky, thick lava at temperatures from 800 to 1,000C. The cause and nature of occurrence of volcanic eruptions is thus vital to be studied to ensure that the world understands what and how the disasters strike and how they can be avoided. Plate tectonics and movement of the earth’s plates is one of the major causes of volcanic eruptions. The world is composed of major plates that are in constant movement to or from each other (Sigl et al., 549). The push and pull within these plates create friction that heats the rocks making them met and thus magma or molten rock is formed. The continuous accumulation of this magma builds pressure where it finds way out through the faults within the plates thus creating eruptions of magma known as volcanic eruptions (Inan et al., 719). Over the years, the study of plate tectonics has been a major focus when trying to understand the formation of volcanos and even the pattern of earthquakes around the world. One of the key aspects of the volcano formation and eruption of is the forces involved that originate from the internal earth movements.

The analysis of the rock formation and plates movement has shown that over the years, the earth rock movement and the increased temperatures are responsible for the magma formation (Rokhmana et al., 9). The buildup of this pressure causes the magma to find a way out through the points of weaknesses that erupts with huge force known as volcanic eruptions. Studies have shown that the volcanic eruptions caused by tectonic plate movement have increased by 23%in the past ten years. This signifies that the earth’s crust and the plates are more active than before and this is also contributing to the increased patterns of earthquakes around the world (Sigl et al., 547).

The other major cause of volcanic eruptions is the pouring in of magma into a chamber that is already full thus adding to the pressure. Studies shave shown that volcanic eruptions can be caused by the glacier meting where the pressure form the upper ice layers adds to the layers below thus cresting more weight (Inan et al., 713). This weight thus pushes more magma and rocks into the already filled chambers thus pushing the layers to the extreme until it erupts as a volcano. In line with this, the study of the earth geology in the area of volcanic eruptions has revealed staggering evidence where the flow and formation of magma can be caused by many factors. The wright of the upper rock layers that are responsible for the internal pressure can cause heat to generate and thus the rocks melt. The effects of this melting are more liquid rocks known as magma falling to the layers below until they get to their limits in terms of pressure accumulation (Sigl et al., 543). The magma thus finds paths through the vents upwards thus causing very strong eruption spewing magma into the sky. These kinds of volcanos account for 45% of the total eruptions around the world.

Surprisingly, the largest percentage of these type of volcanic eruptions occur in the seas ad oceans thus are rarely recorded or noted (Inan et al., 711). However, the current marine technology as well expeditions have helped uncover this natural wonder that is gradually putting the geologists closer to understanding the whole mystery of volcanos. The forces behind the volcanic eruptions vary in intensity and nature and thus the study and understanding how these forces interact is vital to realizing how and where the eruptions may occur (Rokhmana et al., 13). Over the years, volcanic eruptions have changed the occurrence patterns with the global tectonic plates and climate change being the major factors to this change.

Conclusion

The world below is always active and the movement of tectonic plates helps prove the active nature of the earth. The increased cases of volcanic eruptions and intensity of these disasters is a testimony to their changing nature. To better understand the nature and occurrence of volcanic eruptions, it is vital study how and where the tectonic plates are moving. Moreover, the movement of plates along the fault lines and the increased pressure from these movement is known to be a rot cause of the volcanic eruptions that have increased over the past ten years.

Works Cited

Inan, Dedi I., Ghassan Beydoun, and Biswajeet Pradhan. “Developing a decision support system for Disaster Management: Case study of an Indonesia volcano eruption.” International journal of disaster risk reduction 31 (2018): 711-721.

Rokhmana, Catur Aries, and Ruli Andaru. “Utilizing UAV-based mapping in post disaster volcano eruption.” 2016 6th International Annual Engineering Seminar (InAES). IEEE, 2016.

Sigl, Michael, et al. “Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years.” Nature 523.7562 (2015): 543-549.