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The world is passing through an age of information explosion.

How mass media impacts women

Student’s name

Institution affiliation

The world is passing through an age of information explosion. Others use the words “the world has become a global village” to illustrate the changes that have occurred with achieving technological milestones. The electronic media has completely changed the scope of media. Information can easily flow one part of the world to another in a matter of seconds. The advancement in media has had huge impact on all fronts of the world. Perhaps the young generation is the most affected. The older generation was slow to adapt to the massive changes. The forms of media include radio, television, telephone, mobile phones, video conferencing, social networking, and newspapers. The society today is more complex than it was in the 19th century (Perse & Lambe, 2016). Mass media are the conceptualized agencies involved in the creation, selection, processing, and distribution of messages across the globe. The media plays a fundamental role in society as the adage goes information is power. The media informs, educates, advertises, and entertains her listens and readers. The mass media is a top asset for every liberal democracy, and the politicians recognize this hence champion its freedom. In this democracies, the media serves to champion for change and critic the national government.

The ongoing communication revolution has opened up more opportunities for women who were despised for generations. The use of the media remains uncontrolled and misguided. The women and children remain the most disadvantaged groups in society despite the massive brag of technological advancement. Women usually take to the streets to protest the inequality, disparity, and exploitation by the male-dominated media personnel. The media has been particularly active in selling misguided notions and stereotypes that impede achieving gender equality. Scholars postulate that the media continues to display the women as the weaker gender. For example, in the US, mass media outlets sell the notion that men are only sex-driven in relationships while women serve as sexual objects. Feminists argue that the films displayed in the media have contributed to the anorexic Nervosa syndrome observed in the young generations (Cortese, 2015). The new generation has been led to believe that men are only attracted to thin, young and young women.

Women have come a long way in the process of achieving gender equality. The gender protests of the 20th century increased women representation in media outlets, although the numbers are far from achieving gender equality. For instance, women only represent 10% of news stories, they only represent approximately 20% of the experts interviewed, television programs generally have less than 35% of women as actors (Patowary, 2014). Besides, women in films play supporting roles. The stereotypes towards women have been especially detrimental. Some of the stereotypes include: that role of the woman is at home where they have to do all housework duties, women cannot make crucial decisions, women must always be dependent on men, and women are sexual objects. Women have adapted to images sold by the mass media of how they should look. An ideal woman should be thin, white, fit, and with blonde hair. The effect of these is manifested in video games where creators display women with revealing clothes or even nude while the men are usually clothed appropriately.

The articles reveal that women are often disproportionately affected by information inequality in mass media. Women are vastly underrepresented in top positions in media outlets. There is no refuting the benefits of mass media on women empowerment. However, women lag behind men in terms of internet accessibility. Women who have been exposed to the internet are prone to sexual harassment (Hanson, 2016). The situation is worse when women do not conform to social norms. The researchers used various methods to assess the impact of mass media on women. Women have been the punching bags of toxic masculinity. The study incorporated various methods to conduct the research. The researchers conducted their research on both rural and urban women. They used open-ended questionnaires, interviews, and targeted discussions. Some articles analyzed the field research of other articles forming the secondary sources. One study involved sampling 400 women and conducting interviews and questionnaires with them (Patowary, 2014).

In this study, questionnaires and interviews were used to conduct the research. The researchers shall use the Fischer’s formula to determine the representative population. A total of 330 questionnaires shall be distributed equally to the two target groups based on the above formula. The study selected adult women as the only source of information. It will be a cross-sectional study utilizing a purposeful sampling technique to identify the representative population for the research. The study will also be carried out in urban settings as well as in the outskirts.

The researchers trained their personnel on how to conduct impartial interviews to source out information. The statement problem was to determine the impact of mass media on women. It is important to discuss these to identify the stereotypes and the negative influence of the media on women. The papers had several aims. First, it aimed to increase women empowerment. The study aimed to determine the influence of mass media on women in various sectors such as agriculture, occupation, and entertainment. Thirdly, to investigate the changes that have been made by mass media on women (Ibrahim, 2018). The research hypothesis includes: mass media has increased women empowerment, the media has degraded the decency of women through their stereotypic representations, and women have been denied prestigious opportunities because of their genders.

The research was limited by time. It is hard to quantify the number of women who have been empowered through this research. The sample size was small and may not be representative of the population. It was also difficult to assess the impact of mass media on women based on this methodology. A better methodology needs to be reviewed to extrapolate the impact on women. Future studies should focus on the impact of online information on women.

References

Cortese, A. J. (2015). Provocateur: Images of women and minorities in advertising. Rowman & Littlefield.

Hanson, R. E. (2016). Mass communication: Living in the media world. Sage Publications.

Ibrahim, F. (2018). Women, development, and the mass media. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 5.

Patowary, H. (2014). Portrayal of women in Indian mass media: An investigation.

Perse, E. M., & Lambe, J. (2016). Media effects and society. Routledge.

The world is passing through an age

How mass media impacts women

Student’s name

Institution affiliation

The world is passing through an age of information explosion. Others use the words “the world has become a global village” to illustrate the changes that have occurred with achieving technological milestones. The electronic media has completely changed the scope of media. Information can easily flow one part of the world to another in a matter of seconds. The advancement in media has had huge impact on all fronts of the world. Perhaps the young generation is the most affected. The older generation was slow to adapt to the massive changes. The forms of media include radio, television, telephone, mobile phones, video conferencing, social networking, and newspapers. The society today is more complex than it was in the 19th century (Perse & Lambe, 2016). Mass media are the conceptualized agencies involved in the creation, selection, processing, and distribution of messages across the globe. The media plays a fundamental role in society as the adage goes information is power. The media informs, educates, advertises, and entertains her listens and readers. The mass media is a top asset for every liberal democracy, and the politicians recognize this hence champion its freedom. In this democracies, the media serves to champion for change and critic the national government.

The ongoing communication revolution has opened up more opportunities for women who were despised for generations. The use of the media remains uncontrolled and misguided. The women and children remain the most disadvantaged groups in society despite the massive brag of technological advancement. Women usually take to the streets to protest the inequality, disparity, and exploitation by the male-dominated media personnel. The media has been particularly active in selling misguided notions and stereotypes that impede achieving gender equality. Scholars postulate that the media continues to display the women as the weaker gender. For example, in the US, mass media outlets sell the notion that men are only sex-driven in relationships while women serve as sexual objects. Feminists argue that the films displayed in the media have contributed to the anorexic Nervosa syndrome observed in the young generations (Cortese, 2015). The new generation has been led to believe that men are only attracted to thin, young and young women.

Women have come a long way in the process of achieving gender equality. The gender protests of the 20th century increased women representation in media outlets, although the numbers are far from achieving gender equality. For instance, women only represent 10% of news stories, they only represent approximately 20% of the experts interviewed, television programs generally have less than 35% of women as actors (Patowary, 2014). Besides, women in films play supporting roles. The stereotypes towards women have been especially detrimental. Some of the stereotypes include: that role of the woman is at home where they have to do all housework duties, women cannot make crucial decisions, women must always be dependent on men, and women are sexual objects. Women have adapted to images sold by the mass media of how they should look. An ideal woman should be thin, white, fit, and with blonde hair. The effect of these is manifested in video games where creators display women with revealing clothes or even nude while the men are usually clothed appropriately.

The articles reveal that women are often disproportionately affected by information inequality in mass media. Women are vastly underrepresented in top positions in media outlets. There is no refuting the benefits of mass media on women empowerment. However, women lag behind men in terms of internet accessibility. Women who have been exposed to the internet are prone to sexual harassment (Hanson, 2016). The situation is worse when women do not conform to social norms. The researchers used various methods to assess the impact of mass media on women. Women have been the punching bags of toxic masculinity. The study incorporated various methods to conduct the research. The researchers conducted their research on both rural and urban women. They used open-ended questionnaires, interviews, and targeted discussions. Some articles analyzed the field research of other articles forming the secondary sources. One study involved sampling 400 women and conducting interviews and questionnaires with them (Patowary, 2014).

In this study, questionnaires and interviews were used to conduct the research. The researchers shall use the Fischer’s formula to determine the representative population. A total of 330 questionnaires shall be distributed equally to the two target groups based on the above formula. The study selected adult women as the only source of information. It will be a cross-sectional study utilizing a purposeful sampling technique to identify the representative population for the research. The study will also be carried out in urban settings as well as in the outskirts.

The researchers trained their personnel on how to conduct impartial interviews to source out information. The statement problem was to determine the impact of mass media on women. It is important to discuss these to identify the stereotypes and the negative influence of the media on women. The papers had several aims. First, it aimed to increase women empowerment. The study aimed to determine the influence of mass media on women in various sectors such as agriculture, occupation, and entertainment. Thirdly, to investigate the changes that have been made by mass media on women (Ibrahim, 2018). The research hypothesis includes: mass media has increased women empowerment, the media has degraded the decency of women through their stereotypic representations, and women have been denied prestigious opportunities because of their genders.

The research was limited by time. It is hard to quantify the number of women who have been empowered through this research. The sample size was small and may not be representative of the population. It was also difficult to assess the impact of mass media on women based on this methodology. A better methodology needs to be reviewed to extrapolate the impact on women. Future studies should focus on the impact of online information on women.

References

Cortese, A. J. (2015). Provocateur: Images of women and minorities in advertising. Rowman & Littlefield.

Hanson, R. E. (2016). Mass communication: Living in the media world. Sage Publications.

Ibrahim, F. (2018). Women, development, and the mass media. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 5.

Patowary, H. (2014). Portrayal of women in Indian mass media: An investigation.

Perse, E. M., & Lambe, J. (2016). Media effects and society. Routledge.

traditions are Beneficial

How Oral traditions are Beneficial and Challenging

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

How Oral traditions are Beneficial and Challenging

Introduction

Written documents are often seen as significant sources of history. Documents such as diaries, letters, and old shopping lists can tell a lot about how a person lived, their thoughts, and feelings regarding what was happening around them. Oral tradition refers to the information that is passed down from one generation to the next through word of mouth without being written down, including law, traditions, and literature (Jansen, 2017). Some examples of oral tradition include proverbs, customs, legends, and folktales. For a long time, Africa was deemed a barbaric continent because it did not have widespread writing. Additionally, people thought that something could only be taught if it was written down. This begs the question of how people learned about societies without written records and with very few illiterate people. The cultures that did not store their history in writing instead told their children stories about what transpired, and this way, culture was passed down from generation to generation. This way, history was kept alive. Worth noting, today historians recognize the role of oral traditions in preserving history. Various investigations conducted on studies found evidence indicating oral history as a source of African history. Oral traditions are useful because they help people know what happened in their societies, help people understand cultural beliefs, solve problems, and handle stressful situations, but they are challenging because of inaccurate transmission, unreliability, and language barrier.

Benefits of Using Oral Traditions

Oral Traditions Help People Know What Happened in Their Societies

To begin with, one of the benefits of oral traditions is that they help people know what transpired in their society long before their existence. At the time, in Africa, written communication was rare, and hence oral communication was the only way to preserve history. Oral traditions are critical in explaining events, including when and why events happened the way they did to people or a community. Stories, in particular helped in passing along key messages to future generations about a community. The stories are beneficial because they give explanations for events in life that even the members of the community themselves cannot explain. For example, fictional stories can explain how leopards came to have spots or a serious matter such as what happens when a person dies.

Oral Traditions Help People Understand People’s Beliefs

Another reason why oral traditions are significant in that they help people understand the cultural beliefs that African held and how they came to have those beliefs. By explaining occurrences and events, they help people understand why their predecessors believed what they did. Additionally, oral traditions also help people understand their feelings about the environment in which they live. Through oral traditions, people understand why a community named mountains, rivers, and other landmarks the way they did. Oral traditions also explain why people carried out practices such as rainmaking dances. Additionally, oral traditions also extend to explaining medical practices. For example, among communities such as Black, Afrikaans, and San people learned how to treat wounds and illnesses from what they observed or learned from their elders. This kind of learning was called apprenticeship. Among the Black and San cultures, medicine men were the ones who had knowledge about treating illnesses but among Afrikaans, medicine men were known as boererate, and anybody could use them.

Oral Traditions Help People Solve Problems and Handle Stressful Situations

Another reason why oral traditions are beneficial is that they help people resolve problems and overcome stressful situations. Particularly tall tales help resolve problems and are commonly used among children to boost their creativity. Tall tales are a type of oral story in which the hero is a supernatural being who possesses unusual strength and is large in size. In tall tales, the hero believes they are ordinary beings, uses ordinary language, and often exaggerates details (Vansina, 1985). Exaggeration is what defines a tall tale as it is often very difficult to believe. Noteworthy, since tall tales are developed using a person’s imagination, it encourages creativity. Tall tales can be silly or funny. They are also filled with descriptive language, metaphors, and similes. These metaphors and similes can be used to refer to a problem indirectly.

Challenges of Oral Traditions

Inaccurate Transmission

Oral traditions grapple with the challenge of inaccurate transmission. The fact that oral traditions rely on word of mouth to pass information from one person to the next and one generation to the next leaves room for mistakes. When a culture does not have a culture language or has very limited writing tools means that somewhere along the way, the information is likely to be distorted. For example, South Africa is a country rich in oral traditions. The stories from South African are numerous and they reference the various cultures existing in the country. For many years, these stories were passed from one generation to the next through word of mouth. Most of them have since been preserved. Before being written and being preserved, each story has its own version. This leads to one tale having several versions because as the narrator tells the story, they are likely to distort it. The fact that the story is told repeatedly and by different people means that some sections were likely to have changed. There is a possibility that the narrator may have omitted an important detail, added new information or simply switched information up in a bid to make it easy for the audience to understand. Despite this, the main stories in oral tradition remain the same and give people important clues concerning the past.

Unreliability

Another challenge associated with oral traditions is their unreliability. One cannot tell if and which account of a story is true and which one is false. As a result, one cannot tell which account of history is accurate, making it unreliable. This is evidenced by the stories narrated to young children growing up, including stories about the lions, the hare and others. This makes it hard to tell which tale if imaginary and which one is true.

Language Barrier

One major challenge associated with oral traditions has to do with language barriers. Oral traditions are passed from one person to the next using word of mouth. If the people are not familiar with the language, telling a story about African history can be challenging. For instance, a person may be having valuable information they want to talk about, but the language may get in the way of telling the story. If all parties involved do not understand the language, the process of communication is limited.

Conclusion

In closing, oral traditions use the word of mouth to pass history from one person to another and one generation to the next. Oral traditions are beneficial but, at the same time, are filled with challenges. Oral traditions are beneficial because they help people understand their cultural beliefs, understand what happened to their societies and resolve problems and overcome tough situations. On the other hand, challenges associated with oral tradition have to do with unreliability, language barrier and inaccurate transmission. Since oral traditions rely on word of mouth to transfer information, the narrator likely distorts the information. All in all despite oral traditions having their downsides, they remain beneficial in transmitting African history from one generation to the next.

References

Jansen, J. (2017). Sunjata: A New Prose Version.

Vansina, J. M. (1985). Oral tradition as history. Univ of Wisconsin

WHAT IS THE VALUE OF THE COST POOL

HSA 525 Assignment 2 Cost Behaviors and Allocation

1. WHAT IS THE VALUE OF THE COST POOL?

100,000

2. WHAT IS THE ALLOCATION RATE IF:

A. Patient services revenue is used as the cost driver?

100,000/5,000,000=$0.02 per patient service revenue

B. HOURS OF HOUSKEEPING SERVICES IS USED AS THE COST DRIVER?

$100,000/5000=$20 per housekeeping hr.

3. WHAT IS THE COST-VOLUME-PROFIT (CVP) ANALYSIS AND WHY IS IT USEFUL TO HEALTH SERVICES MANAGERS?

The profit analysis is an analytical technique used to analyze the effect of volume changes on profit. The same procedures can be used to assess the effects of volume changes on cost, so this type of analysis is often called cost-volume-profit(CVP) analysis. Cost-volume profit analysis is a simple but flexible tool for exploring potential profit based on cost strategies and pricing decision while it may not provide detail analysis. Even entities without a profit goal find CVP useful. Government agencies use the analysis to determine the level of service appropriate for projected revenues. Non-profit agencies increasingly stipulating fees for service can explore-fee pricing options; in many cases, the recipients are especially price-sensitive due to income or health concerns (LOUIS C. GAPENSKI, HEALTHCARE FINANCE, FOURTH EDITION, 2008, PP134-135)

CVP analysis allows managers to examine the effects of alternative assumptions regarding costs, volume, and prices. Clearly such information is useful as managers evaluate future courses of action regarding pricing and the introduction of new services(LOUIS C. GAPENSKI, HEALTHCARE FINANCE, FOURTH EDITION,2008, PP134-135).

Managers need to estimate future revenues, costs, and profits to help them plan and monitor operations. They use cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis to identify the levels of operating activity needed to avoid losses, achieve targeted profits, plan future operations, and monitor organizational performance. Managers also analyze operational risk as they choose an appropriate cost structure (L.BRANNON AND A. MCCABE,”TIME RESTRICTED SALES APPEAL AUGUST/SEPTEMBER 2001, PP 47-53).

4.COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE FOLLOWING THREE METHODS OF DEVELOPING CAPITATION RATES: FEE-FOR-SERVICE APPROACH; COST APPROACH; AND DEMOGRAPHIC APPROACH.

Capitation is a fixed sum per person paid in advance of the coverage period to a healthcare entity in consideration of its providing or arranging to provide, contracted healthcare services to the eligible person for the specified period.

The fee-for-service approach is often used to set the within-system in-patient capitation rate. This method is based on expected utilization and fee-for-service charges rather than underlying costs, although there clearly should be a link between charges and cost. Fee-for-service is a technique that uses utilization forecasts and fee-for-service prices to set premium rates (LOUIS C. GAPENSKI, HEALTHCARE FINANCE, FOURTH EDITION, 2008,PP 44-46).

Fee-for-service methods, doctors, hospital could order as many test as they felt necessary for example doctors and hospital maded a lot of money under this system because they decided the prices charged every visit.

Cost approach is a technique that uses utilization forecasts and underlying costs to set premium rates. Therefore hospital and doctors didn’t make as much money because of set rates.

Demographic approach is a technique that uses population demographics and costs to act premium rates; son therefore depending on your location determines the money you make.

5.WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CONVENTIONAL BUDGETING VERSES ZERO-BASED BUDGETING?

Conventional budgeting prepare their budgets based on the previous year’s budget. Their department justify only the increases in the expenses required for the current year; they need not have to justify the expenses/budget already approved in the previous year; also the previous year’s expense will have to be made in any case to maintain the regular business level.

Advantages of zero base budgeting is :It question the current budgets expense levels, the effectiveness and efficiency of current processes

Thus, overall cost management control is built in

It focuses on corporate or organizational objectives and within them, the departmental objectives. Thus budget supports their achievements; it supports the overall business very effectively. It drives the department’s plan and so, the planning process starts right away with the formulation of the budgets right at the beginning of the year.

Ultimately focuses on value for money(VFM)

It is based on current market and business realities and therefore, more realistic

Disadvantage of Zero Based Budgeting

1 .More time and effort are required in zero based budgeting as compared to the incremental or conventional budgeting

2. Questioning the current ways of doing business may be threatening to some people within the organization

3. Deciding the departmental objectives within the frame work of organization objectives necessitates top down communication of these objectives with lots of clarity. (Shyam Bhatawdekar’s; website: http://shyam.bhatawdekar.com)

REFERENCES:

LOUIS C. GAPENSKI, HEALTHCARE FINANCE, FOURTH EDITION,2008L.BRANNON AND A. MCCABE,”TIME RESTRICTED SALES APPEAL, AUGUST/SEPTEMBER 2001

SHYAM BHATAWDEKAR-http://shyam.bhatawdekar.com

Spain’s New World Endeavors Important Economic Impact in 16th Century Europe

History

Students Name

Institution of Affiliation

Course Title

Date

Spain’s New World Endeavors Important Economic Impact in 16th Century Europe

The European nations experienced radical economic as well as social modifications during the 11th and 14th centuries. Feudalism, a highly hierarchical and regulated form of the society where everybody has their responsibilities and place was the base for the medieval world (Drahos). The manorial system was the system where the lords possessed the lands, labored by their slaves and began to diminish during the late middle ages due to the growth of the nations. The medieval cities were influenced by the guilds that were responsible for their economic stability and eventually becoming centers for business. A large number of people moved to the city, and there, they found more opportunities, and from this, they made a living.

The shifts in demographic structures reduced the powers of the feudal masters and forced them to make various changes such as land leasing for long term benefits. Besides, the medieval farmers increased the yields of their crops, and this as well foresaw the rise in the profit margins. The increase in the yields was due to the adoption of the horse collar, the three-field system of agriculture as well as the improved iron plow. Despite the colossal yielding, an emerging cash economy came to undermine feudalism in the, but on the contrary, the cash economy rose to assist the growing population all over Europe (Varoufakis). The economic alterations accelerated the further extension of business as the introduction of capitalism led to the creation of a large number of the urban middle class to whom were committed to the expansion of the markets across Europe. The interests on the national and the international markets grew as the demand for the goods and products increased across the region.

Apart from the cash economy that contributed a significant proportion to improving the economy as well as the lives of the of the urban populations, the introduction of the uniform printed documents such as the sales receipts and licenses also played a vital role to advancing the growth of commerce in the European region (Wang). The oral agreements were replaced by the bills of exchange to which represented early forms of credit on promissory notes. It is through the extensive use of the print documents that raised the necessity for the skills on reading, writing and as well permitted the business people collate the values of the various goods that were provided by the other tradesmen. The mercantile newspaper printed also aided in the promotion of literacy among the people in the European nation. Through learning of the business laws and regulations as well as the practices of other traders, the middle class people became knowledgeable trade wise improving in the rate of activities as well as the enhancing a robust economic growth across the region. The influence over the government leaders increased because the middle class members had gained more wealth. The development of capitalism, as well as the growth of trade, led to increased voyages of business that were accompanied by extensive discovery across the globe.

The rise of mercantilism coincided with the establishment of colonies in the new world (Wesseling). A large number of the European administrators during the 16th century, as well as the 17th century, embraced mercantilism, as it was a system deemed to increase the national wealth via the use of strict regulations on the economy and a favorable balance of conducting business. To sum it all, Spain’s strength was linked in its ability for self-sufficiency as well as the accumulation of capital. And for the nation to become self-sufficient, the colonized countries were required to supply the raw materials to their colonizers and as well be specific markets for the produced goods.

Work Cited

Drahos, Peter, and John Braithwaite. Information feudalism: Who owns the knowledge economy. Routledge, 2017.

Varoufakis, Yanis. The global minotaur: America, Europe and the future of the global economy. Zed Books Ltd., 2015.

Wang, Faye Fangfei. Law of electronic commercial transactions: Contemporary issues in the EU, US and China. Routledge, 2014.

Wesseling, Hendrik Lodewijk. The European Colonial Empires: 1815-1919. Routledge, 2015.

PAPER ANALYSIS INSTRUCTIONS

History Common Assignment

PAPER ANALYSIS INSTRUCTIONS

I. Reading Selection:

Select an article/monograph in a scholarly historical periodical from the San Jacinto College Library System (either in print or through a database) or a topic of your choice pertaining to the historical period covered in this course (U.S. History Origins to 1877). You can find an article by clicking on the “History Research” link in the “Content” section of the Blackboard Course Web Site to access a link to the library database and other library services.

II. Preparation of Paper Analysis:

A. Content

1. Thesis – Explain the author’s main argument or focus of the topic or article.

2. Evidence – Analyze the evidence that the author uses to support his/her thesis. Does

the evidence support his/her thesis? (Please identify any primary sources used.) What qualifications does the author have that make him/her qualified to write on the subject?

3. Conclusion – Provide comments and/or criticisms of the work. Read and comment

on one or two contrary perspectives on the topic (one must be primary.) How does this issue affect your world today and does is change your outlook in any way or push you toward any action?

B. Style

Typewritten, Double-Spaced on Letter-size (8 1/2″ x 11″) Plain White Paper. Font Size must be Times New Roman 12 point

2. Length -500 words

3. Citation – refer to the Citation Help Tab in the San Jacinto College South Library Research/Database page for resources and directions on how to cite the article in the paper.

C. Submission

Download completed paper as a word attachment in the Signature Assessment Paper Submission link located in the Content section of the Blackboard Course Web Site on or before 11:59 PM on Thursday 23 July 2020

D. Tutorial Assistance

Take a copy of this instruction page with you and visit the writer’s center in the library on South Campus if you need assistance and/or have questions regarding how to complete the assignment.

Revenue from operations

Hooper co. income statement For the year ended Dec 31, 2018

Revenue from operations 90,000

Total operating income $90,000

Less: Operating expenses 26,000 Salaries 900 Provision for doubtful debts 26,900

Total operating expenses $26,900

Net operating income $63,100

Add: Non-operating income 100

Net income $63,200

Hooper company balance sheet as at Dec 31,2018

Assets

Cash 90,000

Notes receivable 20,000

Accounts receivables 12,000 Less: Provision for doubtful debts 900 11,100

Accrued interests 100

Total assets 121,200

Liabilities

Shareholder’s equity Common stock 60,000

Retained earnings Opening Add: Net income 63,200 Less: Dividend 2,000 61,200

Total stakeholders equity 121,200

Total liabilities and stakeholder’s equity 121,200

Hooper co. Cash flow statement for the year ended Dec 31,2018

Cash flow from operating activities

Inflows from customers 78,000 Outflows for expenses (26,000) Net cash-flows from investing activities $52,000

Cash flow from investing activities

Loaned to mosby co. (20,000) Net cash flow from investing activities $20,000

Cash flow from financing activities

Issue of common stock 60,000 Dividend paid (2,000) Net cash flow from financing activities $58,000

Net change in cash 90,000

Beginning cash (Add) Ending cash balance $90,000

The world is going through an era of information burst.

How mass media impacts women:

Student’s name:

Institution affiliation:

Declaration

This report is as a result of the researchers’ independent investigation and has never been submitted for approval by any other researcher or institution.

Abstract.

The world is going through an era of information burst. To others the globe has developed into a global village. The use of electronic media has revolutionized the media. It does not matter where one is since the information flows from one location to another. Technological advancement has greatly modified the world environment in all manner. The changes are most noticeable among the young generation since the older people are slow to adapt or rather rigid. The types of media include radio, television, telephone, mobile phones, video conferencing, social networking, and newspapers. The world now is more sophisticated than it was in the 19th century (Perse & Lambe, 2016). Mass media are the intellectualized organizations indulging in the formation, selection, handling, and dissemination of content in the world. The media disseminates information to people. The media enlightens, teaches, advertises, and entertains its followers. Mass media is a chief asset for all liberal democracies. Politicians use mass media forums to champion for freedom in the American context. In this democracies, the media advocates for change and criticizes the government. This study investigated the influence of media on women. Literature review was carried out on previous researches on the topic. The study adopted both qualitative and quantitative research type. A cross sectional study design was selected for the study to allow collection of data over a period of time.

Chapter one: Introduction

1.1 Problem statement

The constant communication upheaval has unlocked up more prospects for women who have been denied representation for generations. The utilization of the media is still uninhibited and misguided. Children and women are still the most underprivileged groups in community despite the immense boast of technological progression. Women regularly demonstrate on issues of discrimination, disparity, and abuse by the male-dominated media staff. The media is predominantly active in selling injudicious concepts and stereotypes that hamper accomplishing gender equality. Scholars hypothesize that the media carries on the presentation of women as the fragile gender. For instance, in the United States, mass media broadcast sell the belief that men are merely sex-driven in relationships while women function as sexual entities. Feminists claim that the movies shown in the media have resulted to the anorexic Nervosa which is witnessed in the young generations (Cortese, 2015). The new generation has accepted the opinion that men are only fascinated by skinny, young and beautiful women. The aim of the paper is to determine the effect of mass media on women.

1.2 Scope of the study.

The research was undertaken in both rural and urban women.

1.3 Justification

Women have come a long way in the process of achieving gender equality. The gender protests of the 20th century increased women representation in media outlets, although the numbers are far from achieving gender equality. For instance, women only represent 10% of news stories, they only represent approximately 20% of the experts interviewed, television programs generally have less than 35% of women as actors (Patowary, 2014). Besides, women in films play supporting roles. The stereotypes towards women have been especially detrimental. Some of the stereotypes include: that role of the woman is at home where they have to do all housework duties, women cannot make crucial decisions, women must always be dependent on men, and women are sexual objects. Women have adapted to images sold by the mass media of how they should look. An ideal woman should be thin, white, fit, and with blonde hair. The effect of these is manifested in video games where creators display women with revealing clothes or even nude while the men are usually clothed appropriately.

1.4 Research questions

1.4.1 Main Research question

What is the impact of media among women?

1.4.2 Other research questions

What is the impact of media on women perception?

What is the impact of media on women’s involvement in various sectors such as agriculture occupation and entertainment?

How has media contributed to empowerment of women.

1.5 Research objectives

1.5.1 Broad objective

To determine the impact of media among women.

1.5.2 Specific objectives

To determine the impact of women’s perception by the media.

To determine the impact of media on women’s involvement in various sectors such as agriculture occupation and entertainment.

To establish the contribution of media to women empowerment

1.6 Hypotheses

The media has contributed significantly to the empowerment of women.

Women have a negative perception as a result of various media content and practices.

Women have engaged in various sectors as a result of information obtained from the media.

1.7 Limitations and delimitations

1.7.1 Limitations

Researchers experienced time constraints especially obtaining information from the respondents.

The cost of carrying out the research was too high. This is especially on activities such as printing questionnaires and transportation cost.

Some correspondents were unwilling to give information.

There was a language barrier as some respondents could not speak in a national language.

1.7.2 Delimitations

Researchers maximized on carrying out the research during the available time. The sample size was reduced as appropriate.

The researchers hired a means of transportation to be able to reduce on the cost of acquiring one each day. The cost of carrying out the research was cost-shared among the researchers.

Incentives were used to encourage respondents to give information.

Researchers identified a member from among the samples who was conversant with the local language and could speak a national language to interpret when needed.

1.8 Assumptions

That the researchers obtained permission from relevant authorities to carry out the study within their jurisdiction.

That the researchers duly obtained consent from the respondents.

That the information given by the respondents is accurate and can be used to generalize the study on the population.

That the researchers have not violated the ethical code of carrying out a research.

Chapter two: Literature review

2.1 Impact of media on women perception

2.1.1 Body image

Attitude refers to one’s opinion, feelings or thoughts about something. In this subtopic, we review literature conducted on how the media has influenced women’s attitudes to various aspects of life. Of particular interest is body image. A lot of resources are being used to adventure on how women can change their body image. Many women confess to being body conscious and as such will pull all strings to ensure that their body shape is appealing. This has informed the flourishing of the cosmetic industry. Even in the medical field, pharmacological therapies are being used off label to enhance beauty. Some go to the extent of abusing such drugs, sometimes with the aid of the healthcare workers. Media has significantly contributed to this ideas of body image.

Many people especially the young adults have access to information about the ideal state of beauty. Incorporation of these ideas has led to the differentiation between oneself and the ideal state. This has led to the public health problem of body dissatisfaction (Uchoa, 2019). Body dissatisfaction is especially observed among the female gender. As the young girls grow from childhood into adolescence, they identify with their older peers. Its at this point that they learn the ideal state if attractiveness that makes them acceptable among the society. Of note is that the sources of information from which they learn includes social media platforms (Bearman, 2006). Mass media may result in adolescents incorporating the ideal state and consequently go into body dissatisfaction when they can’t measure up to the ideal state (Vries, 2019).

2.1.2 Perception on eating and effects.

With the advancement in technology and evolution of dietary practices, many have drastically transformed their nutritional practice to achieve a certain goal. Professional nutritional advice has also been accessible hence people make informed nutritional choices. However, of interest to this study is the perception that women have on eating. Some women believe that eating some food substances will result in gaining weight and an undesirable body shape. This informs the decision to undertake drastic activities to reduce their body weight. Through the social media people have access to information about the consequences of ingestion of some substances. Others learn through the experience of their peers that are shred in the social media.

Through the media, women learn the standard beauty practices from the actresses, models and the female presenters. Majority of these groups have adopted a slim body shape, hence their viewers end up engaging in drastic body weight reduction practices. The social media seems to glorify some body shapes and discredit others (Spettigue, 2004). There have been shown an increasing trend of eating disorders with the advancement of technology and use of social media. Mass media has promoted the acceptance of the thinness standard. It has portrayed it as an ideal state and as the way to achieve social approval in terms of attractiveness (Peroutsi, 2011).

2.2 Impact of media on women involvement in various activities.

Advancement in media has revolutionized the practice of advertisement. Hitherto, advertisements could be done through the mainstream media platforms including radio and televisions. This was a disadvantage to many women since men were the ones known to be viewers and listeners of televisions and radios respectively. However, with the evolution of media practices, advertisements can be done in any platform including the social media platforms. Its important to note that even social media draw part of their earnings through advertisements. This is quite an advantage to women as majority are known to prefer use of social media than the mainstream media.

2.2.1 Influence on women’s practice of agriculture

For many years, women have been known to provide casual labour in the farms rather than managerial or administrative duties. In the ancient Egyptian culture and the early civilization, the role of women was negated in many aspects. A gender role is a set of standards dictating the activities that are appropriate to be carried out by a certain gender. The women could only engage in certain farming activities while the men could carry out the more lucrative chores (Khalil, 2017). In the current civilization, women still perform most of the labor work in terms of agriculture. However, unlike before, they also enhance in managerial duties. Unfortunately, women still do not measure up to men in terms of their productivity. This partly is due to the discrepancies that exit in terms of education. Women have not benefited much from the educational programs being run in the mainstream media with regards to agriculture (Diiro, 2018).

As in other sectors, agriculture is not left behind in revolution of its media practices. Advertisement of agricultural produce and inputs has evolved to include social media platforms. As aforementioned, these is likely to benefit women who are known to use social media more than men. These practices create awareness and invokes interest among women to engage in agricultural practices (Evans, 2016). In an average, women tend to be use social media more than men (Alnjadat, 2019).

2.2.2 Effect on healthcare practice

Media can influence the kind of occupation one wants to undertake. Women are known to prefer lighter engagements with respect to any duty. Therefore, the efficiency brought about by the media seems to resonate well with them. With healthcare practice in particular, the advancement of telemedicine, professional networking, health information technology and electronic health records has resulted in the field being attractive to women (Ventola, 2018). Physicians utilize media to advertise their services, to refer patients, monitor patients who are on home based care and even carry out patient education

2.2.3 Effect on the media profession.

The articles reviewed reveal that the women are often disproportionately affected by information inequality in mass media. Women are vastly underrepresented in top positions in media outlets. There is no refuting the benefits of mass media on women empowerment. However, women lag behind men in terms of internet accessibility. Women who have been exposed to the internet are prone to sexual harassment (Hanson, 2016). The situation is worse when women do not conform to social norms.

2.3 Contribution to the empowerment of women

2.3.1 Effect of media on women leadership.

At the workplace, majority of the leadership positions are occupied by men. These positions are either reserved for men or the men outshine the ladies in a competitive process to acquire the positions. This has resulted in gender equality. However, through the influence of media, a lot is being done to undo this inequality. At the age of 11-17, girls are believed to be in the stage of “seeing is believing”. They draw inspiration and encouragement from their counterparts who occupy various leadership positions. The women identify with such role models when they have similar characteristics, one of them being the same gender. The internet confers a media of connection between the professionals and those who view them as role models (Katlyn, 2014).

In the united states, despite women making almost half of the workforce, there still exists a significant rift between them and men in terms of occupation of lucrative jobs. Numerically, although the female gender forms almost half of the united states population, they are not proportionally represented in the workforce. This is partly accredited to the negative stereotyping of women with respect to leadership. The media has been shown to perpetuate these stereotypes. Exhibition of photos showing men and women engaging in different traditional activities propagates these stereotyping. The effect of such media activities is profound as it even impacts negatively on women perception on their capabilities (Stefanie, 2012).

2.3.2 Political empowerment

Women have been enlightened on their right to be politically represented. However, this has not achieved much in terms of addressing gender disparity in political positions. It has led to some jurisdictions to draft constitutional laws enforcing the gender parity. The Kenyan two thirds gender rule is a prototype. In the American congress, women hold only 90 of the 535 seats (Stefanie, 2012b). The male gender is evaluated more favorably than the female gender in terms of political positions. Media has aided in propagation of this stereotype by giving more coverage on male political activities than they accord to women (Aaldering, 2016).

Chapter three: Methodology.

3.1 Study area

The research was carried out in an urban area and its outskirts. The outskirts was assumed to be a rural area.

3.2 Study population

The study was limited on adult women. The urban and outskirts designation classified the women into those living in urban areas and those living in rural areas respectively. The researchers obtained information from women in various sectors. In the urban area, the respondents were drawn from those at the workplace and those in various leadership positions. In the outskirts, data was obtained from those in the agricultural sector and those carrying out casual duties.

3.3 Study design

A cross sectional study design was adopted for this study. It merits for this study as information obtained from the sample will be generalized among the women population. It will be used to collect data from the sample drawn from the population. Its strengths are as follows: it is fast, it is cost-effective, there’s no loss to follow-up, it allows collection of data over a short period and there is an in-depth collection of data. Among its weakness is that it is not ideal for testing a hypothesis. Besides, it is difficult to explain a causal relationship from data collected in a cross-sectional time frame.

3.4 Sample size determinationFischer’s et al formula of 1998 for a population less than 3500 was used to determine the sample size.

n=z2 (pq)/d2

Where;

N=desired sample

Z= standard normal deviation set at 1.96 which corresponds to confidence level (1%)

P=proportion of target population estimated at 30% to have characteristic being measured who attend Kabarnet level 4 Hospital. This is 0.30.

Q=1-p

D= margin of error allowed 0.05

In substitution, N = (1.96×1.96) *(0.30[1-0.30]/ [0.05×0.05]) = 322

The desired sample size is 322 women.

3.5 Sampling procedure

Purposeful sampling method was adopted for this study. This was appropriate so as to obtain information only from relevant correspondents.

3.6 Inclusion and Exclusion criteria

3.6.1 Inclusion criteria

Women who are of the adult age (>18 years old).

Women who are of sound mind and were willing to offer information.

Women who were within the designated study area as per the time of data collection.

3.6.2 Exclusion criteria

Women of unsound mind.

Women who fall under the age of minors

3.7 Variables

3.7.1 dependent variable

Impact on engagement on various sectors.

Impact on the perception.

Impact on empowerment.

3.7.2 independent variable

Media.

3.8 Data collection instruments

The researchers administered approved questionnaires so as to help in obtaining information. A total of 330 questionnaires were distributed equally according to the two target groups. Of these, the questionnaires that were obtained back were 301. After cleaning and sorting, a total of 285 questionnaires were used for data analysis.

3.9 Ethical consideration.

The researchers sought permission from the research ethics committee. Upon obtaining permission, the researchers adhered to the ethical code of carrying out a research. The respondents were given information about the research and granted informed consent.

References

Aaldering, L., & Vliegenthart, R. (2016). Political leaders and the media. Can we measure political leadership images in newspapers using computer-assisted content analysis?. Quality & quantity, 50, 1871–1905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-015-0242-9

Alnjadat, R., Hmaidi, M. M., Samha, T. E., Kilani, M. M., & Hasswan, A. M. (2019). Gender variations in social media usage and academic performance among the students of University of Sharjah. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 14(4), 390–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2019.05.002

Bearman, S. K., Martinez, E., Stice, E., & Presnell, K. (2006). The Skinny on Body Dissatisfaction: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Girls and Boys. Journal of youth and adolescence, 35(2), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-9010-9

Cortese, A. J. (2015). Provocateur: Images of women and minorities in advertising. Rowman & Littlefield.

De Vries, D. A., Vossen, H., & van der Kolk-van der Boom, P. (2019). Social Media and Body Dissatisfaction: Investigating the Attenuating Role of Positive Parent-Adolescent Relationships. Journal of youth and adolescence, 48(3), 527–536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0956-9

Diiro, G. M., Seymour, G., Kassie, M., Muricho, G., & Muriithi, B. W. (2018). Women’s empowerment in agriculture and agricultural productivity: Evidence from rural maize farmer households in western Kenya. PloS one, 13(5), e0197995. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197995

Evans J, Heiberger S. Agricultural Media Coverage of Farm Safety: Review of the Literature. J Agromedicine. 2016;21(1):91-105. doi: 10.1080/1059924X.2015.1106376. PMID: 26506853.

Hanson, R. E. (2016). Mass communication: Living in the media world. Sage Publications.

Ibrahim, F. (2018). Women, development, and the mass media. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 5.

Katlyn G. (2014). How Women’s Consumption of Media InfluencesLeadership Development

Khalil, R., Moustafa, A. A., Moftah, M. Z., & Karim, A. A. (2017). How Knowledge of Ancient Egyptian Women Can Influence Today’s Gender Role: Does History Matter in Gender Psychology?. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 2053. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02053

Patowary, H. (2014). Portrayal of women in Indian mass media: An investigation.

Peroutsi A., Gonidakis F.,psychiatriki. 2011 jul-sep 22(3):231-9

Perse, E. M., & Lambe, J. (2016). Media effects and society. Routledge.

Spettigue, W., & Henderson, K. A. (2004). Eating disorders and the role of the media. The Canadian child and adolescent psychiatry review = La revue canadienne de psychiatrie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent, 13(1), 16–19.

Stefanie S. (2012)Exploring the effect of media images on women’s leadership self-perceptions and aspirations

Uchôa, F., Uchôa, N. M., Daniele, T., Lustosa, R. P., Garrido, N. D., Deana, N. F., Aranha, Á., & Alves, N. (2019). Influence of the Mass Media and Body Dissatisfaction on the Risk in Adolescents of Developing Eating Disorders. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(9), 1508. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091508

Ventola C. L. (2014). Social media and health care professionals: benefits, risks, and best practices. P & T : a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management, 39(7),

The world is passing through an age of information explosion.

How mass media impacts women

Student’s name

Institution affiliation

The world is passing through an age of information explosion. Others use the words “the world has become a global village” to illustrate the changes that have occurred with achieving technological milestones. The electronic media has completely changed the scope of media. Information can easily flow one part of the world to another in a matter of seconds. The advancement in media has had huge impact on all fronts of the world. Perhaps the young generation is the most affected. The older generation was slow to adapt to the massive changes. The forms of media include radio, television, telephone, mobile phones, video conferencing, social networking, and newspapers. The society today is more complex than it was in the 19th century (Perse & Lambe, 2016). Mass media are the conceptualized agencies involved in the creation, selection, processing, and distribution of messages across the globe. The media plays a fundamental role in society as the adage goes information is power. The media informs, educates, advertises, and entertains her listens and readers. The mass media is a top asset for every liberal democracy, and the politicians recognize this hence champion its freedom. In this democracies, the media serves to champion for change and critic the national government.

The ongoing communication revolution has opened up more opportunities for women who were despised for generations. The use of the media remains uncontrolled and misguided. The women and children remain the most disadvantaged groups in society despite the massive brag of technological advancement. Women usually take to the streets to protest the inequality, disparity, and exploitation by the male-dominated media personnel. The media has been particularly active in selling misguided notions and stereotypes that impede achieving gender equality. Scholars postulate that the media continues to display the women as the weaker gender. For example, in the US, mass media outlets sell the notion that men are only sex-driven in relationships while women serve as sexual objects. Feminists argue that the films displayed in the media have contributed to the anorexic Nervosa syndrome observed in the young generations (Cortese, 2015). The new generation has been led to believe that men are only attracted to thin, young and young women.

Women have come a long way in the process of achieving gender equality. The gender protests of the 20th century increased women representation in media outlets, although the numbers are far from achieving gender equality. For instance, women only represent 10% of news stories, they only represent approximately 20% of the experts interviewed, television programs generally have less than 35% of women as actors (Patowary, 2014). Besides, women in films play supporting roles. The stereotypes towards women have been especially detrimental. Some of the stereotypes include: that role of the woman is at home where they have to do all housework duties, women cannot make crucial decisions, women must always be dependent on men, and women are sexual objects. Women have adapted to images sold by the mass media of how they should look. An ideal woman should be thin, white, fit, and with blonde hair. The effect of these is manifested in video games where creators display women with revealing clothes or even nude while the men are usually clothed appropriately.

The articles reveal that women are often disproportionately affected by information inequality in mass media. Women are vastly underrepresented in top positions in media outlets. There is no refuting the benefits of mass media on women empowerment. However, women lag behind men in terms of internet accessibility. Women who have been exposed to the internet are prone to sexual harassment (Hanson, 2016). The situation is worse when women do not conform to social norms. The researchers used various methods to assess the impact of mass media on women. Women have been the punching bags of toxic masculinity. The study incorporated various methods to conduct the research. The researchers conducted their research on both rural and urban women. They used open-ended questionnaires, interviews, and targeted discussions. Some articles analyzed the field research of other articles forming the secondary sources. One study involved sampling 400 women and conducting interviews and questionnaires with them (Patowary, 2014).

In this study, questionnaires and interviews were used to conduct the research. The researchers shall use the Fischer’s formula to determine the representative population. A total of 330 questionnaires shall be distributed equally to the two target groups based on the above formula. The study selected adult women as the only source of information. It will be a cross-sectional study utilizing a purposeful sampling technique to identify the representative population for the research. The study will also be carried out in urban settings as well as in the outskirts.

The researchers trained their personnel on how to conduct impartial interviews to source out information. The statement problem was to determine the impact of mass media on women. It is important to discuss these to identify the stereotypes and the negative influence of the media on women. The papers had several aims. First, it aimed to increase women empowerment. The study aimed to determine the influence of mass media on women in various sectors such as agriculture, occupation, and entertainment. Thirdly, to investigate the changes that have been made by mass media on women (Ibrahim, 2018). The research hypothesis includes: mass media has increased women empowerment, the media has degraded the decency of women through their stereotypic representations, and women have been denied prestigious opportunities because of their genders.

The research was limited by time. It is hard to quantify the number of women who have been empowered through this research. The sample size was small and may not be representative of the population. It was also difficult to assess the impact of mass media on women based on this methodology. A better methodology needs to be reviewed to extrapolate the impact on women. Future studies should focus on the impact of online information on women.

References

Cortese, A. J. (2015). Provocateur: Images of women and minorities in advertising. Rowman & Littlefield.

Hanson, R. E. (2016). Mass communication: Living in the media world. Sage Publications.

Ibrahim, F. (2018). Women, development, and the mass media. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 5.

Patowary, H. (2014). Portrayal of women in Indian mass media: An investigation.

Perse, E. M., & Lambe, J. (2016). Media effects and society. Routledge.

The world is passing through an age

How mass media impacts women

Student’s name

Institution affiliation

The world is passing through an age of information explosion. Others use the words “the world has become a global village” to illustrate the changes that have occurred with achieving technological milestones. The electronic media has completely changed the scope of media. Information can easily flow one part of the world to another in a matter of seconds. The advancement in media has had huge impact on all fronts of the world. Perhaps the young generation is the most affected. The older generation was slow to adapt to the massive changes. The forms of media include radio, television, telephone, mobile phones, video conferencing, social networking, and newspapers. The society today is more complex than it was in the 19th century (Perse & Lambe, 2016). Mass media are the conceptualized agencies involved in the creation, selection, processing, and distribution of messages across the globe. The media plays a fundamental role in society as the adage goes information is power. The media informs, educates, advertises, and entertains her listens and readers. The mass media is a top asset for every liberal democracy, and the politicians recognize this hence champion its freedom. In this democracies, the media serves to champion for change and critic the national government.

The ongoing communication revolution has opened up more opportunities for women who were despised for generations. The use of the media remains uncontrolled and misguided. The women and children remain the most disadvantaged groups in society despite the massive brag of technological advancement. Women usually take to the streets to protest the inequality, disparity, and exploitation by the male-dominated media personnel. The media has been particularly active in selling misguided notions and stereotypes that impede achieving gender equality. Scholars postulate that the media continues to display the women as the weaker gender. For example, in the US, mass media outlets sell the notion that men are only sex-driven in relationships while women serve as sexual objects. Feminists argue that the films displayed in the media have contributed to the anorexic Nervosa syndrome observed in the young generations (Cortese, 2015). The new generation has been led to believe that men are only attracted to thin, young and young women.

Women have come a long way in the process of achieving gender equality. The gender protests of the 20th century increased women representation in media outlets, although the numbers are far from achieving gender equality. For instance, women only represent 10% of news stories, they only represent approximately 20% of the experts interviewed, television programs generally have less than 35% of women as actors (Patowary, 2014). Besides, women in films play supporting roles. The stereotypes towards women have been especially detrimental. Some of the stereotypes include: that role of the woman is at home where they have to do all housework duties, women cannot make crucial decisions, women must always be dependent on men, and women are sexual objects. Women have adapted to images sold by the mass media of how they should look. An ideal woman should be thin, white, fit, and with blonde hair. The effect of these is manifested in video games where creators display women with revealing clothes or even nude while the men are usually clothed appropriately.

The articles reveal that women are often disproportionately affected by information inequality in mass media. Women are vastly underrepresented in top positions in media outlets. There is no refuting the benefits of mass media on women empowerment. However, women lag behind men in terms of internet accessibility. Women who have been exposed to the internet are prone to sexual harassment (Hanson, 2016). The situation is worse when women do not conform to social norms. The researchers used various methods to assess the impact of mass media on women. Women have been the punching bags of toxic masculinity. The study incorporated various methods to conduct the research. The researchers conducted their research on both rural and urban women. They used open-ended questionnaires, interviews, and targeted discussions. Some articles analyzed the field research of other articles forming the secondary sources. One study involved sampling 400 women and conducting interviews and questionnaires with them (Patowary, 2014).

In this study, questionnaires and interviews were used to conduct the research. The researchers shall use the Fischer’s formula to determine the representative population. A total of 330 questionnaires shall be distributed equally to the two target groups based on the above formula. The study selected adult women as the only source of information. It will be a cross-sectional study utilizing a purposeful sampling technique to identify the representative population for the research. The study will also be carried out in urban settings as well as in the outskirts.

The researchers trained their personnel on how to conduct impartial interviews to source out information. The statement problem was to determine the impact of mass media on women. It is important to discuss these to identify the stereotypes and the negative influence of the media on women. The papers had several aims. First, it aimed to increase women empowerment. The study aimed to determine the influence of mass media on women in various sectors such as agriculture, occupation, and entertainment. Thirdly, to investigate the changes that have been made by mass media on women (Ibrahim, 2018). The research hypothesis includes: mass media has increased women empowerment, the media has degraded the decency of women through their stereotypic representations, and women have been denied prestigious opportunities because of their genders.

The research was limited by time. It is hard to quantify the number of women who have been empowered through this research. The sample size was small and may not be representative of the population. It was also difficult to assess the impact of mass media on women based on this methodology. A better methodology needs to be reviewed to extrapolate the impact on women. Future studies should focus on the impact of online information on women.

References

Cortese, A. J. (2015). Provocateur: Images of women and minorities in advertising. Rowman & Littlefield.

Hanson, R. E. (2016). Mass communication: Living in the media world. Sage Publications.

Ibrahim, F. (2018). Women, development, and the mass media. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 5.

Patowary, H. (2014). Portrayal of women in Indian mass media: An investigation.

Perse, E. M., & Lambe, J. (2016). Media effects and society. Routledge.