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Channel Assignment and Congestion Control in Mesh Networks that are Multi-Radio

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Channel Assignment and Congestion Control in Mesh Networks that are Multi-Radio

1.1 Abstract

Introduction

2.1Thesis Statement

Analysis of the problem of channel assignment and congestion and its solution

Description and analysis of Channel Assignment

Methods of solving channel congestion

Use of the Iterative approach in solving the problem of channel assignment and congestion control.

Findings of the research

Results obtained from using the MRMC-CC approach

Results obtained from using the ABL05 approach

Conclusion

Importance of carrying out the research

Advantage of solving the problem of Wireless Congestion Control

Work cited list

Channel Assignment and Congestion Control in Mesh Networks that are Multi-Radio

Abstract

Exchange of information is made easy through timely and rapid internet. The latter is a platform which provides servers and clients with the much needed disparate of information. Furthermore, according to the rules of communication, various protocols have to be related closely. This is for the benefit of ensuring that there is efficient and maximum transfer of data on the internet. Some vital elements of wireless congestion control are fairness and network utilization. Through the use of the Iterative approach channel assignments and yield rates obtain fair objectives. This is what this paper seeks to find and establish as being true.

Introduction

In many orthogonal channels that have multiple radios, the deployment of mesh networks is taking place. This is meant to ensure that high speeds are achieved. There is also a chance that interference mitigation will occur. Many flexibilities have not been explored and this is observed by the architectures that exist. Channels and radios are meant to be allocated fairly in order to control congestion and to maintain fairness. The reason for engaging in this research is that the problem is extremely complex. Furthermore, joint optimization of traffic allocations and radio channel assignments has to occur. The latter is different from the solutions, which exist for single radio.

This paper seeks to find a solution on the problem of channel assignment and congestion control. Also, it seeks to follow an approach that focuses on decomposition and iterativenss.

Analysis of the problem of channel assignment and congestion and its solution

Channel and rate assignment is a problem that needs to be solved through joint optimization. The nature of channel assignments is extremely discrete and thus, the need to study it. Studying an assignment that is fixed channel and the sub problem of congestion control will ensure a solution is found (Bertsekas, 2003. 23). The problem is referred to as being non-linear programming and it is vital in many aspects. The various multiple radios and converged solution accounts are derived from updates that are rate adapted. It also deals with channel-dependent interference and traffic distribution. The latter is possible by ensuring that traffic distribution is flows through radio paths that have been constructed. Moreover, time slots and channels have to be shared in order for traffic to occur naturally. This is possible through the feasibility conditions that exist in their different appropriate sets.

Wireless networks are gaining popularity fast, and the result is that there is congestion and heavy utilization. Bottlenecks for performance are measured by the wireless networks that are heavy utilized. The robust operation of wireless networks is understood best by the various networks used in communication. Network performance is also optimized by having the required understanding. Channel utilization is another method that can effectively solve the problem of congestion control (Wang & Palaniswami & Low, 2003.119).

Congestion control is an issue that needs to be addressed through channel utilization. In order for the network capacity to be distributed spatially, channel assignments have to be empowered by multiple radios. It is obvious that the different channel and radio exploitation transmissions are advantageous. Distribution of traffic should be conducted in a method that focuses on direction. Unfortunately, the latter still needs to be proven by researchers in this field. At every intermediate node, there is traffic that is incoming and it is referred to as total. The various links should all accept the incoming links that are split. The different radios will also accommodate the traffic that is incoming. Furthermore, the outgoing and incoming traffic is distributed as per source. The latter is also possible through conjunction of fairness requirements and source rates. The range of transmission should be within the distance of the flows. In turn, it will be possible to account for the impact achieved through induced interference.

Induced interference is present in every node, and a radio to radio path has to be constructed. It is referred to as the outer‘s’ of the node to node. ‘S’ is referred to as the source, and it is adjacent to the route known as ‘e’. The nodes have ends as well as common channels where a path has to be created. In route ‘e’ there are links, which are subsequent, and they are positioned between the nodes. The previous links are the main reason why the paths are created (Lin & Shroff, 2004). This means that the link, which exists, is known as radio to radio. The procedure of path incremental construction makes sure that all other links are interrelated to it. It extends further until the route of node-to –node is linked. This means that every source‘s’ has paths. The two sub problems are formulated through the introduction of a formulation. Node paths for assignments that are fixed channel are achieved through traffic allocation (informit.com, 2011.1). This means that the sub problem of congestion control takes place. The other sub problem is associated with assignments that are combinatorial channel discrete. The problem of optimization is a solution to congestion control derived from mapping. In turn, the radio paths are distributed further into traffic. Information on channel congestion is provided by finding the solution. It addresses the sub problem of channel assignment. The procedure that follows in interactive whereby, utilization of the overall network is successfully guaranteed. The approach used in this research is beneficial in achieving fairness and utilization of networks.

Individual rates are equal to the radio-to-radio links, and they all follow a crossing network link. The aggregate link portion is affected by the individual rates. The various radio paths are routed with the incoming traffic. The relationships that exist between the networks are in the form of generic contention (Pahlavan & Krishnamurthy, 2009.78). Channel assignment is given to source rates and radio paths, to control the sub problem of congestion control. Resources that are highly congested will no longer have traffic due to channel assignment. The option would be to make sure that the congested areas have added bandwidth. Information obtained from congestion control solves the sub problem that is heuristic. In turn, network utility will be successful and guaranteed.

Algorithms are used in channel assignment and congestion control and they are successful and guaranteed methods. The latter functions based on radio paths and assignments that are fixed channel. This procedure is of extremely low intensity thus, usage of algebraic operations that are comprehensible. On the other hand, algorithms used in channel assignments have low complexity. The search occurs in cliques that are extremely congested. Channel modifications that are favorable are selected through conditions that are eligible. Verification and manipulation of algebraic equations leads to solving the sub problem.

The findings of this research are thus interpreted by various methods that are accepted all over the world. The approach used is known as MRMC-CC, and it focuses on essential aspects of the research. This means that the multi channel and multi radio wireless mesh networks are computed in two approaches (Greenspan & Klerer, 2008. 60). The other approach is known as ABL05, and it ensures that the pairs of source destinations are computed. The latter uses the paths referred to as node to node and are involved in linear programming. The source rate that is obtained gives a maximum yield and ensures fairness is maintained. The demand vector is made to be in proportion with the weight that has been allocated.

The above approach used in this research uses formulation that is utility based. The latter ensures that fairness is maintained all the time. The path of the node to node used is single and this is due to the source destination. Congestion of networks is controlled by networks that engage in robust operations. The latter is especially beneficial when dealing with wireless networks, which are heavily congested. Rates of data, which are low, are used in frameworks for transmission. In turn, good put, and network throughput, are decreased in the network. Frame loss is achieved as a result of the nodes that allow transmission of rates of data that is low. The distances between the frames can be increased further through a signal to noise ratio. Rates of data, which are high, should be consumed when congestion is present. The implemented multirates adaption scheme functions in a unique way. The impact on work performance of the wireless congested control is high (Xu &Tian & Ansari, 2005.220). The other option, which exists, is that power transmission can be controlled by the clients. The latter ensures that high data rates are effectively utilized through transmission and data frames.

In the different scenarios, which have been witnessed, the mesh network finds that there is under utilization when the ABL05 is used. When compared to the MRMC-CC, the latter is much low as compared to the minimum rate, which is required. Furthermore, there are two reasons, which bring about under utilization. Source rates are forced upon by fairness constraints, and this occurs even in topologies that are non regular. ABL05 constraints, which are linked based, are conservative and thus, different from the ones in MRMC-CC. There is a belief that the links are interrelated in many ways. Topolog, which is based on a grid, seems to favor the ABL05 approach due to the constraints, which are involved. Spatial reuse is exploited by the paths of the node to node that are multiple (Stewart, 2000.1). Constraints that are linked based and those related to fairness are under utilized by the ABL05. The average rates of ABL05 are lower than those of MRMC-CCM, as the latter has higher yields. If the network has added resources, a difference between the two approaches increases. Network resources are utilized by the proportional fairness that exists and in a manner that is fair. If the problem of wireless communication congestion is not solved, performance will reduce drastically. Also, there is a risk that the wireless networks will degrade and become worthless. Losses might occur to the people who use wireless technologies, and especially those who use computerized systems.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the problem of wireless congestion should be addressed, as it benefits many of its users. Furthermore, it will be easy not to misjudge or misinterpret congestion of networks. Bandwidth and jitter ratio is achieved through the information feedback, which is obtained. A control mechanism for congestion control should exist in order to improve the system. The other areas of congestion control, which need to be researched, are on whether a permanent solution can be found to solve congestion control. This means that existing wireless networks will no longer have to affect various computerized systems. The community has a role to play in this issue, as it can advocate for more wireless communication networks to benefit it. Furthermore, society should use wireless communication networks that do not cause congestion. In turn, there will be an improvement in wireless communication congestion. Thus, channel assignment and congestion control are indeed problems that can be solved through proper and relevant research.

Work cited

Bertsekas, D. Nonlinear Programming. New York: Athena Scientific, 2nd edition, 2003. Print.

Xu, K. &Tian, Y. & Ansari, N. “ HYPERLINK “http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2004.07.006” Improving TCP performance in integrated wireless communications networks,” Computer Networks, 47, 2, (2005): pp. 219–237.

Greenspan, A. & Klerer, M. Et al. “ HYPERLINK “http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2008.4557043” IEEE 802.20: Mobile broadband wireless access for the twenty-first century,” IEEE Communications Magazine, 46, 7, (2008): pp. 56–63.

Stewart, R. “Stream Control Transmission Protocol.” Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), RFC 2960, 2000.

Lin, X. & Ness, Shroff. Utility maximization for communication networks with multi-path routing. IEEE Transactions on Networking, 51,5, (2006): pp 766–781.

Giannoulis, T & Salonidis, E. & Knightly, W. Congestion control and channel assignment algorithms in multi-radio multi-channel wireless mesh networks. Extended version available at http://www.ece.rice.edu/∼ag4934/agiannou/mrmc-cc-extended.pdf.

HYPERLINK “http://www.informit.com/articles/printerfriendly.aspx?p=98132” “Getting to Know Wireless Networks and Technology”. informit.com. HYPERLINK “http://www.informit.com/articles/printerfriendly.aspx?p=98132” http://www.informit.com/articles/printerfriendly.aspx?p=98132. Retrieved 2011-11-23.

Cantieni, G. Et al. Performance Analysis under Finite Load and Improvements for Multirate 802.11. Elsevier Computer Communications Journal, 28, 10, (2005) : pp 1095.1109.

Lin, X. & Shroff, B. Joint rate control and scheduling in multihop wireless networks. In Proc. Control and Decision Conference (CDC), Atlantis, Paradise Island, Bahamas, December 2004.

Wang, W. & Palaniswami, M. & Low, S. Optimal flow control and routing in multi-path networks. Performance Evaluation, 52, 2-3, (2003):119–132.

Pahlavan, Kaveh. & Krishnamurthy, Prashant. Networking Fundamentals – Wide, Local and Personal Area Communications. New York: Wiley, 2009.Print.

Changes in organization culture at Tesco

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783766” Executive summary PAGEREF _Toc359783766 h 1

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783767” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc359783767 h 2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783768” Company overview PAGEREF _Toc359783768 h 2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783769” Changes in organization culture at Tesco PAGEREF _Toc359783769 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783770” The nature of organizational change brought about by innovation (multi-channel digital strategy) PAGEREF _Toc359783770 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783771” The main drivers (motivation) for this change PAGEREF _Toc359783771 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783772” The main objectives to be achieved by the change PAGEREF _Toc359783772 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783773” Key stakeholders impacted by the change PAGEREF _Toc359783773 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783774” Innovation resistance PAGEREF _Toc359783774 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783775” Resistance to change PAGEREF _Toc359783775 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783776” Causes of employee resistance to changes in organizational culture PAGEREF _Toc359783776 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783777” The change management strategies to employ when implementing the strategy PAGEREF _Toc359783777 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783778” Various types of organizational change PAGEREF _Toc359783778 h 10

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783779” How to measure the success of change management process PAGEREF _Toc359783779 h 15

HYPERLINK l “_Toc359783780” References PAGEREF _Toc359783780 h 17

Executive summaryOrganization culture is a concept that is used to refer to a collection of organizational beliefs, values, general demeanor and policies that are critical to the daily running of companies (Mullins,2010). The concept is used to refer to the general context of all activities that are done within a given firm. In this paper, we explore the concept of change management within Tesco due to the possible resistance to changes in its organizational culture. The strategic change in this case is the adoption of a multi-channel digital strategy within the operations of the retail chain. The methods of implementing this strategic change are evaluated as well as the ways of measuring the success of the suggested change management strategies.

IntroductionOrganization culture is a concept that is used to refer to a collection of organizational beliefs, values, general demeanor and policies that are critical to the daily running of companies (Mullins,2010). The concept is used to refer to the general context of all activities that are done within a given firm. In this paper, we explore the concept of change management within Tesco due to the possible resistance to changes in its organizational culture. The strategic change in this case is the adoption of a multi-channel digital strategy within the operations of the retail chain. The methods of implementing this strategic change are evaluated as well as the ways of measuring the success of the suggested change management strategies.

Company overviewTesco PLC is a leading UK general merchandise and grocery retailer. It is also the 3rd largest grocery retailer worldwide (Potter,2011). The company controls over 30% market share within the UK market where its closes rivals are ASDA, Sainsbury’s, Morrison’s and the Co-operative Food. Tesco is famous for its excellent loyalty and endless dedication to its clients. The company’s workplace and staff policies tailored to create an excellent shopping experience. For the sake of achieving excellence, the employees at Tesco PLC are encouraged to be extremely courteous, friendly and polite with good mannerism being a mandatory requirement.

The organization also strives a creating an excellent operating environment that is professional and yet formal. All these are reflective of the personal touch, affordability and quality nature of their product offerings. Additionally, Tesco’s organization structure has a great emphasis on organization culture. The organization structure at Tesco is hierarchical with a top down operating structure. Briefly, the organization structure at Tesco PLC is autocratic as well as formal. This organization structure and culture are what makes Tesco one of the best performing retailers worldwide.

Changes in organization culture at TescoExperts in organizational behavior, note the concept of organizational culture change to be a necessary element of every company. For performance to be optimal, adjustments must be made to existing organizational cultures. Companies must ensure that they adopt completely new changes for them to remain competitive within the contemporary and future marketplace. Armstrong (2009), for instance, reiterated that change is the only element in an organization that is constant. Kotter (2000), however, indicated that companies are in a state of constant flux. Mullins (2010) noted that the inescapability of organizational change is a constant element of every firm as a result of the quest by these firms to adapt to the new and emerging business challenges, technological innovations and new ways of doing business. Market forces such as the dynamism of products and services are what forces firms to adapt to changes. Organizational change is therefore an element that must be taken into account in the formulation of new business strategy as well as the creation of new insights. Several forces can initiate organizations within Tesco. In this paper, we concentrate on their need to align their business and marketing strategy by the adoption of a multi-channel digital strategy. This in itself is a technological innovation that can create serious changes to Tesco’s organizational culture.

The nature of organizational change brought about by innovation (multi-channel digital strategy)The work of Ellen, Bearden and Sharma (1991) argued that even though technological innovations can be seen as one of the main keys of success and survival for several firms, it can also be a key source of employee resistance. Hitachi Consulting UK noted that the adoption of a multichannel strategy is the only sure ways for UK retailers to maintain competitiveness within the current and future market place (Hitachi, 2012). The company issued a strong warning to all UK companies to adopt a strategic multi-channel approach in order for them to survive. Customers must first be taught how to engage these multichannel strategies. This must then proceeded by an effective re-orientation of the entire business operation in order to successfully deliver the identified engagement. The manner in which technology can be used in facilitating the engagement then becomes the final step. The process is noted by Hitachi Consulting Group to be greater than any other existing information technology platform initiative and should include people, system processes as well as technology changes across the entire business units such as e-commerce, marketing, customer service as well as social media (Hitachi,2012). This means that the implementation of the strategy would be enterprise-wide.

For Tesco PLC to realize this goal, it must ask itself pretty hard questions since its traditional organizational boundaries as well as responsibilities would be highly challenged. All areas of Tesco’s business (supply chain, buying and retailing operations, merchandising, finance, IT and human resources) would be affected by this change. The quest for a seamless consumer experiences as well as constant brand image would cause serious changes to Tesco’s organizational culture. Resistance to this change is therefore obvious.

The main drivers (motivation) for this changeAs noted earlier, the main driver for this change is the need to remain relevant and competitive within an increasingly competitive UK and global market place. Hitachi Consulting UK noted that the adoption of a multichannel strategy is the only sure ways for UK retailers to maintain competitiveness within the current and future market place (Hitachi, 2012). The company issued a strong warning to all UK companies to adopt a strategic multi-channel approach in order for them to survive. Customers must first be taught how to engage these multichannel strategies. This must then proceeded by an effective re-orientation of the entire business operation in order to successfully deliver the identified engagement. The manner in which technology can be used in facilitating the engagement then becomes the final step.

The main objectives to be achieved by the changeThe multi-channel approach would allow Tesco’s customers to shop from wherever they want (be it in-store, at home, from the company’s online catalogue, through their Smartphone or PCs). The system would allow consumers to locate their preferred products easily and shop online as well as order their products for delivery right straight to their doorsteps. All of the company’s digital marketing as well as PR initiatives would seamlessly be integrated. An elaborate mix of multi-channel strategies such as in-store advertisements, search engine optimization approaches, search engine marketing strategies, pay per click advertising as well as social media would be employed. The advantages of using this a multi-channel approach are improved sales and business performance, the ability to share all forms of actionable information as the ability to come up with a better attribution model that can help Tesco to gain a better strategic foresight. After all, the future of shopping is argued by Deloitte to lie within the digital realm. According to a research carried out by Deloitte, multi-channel customers spend about 82% (averagely £116) more money in each of their transactions as compared to the in-store ones. The contemporary multi-channel consumer is claimed by Deloitte to be well informed about their shopping and this, ultimately results in higher volume and value of their purchases.

Key stakeholders impacted by the changeIn order to determine the key stakeholders who would be impacted by the change, a stakeholders analysis is quite necessary. A stakeholder analysis is a process that helps us to determine the various individuals who would be affected by the introduction of the multi-channel digital strategy within the operations of Tesco PLC. A quick look at the scenario indicates that the implementation of the multi-channel digital strategy would be enterprise-wide. The specific areas whose operations would be directly affected in the company are supply chain, buying and retailing operations, merchandising, finance, IT and human resources. This means that the key stakeholders who would be impacted by the change are Tesco employees from various departments and customers. It is therefore important to evaluate the impact that this change would have on these key stakeholders.

As noted earlier, technological innovation is often seen as the secret to success and survival for most companies. This is regardless of whether such a technology is to be used for internal or external users. The adoption of any technological innovation should and must take consideration of the final user’s reaction. According to the work of Mahajan, Muller, and Wind (2000), a vast majority of technological innovations have experienced great failure in the marketplace. This has happened without regard to the benefits that they have or may have brought to the firms or the economy. One of the main causes of innovation failure in the marketplace is customer resistance to these innovations (Sheth, 1981). A multi-channel strategy is a concept that relies on a multiplicity of technological innovations.

Innovation resistanceAccording to Gatignon and Robertson (1989), resistance to innovation is a perfect case of resistance to institutional or organizational change. This is for the reason that innovation is a cause of changes in consumption as well as production. Resistance to change is defined by Zaltman and Duncan (1977) as any behavior aimed at maintaining the current state of affairs in the presence of great pressure to modify the current state. Resistance to organizational change is therefore, a purely normal process or reaction of people to any changes that may interfere with the prevailing equilibrium of organizational activities as noted by Watson (1971). Innovation resistance on the other hand takes place when people resist the various changes that are associated with a given innovation but not the rejection of the innovation in itself. During the course of innovation diffusion, resistance is normally experienced at the stage right before adoption, as indicated in the work of Woodside and Biemans (2005). If the vendor of a given innovation is incapable of overcoming the resistance, then its adoption may be delayed or completely fail. Chances of multi-channel digital innovation creating resistance within Tesco are therefore real.

Resistance to changeThe contemporary global economy is rife with changes within the participating organizations. The changes are continuous and swift. Due to the reason that change is part of organizational dynamism, employees and customers who resist these changes may ultimately impede the operations of these companies. Individuals can never change overnight. People change gradually and it takes them time to acclimatize to the new behavior set as well as work-defined patterns. In this paper, our focus is the effect of organizational change on employees and how to manage the resistance associated with the adoption of new changes within Tesco as an organization. Care must be taken to manage organizational culture change due to the fact that the process can create resistance and skepticism and thereby make it impossible to successfully implement various organizational improvements (such as the adoption of a multi-channel strategy) (Folger & Skarlicki, 1999).

Causes of employee resistance to changes in organizational cultureThere are several causes of resistance to change within an organizational setting. These particular factors can be categorized into two main groups- organizational and individual sources. The individual sources of resistance emanate from fundamental human traits like needs, perceptions, personalities as well as needs. These categories of human traits are inherently ingrained deeply into a person’s behaviors and core beliefs. They are also not easy to manipulate. For instance, there are employees who believe that the adoption of any kind of technological innovation would result in layoffs and forceful retrenchments. The adoption of a multi-channel digital strategy could therefore, be perceived as a threat to their jobs. Other examples of individual sources of resistance to change are fear of the unknown, security, economic reasons as well as selective processing of information. Security in this case refers to an individual’s need to experience safety within their working environment (Robbins & Judge, 2010).Issues like job security are therefore what might be the main source of concern among a certain class of workers at Tesco. Economic factors on the other hand are a source of change resistance due to individual reasons like the fear of not performing new tasks in the best way possible. This they feel could get them either demoted or replaced altogether. Tesco employees in the marketing and sales force may therefore feel inadequate against technology that would be brought about by the multi-channel strategy.

The change management strategies to employ when implementing the strategyChange management is the elaborate study of the reasons why firms require change, how those change influences them as well as how they should respond to those changes within their environment. All stakeholders within a given firm or organization have a key role to play in the effective and successful realization of change management. In order for Tesco to succeed in implementing change management, it must engage in doing the following;

Establishing a very clear change management strategy both at its management level while also communicating this shared vision to the entire organization

Realizing that effective communication the key to a successful implementation of any given change management strategy.

All Tesco managers must beat the temptation of resisting participation of reaching a decision during the very early stages of involvement. Usually, there are two main advantages for allowing all sorts of early participation to occur during the change process. This is because it encourages stakeholders to have a sense of project ownership

The creation of an open climate that is necessary for expressing individual apprehension as well as concerns and the application of positive effects of thoughts and understanding of the given organization.

It is also important for Tesco to set goals that are quite clear for individuals or workers to aim at

Training should be viewed as an important investment in the developing of skills as well as creation of an alternative organizational type.

Various types of organizational changeIn order to fully understand the best strategies for implementing organizational change at Tesco, it is important that we outline the various type sof organizational changes in existence. First, we must note that there are several ways of grouping organizational change. The property understanding of the actual nature of organizational change is critical to the proper determination of a suitable strategy. These are the different types of organizational change;

Incremental changes

The concept of incremental change could be a major and even highly important change. However, it is repetitive and gradual. Change if done incrementally, may help in stopping all aspects of employee resistance.

Strategic change

According to Pettigrew and Whipp (1991) strategic change is a very wide concept. This is because it is long term and can be used in addressing issues that are enterprise-wide. The ability of an organization to accurately determine and comprehend the various competitive forces at work as well as how these forces change over a period can be associated with the ability of a business operation to rally as well as utilize the available resources for a given competitive response over time. All organizations must within this line of thought, expect change. The proper planning as well as management of the concept of organizational change must be made a critical part of organizational strategy.

Lewin’s Force Field Model

According to this model, an equilibrium must first be interfered with in a rather planned way for change to be realized. This is accomplished by strengthening the change forces while also weakening the forces that act against organizational change. According to this model, the following are the key processes;

Unfreeze – the process that effectively alerts a system to the actual need for realizing a give change

Change – the development of new responses on the basis of new information.

Refreeze – the establishing of change through the introduction of new responses into the concerned personalities.

The continuous change model

According to this model, the top leaders within a given organization are critical in the process of articulating the mission and strategic vision of a given company. They must discuss the main changes that are important in the meeting of corporate objectives with the other employees while also telling them the suitable alternatives and the most likely results of the process as noted by Kotter (1995).

The Emergent approach of change

According to this strategy, Tesco’s management has a vital role in the advancement of change agenda. As Tsoukas and Chia, (2002) noted, this observation is expressed and derived from the ‘emergent approach’ of change management. It is generally known that there exists a scope for the initiation as well as implementation of change in a bottom-up approach as opposed to the opposite.

Kotter’s model

According to this model, the change process involves a series of eight steps. The steps include;

1. Establishing of urgency

2. Establishing an alliance

3. Creating a vision as well as strategy for organizational change

4. Communicating this vision as well as organizational strategy clearly.

5. Removing obstacles

6. Production of noticeable signs of the improvement in terms of short-term goals

7. Adhering to the process of change and avoiding quitting when circumstances are tough

8. Cultivation as well as determining a new culture to help in supporting organizational improvements together with the innovations that are being instilled.

Overall, there are four major steps that Tesco must involve itself in for the change management process to be successful. The first process involves communicating to its employees and customers in a clear and quite straightforward manner the importance as well as need for the change process. This process must take place in a civilized manner without crating any dramatic pictures. All Tesco employees must visualize and feel assured by the senior management that the situation is under control. They have to be assured that everything that is to be changed is for their best interest of the company. In the process, the employees must be acknowledged and be heard. The communication process must therefore be interactive.

The second step involves the provision of reinforcement of organizational support for the change process. The transitions that people face during the change process must be considered at this stage. It is important to note that whenever change takes place, people usually need adequate time to absorb the meaning of these changes. It is important to note that some of the workers may get into a negative spiral. Tesco must therefore provide such employees with the support and resources that they require to succeed and cope . This can be done by means of internal sessions with their senior management or training opportunities for the workers to learn the required new skills that are necessary for change.

The third step involves the reinforcement of the positive through the recognition of both individuals as well as groups who need to embrace the given change. This means that at Tesco, the employees who demonstrate great performance during the transition phase would eventually be recognized through promotions and other incentives.

The forth process involves making sure that Tesco establishes various measures of organizational or change management success.

The reasons why change was important at Tesco

There are various reasons why change is important at Tesco.They involve the following;

The creation of better value for their customers

As part of the company’s specific strategy for retaining its clientele and also attract new ones, it had to adopt the multi-channel strategy as part of its value creation process. This is what led to the adoption of the multi-channel strategy.

A growing customer base

Tesco’s success in the present time can be partly attributed to the rapidly growing clientele vase. The multi-channel strategy is suitable since it would allow the company to target a larger customer base without any physical limitations.

Technological innovations

In regard to the growth and advancements in technology, it is critical for companies to use advanced technologies for them to become successful. The company needs to implement the multi-channel strategy for it to improve its operational throughput.

Competition

Competition is a common factor in the triggering of organizational change worldwide. Tesco needs to use the multi-channel digital strategy to leverage its performance and to gain a competitive advantage over its competitors like ASDA.

Labor costs

One of the main business objectives of every enterprise is profit maximization. Tesco needs to improve on its operational efficiency both at back and front-end. The multi-channel digital strategy would allow the company to reduce the number of staff needed for functions such as marketing, order processing etc.

How to measure the success of change management processAccording to Rick (2012) measuring is the initial process in the quest for absolute control and eventual improvement of every organization. Some of the common measures for the success of change management strategies are the achievement of the set project goals and objectives, the implementation time as well as checking to what degree the expenditure is within the initial budgetary allocation.

Several change management experts advise that it is important to measure various activities like the number of employee communication sessions that are held. The main challenge is usually the measurement of the effectiveness of change management operations that are marked by cases of non-events. These includes the measurement of employees who are not resisting organizational changes, the measurement of valued employees who are not leaving the organization, measurement of projects that are not being abandoned, measuring rediuctions in productivity in the implementation stage as well as measuring the number of customers who are not negatively affected.

In order to assess the success of change management, one needs to measure the success of the individual transitions as a response to the changes. Whenever a given organization is implementing change, the change comes into live one individual at a time. Each of the affected workers must go through an intense personal transition for them to adopt any given change. Organizational success is therefore a cumulative outcome of these individual transitions. Change is therefore aimed at realizing successful individual transition.

In order to effectively measure the extent of individual transitions, the company must first define these transitions, measure the nature of individual progress and then measure the cumulative impact of these transitions.This information can be gathered by means of interviews with a representative samples of the affected stakeholders as well as via individual surveys.

The level and nature of individual progress as well as cumulative impact must be repetitively measured during the project lifecycle for the project effectiveness to be evaluated objectively. An effective as well as useful measurement regime must focus on how the various change management initiatives are contributing to the overall improvement of organizational outcomes.

The other techniques involve the use of benchmarking as well as gap analysis techniques. The benchmarking process involves comparing Tesco’s performmanbce with those of ASDA and other competitors. The firms must however belong to the same category. A gap analysis can also be used in measuring the gap between Tesco at present at where it should be in the future.

References

Armstrong, M.,(2006), ‘Human Resource Management’, London, Kogan Page

Folger,R. Skarlicki,DP (1999) “Unfairness and resistance to change: hardship as mistreatment”, Journal of Organizational Change

Gatignon, H., & Robertson, T. S. (1989) Technology diffusion: an empirical test of competitive effects. Journal of Marketing, 53(1), 35–49.

Hitachi (2012). UK Retailers Need to Adopt a Multi-Channel Strategy to Survive, warns Hitachi Consulting UK. Accessed on 22nd |June, 2013 from HYPERLINK “http://www.hitachiconsulting.co.uk/newsDetails.cfm?EID=918” http://www.hitachiconsulting.co.uk/newsDetails.cfm?EID=918

Kotter, J. P. (1995). Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail. Harvard Business Review

Mullins, L. J. (2010) Management & Organizational Behavior: 9th Ed. U.S.A.:Pearson Prentice Hall

Pettigrew, A. and Whipp, R., (1991). Managing Change for Competitive Success, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford

Rick,T (2012).How to measure change management success. HYPERLINK “http://www.torbenrick.eu/blog/change-management/”http://www.torbenrick.eu/blog/change-management/

Robbins & Timothy A. Judge., (2010) Organizational Behaviour, 14th Edition

Tsoukas, Haridi o s and Robert Chia. (2002). “On Organizational Becoming: Rethinking

Organizational Change.” Organization Science 13:567-582.

Watson, G. (1971), “Resistance to Change”, American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 4, May – June, pp. 745 – 766.

Woodside, A. G. and Biemans, W. G. (2005). “Modeling Innovation, Manufacturing, Diffusion, and Adoption/Rejection Processes”, Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, Vol. 20, No. 7, pp. 380 – 393.

Zaltman, G. and Duncan, R. (1977), Strategies for Planned Change, Wiley, Toronto.

smooth transitions

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Institution:

Some students seem make very smooth transitions from their writing in high school to writing in college, and we all heartily wish that all of us find college writing easy and compatible to what we have been used to. But other students are usually puzzled and also frustrated by their experiences in writing for their college classes. Only months earlier, their writing was winning praise; but now the instructors are dissatisfied, and are constantly saying that the writing isn’t quite “there” yet, and also saying that the writing is “lacking something.” We haven’t changed in college–our writing is still excellent and mechanically sound, while our descriptions are accurate, and we are saying smart things.

But the instructors are still not happy. Some of the criticism comes in a way that is easy to understand as it is easy to predict that the standards at college are going to be somehow higher than in high school. It is not just a matter of higher standards: As often, what our instructors are asking of us is not just something better, but something very different. If that is the case, then we won’t succeed merely by being more or extra intelligent or more skillful at doing what we did in high school. Instead, we will need to direct our skills and intelligence to a new task.

Most of the times, this struggle occurs because college professors have varying expectations regarding the structure and the argument of writing than those that are usually found in high schools. College writing usually differs significantly from high school writing in several ways that will be explored below.

In high school, you are taught to construct five paragraph essays and many other short forms of writing. College writing strongly and aggressively discourages this five-paragraph essay format, and instead pushes the students to break out of these limits that have been imposed by such a rigid structure. This introduction, three-supporting-points/, and conclusion strategy is simply not practical and applicable for college assignments. College students should be prepared to explore the alternative strategies in writing. Generally, there exists fewer rules and regulations that are imposed in college. We will be expected to make and stick to our own schedule, and keep up on all our work. Professors expect us to be in class to learn. And whether or not we learn is our responsibility. Many students, after a short period of adjustment, settle into a balanced lifestyle of good work and play. Those who do not usually do not make it through their first year.

In high school, we learnt to include a thesis statement in papers, and usually somewhere near the end of the first paragraph. Likewise, most college writing also depends on thesis statements, but they usually look very different from the statements we were used to seeing and writing. A typical high school thesis statement looks like this: In this paper, I am going to discuss Abigail Williams’ motive in The Crucible. On the other hand, a typical college thesis might look more like this: In The Crucible, Abigail Williams strongly denounces Elizabeth Proctor and the other women from her village in one attempt to win John Proctor for herself.

This shows that the sample college thesis statement acts to set up a specific argument and also takes a position on the argument. Additionally, it gives the reader some warning that regard the kind of evidence expected in the remainder of the paper. Readers expect, at minimum, the information about the relationship between Abigail and John, relationship between Elizabeth and John, and also between Abigail and Elizabeth.  College thesis statements should always be specific and opinionated, as well as deniable.  

A paper in high school might have involved the collection of information from Yahoo! or from Google and also re-presenting the information in one book-report format–that is, research for sake of research. College research papers are usually nearly always argument-based: meaning you collect evidence so that you can make a point, and not just to prove that you found five sources. Moreover, all college papers require a different and more scholarly level of source material. While the Internet is a great research tool, college students should and must learn the difference between the unreliable “free web” sources and the more reliable “scholarly” sources. Anything the library pays for through all subscription services is generally an acceptable research source. Scholarly and also professional-level books, websites and all peer-reviewed journals are even better.

Though it varies by professor, most of the college papers are usually typed, double-spaced, and with standard margins. They are usually in the 12-point font, and in either Times New Roman or Arial. Unless the professors specifically ask for one, papers are generally submitted without a cover page; and similarly, college papers rarely include the plastic binders or other types of folders. Graphics, such as charts or clipart, maybe permitted, but they should be professional looking and not count as page space.

References

Vincennes University, (2009). Some Differences between Writing in High School and In

College. Retrieved from www.vinu.edu/differences-between-college -high-school on 5 August, 2013.

Tiny Tots in Child care

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Institution:

Executive Summary

Tiny Tots will be a 24-hour advancement office that will be tending to kids matured somewhere around three and five years. Tiny Tots will likewise go for building their operations in light of the upper business whereby there are profession folks who procure great pay rates. These goal-oriented watchmen and folks dependably seem focused on the improvement of their kids’ prosperity as far as advancement, and they can pay abundantly pay to permit children get great consideration furthermore go to the best day mind offices. Through some preparation and specialization of the staff as well as faculty and frameworks of discovering that are imaginative, Tiny Tots are a force to reckon with regarding kid’s development and improvement. The educational module that is offered here, and in addition an office that is overall outlined and a low degree of educator: understudy will go far to pack in guaranteeing that a high rack benefit with respect to the children furthermore the watchmen (Lloyd et al, 2012). Tiny Tots hope to form into an exceptionally potential wander by the eleventh month, and it will have produced a sensible net benefit by the third year.

Mission

Tiny Tots mission is essentially to give top level youngster the mind. The outfit will exist to draw in furthermore keep up clients. When we stick to this amazing saying, everything else will fall into spot. The administrations will surpass the desires of all our customers. Tiny tots will come up with an extensive network that will always reach all parents. This will be done through encouraging the formation of local parents’ organizations whereby parents will be able to interact and compare notes. There will also be brochures about the baby care that will be given out in monthly basis (Lloyd et al, 2012).

Goals

The essential goals of this 24-hour childcare unit in its introductory three years after station include:

Capacity to make administration based operation whereby the fundamental objective will be to go past the desires of the customers. There will be the worry towards usage of Tiny Tots by no less than 40 different and distinctive families in the initial eight months.

To have the ability to build the quantity of customer’s served by more than20% every year.

To create an extremely and feasible, beneficial, the new company

Market objectives

Tiny Tots will be focusing on the two distinctive target client sections. The first is full-time working couples. The gathering is hence determined to record for 80% of Tiny Tots business. This gathering will be developing at a rate of around 25%, and there will be in excess of 100 potential clients in the total10 mile span. The other gathering of clients will be drop in, clients utilizing Little Tots sporadically, at whatever point there was a need. This gathering will be developing at around 20%, and there will likewise be 50 potential families.

The Administration Group

Tiny Tots will be headed by two youngster care industry veterans, to be specific Andrea Tyke and Danielle Freelander. Andrea has a fantastic deal, promoting, and administration foundation inside the industry, for having put in seven years at an alternate childcare focus. Amid her residency at Baby the spot, Andrea helped the business to develop from essentially $98,000 in yearly income to3$4.6 million. Her accomplice is Danielle Freelander, who has likewise had money and organization foundation. Danielle worked for The Floor covering Rodent Vault, which is the seventh biggest 24-hour tyke mind partnership in the USA.

While she was at The Carpet Rodent Vault as CFO, she was constantly ready to build working benefits by 12%, which is an expense that is for the most part incredible in the whole business. Tiny tot is an energizing open door that appears to give sheltered and secure youngster forethought to the area. Tiny Tots will reach supportable productivity over the time of the following three years, with $674,000 in deals by year three. Through the combo of decently estimated administrations and outstanding client administration, and in addition a generally prepared administration team, tiny Tots will rapidly pick up a piece of the pie and notoriety for being one chief kid mind provider.

Financial objective

To make benefits extending from 10% of the contributed some and abstain from losing the starting capital put resources into the undertaking

To have the best land venture.

To fabricate a solid base in the exchange of valuable metals through furrowed back benefit.

Services

Market Dissection Synopsis

Tiny Tots will be putting forth tyke nurture/little children age three to five. Tiny Tots will be focusing on twofold pay proficient families who, because of work commitments, will never have room schedule-wise in the day to fare thee well for youngsters. The Tiny totswill be focusing on families that are intrigued by something more than the simple infant sitting offices, that they would like the youngsters to be selected in such a project, to the point that dependably offers advancement of numerous and distinctive skills, some including: socialization aptitudes, or expressions and artworks, vast muscle bunch workouts, or perusing, numbers. Folks who are normally experts, who are additionally aggressive by nature themselves, will be regularly enthusiastic for their youngsters to advance a step and will be dependable paying11for the best advancement tends to their kids.

Market Division

Tiny Tots will be targeting one particular client bunch, which the center to high society, or two-pay proficient gang. This gathering of families dependably has both folks working, and this not permitting them time to raise their tyke amid the day. The gathering has the cash for this youngster forethought, and they are eager to use a bit additional to get a more elevated amount of consideration. The client segment will have officially begun showing its kid progress, for example, perusing, singing, socialization, and so forth. Tiny tots will ensure the abilities within kids have been exploited. This gathering of clients is normally included two expert folks. Subsequently, it would clarify the reason that the folks have the cash for more refined and excellent take care, as well as they is2ambitious in respect of their kids’ improvement capacity and learning.

Market Target

Tiny Tots will concentrate at once wage or working proficient families as they are a monetary fragment that can promptly manage the cost of day mind, and are generally the ones who oblige day mind as their work commitments are tight, admire the progressed improvement and are additionally aware of the same. The Babies centre has to offer quality, and will be a developing section of the society.

Methodology and Usage summary

Tiny Tots will be targeting an exceptional practice corner in the kid forethought space. With this in mind, the Tots should then precisely convey its administrations if at all the organization are to be belittled by the target section. Tiny Tots preferences: specific preparing of all the staff and creative learning projects. On the off chance that the focused on guardian hears and comprehends the benefits, they will be eager to switch to Tiny Tots administration. Also, the Tiny Tots will utilize voyages through the offices to offer its administrations. Visits in the business are constantly really standard. Most folks would need to see the facility before they will send their children there (Lloyd et al, 2012). The Tiny tots offices will be good to the point that they will talk for the benefit of themselves. In this manner, it will be the first need to have the folks to come see the offices, and that will persuade them.

Competitive Edge

The focused edge will be two-fold:

Particular training-The office must be great as the instructors and collaborators. Having this in mind, the Tiny Tots will have a particular preparing program that all instructors and partners will be put through so they are capable at showing all the particular projects that Tiny Tots will have developed for babies age three to five. The workers will be put through an exceptionally concentrated course and just in the wake of passing the escalated preparing will they get authorization to work with the youngsters.

The representatives’ of the organization will pay lower compensations than their rivals and work for more hours (Lloyd et al, 2012). Be that as it may, the organization will offer aggregate compensates that include benefits offering and stock proprietorship.

Reference

Lloyd, E., & Penn, H. (2012). Childcare markets: Can they deliver an equitable service? Bristol: Policy Press.

Strategies And Alternatives – Response To Classmates

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What I Learnt From My Classmates’ Postings

In both of the two postings made by William and Chase, there is a focus on the need for strong, authoritative and commanding leadership but that leadership still has to be benevolent. Every company should have at least one person who always rise to the occasion and takes the bull by the horns when it is vital to do so. Chase’s posting seems to place special emphasis on strong management skills and the importance of being accommodating when it comes to listening to other people’s ideas. The level of success of any company is heavily dependent on the individual as well as the collective efforts of its employees. It is also vital that each and every manager stays informed and up to date with the company’s statistics particularly its market share plus that of its competitors.

Environmental analysis is one way of helping company employees and managers make decisions by giving them the necessary information required to make those decisions. Internal and external environmental analyses form the background upon which important decisions in any organization are made. William’s and Chase’s postings provide a valuable insight into what exactly is needed for quick and relevant decision making and the need to conduct market research.

It is upon the research and development teams and departments of any organization to ensure that adequate and relevant information is available to managers at all times so that they can be able to apply what is learnt from the market research in the company’s strategies and decisions. I have learnt that market research gives all companies, whether large or small, an irreplaceable source of information that can be relied upon in times of need. I am glad to say that although they were brief, the two postings provided me with some of the most important information anyone interested in management has to know. They were as relevant as they were supposed to be.

Additional Questions.

The two postings seem to gravitate around the need for companies to invest in market research in order to acquire valuable information about their respective industries. What they do not mention however is the cost of the market research. Not every company is capable of conducting exhaustive examination and probing of the various markets they are engaged in. market research is an expensive venture and therefore the postings should have been able to reveal what other strategy smaller companies that cannot meet the costs of industry evaluation can use to achieve the same results as their hugely successful counterparts.

The other question concerns the culture of companies and the agree to disagree principle of resolving differences. When employees and managers frequently fail to reach agreements on even the tiniest of decisions, something is surely wrong with the company itself. The principle works in a majority of cases but I am of the opinion that people do not have to agree to disagree all the time. Sometimes decisions need to be made urgently and there is little time for agreeing to disagree. What companies need to do is to instill and develop a culture of responsibility among all its employees, so that none of them shirks when charged with the task of coming up with vital resolutions at critical times.

Clarification.

William says in his posting that there are many different approaches that an organization can take when trying to resolve differences. He goes ahead and mentions two of them, which are rule by an iron fist and rule by love. I think he should have included more approaches rather than just mentioning two out of the ‘many’. He also provides scanty information and explanation concerning the two approaches. I therefore feel that there is need to expound more on these two methods in addition to the others that have not been mentioned.

TRENDS IN HEALTHCARE

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TRENDS IN HEALTHCARE

Abstract

The healthcare sector has experienced rapid growth and evolution over time. This sector is charged with delivering the best services to all patients without violating their rights. Growth experienced in the sector has been in terms of invention of new treatment methods especially due to advancement in technology. Earlier, choice of the treatment procedure was determined wholly by the medical officer in charge of the patient. A great and significant change has occurred in the way decisions about a patient’s medical care are made. Rules and regulations involving the doctor patient relationship have been made to regulate and give all the medical practitioners a direction on how to carry out their daily operations. This ensures that medical care is delivered in the most efficient way without violating the rights of patients.

Ethical principles in health care

Various ethical principles have been formulated to govern the behavior of medical facilities’ staff towards their patients. They have been broken down to ensure every kind of interaction has been catered for with an expected methodology. This ensures that the needs of the patient are adequately catered for. Respect for the patient must be ensured and the risks involved in a certain medical treatment made aware to the patient. Patients’ privacy should be maintained and any information about them should be confidential. These principles are as explained below.

The first principle is non-maleficence. This principle stipulates that health care workers should ensure that their treatment plan does not cause any harm to their patient. It forbids medical care providers from using ineffective therapies whose risks to the patient are more than the benefits. It also forbids use of malicious methods of treatment that may intentionally be used to cause injury or further suffering of the patient. The principle protects patients from any form of exploitation financial, sexual or emotional by medical practitioners (Alexander, 2013, 18). An example of violation of this principle is when a medical officer uses administers a drug on a patient that may interfere with other body working systems.

The second one is the principle of utilitarianism. It states that the decisions made by the medical practitioner against a patient’s problem should be done in good faith to bring a long term solution to the patient. The practitioners’ actions should shoulder the patient’s burden. An example is when a surgeon decides to permanently remove a group of abnormal cells in the tissue of a patient and hence protecting the patient from occurrence of cancerous cells in the future.

The third is the principle of justice. It enhances on fair treatment of patient by the medical personnel. All practitioners have a moral obligation to treat their patients without discrimination or favour. Medical resources should be distributed equally among the populations especially where they are scarce. Doctors should eliminate any personal differences they may be having with the patient before treatment (Ball and Laurence, 2011). When a medical officer who is the only one trained to perform major surgeries formulates a clear schedule of operations, the principle of justice is said to have been practiced.

The fourth one is the principle of fidelity. This principle states that the medical officer in charge of a patient should remain royal and faithful. They should keep their promises and maintain a great respect for their patients. This hence binds the patient and the doctor together as one and denies the individuals to make any decisions on matters of the patient’s health.

The fifth principle is that of veracity. It’s a principle that requires all medical practitioners to remain truthful to their client. It calls for openness of all actions taken by doctors and nurses which ensures that their patients get a glimpse of what is going on (Alexander, 2013, 19). Therefore medical personnel should maintain standards that uphold their integrity and accountability in the delivery of their services. An example of this is when a doctor informs a patient of the side effects of a given drug.

Autonomy is also a bioethics principle. This principle restricts medical practitioners from coercing their patients in making a decision. It gives the patients a moral obligation of making their own independent decisions without being forced to. However the medical personnel should provide detailed information to their patients to enable them make sober and informed decisions (Alexander, 2013, 19). The decisions of patients should respected by the medical staff they are dealing with. For instance, it’s the moral right of the patient to decide whether to undergo an operation or not.

Ethical issues in patient care

The health sector has adopted various rules which give an outline on how a patient should be handled. This enables the doctor to give a treatment that is preferred by the patient and does not violate the patient’s beliefs and preferences. One of these issues is advance directives. The issue is as discussed below.

Every individual has the legal right to make decisions on the kind of treatment to be administered to them. This right enables the patient to accept or decline a medical or surgical procedure. An advance directive is a written document by an individual which consists of their preferred treatment or rather medical procedures. The document is similar to a will in that it puts the wishes of an individual on a written document. These medical wishes document is kept safely and retrieved in case of inability of an individual to make sound decisions (Birley, 2011). It gives the medical practitioner an idea on the preferred medical treatment procedures of the patient at hand.

An advance directive can be made by any person who is not a minor and is of sound mind. It is important to have this document as it allows easy decision making when one is ailing and is not in the capacity to make sound decisions. It also saves families conflicts which would have arisen from arguments on the best treatment procedure to be administered on one member of the family. A living will is an example of an advance directive. It is a legal document in which one individual delegates another to make healthcare decisions on their behalf when they are not in the capacity to do so (Chinn, Smith and Kagan, 2013). The living will gives the other party the durable power of the attorney. This power of the attorney is as described below.

The power of attorney enables any individual to choose a preferred person called a health care agent, to make health care decisions on their behalf when they are ailment is intense and they cannot make decisions on their own. The decisions made on behalf of the ailing person are based on their written decisions which are filled in a form. One should designate their acquaintances to be their health care agents as they understand them better. The legal document can be revised or entirely canceled from time to time. The document should be safely kept in a location where it is easily retrievable preferably with one’s personal lawyer or a family member. The power of the attorney is essential as it ensures that one’s values and preferences are upheld even when one is not is not in a stable condition to make solid decisions.

Health care delivery issues

Health care enterprises are one of the most important parts of the United States social system (Kovner and knickMann, 2010). The federal government for the state of Georgia maintains that a healthy nation promotes the growth of all the sectors of the economy. Numerous health care providers exist in this state. The federal government has established medical facilities like referral hospitals, clinics and psychiatric centers. Private investors have also established medical health care facilities in most parts of Georgia. Emory health care is the biggest and the most resourceful and comprehensive hospital in Georgia. Some of the services offered are as indicated below.

Nutrition and food services, palliative care, pharmacy services, mental health services, psychological medical care, surgical services, gynecological services, family planning health facilities. Home based care is also done via home telehealth programs.

Despite the services offered, the state of health care in this federal state has not reached the expected standards, particularly Atlanta (Kovner and KnickMann, 2012). According to a survey done on the healthcare in all federal states of America, Georgia particularly the southern part lagged behind. Many initiatives have been put in place by the federal government to curb that problem. New establishments of healthcare facilities have been made. Various regulations have been made to ensure health care facilities are more accessible to the people. The affordable care act which came to effect in the year 2010 states that all medical facilities should be affordable to all people.

Various regulations dictate the code of conduct of the nurse practitioners. The first one is the health act that controls the behavior of all professional health workers of which nurses are. The second is the registered and nurse practitioners regulation. Al nurses are restricted to working in accordance to these preset rules. Al the nurses were expected and have the moral obligation of adhering to the ethical principles of healthcare in all their interaction with their patients.

Professional roles and resources

Advanced practice registered nurse must have attained a doctorate degree to bear that title. These nurses are endowed with specialized and advanced knowledge on various scopes of nursing. They have multiple approaches to solve various health problems they are faced with at an advanced level. They are able to collaborate with the patient clearly identify the problem and give a suitable solution. They also create a supportive environment to their colleague nurses who may not have advanced their nursing knowledge to their level (John, 2013, 106). They are constantly engaged in activities that improve the nursing practice as a whole. However different advanced practice registered nurses have different areas of specialization as shown below.

A nurse anesthetist mainly has a role in administration of anesthesia in surgical procedures which are more advanced. Clinical nurse specialists also represent a group of advanced practice nurses. Their role in the nursing sector is to integrate care across through the general nursing practice. They work to improve patient outcomes and nursing care. The certified nurse-midwife is specialized in provision of healthcare services to delivering women. They closely work with the gynecologists and obstetricians. A nurse practitioner is another specialist whose ability is far beyond a registered nurse (Chinn, Smith and Kagan, 2013). They treat mental and physical disorders and provide recommendations for a wide range of chronic and acute disorders. Various institutions support these advanced practices as indicated below.

The role of advanced emergency nurses has been felt in countries particularly in the US despite confusion arising about their titles, job and clinical accountability. They have continued to offer high quality and cost efficient health care services to the public. Numerous educational institutions have come up with a curriculum for these advanced nursing courses. Websites and blogs that speak of the good of emergency nursing practice have been created by the nurses themselves and other professionals who have been pleased by their roles. Non-governmental organizations have not been left behind. They have been offering resources to the emergency nurses and offering scholarships to registered nurses to upgrade their skills. Socialist groups have also yielded great support to the advanced practice nurses (Chinn, Smith and Kagan, 2013). Medical practitioners and dentists association have also supported the bid to have many advanced emergency nurses.

Quality improvement in patient care service delivery

The institute of medicine (IOM) is a non-governmental organization in the United States of America which was founded in the year 1970. It is part of the United States National academies. This N.G.O is currently headed by Harvey fineberg. The institute of medicine is charged with the duty of giving national advice to the united states on matters concerning; health, medicine and bio-medical science (Kovner and KnickMann, 2012). Its main aim is to improve the national health in the United States. Its roles are carried outside the federal government framework whereby it works on a national basis. It has a workforce of volunteers who offer their knowledge in science and more so to the health sector. New members are enrolled on the basis of achievements they have made in fields that are relevant to the institute of medicine’s mission. It has been termed as the most authoritative advisory body on matters of.

The two trends in the improvement of quality in health care services have been adequately discussed above. Ethical issues and improvement of professionals and resources in the health sector are both meant to improve the quality of services delivered in this sector. The two approaches are different in that the ethical approach dwells on the betterment of the medical practitioner to the patient relationship in a bid to improve the quality of service offered. This approach depends greatly on the preferences and value of the patient which gives the medical officer an outline on how to handle their patient (Ball and Laurence, 2011). On the other hand improvement of professional roles majorly deals with the professionals in the health sector who works to better the quality of service delivered through enhancing their professional skills.

An example of a quality improvement project developed and implemented by an advanced practice nurse is to introduce advanced practice in endoscopy nursing. The project commenced on February 2012. Its aim is to increase the workforce productivity by expanding the scope covered by nurses. The advanced practice in endoscopy nursing project has the following objective. Identify changes in the workforce that will promote improvement in service quality. The advanced emergency nursing has been effective in various ways.

In august 2011 the American nurses association established a new cache to emergency nursing when it was declared a specialty. Attaining the specialty status of an advanced emergency nursing is an achievement by itself as it’s a tedious process that calls for a lot of proof. Provider of acute care must have successfully completed the doctor of nursing practice degree also called DNP. This ensures that the graduates have the knowledge to provide advanced level of nursing care to communities or individuals. This practice of advanced acute care by advanced emergency nurses has been so effective in reducing the mortality rate among the patients with terminal illnesses. It has also enabled the nurses to save lives of persons involved in serious accidents and sustained serious injuries on their bodies. The practice has shaped dynamic nurses who are able to offer quick medical services in emergency settings. Emergency nurses have been continouslyassisted doctor in treating a wide range of urgent illnesses or injuries that call for acute care. Advanced emergency nurses have also been of help in emergency surgeries that require critical care. The intensive care unit requires critical care for all the patients admitted in this section. Advanced emergency nurses have always chirped in where specialized doctor’s presence has been missed. Since establishment of this specialty, they can boast numerous achievements especially where the patient’s life was in danger.

In summary the new trends in health care have brought massive improvements in the value of service offered in the medical field. Ethical issues have enabled the patients to choose their predicament rather than relying wholly on the decisions made by the medical personnel in charge. On the other hand advancement of the knowledge in the medical field especial in nursing has also played a big role in quality upgrading. Formation of professional bodies like the institute of medicine in the United States has impacted positively towards quality improvement through their voluntary and professional advisory services to the entire nation. All this factors together has worked hand in hand in improvement of the medical care services.

References

Alexander, H. (2013, June). Bioethics and medical education. Southern medical journal. Volume 106. Issue 7. 104-107.

Ball, D and Laurence, K. (2011). Public safety risk assessment. London: Routledge.

Birley, M. (2011). Health impact assessment. London: Routledge.

Chinn, P, Smith, M and Kagan P. (2013). Philosophies and practices of emancipatory nursing. London: Routledge.

Francoise, B and Barry, H. (2012). Health care ethics in Canada. Ottawa: Nelson college publisher.

Jesse, R. (2012, August). Ethical practices in Health care. New medical journal. Volume 369. Issue 1. 56-78.

Willey, J. (2012, July). Advanced practice nursing. Journal of advanced nursing. Volume 68. Issue 8. 78-95.

John, B. (2013, July).Medicine and medical subspecialties. The Southern medical journal. Volume 106. 107-105

KnickMann, J and Kovner, A. (2012). Health care delivery in the United States. New York: Springer publishing company.

TRADE REGULATIONS

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TRADE REGULATIONS

The United States of America government enforces various acts through various constitutionally formed agencies. Federal administrative agencies are charged with the responsibility of implementation of the various legislative acts enacted by the US congress. They are endowed with authority to supervise and direct on various economic and social matter whose threshold is beyond the legislator’s expertise. The United States of America is vast and has numerous social and economic matters that call for skillful handling. This has resulted in the creation of hundreds of these bodies to ensure smooth running of social and economic affairs. Federal administrative agencies include; the federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC).

The Federal Trade Commission is a government agency that is tasked with enhancing consumer protection and regulating business activities in the USA. This commission was established in the year 1914 by the federal Trade commission act of the US congress (Barry, 2011, 5). The commission consists of a five member group who are appointed by the sitting US president with the assistance of the senate. Each of the members is legible to serve for a non-renewable term of seven years. The appointed commissioners must be from not be from the same political affiliation the Federal Trade commission act prohibits appointment of more than three commissioners from the same political party. One of the commissioners is appointed to head the commission. Its headquarters are in the Washington, D.C in the Apex building. The commission has the mandate and duty to enforce laws that promote a fair competition ground for businesses and protect the consumers’ interests.

The main issue of concern that coerced the US government under the leadership of Woodrow Wilson to establish the Federal trade commission was the corporates. A corporate is a large enterprise that is involved in huge business transactions. Prior to the Federal trade commission establishment, the US congress enacted an anti-trust act duped the Clayton antitrust act (John, 2013, 116). The act outlined the code of conduct of the trusts. Prior to the enactment of the Clayton act, trusts or corporates were being involved in rampant unhealthy competition with the medium and small firm. After its establishment the FTC formed bureaus to facilitate achievement of its core business.

The commission has four bureaus, each mandated with a different task to attain their main obligation as a whole. The bureau of competition was formulated to ensure fair business competition and to eliminate anticompetitive business practices. It is tasked with the enforcement of the Clayton antitrust law (Leonard, 2013, 64). The bureau of consumer protection on the other hand has the obligation of consumer protection. Its main mandate is to ensure that no unfair or deceptive acts are done against the consumers by various commercial firms. The bureau of economics plays a supportive role. It gives advisorial services to the latter bureaus on matters of the economic impact of the FTC’s legislation and their operation. The Federal trade commission is responsible for civil enforcement of various trade acts (Frank, 2012, 146). It works hand in hand with the antitrust division in the department of justice to solve criminal matters arising in their line of duty. The commission’s jurisdiction is all over the federal states of USA.

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Federal Trade Commission regulation of behavioral advertising

One of the regulations imposed by the Federal Trade Commission is the regulation of behavioral advertising. With the onset of technology in advertising, various firms in the United States of America have been using different technological platforms to advertise their products. Behavioral advertising or targeting is a form of online advertising. The web publisher creates a web page that is able to capture the information on the visits done. Mostly it is done without the knowledge of the customers. This practice effectively facilitates collection of in-depth knowledge of consumers preferences according to amount spent online and all the links opened. Interactive profiles are created for prospective consumer which promotes collection of more information about the consumers (Edith, 2013, 64). The advertising firm is then able to analyze consumer preferences based on their consumer behavior.

The federal Trade Commission is involved in the regulation of the behavioral advertising techniques used by various firms. The behavioral advertising regulation restricts the extent to which the firms capture consumer online behavioral data. It promotes the privacy of the consumers who engage in online searches for various products.

Various approaches are used by the Federal trade Commission to curb any violation of the privacy of online consumers (Susan, 2011, 345). It regulates the firms’ usage of online behavioral advertising. It incorporates both federal and self-regulation practices to enforce this law. Self-regulation involves the firm itself. The FTC requests all businesses to monitor their own adherence to various legal limits in behavioral advertising in accordance to various laws as stipulated in the federal constitution. The FTC engages businesses in volunteering to follow these regulations without external coercion by various federal departments. By adhering to the regulations, it means that the company maintains the set levels of behavioral advertising without interfering with the privacy of the consumers (Edith, 2013, 65). On this note the Federal Trade commission holds a series of educative workshops publishes reports and gives various endorsements that the firms ought to adopt.

On the other hand the federal trade commission sets sector specific statutes with regard to online consumer protection. The first sector specific protection policy is the children’s online privacy protection act. This policy outlines on the collection of personal information by firms from children below the age of thirteen years. The law states categorically about what should be included in the privacy policies of various websites. A privacy policy of a website is a document in which the firm outlines information gathered by the website and how it is used. On this note, various firms set an age limit below which the firm sets entry restriction.

The CAN-SPAM act of 2003 is also used to enforce the behavioral advertising of firms. The CAN-SPAM is an acronym that is used to denote, controlling the assault of non-solicited pornography (Essell, 2009, 468). This act gives regulations to firms that they should seek permission from consumers before sending them marketing messages. The telemarketing and consumer fraud and abuse prevention act stipulates that no deceptive or exploitive forms of tele-advertisement should be done

In line with the three acts, the federal Trade Commission closely monitors advertisement websites. It evaluates and regulates the privacy policies of various websites. It coerces owners of the commercial websites to fully disclose their privacy practices. It constantly holds workshops and recommends to the congress on passing various online privacy legislations. This enables creation of basic levels of consumer protection on personal information. Basically the role of FTC is to give guidelines to the advertising firms which should be strictly adhered to. In this bid the commission also bears the public educative role (Susan, 2011, 235). It passes on knowledge on privacy issues to susceptible consumers.

The commission regularly revises its principles governing privacy matters to keep abreast with the dynamic technological issues. Every tick of the clock and a new technological invention crops up. With this in mind the commission employs technology mavens who keep a sharp eye on any changes in the online advertisement trends that violate the protocols pertaining. It also constantly issues out self-regulatory principles which act as a guideline. Generally their approach is to enhance the consumer protection and eliminate any deceptive method used over the internet by product advertisers and at the same time maintain a healthy competition among businesses (Susan, 2011, 89). The federal trade commission is mostly emphasizing on disclosures. Any advertisement online should not be fishy. All hyperlinks on advertisement websites should be notable or rather disclosed. Scroll links should be avoided especially on the social networks.

Online ventures are the most susceptible to the behavioral advertising principles by the Federal Trade Commission. All the companies that practice some sort of online marketing are subject to these regulations. Social networks including twitter, Facebook and others that carry out some form of advertising are also subject to these regulations (Edgar, 2013, 144). Examples of online ventures in the US include Amazon.com, ATG stores, Bass pro shops, Black phoenix Alchemy lab, Blue Nile Inc., Boston computer Exchange, build.com, drug store, Com, Thrift books and swoopthat.com. Many USA companies have employed intensive advertisement approaches especially targeting online customers. They have created special websites that enable them track any activity of consumers. They also provided interactive platforms through which customers can provide their personal information including their names, contacts, area of residence and their respective states.

The regulation affects various online advertisements by companies. It ensures that all firms avoid fully assertion of deceptive practices in their persuasive advertisements. The regulation also ensures that businesses disclose all necessary information about a product to the prospective customers including the perils of using the product (John, 2013, 117). For instance, a firm advertising about steroids must give full disclosure about the health effects. Advertisers are responsible for ensuring their webpages have sound privacy policies. All advertisers have a moral obligation to regulate their online activity rather than being pushed by the Federal Trade commission. All advertisers should let the visitors be aware of any information obtained rather than doing it secretly. All businesses involved in behavioral advertising should also be cautious of the persons who visit their sites. They should do this by setting age limits for their sites according to the type of product. Setting an age limit ensures that information does not land into the wrong hands of underage children.

The FTCs regulations have greatly affected social media marketing. There exists a set of principles which framework the expected limits of advertisement. This has resulted in the social networks eliminating totally some of their advertisement platforms (Emerson, 2011, 357). Social media companies have also revised their privacy policies in line with the FTCs set standards.

The federal trade commission has surely succeeded in regulating behavioral advertising. They have continuously organized workshops to deliberate on the issue of consumer’s safety online. They have set principles that the online advertisers should emulate in their online works. The commission has also allowed self-regulation of companies rather than coercion. The commission has also succeeded in pushing the United States congress to create various legislations on this contentious issue (Edgar, 2013, 144). The commission has also taken an oversight of the social platforms which are known for abusing the privacy of their members especially using advertisements. The commission has also engaged technological experts in a wide research of new trends in behavioral advertisements that violate the consumers’ rights. On the other hand these measures have played a role in crippling the market study measures used by online marketers.

Various recommendations can be made to all the managers of companies. Technology should be utilized effectively to fetch advantage for the company. Managers should ensure they closely monitor the online marketing strategies used by their companies. Some workers who do not have long term goals of the company at heart may be tempted to misuse online advertisement platforms for their own personal gain. Marketing managers should engage employees on their line in educative measures. They should also come up with sound privacy policies to their websites and blogs. Constant consultation with the Federal Trade commission is also vital as it enables the company to remain abreast with the newly set advertisement principles revised time to time. No company would wish to be used as an example in indicating the dangers of violating the rights of online customers. Therefore all companies through the guidance of their managers should strictly adhere to the set principles on online advertising. This will ensure they achieve their marketing goals without any obstruction.

References

Barry, J. (2011) FTC practice and procedure manual. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Edith, K. (2013). Trade online. San Diego business journal. Volume 13, issue 3. Page 64.

Edgar, S. (2013). Business law. New York law journal. Volume 73, issue 13. Page 144.

Emerson, R. (2011). Business law. New York: Oxford university press.

Essell, H. (2009). Principles of business law. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Frank, H. (2012). Online marketing principles. Wall Street journal. Volume 464, issue 6. Page 146.

John, F. (2013). Trade regulation. Bright side global trade journal. Volume 113, issue 2. Page 116-118.

Leonard, J. (2013). Business law today. Harvard business review. Volume 189, issue 15. Page 63-64.

Patrick, E. (2013). Business law. American city business journal. Volume 78, issue 6. Page 18-20.

Susan, W. (2011). Federal Trade Commission. Washington D.C: Thompson publishing LTD.

The connection between food, family, friends and community

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The connection between food, family, friends and community

Introduction

In the daily normal life, it is important to observe proper eating and food preparation methods in order to keep fit, maintain good health by avoiding those illnesses caused by poor feeding habits. This is made more necessary when one has an eating disorder that prompts him or her to observe particular eating as well as dietary habits. When an individual suffers from an eating disorder in it is important to alert family and friends in order for them to provide support. This is important as the kind of therapy provided by the family is the best. The family is also an important unit in making decisions and choices about food as they are the ones who observe and sustain any changes made on the diet.

Observation of proper eating habits normally reflects an individual who is careful and concerned about his well being to the society hence reliable and independent. In the case of an eating disorder, the individual on the other hand should ensure that they observe the correct eating habits. This is because the family and friends involved care and are concerned. Therefore when a character looks after him properly by eating and preparing the right kinds of food it makes them less worried about him hence he becomes more acceptable in the society. They also consequently contribute more to help solve the problem (Voelker, 5).

This can also be depicted in situations of grief and loss whereby the use of the right kind of foods result to the reduction of stress as well as tiredness making one stronger. This gives the family and friends the notion that the person can look after his physical being well and consequently the emotional status (Helpguide, 2).

According to Marian in (Atwood, 338), there is a strong connection between food, family, friends and the community as a whole. This is because it acts as a bond between an individual and the society as well as other specific people such as her boyfriend in the story. The choice of food can be at times determined by certain social determinants which include family, peers and cultural background. Food plays an important role in the society as it symbolizes oneness as in the case of cultural and religious aspects. When these are observed they bring about a sense of belonging to a particular community. Certain kinds of food also illustrate specific festivities observed by various cultures during which time people come together to celebrate. This brings about a feeling of socialism and interaction between people.

It can as well be used as a sign of welcome. This is portrayed by (Chang, 7) whereby Mr. Rhee offers Tom three grapes at no charge when they first meet at the grocery. On the other hand, it signifies unity as in the case of workmates where Tom and his employers join to share meal at lunch time (13).

The degree of importance of food as well is depicted in (Esquivel, 147) where it is compared to one not performing an activity that he loves so dearly.

Although the preparation of food may at times be tiring, it is important to do it the right way so as to feel connected to the intended society.

In conclusion, it is important that a character follows the correct eating habits and food preparation methods according to his society as a sign of respect and discipline towards the set rules. This brings about acceptance and incorporation as well.

Works Cited

Atwood, M. The edible Woman. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1999: p.338

Chang, L. The Fruit ‘n Food. Washington: Black Heron, 2006: p.147

Esquivel, L. Like Water for Chocolate. New York: Anchor Books, 1994: pp. 7-13

Helpguide. “Coping with Grief and Loss.” 2001. Helpguide.

<http://www.helpguide.org/mental/grief_loss.htm>. Accessed 14 April 2011: par. 2

Voelker, M. “How to Tell Friends and Family about an Eating Disorder.” 1999. eHow family.<http://www.ehow.com/how_4615935_tell-friends-family-eating-disorder.html>.Accessed 14 April 2011: par. 5

Newmans view of the existence of God

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Newman’s view of the existence of God

God’s existence has been and still a matter of debate that has proved to beyond man’s understanding. Thus God’s existence has for long been regarded as a metaphysical question; that is a question beyond human comprehension and understanding. There have been several theories and suggestions that have been advanced to explain this phenomenon. John Henry Newman argues for God’s being in the presence of conscience in normal beings. According to Newman, conscience is the standard way by which many people come to be informed about God (Robert, 2). Newman asserts that conscience is neither a long-sighted self-centeredness, nor is it a wish to be dependable on oneself; but it is a communication from God. He continues to say the God speaks to us through His grace and nurture which usually is in a hidden manner. Besides, God governs us through his people who represent him (Robert, 2).

Newman also emphasizes that faith starts with a personal experience with God through the individual’s moral conscience. He believed that consciousness can lead one to vividly see the image of God. Besides, he adds that God’s image is real, concrete and personal. Thus, on the basis of the image of God that one sees; he can have a real assent to God’s existence and the single identity of God (Connolly, 83).

Russell’s view of the existence of God

Contrary to Newman, Bertrand Russell’s does not buy the idea of God’s existence. He was a professional mathematician; who used several ideas including mathematical principle of set theory to disapprove the idea of God’s existence. He disapproved several theories that have been advanced by several people in an attempt to explain God’s existence. For example, the moral argument, the argument from reason, and the argument from desire. Concerning Newman’s postulation on God’s existence as reflected through our conscience, Russell asserted that he wished he believed in eternal life but this belief may make him miserable. He argued that accepted wisdom that man is a kind of machine that is endowed unhappily for himself with consciousness is what actually made him oppose Newman’s theory (Russell and Mumford, 16).

Mencken‘s view of faith

Mencken defined faith as irrational conviction in the occurrence of unbelievable. He finds it hard to believe in the words miracle, curative nature of faith, and the likelihood of unlikely occurrences. He further argued that the requirement, according to various faiths, for one to be sure of a place in the alleged kingdom of God are so indistinguishable and he highly doubted if any rational human being is sure of entering the kingdom (Henderson, 58). Thus Mencken’s view concurs with that of Russell’s.

Huxley’s view of faith

Huxley stressed that faith requires psychological analysis. He defined faith as the total of our belief that predisposes us to think and act. He believed that Freudian “super-ego” was a developed moral sense that replaced the conscience. And therefore, sin arose from the disagreement between our intuition and self-restraint and philanthropy. Huxley was resolute that his mission to put man in the accepted order required to be supported on the progressive technical discoveries that have proofs. With this, he argued would combat the power of dualism formed by the unrelenting belief in the supernatural (Phillips, 10). Huxley meant that there is need for a modern religion or faith created by scientist that is universally accepted to all human being (Phillips, 1). Huxley thus supports Newman’s view that God actually exists.

In conclusion, issues of God’s existence and faith have seen a lot of debates. These debates usually leave even further confusions and even contradictions. To date the two issues are still and will remain a matter of metaphysics; that is they are, among others, matters that are beyond human comprehension and understanding.

As to the question whether films have lessened the value of written literature? It is a matter of debate. To start with, looking at the above media both has advantages and disadvantages. For example, film has the advantage, over the over media, of the possibility to include, remove, supplement, or record sound at any given time (Ferrell, 43). Films provide scenes wich are easy to discern compared to the written literature where the scene is a mental creation as it is described in a novel or play. The scene helps the viewer of the film to feel the characters and their character traits instantly (Ferrell, 39). This means that understanding is faster and easier.

On the other hand, written literature is more valuable than films; although not popular. Written literature involves reading which is a mental process that helps us make use of our brains and thus become more mentally alert and intelligent. Through reading, we find not only knowledge but a better understanding of various phenomena and the intellectual explanation behind them. Written literature s opposed to films helps us build and sustain our vocabulary. Because comparing watching films and constantly reading reveals that we have better writing skill than when we engage in watching films. Those who do not read actually forget their ability to write may be due to disuse. This is a theory that postulates that we often forget certain things simply because we constantly do not put them to use.

Besides, film watching does not require as much attention as compared to reading literary works. Reading actually, improves our attention and makes us more focused. Reading in general, increases our level of self-esteem. Comparing what one reads and what they hear, one can easily see that it is easier to remember what we read as compared to what we hear. This means that our visual memory is comparatively more powerful than our visual memory. Therefore, those with reading culture become more self-confident than those who watch films because of their improved memory. In reading literature, one is required to remember plots, character and character traits and themes. In this regard, reading further improves one’s memory; since in recalling the above; you actually stretch your brain muscles. As opposed to watching film which does not engage our brain muscles and therefore leaves our mind inactive. Written literature can be read at ones pace, and are almost portable to anywhere; which brings about the convenience that they have compared to films which need sophisticated machines and electricity so as to function. On the other hand films make communication easier, interactive and fun. Films are more popular since they accompanied with excellent audiovisual stimulation that brings about enjoyment and fun.

In conclusion, written literature and films both are important in our society because they supplement each other to our virtual satisfaction. Thus, they all are indispensable in the contemporary society for both communication and intellectual information. However it requires one to learn the act of balancing so that he maximizes on the benefits of each.

Works Cited

Connolly, John R. John Henry Newman: a view of Catholic faith for the new millennium. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005.

Ferrell, William K. Literature and film as modern mythology. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000.

Henderson, John A. Fear Faith Fact Fantasy. North Carolina: Parkway Publishers, Inc., 2004.

Phillips, T. Paul. “One World, One Faith: The Quest for Unity in Julian Huxley’s Religion of Evolutionary Humanism.” Journal of the History of Ideas (2007): 1-22.

Robert, Noel Keith. “Newman on the Argument from Design.” Academic journal (2007): 1-12.

Russell, Bertrand and Stephen Mumford. Russell on metaphysics: selections from the writings of Bertrand Russell. London: Routledge, 2003.

social science theories

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Social sciences theories

Social theories are backgrounds of experiential evidence used to study and explain social spectacles (Macionis and Plummer 2005). There are used by the social scientists to bring out the relationship between historical debates using the most valid and reliable procedures. In a nut shell, social theories are a set of logical explanations about patterns of human social life. There are two methodologies used in the quest which include positivism and ant positivism. The positivism theory is based on the view that all known information is derived from logical and mathematical treatments and reports of corporeal involvement is the only source of the authoritative knowledge. Ant- positivism is based on the view that the social realm is not subject to the similar procedures of inquiry as the natural world.

Some of the social theories remain confined to the scientific perspectives and they strictly remain descriptive and objective. In the contemporary world, social science is used to refer to a wide scope of issues ranging from sociology, economics, political science and jurisprudence. There also exists social theories which are of an informal nature and their perspective is neither in the academic social nor political science. Such theories can be comprehensively referred to as social criticism or social commentaries. Numerous social theories exist and more are still cropping up. Social scientists have been fighting hard and researching on various social occurrences in the world (Macionis and Plummer, 2005). This attempt is aimed at producing knowledge in a bid to understand and explain the world around us.

For a single phenomenon a number of theories may be formulated by multiple social scientists in a bid to explain it vividly. Each of the social scientists armed with facts to support his synthesized information. The multiple theories revolving around one social phenomenon may exhibit similarities among them and contrasts may also be evident. The differences may be as a result of the methodologies used to derive the theories. The dissimilarities may be also as a result of the different views of the social scientists used to derive them. The social science theories comprises of two perspectives; the scientific perspectives and the theoretical perspectives. The scientific perspectives are the experimental derivatives and observations that support the particular theory. The theoretical perspectives are based on written logical explanations to a particular theory (Derek and Sheffrin, 2003, 4). Theoretical aspects assist in making sense of what has been observed. Statistics are used when designing theories to compare the observations to what is logically expected.

There exist a number of theories that try to explain economics. Two of the most famous theories are by renowned economists; Adam Smith and Karl Marx. Each one of them came up with economic theories that have been continuously used in the world for generations. Both theories exhibit a number of similarities as well as differences.

Similarities between Karl Marx theory of economics and Adam Smith’s theory

Both Adam Smith and Karl Marx made a critical inquiry into the world of business affairs. The chief similarity that occurs between the two theories is that they both tried to elaborate the economic situation in the world (Harvey, 2005, 24). Despite taking totally different stands each of the theory expounded on the forces behind the daily monetary transactions in the world. They have been both classified into a school of thought by the name, the classical economics. This school of thought of whom Karl Marx and Adam are the custodians insinuated that the free markets regulate themselves when free of any intervention. They both speculated an unknown force that controlled the market system without requiring an external force. Both also related the market system to political systems in their theories. Thus both of their theories were political economic.

Differences between Karl Marx theory and the Adam smith’s theory

There is an immense rift between the two theories by the two philosophers that are as a result of disparities in views between them. The main incongruence between the two theories is the ideologies used by the pair to express their finding. Karl Marx used a communist approach while Adam took a capitalistic approach. Karl Marx used a pessimistic explanation that the free market would crumble down to pave way for a more expansive system in which monetary benefit was not the main aim (Michael, 2000, 123). On the other hand, Adam hinted that the world was heading to a situation whereby every person’s aim would be making monetary gains.

Karl Marx’s enlightenments indicated that the world was slowly but gradually slipping into an expansive welfare whereby joint ownership of resources would be the order of the day unlike Adam whose clarifications on the future economic system gave a direction that it would be branded by individual ownership of property in which the distribution of goods would be determined freely by the market forces and the investments made by individuals. Adam insinuated harmony and growth in his theories unlike Karl Marx who saw instability, struggle and decline. Marx also stated that the class struggle would cause the crumbling down of capitalism due to the tension that would arise between the capitalist and the workers which is incongruent to Adam who predicted prosperity of capitalism if the governments gave the economies a laissez-faire approach (Derek and Sheffrin, 2003, 112). Therefore, their theories are seen to yield controversy in this view.

References

Brass, T. (2011). Labour regime, change in the 21st century. New Jersey: Brill LTD.

Derek, I and Sheffrin, H. (2003). Economic principles in action. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Pearson.

Harvey, D. (2005). The new imperialism. London: Oxford University Press.

Macionis, J and Plummer, K. (2005). Sociology: A global introduction (3rd ED). Harlow: Pearson Education.

Michael, P (2000). The invention of capitalism. Cambridge: Duke University Press.