Author: admin

Symposium Sanctuary Cities Law on Texas

NameInstitution

Course

Professor

Date of Submission

Symposium Sanctuary Cities Law on Texas

The Sanctuary Cities Law regards the lawsuit aimed at the enhancement of immigration law. The immigration enforcement laws are contained in the constitutional law commonly referred to as Senate Bill 4, which is against the sanctuary cities. The term “sanctuary cities” is associated with the local authorities that in a way or the other does not bother in putting into action the federal immigration laws as per the United States Constitution. The members of the symposium joined their heads together in scrutinizing all the things involved in the Texas education strategies regarding the immigrants without legal documents to states suggestion on the boundary safety. As it is the case when implementing any other policy in the government, it is common to have the disagreements among the members of the symposium as well as the public. People who see the validity and essential of a policy will tend to support its implementation while those who fill burdened will be against it.

The case is similar when it comes to the enforcement of the immigration law. The Senate Bill 4 was supported by many including the government leaders such as Gov. Greg Abbot, while on the other side of the opposition are the Democrats who argued that the right of the minority in the nation is being oppressed (Chen, page 22). Different reactions have been seen in various state governments which are part of the scandal of not making use of the immigration lawsuit arguing that many marginalized families will be victims threatening their wellbeing and survivability in the American community. In this discussion, the Sanctuary Cities Law on Texas is discussed into a profound extent in consideration of its validity in the United States, the detrimental effects to the affected civilians as postulated by the Democrats as well as the impacts of the court hearings regarding the immigration lawsuit enforcement.

Change is inevitable, and there come situations where a human being has to adjust to it as it is an effective way to enhance development. For instance, let us relate the implementation of the Senate Bill 4 law with a business situation. In every running firm, the aim is profit maximization which is attained by the introduction and adoption of new strategies whether it is in the production sector or the marketing segment. The new policy here is the merely the changes made in the company for its benefit and proper running. However, the introduce change may have adverse effects on the organization leading to enormous loss occurrences making it vital to carry out research and follow the right procedure to be sure that the new strategies will be beneficial. The case is similar when it comes to the legal implementation of policies at the government and local authority level where there must be consideration of both sides before passing any bill into law. The process of certifying the validity of banning the sanctuary cities in the nation brings about the influential commotion from both the defendant and proposing side.

Looking at the positive attributes regarding the passing of the Senate Bill 4 into a current law the fundamental issue regards the criminality committed by the illegal immigrants threatening the wellbeing of other civilians as well as the economic development (Lasch, page 32). It is in these sanctuary cities that all sorts of crimes starting from human violence, burglary, drugs peddling and substance abuse among many others. The enforced immigration law states that the local officers have the mandate to see and inquire about the immigrant’s legal documents. The sanctuary cities law can be significantly be regarded as the “present your papers” propaganda. The security officers at the local authority are anticipated to be asking the immigrants to show their paper in various scenarios such a during the traffic and border checkup. Furthermore, the legal document presentation can be done in the local area to sure that all the residents are officially incorporated in the society.

The illegal immigrants are considered merely to lawbreakers, and the induced penalty follow the victim even during imprisonment where to be agreed upon penalties such as fines have to be imposed. In any nation, the security issues matter most and have to be given priority to ensure peaceful coexistence of the citizens. In the current situations the regarded cities which allows undocumented settlement of immigrants registers the worst security matters in the nation. It is right that many minority communities do not have the legal documents in various local regions, but the aim is not tormenting and segregating them but security maintenance and helping them gain legal citizenship. The imposed lawsuit aims not only at eradicating unauthorized citizenship but also educating the immigrants imposing to them the mentality that they are an essential part of the nation and them have also to take part in its development but not degradation. The Texas law case is a reflection of Arizona’s Senate Bill 1070 of the year 2010 regarding the actions of police officers asking about civilians’ immigration status. However, the Arizona law was dulled by legal proceedings making the attorney general request the security officer ignore the issue to settle an agreement.

On the other side, there immerged the opponents defending the implementation of the sanctuary cities law. Sylvia Garcia was on the higher post of Democrats who were against the enforcement of the immigration lawsuit claiming that it will be oppressing the immigrants’ civil and human rights. Together with Garcia were other defendants such as Sen. Charles Perry and others mentioned in the Paxton’s suit including Sally Hernandez, Travis County sheriff and American Legal Defense and Educational Fund body. Garcia argued that the immigration law would lead to the development of an exchange mundane where the police officers will have excuses for banishment at the traffic points. The bill will also to a greater extent spread racism in the nation where the immigrants can be segregated merely and mistreated not because they do not have their legal documents, but due to ethnic differences. All in all the excuse will be undocumented settlement criminality, but in a real sense, the rivals will be aiming at eradicating the minority ethnic groups.

Charles Perry who the core activist of the anti-sanctuary legislation that stated that stipulated that it is not a requirement for the security officers to keep asking the immigration status of the legally detained immigrants. However, it is still lawful according to the country’s law. The policymakers also argued that the sanctuary cities law encouraged criminality at the local level where the immigrants without legal documents have fear to approach local authorities for interventions (Chen, page 21). For instance, an immigrant is a victim of crime will not take the initiative of contacting police officer as he is afraid that the case might not be put into consideration because he is not documented. He may be the one to end up being penalized and imprisoned as it is against the law not to have legal documents.

According to Fernando Garcia, the Senate Bill 4 comes at the awful condition of persecution, when the immigrants are outlawed denying the productive and potential personnel opportunity to have a stay in the country. It is heartbreaking to understand that instead of insisting on the police officers protecting the immigrants’ families, they are emphasized to maltreat them for minor reasons. The immigrant has to be educated in accordance to understand their civil right in this sovereign nation as a way of ending their abuse in the name of not having legal papers. They should know that it is not as per law to allow these officers in their residential house and property unless they have the license and they also do not have to answer questions regarding their immigration status. People have the right to remain silent when put in custody as well as not signing any document. Also, one can request a lawyer and hearing before being taken to the court of law (Bell, page 9).

The Senate Bill 4 has been faced with enormous opposition from the Democrats. It is true that the lawmakers have seen the eradication of undocumented civilians as an effective way of eradication criminality and enhancing peaceful existence of the citizens, but they have to put in consideration its devastating effects. It is inhumane to mistreat the immigrants according to the sanctuary cities law without review of the personal case. Many families were deported to the nation unintentionally, and they are living under harsh conditions colonized by poverty in the marginalized local areas. The government together with the local authorities have to put in place effective strategies to help the immigrants get the legal documentation and also deport the ones who are unethical aiming at spreading criminality in the nation. With that, all the civilians will productively take part in enhancing economic development as well as social mobility in the society.

Work Cited

Bell, Bernard W. “Sanctuary Cities, Government Records, and the Anti-Commandeering Doctrine.” Rutgers UL Rev. 69 (2016): 1553.

Chen, Ming H. “Trust in immigration enforcement: State noncooperation and sanctuary cities after secure communities.” Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 91 (2016): 13.

Chen, Ming H. “Trust in Immigration Enforcement: State Noncooperation and Sanctuary Cities after Secure Communities.” Immigr. & Nat’lity L. Rev. 36 (2015): 335.

Lasch, Christopher N. “Sanctuary Cities and Dog-Whistle Politics.” New Eng. J. on Crim. & Civ. Confinement 42 (2016): 159.

Nancy Armstrong-Sanchez

Nancy Armstrong-Sanchez ENG 350

Assignment 2: Rhetorical Analysis/Spotlight: Rhetorical Appeals

(Mini Essay @ 450-500 words)

Due: Friday, Sept 30

Context: “Rhetoric is the study of how writers and speakers use words to influence an audience. A rhetorical analysis is an essay that breaks a work of non-fiction into parts and then explains how the parts work together to create a certain effect—whether to persuade, entertain or inform.” (writingcenter.tamu.edu)

https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/04/13/177126294/five-reasons-why-people-code-switchhttps://writingspaces.org/past-volumes/grammar-rhetoric-and-style/Directions: Mining the vast resources of the internet, explore and review 2-5 informal sources related to either Code Switching or Discourse System, making note of the many different types of genres that are available in digital space (i.e. blog posts, YouTube videos, Tik Tok videos, Facebook groups, etc.), the creators who publish them, and their reasons for doing so.

Pro Tip: As you begin to gather your sources, consider creating a “Works Cited” working draft that you can include in Assignment 3.

Prompt: The purpose of this essay is to successfully read and analyze a piece connected with the larger linguistic conversation that we have been exploring. Specifically, you will analyze your chosen piece by focusing on the Rhetorical Appeals of Ethos, Pathos & Logos. (You may also wish to include some discussion of audience, purpose, stance, language, tone and/or structure.)

Goals: Your goal will be to develop and support a thesis in which you articulate an overarching analysis of your piece and then support your claim in the body of your essay. As you compose your analysis, observe the following:

your analysis clearly states your reasons for your broad analysis of your piece.

your analysis gives strong, specific evidence from the piece in support of your thesis.

you make strong use of the materials from our text about reading and constructing arguments.

the tone of your argument is essentially objective, adult, and controlled.

the paper is organized — it should be written in a way that makes it easy for a reader to move through the paper from beginning to end.

Preparation:

Review video tutorial: Writing Center: Rhetorical AnalysisReview discussion of Rhetorical Appeals: Unit 2 Weekly Modules (Weeks 4 & 5)

Review the sample Rhetorical Analysis Essay (listed below)

Possible Outline/Key Components of your paper: (@ 900-1000 words)

Intro

Hook: A brief, meaningful reference to one or two of our readings.

Transition:

Thesis: Based on your notes, please present an argument about your analysis of your chosen piece (in other words, what do you want your read to know/think/feel/believe about the piece you are presenting in this essay?)

Body: Analysis: As you develop your argument, include the following:

Audience and Purpose Questions:

Who is the intended audience for this piece? What is the audience likely to know? Want to know? Why? How much time will this audience want to spend with the information presented in the pieces? What is the purpose of the information presented? (Inform, persuade, entertain, etc.?)

Appeals: (address 2-3 of these appeals)

Ethos: How does this piece help to establish the information’s credibility? Is it effective? Why?

Pathos: How does each piece help to evoke an emotional response from the audience? Is it effective? Which emotions? Why?

Logos: What types of evidence are used to support the claims? Is it effective? Which emotions? Why?

Optional: Additional Analysis: address 1 additional dimension from the following: Context, Stance, Tone, Language and/or Structure. Pro Tip: See the direction sheet for our “RA Shorts” for sample questions to consider in your work.

Conclusion/Synthesis: Wrap up the gist of your paper and consider the implication of your argument. Was this piece effective in conveying its message? Why? What do you hope your reader learns, knows, takes away from your analysis of this piece?

Sample Rhetorical Analysis Essay:

Rhetorical Analysis Sample Essay (general sample)

Format: Make sure your work observes the following guidelines. All essays must…

be at approximately 450-500 words in length

includes proper MLA citation work, including a Works Cited page

be double spaced and written in 12pt font

be complete; work that is incomplete will absolutely not be accepted

Assignment due date(s)

Outline due date:

Week 4 (see weekly Task List for specific details)

WIP for Peer Review due date

Week 5: Tuesday, Sept 27 (Please see Week 5 Folder for specific details)

WIP for Instructor Feedback due date:

Week 5: Wednesday, Sept 28 (Please see Week 5 Folder for specific details)

Polished Draft due

Week 5: Friday, Sept 30, 11:59 pm PST, via Turnitin link

Grading:

Your Polished Draft will be evaluated according to the NCTE Rubric discussed in class. (A copy of the rubric is also on BB for your review.)

Using the rubric, I will also share a holistic letter grade with you.

The letter grade is intended to allow you to assess the overall development of your assignment and chart the trajectory of your progress in the course.

In the feedback notes, you will see “pre-portfolio score.” This indicates the grade I will keep on record until you complete your course portfolio with your final, revised draft. (Please see syllabus for further discussion of the Portfolio.)

I will also provide you with a feedback narrative in which I highlight several of the strengths of the assignment and offer suggestions for improvement.

Napoleon Bonaparte A Life

Napoleon Bonaparte: A Life

Napoleon Bonaparte is a book written by Alan Schom and published by HarperCollins in 26th august 1998. Schom seeks to give details of Bonaparte from the day of his birth in Corsica to his death while away in exile in St. Helena. The book has been controversial. The International Napoleonic Society did state that it is the most hostile book documenting the life history of the French Emperor. Despite numerous claims that the book is erroneous, the review by the institution did not support its claims using any scholarly materials. Contrary to claims of error, Schom did properly annotate the book and in the Epilogue does state that he tried to give the emperor his rightful dues. The writing of this book is exemplary, has sufficient evidence or annotation and the subject pursued by the book are fascinating.

Napoleon Bonaparte has been the most dominating and powerful figures in the history of France. Many people have been indicating interest in understanding this acclaimed French Emperor. He has been providing a fascinating subject of observation from his time as French ruler up to date. There exist many books probably thousands detailing on the life of the French Emperor. Some give accounts of his unending victories on the battle field while others concentrate on his personal life. Despite the number of books written about the French ruler, there is no one such book that gives comprehensive details of the life of Napoleon Bonaparte. The book Napoleon Bonaparte: A life by Alan Schom fills the gap giving details of Bonaparte that other biographers avoided. Schom divorces himself from the obvious praise of Bonaparte and instead gives candid description of both the strengths and weaknesses of Napoleon. The reason I chose this book is that it gives accounts about Napoleon that do not exist in other biographies.

Napoleon Bonaparte: A life written by Alan Schom is an ambitious and readable account of the life of Bonaparte. It includes all the available facets of his life from his birth and childhood at Corsica to the time of his death on the island of St. Helena. The major concentrations of the book are the military career of Bonaparte. It gives details into his military campaigns and details all the battles that he did win and also those that he won. These wars include those fought in Italy, Egypt, Austria, Russia, Poland, Prussia and Spain. There are also details of the organization of the military, internal conflicts, and the factors that contributed to either success or failure of these wars.

Schom in this book gives an illumination of the structural and political organization of the French government. This is possible through napoleon who rose to become the ruler of French from 1799 when he took power through a coup. On his political career, the books also describe key officers, aides, generals, and commanders that were pivotal to Napoleon. They included Admiral Villeneuve, police minister Fouche, and naval commander Talleyrand. There are international rivalries and their in inclusion of settlements of these conflicts in the book. Schom finalizes accounts about Napoleon by writing about his enemies. Napoleon had many enemies, but the book gives details of the most notable enemies of the first consul of France. They included Emperor Franz I from Austria, Duke of Wellington, Field Marshal Kutukoz, Czar Alexander of Russia, and Friendrich Wilhelm III from Prussia.

Schom also gives an account of the personal life of Bonaparte. Bonaparte was a polygamist and despite having a wife he had numerous mistresses. In his earlier life, Bonaparte married Josephine de Beauharmis but would later divorce her because of her affairs with his officers and the lack of children in their wedlock. He then marries Marie Louise, and they have a son Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles. During his marriages, Napoleon has mistresses such as Pauline Bellisle Foures of Egypt during the Egyptian campaigns. Schom also gives a vivid description of the Napoleon acknowledgement of his illegitimate children. He did acknowledge two of his illegitimate sons. That is Charles Leon whose mother was Eleonere Denuelle and Count Alexandre Walewski born to Marie Walewska. Despite previous biographies detailing on the promiscuity of Napoleon, there is none that gives vivid details of the accounts than this book.

A life by Alan Schom also gives details a friendship of Bonaparte with mathematician. There is little knowledge of the mathematician who was a savant. Schom also gives details concerning his death while in exile on the island of St. Helena. Helena. Napoleon has a myriad of flaws, and despite this knowledge, there is little documentation of these facts. It is Schom’s book that entails the destruction and misery caused by the emperor in Europe. Such misery emanates from his unending and at times needless wars that would to the wreckage of the European mankind. Other flaws of Bonaparte included his indifference on the medical needs of his soldiers and lack of appropriate planning and information gathering. It is such flaws that eventually lead to the end of his rule and his subsequent demise while in St. Helena.

This book describes the period between 1769 and 1821, which is the lifetime of Napoleon Bonaparte. Evident from the book this was a period of constant conflicts between nations and kingdoms. There were fights In various parts of Europe whose concerns were expanding territories. During this time, the French had feuds with the English and the strategic position of Egypt made it the epicenter of the battle. France captured Egypt in an attempt to stage an offensive against the English army but failed. Austria was the other enemy of France. The two fought on many fronts with both sides either winning or losing. Conflicts with Austria were in most cases about territory with Napoleon’s brother being the person with the responsibility of negotiating with Austria. In accordance to this, this book indicates that this time of history was a time of constant wars and temporary peace in Europe.

Schom’s give indicates that the past during the time of napoleon was not peaceful. Empires valued expansion of their territories as any expense. France for instant engaged their neighbors in endless wars so that it could expand its territories. It was not until during the rule of Napoleon in 1811 that France would reach its peak. The French empire at the time was vast there were many satellites and allied states. Other empire fought back leading to the decline of Napoleon’s rule and his death in 1821. The past described in the book is that of constant struggles to expand empires, and it is such events that are dominant in the life of Napoleon.

The author of the book believes that this is the book that finally the truthful story of Napoleon. That is most authors did not detail numerous flaws of the emperor during his needless wars. Schom views the entire career of Napoleon as a failure, and he indicates so in the book. In fact, he describes both Trafalgar and Waterloo confrontations and the fatal mistakes of Napoleon. According to Schom, Napoleon was the cause of not only the disaster in his personal life but also in France and Europe. Schom seems to be responding to the mixed reactions of Europeans on the issue of Napoleon. Despite the fact that he does mention key strengths of Napoleon during his conquest, there is sufficient evidence in the book that he concentrates more on the weakness of Bonaparte. This has been the reason that many individuals that admire Napoleon indicate that Schom had the aim of spreading anti-Napoleon ideologies.

Schom uses a number of sources to support his views. Some of his sources include memoirs of Bourrine, Madame Junot, and Thiebault. Bourinne was a school friend of Napoleon at the military academy and would later become his private secretary. Despite that many other biographers choose not to use the memoirs, they become a vast resource to Schom. It is perhaps the refusal by biographers to acknowledge such significant historical facts that lead to lack of informative description of Napoleon’s dark sides. International Napoleonic Society states that the resources that Schom uses are dubious and historically inapplicable, but they do not provide scholarly evidence.

Before reading the book, I had I belief that Napoleon was one of the most influential historical figures in the history of Europe. Many historical books describe him as a man dedicated to his work and his country. In fact, the expression that I had prior to reading the book was that Napoleon was a brilliant ruler. Schom’s book is enlightening as it provides information that facilitates the analyses of Napoleon from both aspects. It gives accounts of how the thirst for power and expansion of territories in Europe lead to Napoleon recruiting boys to fight in his unending wars with other empires. This book opened my eyes into the implications of Napoleon’s conquest for newer territories. It not only had negative implications on France but to the entire continent of Europe and parts of Africa and India.

From history classes, Napoleon description is of a great ruler. History books in most cases detail on the political and military facts leaving out personal details. This book facilitated my confirmation of the issues learnt from history class and advanced that knowledge. The book gives a vivid account of Napoleons personal life, which is insightful. In addition, Schom gives accounts of issues that led to failures and victories during the time of Napoleon as the Ruler of France. While confirming that Napoleon did succeed in capturing various territories, Schom does discredit the notion of historical books that Napoleon was an ardent planner. According to Schom, Napoleon was not an expert planner and he had no successful way of collecting data. This made him vulnerable and was part of the reasons that his enemies used against him. Napoleon Bonaparte: A life confirms things that I did learn earlier while adding to that knowledge.

References

Schom, A. Napoleon Bonaparte. New York: HarperCollins, 1997.

Napoleon was born on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica, and was given the name Napoleon Buonaperte.

Napoleon

Napoleon was born on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica, and was given the name Napoleon Buonaperte. He was the second of eight children of Carlo and Letizia Buonaperte, both of the Corsican-Italian gentry. Before Napoleon, had ever been a professional soldier. His father Carlo, was a lawyer who had fought for Corsican independence. Napoleon, at the age of 16, and joined the artillery as a second lieutenant. I was then where Napoleon found his calling. The rest of his life would be based on the army. He had proven himself to be a great general. He is one of the most, if not the most, influential people of European History. Europe would not be the same today if it weren’t for him.

After the revolution began in France, he became a lieutenant colonel (1791) in the Corsican National Guard. However, when Corsica declared independence in 1793, Buonaperte, a Republican, and a French patriot fled to France with his family. He was assigned, as captain, to an army besieging Toulon, a naval base that was aided by a British fleet, while in revolt against the republic. It was here that Napoleon Buonaperte officially changed his name to Napoleon Bonaparte, feeling that it looked “more French”. It was here too that Napoleon replaced wounded artillery General and seized ground where his guns could drive the British fleet from the harbor and Toulon fell. As a result of his accomplishments, Bonapatre was promoted to brigadier general at the age of 24. In 1795, he saved the revolutionary government by dispersing an insurgent mob in Paris.

Latter in 1796, Napoleon became commander of the French army in Italy. He defeated four Austrian generals in succession, each at impossible odds, and forced Austria and its allies to make peace. The Treaty of Campo Formio provided that France keep most of its conquests. In northern Italy he founded the Cisalpine Republic, and straightened his position in France by sending millions of francs worth of treasure to the government. In 1798, to strike at British trade with the East, he led an expedition to Turkish-ruled Egypt, which he conquered. His fleet, however, was destroyed by the British admiral Horatio Nelson, leaving him stranded. Undaunted, he reformed the Egyptian government and law, abolishing serfdom and feudalism and guaranteeing basic rights. The French scholars he had brought with him began the scientific study of ancient Egyptian history. In 1799 he failed to capture Syria, but won a victory over the Turks at Abu Qir.

France, meanwhile, faced a new threat, the coalition of Austria, Russia, and the lesser powers allied with Britain. Bonaparte, decided to leave his army and return to save France. In Paris, he joined a conspiracy against the government. In the coup d’etat of November 1799, he and his colleagues seized power and established a new regime-the Consulate. Under its construction, Bonaparte, as his first consul, had almost dictatorial powers. The constitution was revised in 1802 to make Napoleon consul for life and in 1804, it made him emperor. Each of these changes received overwhelming assent of the electorate. In 1800, he assured his power by crossing the Alps and defeating the Austrians at Marengo. He also concluded an agreement with the pope, which contributed to French domestic tranquility and ended the quarrel with the Roman Catholic Church that had arisen during the Revolution. In France, the administration was reorganized, the court system was simplified, and all schools were put under centralized control. French law was standardized in the Code. Napoleon, (the civil code) and six other codes. They all guaranteed the rights and liberties won in the Revolution, which included equality before the law and Freedom of religion.

Napoleon, being the greatest general of his time, with the intentions of France in mind it is clear how the French people respected him, held him in high regard, and even praised him. With that same clarity that we can see how those “enemies of the state”, and others not living in France feared Napoleon, and saw him as a power hungry mad man. Opposing generals fueled by hate attempted on many occasions to stop the momentum that Bonaparte and his French Empire was gaining. The view by others that he was a ruthless and sadistic leader, who created war for his personal gain. Another feeling of resentment towards Bonaparte was that he was unorganized, sloppy, and basically lucky. Finally, many people felt that Napoleon was only interested in his own image and power, and essentially used France and its resources as an outlet to achieve this. Napoleon himself would prove all this wrong. By taking the position which France was in at the time, revamping the entire political system, and giving equality and freedom to all of France he quickly showed his loyalties. As for being unorganized, sloppy and very lucky, time after time, Napoleon would prove his military superiority in all aspects. Lastly, if Napoleon had used France to gain his personal goals he would not have taken the time to change the politics, to protect the rights of the citizens, or to make sure France was a good place to live, “France has more need for Napoleon, then he for France”

In April 1803 Britain, provoked by Napoleon’s aggressive behavior, resumed war with France on the seas. Two years after this Russia and Austria joined the British in a second coalition. Napoleon then abandoned plans to invade England and turned his armies against the Austro-Russian forces, defeating them at the battle of Austerlitz on December 2nd, 1805. In 1806 he seized the kingdom of Naples and made his elder brother Joseph king, converted the Dutch Republic into the kingdom of Holland for his brother Louis, and established the Confederation of the Rhine of which he was the protector. Prussia then allied itself with Russia and attacked the confederation. Napoleon destroyed the Prussian army at Jena and Auerstadt (1806) and the Russian army at Friedland. At Tilsit in July of 1807, Napoleon made an ally of Czar Alexander I and greatly reduced the size of Prussia. He also added new states to the empire: the kingdom of Westphalia, under his brother Jerome, the duchy of Warsaw, and others. Outside of his military life Napoleon characterized his regime above all with a strong executive under the control of a single charismatic figure who appointed and dismissed ministers, generals, prefects, and bishops, commanded armies, directed foreign policy, saw to the codification of laws, and reorganized the systems of education, worship, and administration. Meanwhile Napoleon had established the Continental System (a French-imposed blockade of Europe against British goods, designed to force bankruptcy what he called “the nation of shopkeepers”). In 1807, Bonaparte seized Portugal. In 1808, he made his brother Joseph, the king of Spain. Napoleon then awarded Naples to his brother-in-law, Joachim Murat. Joseph’s arrival in Spain touched off a rebellion there, which became known as the Peninsular War. Napoleon appeared briefly and scored victories, but after his departure the fighting continued for five years, with the British backing the Spanish armies and guerrillas. The Peninsular War cost France 300,000 casualties and incredible sums of money and contributed to the eventual weakening of the Napoleonic Empire. In 1809, Napoleon defeated the Austrians again at Wagram, annexed the Illyrian Provinces and abolished the Papal States. By this linking his dynasty with the oldest ruling house in Europe, he hoped that his son, born in 1811, would be the more readily accepted by established monarchs. Also in 1810, the empire reached its widest extension with the annexation of Bremen, Lubeck, and other parts of north Germany, together with the entire kingdom of Holland, followed the forced abdication of Louis Bonaparte. The impact of Napoleon on the political and social structure of Europe was not everywhere the same. It was greater in territories that were annexed than in satellite states, and greater in satellite states than in those which were occupied only with difficulty and by force of arms. Where French Revolutionary armies had passed before, overturning feudal and ecclesiastical institutions, there Napoleonic rule had a firmer grip. French military support for local rulers enabled them to undertake by ‘revolution from above’ what as minor enlightened despots in the eighteenth century they had failed to achieve. But Napoleon was above all a dynasties and conqueror: what he required from subject territories was men and money. If they could be provided without administrative reforms, so much the better. Some states which remained sovereign imitated Napoleon’s methods in order to weaken traditional elite or to strengthen state-power. Far more common however was resistance to Napoleon, whether blind peasant hostility to taxes and conscription, the defense of aristocratic, ecclesiastical, and corporative privileges, or liberal opposition to arbitrary, bureaucratic, and foreign rule. In all the new kingdoms created by the emperor, the Code Napoleon was established as law. Feudalism and serfdom were abolished, and freedom of religion established (excluding Spain). Each state was granted a constitution, providing for universal male-suffrage and a parliament and containing a bill of rights. French-style administration and free public schools were envisioned. Higher education was opened to all that qualified, regardless of class or religion. Every state had an academy or institute for the promotion of the arts and sciences. Incomes were provided for eminent scholars, specifically scientists. Constitutional government remained only a promise, but progress and increased efficiency were widely realized. Not until after Napoleon’s fall did the common people of Europe, alienated from his governments by war taxes and military conscription, fully appreciate the benefits that he had given them. It was evident through these actions of Napoleon that he not only wanted the land for France but he wanted to spread a common lifestyle throughout Europe.

In 1812, Napoleon, whose alliance with Alexander I had begin to disintegrate, launched an invasion of Russia that ended in a disastrous retreat from Moscow. (Thereafter all of Europe united against him, although he fought on brilliantly, the odds were impossible.) In April 1814, his marshals refused to continue the struggle. They had felt Napoleon disrespected his army, and said they were not given the privileges they desired. Napoleon, although he lived his life with one theory regarding his men, (“When soldiers have been baptized in the fire of the battlefield, they have all one rank in my eyes…”) (IV pg.15) therefore felt that his marshals shall be given no special treatment.] Latter allies had rejected his stepping down in favor of his son, Napoleon was abdicated unconditionally and was exiled to the Mediterranean island of Elba. Marie Louise and his son were put into custody of her father, the emperor of Austria. Napoleon never was to see either one of them again, but he himself soon made a dramatic comeback.

In March 1815, he escaped from Elba, reached France, and marched on Paris winning over the troops sent to capture him. In Paris, he promulgated a new and more democratic constitution, and veterans of his old campaigns flocked to his support. Napoleon asked peace of the allies, but they outlawed him, and he decided to strike first. The result was a campaign into Belgium, which ended in a defeat in the Battle of Waterloo on June 8th, 1815. In Paris crowds begged him to fight on, but the politicians withdrew their support. Napoleon then fled to Rochefort, where he surrendered to the captain of the British battleship Bellerophon. He was then exiled to Saint Helena, a remote island in the south Atlantic Ocean, where he remained until he died from stomach cancer on May 5th, 1821.

The cult of Napoleon as the “man of destiny” began during his lifetime. In fact, he has begun to cultivate it during his first Italian campaign by systematically publicizing his victories. As first consul and emperor, he had engaged the best writers and artists of France and Europe to glorify his deeds and had contributed to the cult himself by the elaborate ceremonies with which he celebrated his rule, picturing himself as the architect of France’s greatest glory. He maintained that he had preserved the achievements of the Revolution in France and offered their benefits to Europe. His goal, he said, was to found a European state- a “federation of free peoples” (V pg. 15). Whatever the truth of this, he became the arch-hero of the French and a martyr to the world. In 1840 his remains were returned to Paris at the request of King Louis-Philippe and interred with great pomp and ceremony on the Invalids, where they still lie. Napoleon’s influence is evident even in France today. Reminders of him dot Paris-the most obvious being the Arc de Triomphe, the centerpiece of the city, which was built to commemorate his victories. His spirit pervades the constitution of the Fifth Republic; the country’s basic law is still the Code Napoleon, and the administrative and judicial systems are essentially Napoleonic. A uniform state-regulated system of education persists. Napoleon’s radical reforms in all parts of Europe cultivated the ground for the revolutions of the 19th century. Today, the impact of the Code Napoleon is apparent in the law of all European countries. Napoleon was a driven man, never secure, never satisfied. “Power is my mistress” (VI pg. 176), he said. His life was work-centered; even his social activities had a purpose. He could bear amusements or vacations only briefly. His tastes were for coarse food, bad wine, and for cheap tobacco. He could be hypnotically charming for a needed purpose of course. He had intense loyalties to his family and old associates. Even so, nothing or nobody, were allowed to interfere with his work.

Napoleon was sometimes a tyrant and always an authoritarian. But one who believed, however in ruling by mandate of the people, expressed on plebiscites. He was also a great-enlightened monarch-a civil executive of enormous capacity who changed French institutions and tried to reform the intuitions of Europe and give the Continent a common law. Few historians deny that he was a military genius. For his enlightened government, but surely the latter must be counted if he is justly to be called “Napoleon the Great”. .

Narrative On Terrorism

Narrative On Terrorism

There have been occurrences of some major natural disasters over the recent times, this have had great impact on families and lives of many people. The event that has had a great impact to me is the recent occurrence of the September 11 terrorist attacks. These events made headlines in media all over the world in newspapers as well as television got an in depth detail of the occurrence that had a great impact on me ,I failed to understand how terrorists could be so evil to an extent of planning to attack innocent citizens.

This were a series of f our suicide attacks that were coordinated upon the United states in the New York city and Washington DC.terrorists hijacked passenger jets, and intentionally flew two of them into the North and south towers of the World Trade complex in the New York leaving behind two collapsed towers in a matter of two hours can only imagine the distress and panic those innocent passengers were feeling when the hijackers took control of the planes. The collapsing of the towers was just but the beginning; the debris from this collapsing building fell onto other surrounding buildings and even initiated fires in those buildings. This resulted to collapse either partially or completely of this surrounding buildings in the complex. The debris also caused damage to ten other large structures in the immediate area. The third hijacked jet was intentionally crashed into the pentagon; however in the fourth jet the passengers made attempts to take control of the jet from the hijackers though it proved difficult and they ended up crashing in a field in Pennsylvania. This attack had a very big impact to the economy as well as the lives of citizens in America. Many people died from these attacks and many people were left in great trauma after the attack.

I can only imagine what was running thorough the minds of the passengers and crew members as they made attempts to make phone calls from the aircraft using the air phone service and mobile phones when they were attempting to provide details of there being hijackers aboard in the planes. The people on board had endured tear gas; pepper spray and other were even stabbed to death. This was a very bad situation to be in to see flight attendants, pilots and even fellow passengers being killed by the hijackers at the watch of others. It was also very devastating for the people in the buildings that the planes crashed into or other nearby structures as they were caught unawares. They made frantic attempts to save their lives from the fires and most of them died from jumping or falling from this building as they landed on the streets and roof tops of buildings that were hundreds of feet below. Other attempted to go to roofs of those building with the hope that they would be rescued by helicopters though their efforts did not bear nay fruit as the roof access roads were locked.

All this details were all over the media and really impacted me. Could only but try and put myself in the situation and try to imagine what this people felt at that point. They saw they were facing their death and they could do absolutely nothing about it. This made me think about taking a course in disaster management and counseling. With the relevant knowledge on how to treat people in disaster situations then I will be in a position to handle victims incase any disaster occurs and now how I would counsel the people in such situations. Victims in disasters should be handled with great care since they are traumatized hence the special care. Therefore with my knowledge from disaster management and counseling without no doubt will be of great importance to me as I try to help those victims as I have been really touched from the occurrence of disasters through time.

Natalie Rivero

Natalie Rivero

Sexual Orientation in HDEV 453

Professor Malia Lee Womack, PhD

10/15/2022

Women in the Labor Market

There is still a big workforce between men and women in the labor market. I argue that assessing women in the labor market should be included in the syllabus. I will analyze the study” Rising educational attainment, yet stagnant female labor force participation” by Assaad et al. (45) which relate to our course outline in the module: through the lens of Gender—A Social Construction, Family—A Socio-Political Institution and Reproductive Choice and Restrictions. I will use the sources by Cameron et al. (241). Female labor force participation in Indonesia and Women’s Situation in the Labour Market database that builds on and enriches our class materials by assessing women in the labor market study.

This research will discuss and assess how women work in the market industry. Recent studies have revealed that even if employment for women has risen, there is still a huge gap between them and men. The primary goal of the research will be to assess the women’s situation in the labor market. Looking at how Assaad et al. (43) have presented their research findings, women remain poorly underrepresented in the labor market. The study will be anchored on the analysis of the mentioned sources to come up with a comprehensive conclusion why women remain underrepresented in the labor market. Introducing this study to the syllabus will help students get the necessary information and remove barriers that prevent females from participating in the labor industry.

The urge to study why labor force projections for women are decreasing will also be important in this study. The research has shown that employment rates for women have risen, they are still far behind those of men. The research links social-political institutions, work environments, and other work gender-based factors that have contributed to the decline of women’s participation in the labor market. For example, women work more part-time, are paid less, and often carry out more private domestic and care responsibilities. Introducing the mentioned factors to the syllabus will help the curriculum developers get the message and push for government attention to introduce policies that balance labor participation in the market without gender discrimination.

A cross-sectional research design will be adopted in the research. Understanding sexual and reproductive Choices and restrictions that have impacted the decline in women in the labor market will be a very important study. There is a need to understand why major companies restrict women from leading in those organizations. Looking at education statistics, women are reported to be increasingly well qualified: more females than men graduate from universities globally, but the number doesn’t reflect that in the labor market. For men and women to engage equally in the labor market, the syllabus has to contain enough information to educate people from a younger age that caring responsibilities are shared equally. The masculine mentality grows with people from a younger age, but with education materials about equality, this will no longer be a concern.

Works Cited

Assaad, Ragui, et al. “Explaining the MENA paradox: Rising educational attainment, yet stagnant female labor force participation.” Demographic Research 43 (2020): 817

Cameron, Lisa, Diana Contreras Suarez, and William Rowell. “Female labour force participation in Indonesia: Why has it stalled?.” Achieving Inclusive Growth in the Asia Pacific 241 (2020).

“Women’s Situation in the Labour Market.” European Commission – European Commission, 19 Sept. 2022, https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/gender-equality/women-labour-market-work-life-balance/womens-situation-labour-market_en#:~:text=Women%20remain%20underrepresented%20in%20the,men’s%20employment%20stood%20at%2078.5%25.

Nate Salas

Nate Salas

Thank you for your input Nate. You hit the nail the head; the Kennewick Man controversy has a lot to do with the with who owns the rights to the remains of Kennewick. Various tribes including Native Americans as well as Indians lay claims to the remains as they were both convinced that Kennewick was their kin. Without a doubt, deciding such as case is difficult because it is a high profile case which makes it the center of attention. The issue is also complicated by the fact that the remains are rather old; they are estimated to be about 9000 years old. Although there are modern and improved analysis methods that can be employed to decide the tribe that is the closest kin, it would take a lot of testing to narrow it down. Although a bit farfetched, the only way out of the high profile case is for one of the tribes to compromise and let their counterpart have the rights to the remains.

Juliet Manikins

Hello Juliet,

Thanks for your input into the discussion. I agree with you that the religious and scientific issues at the center of the Kennewick Man controversy have a lot to do with the tribal lands where his remains were found. Because the skeleton estimated to be about 9000 years old was found on tribal land, they seek rights to Kennewick’s remains. However on the other hand, scientific analysis has found that the remains are closely linked to Native American tribes. In my viewpoint, there is only one way for this high profile case to be settled; if one of the parties compromises and concedes defeat. At the same time, it is only right if the Kennewick Man’s kin get rights to the remains so that they can bury him well in line with their culture.

Research Proposal Assignment

Nathaniel Meals

GSW 1120

14 March 2018

Research Proposal Assignment:

Some helpful hints on the annotated bibliography

When composing entries for your annotated bibliography, consider the following:

evaluate authority or background of author

comment on intended audience

compare or contrast this work w/ a previously cited entry

explain how this source sheds light on your research topic

Additionally, there are two possible analytical approaches you can follow as you detail the specifics of a given source:

Informative Approach

present thesis

neutral summary/synopsis of source

outline the main arguments used to defend thesis

highlight any controversial/exceptional evidence

state conclusion

Evaluative Approach

present thesis

assess source’s strengths/weaknesses

explain why this source is interesting to you or helpful

list what kind of and how much information is provided

evaluate usefulness: How do you anticipate this source contributing to your research paper?

These approaches need not be mutually exclusive. I recommend blending the informative and evaluative. Begin with the informative. Objectively explain the source’s thesis. Then summarize the source, paying special attention to its main arguments. Following this, transition into an evaluative examination in which you assess the source’s strengths and weaknesses, using specific information to verify your assessment. Finally, consider the source’s overall helpfulness and usefulness to your research project.Sample Annotated Bib. Entry:

Larson, N., Hannan, P. J., Fulkerson, J. A., Laska, M. N., Eisenberg, M. E., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2014). Secular trends in fast-food restaurant use among adolescents and maternal caregivers from 1999 to 2010. American journal of public health, 104(5), 62-69.

Within this article, the authors researched the effects that fast food and food made outside of the home can be traced to increased weight as well as poor nutrition. They also found by families eating together, the adolescents within the family tend to have healthier lifestyles. This research fits with the idea of my research topic as Americans are becoming more reliant of fast food with larger portion sizes rather than home cooked meals with smaller portion sizes, which is an important aspect to Europeans. This will support the argument that smaller portion sizes are beneficial.

National Aeronautics And Space Administration

National Aeronautics And Space Administration On May 25, 1961, John F. Kennedy delivered one of the most memorable State of the Union addresses in the history of the United States. “I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the earth” (http://www.cs.umb.edu/jfklibrary, President John F. Kennedy’s Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs). With those words, Kennedy launched a new era of space exploration in the United States. Although the National Aeronautics And Space Administration was created in 1958 by the National Aeronautics and Space Act (http://www.hq.nasa.gov, Key Documents), and the Russians already launched the first satellite into space in 1957, the US was still at a stand still on the subject. What the country needed was a wake-up call, and that is exactly what it got from one of the most celebrated speakers in its history. The new era promised much, but expected little. From USA’s struggle to be the dominant world power in the Cold War Era, to the careless depletion of natural resources in the Information Age, space exploration and astronauts were and will be the real keys to the new millennium and beyond. Before looking into the future, or even evaluating the present, one must look in detail at the history of the space project. The missions that gave scientists and engineers the necessary data and experience to make new, safer, more reliable and intricate equipment were launched long before there was realistic talk of sending probes to Mars. The astronauts that helped shape the training programs, took the beatings of primitive flight tests, and died in order to serve their country were born before World War II. And even the Russian Space Program was crucial to what the space program is today. It fueled competition, and provided more resources for American engineers. Until Apollo 11, they were ahead of the Americans in almost everyway, with their launch of Sputnik, a unmanned satellite in 1957, and their countless firsts in orbiting and space walks. Yuri Gagarin was the first man in space. Although most of the missions that have been launched have been important in their own ways, some missions just stand out, whether it was the first step on the Moon, or the first mission to Mars. NASA’s first high profile program was Project Mercury, an effort to learn if humans could survive in space. It was the prelude to the later missions, and it gave NASA the necessary data to build better, and more comfortable ships for humans to stay in space for extended periods of time. The first launch of the Mercury program was the LJ-1 on August 21, 1959. At thirty-five minutes before launch, evacuation of the area had been proceeding on schedule. Suddenly, half an hour before launch-time, an explosive flash occurred. When the smoke cleared it was evident that only the capsule-and-tower combination had been launched, on a trajectory similar to an off-the-pad abort (http://www.ksc.nasa.gov, Mercury: LJ-1). The first mildly successful spacecraft launch occurred September 9, 1959. Although the BJ-1 ship experienced some problems, and the timing on some of the separation procedures was off, the capsule made it back to earth some seven hours after lift-off. The capsule orbited the earth for approximately thirteen minutes (Mercury: BJ-1). Mercury mission MA-5 was the first to carry live organisms into sub-orbit. Although Enos – a chimpanzee, was not a perfect substitute for a human, he served as a good test for the environmental controls of the capsule. He orbited the earth in total weightlessness for over three hours and upon landing was in perfect physical condition (Mercury: MA-5). On May 5, 1961, Freedom 7 was the first launch to carry humans into space. Alan B. Shepard, Jr. was the only crewmember, and the successful mission lasted for over 15 minutes (Mercury: MR-3). More manned flights from the Mercury series followed, highlighted by the Friendship 7, where on February 20, 1962, John Glenn was the first American in actual orbit, and he orbited the earth three times for a little under five hours (Mercury: MA-6). The last mission from the Mercury project came on May 15, 1963, where L. Gordon Cooper was in orbit in the Faith 7 for over a day. Total weightless time was over thirty-four hours, and the mission was celebrated and deemed more than successful (Mercury: MA-9). Gemini missions followed which built on the success of the Mercury flights, and basically followed the same outlines, except with a crew of two astronauts. The most monumental program in the history of the US came next, following the late President Kennedy’s mission of landing a person on the Moon. The Apollo project featured many milestones, and also some setbacks. The Apollo 1 mission was a huge failure as astronauts Virgil Grissom, Edward White, and Roger Chaffee lost their lives when a fire swept through the Command Module (Apollo 1). After a few more test flights, Apollo 8, launched on December 21, 1968, was the first manned lunar orbital mission, staying in the Moon’s orbit for twenty hours, making ten circles (Zimmerman, 6). While the flights before were all important, the most celebrated and documented mission in the history of the US was the Apollo 11, where Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. were the first to land on the Moon. The mission launched without any delays on July 16, 1969, and even the crewmembers could barely grasp the magnitude of their mission. Before the flight, while the astronauts were being strapped in, Michael Collins had this to say, “Here I am, a white male, age thirty-eight, height 5 feet 11 inches, weight 165 pounds, salary $17,000 per annum, resident of a Texas suburb, with black spot on my roses, state of mind unsettled, about to be shot off to the Moon. Yes, to the Moon” (http://www.ksc.nasa.gov, Apollo 13). The flight went perfectly and on July 20 at 04:17 p.m. EDT, “The eagle has landed.” The first step on Moon, was at exactly 10:56:15 p.m. EDT, and Aldrin described the experience better than anyone else could, “We opened the hatch and Neil, with me as his navigator, began backing out of the tiny opening. It seemed like a small eternity before I heard Neil say, “That’s one small step for man . . . one giant leap for mankind.” In less than fifteen minutes I was backing awkwardly out of the hatch and onto the surface to join Neil, who, in the tradition of all tourists, had his camera ready to photograph my arrival” (Apollo 13). There were celebrations all around the world, especially in the US when Neil Armstrong place the US flag into the rocky lunar soil, and straightened out the creases. At this time, the two astronauts on the surface received probably the biggest phone call of their life, from the president. “Neil and Buzz, I am talking to you by telephone from the Oval Office at the White House, and this certainly has to be the most historic telephone call ever made . . . Because of what you have done, the heavens have become a part of man’s world. As you talk to us from the Sea of Tranquility, it inspires us to redouble our efforts to bring peace and tranquility to Earth…” (Bean, 47). On July 24, 1969, the astronauts splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, and within minutes, they were on the USS Hornet (http://www.ksc.nasa.gov, Apollo 13). More missions would follow, particularly the Apollo 13 mission, which was almost a complete disaster. Another mission to set humans on the Moon, was aborted after numerous failures – 200,000 miles from Earth. The astronauts did return in a Life Module. The last of the Apollo missions was the Apollo – Soyuz project that brought along the peace process started earlier by Nixon. The Viking project was the beginning of the Mars exploration, with the first two Viking lander and orbiter missions in 1976 (Vogt, 60). The atmospheric conditions taken from those missions serve as background information for today’s plans to send humans to Mars. The Voyager missions in 1979 were set to explore Saturn in detail, and Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune as fly-bys (Vogt, 22). Although these missions served to collect a lot of data for future research and went to further planets, they were not as big as the manned flights to the Moon, particularly because space exploration was so new, and because the missions to the Moon had a patriotic feel to them. But history of astronauts would not be complete with out a more detailed information about some of the more famous astronauts. John Glenn, the first American in orbit on the Friendship 7 flight, was a pilot of over ninety missions in the Korean War (Kramer, 18). Chosen for his experience as well as his bravery in the war, he rose to the rank of Colonel in the US Marine Corps before going into NASA. He trained on crude machinery, before NASA came up with a set training program (20). He was 42 when he flew for the first time in his orbital mission (34), and he later became a Senator (39). Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, both flew in the Apollo 11, and were the first two people to walk on the moon. They will always be remembered for their historic feat. Both Armstrong and Aldrin were 39 when they flew the Apollo mission. Armstrong was the first civilian in space, and in his first flight, he was the commander of the Apollo 11 mission. “Buzz” Aldrin was a Colonel in the US Air Force, and he was also chosen for his flying experience. Because Americans have lost interest in the space program without competition, there has not been another crop of astronauts as famous as those since the days of the Apollo mission. History of space flight has been very rich with accomplishments and milestones, but it appears that the world has reached a small bottleneck for technology in the area of space exploration. In addition, the lack of competition from any other country has slowed down the pace of innovation. With the Russian Space Program in shambles, as well as the whole country of Russia, the former USSR has not produced much useful technology lately. With a huge space station in the making, Russia is the only country that has not made the necessary parts for its completion, due to costly maintenance of their old space station, Mir, on which Russia and America have worked together on conducting experiments in the years after the USSR’s break-up. With Mir’s retirement, Russia now has the time and the resources to complete their part of the International Space Station which will accelerate space exploration. America has a few of its own projects going on right now, like the Galileo, the Pathfinder, and the Mars Polar Lander. Galileo is one of the probes out right now, scheduled to study the environmental conditions of Venus and Jupiter (http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov, Galileo). The Mars Pathfinder, launched 2 years ago, has recently made some important discoveries about the water content on Mars, and the climate history of the “red” planet. Endless information has been sent back to earth about Mars’ ice caps, and rock formations, which have concluded that there was standing water on Mars, including oceans and seas (http://polarlander.jpl.nasa.gov/, Pathfinder). Although the Pathfinder has set the Mars exploration mission on the right track, the recent failures with the Mars Polar Lander mission have set back the program. The communication with the new lander could not be established and the ship is presumed lost. Critics say that the “faster, cheaper, better” approach taken with the lander has actually cost the government more than $36 million, and the valuable time of building and getting a new lander in position (Associated Press, 1A). Although the present movement of the space program appears to have stalled, maybe the future holds the answers. What is in the future of the space program ? Eventually, people will settle on the planets close to earth, if not because of exploration, but because of a lack of natural resources, which is catching up with mankind. Prototypes of human habitats on Mars are being made, and NASA hopes to have humans on Mars by 2050. The International Space Station should be well on its way to being built, and should be functioning in the next five to ten years (http://polarlander.jpl.nasa.gov, Future). New cheaper satellites and explorers are also coming in the near future. The new explorers with plasma propulsion are already in design, and are going to cost no more than one million per unit greatly slashing today’s price. They are also going to have a virtually inexhaustible fuel capacity, because of the special engine design using metal for fuel. This explorer will be so affordable that they could be sent out in many directions to explore countless star systems, and still be inexpensive enough to lose (Chaikin, 60). Plans that are being talked about right now may be a little far fetched sometimes, but even if some of them will materialize, the future looking bright indeed. Forty-eight years ago, John F. Kennedy set a grand plan in motion. His State of the Union address pushed the United States to its limits. Better training methods, and many schools for future astronauts have made a big difference in the level of the training, ability and intelligence of the future crews of American spaceships. Now, even with interest dwindling, and problems piling up, Americans have to try their best to stare in the face of adversity, and look at the big picture – the endless “playground” known as outer space.

Bibliography

Bibliography Associated Press. “NASA ends any hopes for Mars spacecraft.” The Baltimore Sun 8 Dec. 1999, final ed., sec. A: 1, 6. Chaikin, Alan. Apollo. Shelton: The Greenwich Workshop, 1998. Chaikin, Andrew. “The Great Debate.” Popular Science July 1998: 60 – 65. Kramer, Barbara. John Glenn: A Space Biography. Springfield: Enslow Publishers, Inc., 1998. Vogt, Gregory. Viking and the Mars. Brookfield: The Millbrook Press, 1991. Vogt, Gregory. Voyager. Brookfield: The Millbrook Press, 1991. Zimmerman, Robert. Genesis. New York: Four Walls Printing, 1998. “Apollo 1.” NASA. 5 Dec. 1999 “Apollo 13.” NASA. 5 Dec. 1999 “Future.” NASA. 5 Dec. 1999 “Galileo.” NASA. 5 Dec. 1999 “Mercury: LJ-1.” NASA. 5 Dec. 1999 “Mercury: BJ-1.” NASA. 5 Dec. 1999 “Mercury: MA-5.” NASA. 5 Dec. 1999 “Mercury: MR-3.” NASA. 5 Dec. 1999 “Mercury: MA-6.” NASA. 5 Dec. 1999 “Mercury: MA-9.” NASA. 5 Dec. 1999 “National Aeronautics and Space Act.” NASA. 5 Dec. 1999 “Pathfinder.” NASA. 5 Dec. 1999 “President John F. Kennedy’s Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs.” JFK Library. 5 Dec. 1999

National Incident Management System (NIMS)

National Incident Management System

It is important to know that NIMS stands for National Incident Management System which is a structured framework which is used national wide by both the governmental and nongovernmental organizations in responding to natural disasters. Preparedness is one it components. Preparedness includes the crucial steps that are undertaken in forecasting the future and taking the initiative to ensure that future is secure (capola 2001). In our practical example it is inevitable for Greensburg having been hit by tornadoes once that totally destroyed come up with measure that will that the people are ready and well armed when such an event occurs in the future. One of the measures of preparedness includes training community so they may learn effective alert measures and how they could keep themselves safe. The staff also needs training so that they can effectively know how to manage incidents.

It is important that the designation of the incident commander be determined at the state or national level. Almost each and every single day communities do respond to very many emergencies effectively at the local levels. But there are some incidents that require a collaborative approach so as to effectively respond to the incidents. Thus local levels may not be able to mange some complicated incident such as tornadoes. The collaborative approaches include the state as whole and it multiple jurisdictions. They may also include the nongovernmental organizations, the private sectors and lastly the combination of disciplines or specialties. The management with NIMS ensures that people work together when the communities and the nation need them most. Thus at all times the NIMS is supposed to work at the state level and not to limited to the local community to deal with a disaster such as tornadoes( Mathew 2003).

The NIMS will always include the mitigating and recover efforts. This ensures that if the community suffers such a disaster there is a way to repair the damages that so that the scars caused by the incident are erasable. This for example includes putting up funds for the special programs such as building back the building that were destroyed. There are also businesses which may need to be put back. The combined efforts of the various organizations may be put together to foresee to this.

Loosing lives is so far the largest damage that tornadoes may cause and thus the most important long term safety need for any community is ensuring that the lives of the people are preserved (Capola 2001). This is by establishing weather stations which are well armed with necessary equipment that will undertake research at various periods to foretell a coming tornado so as to alert the people. The stations by using the modern technologies can also try to find out the cause of the previous tornado and if such causes can be prevented.

The best practices such as preparedness and use of combined efforts in responding to a disaster have proved to be very effective and could be used very effectively in response to the Greensburg event.

References

Capola,D.(2001) Introduction to international disaster management. United States. University Press.

Mathew. G(2003) Importance of disaster preparedness. California. Nova publishers.