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Introduction to Criminology

Question 1

Classical criminology

Punishment for wrongdoing should have a pre-established balance with the crime committed, meaning that punishment imposed for murder should not be equal to rape or lesser forms of delinquency (Siegel 10). In classical criminology, people are free to choose lawful solutions to solve their challenges, crime is appealing if it has big befits with small effort, and crime is controlled by the fright of punishment. Also, very strict consequences for crime and similar forms of punishment discourage criminal behavior.

Positivist criminology

In this view, positivist criminology challenges classical criminology and focuses on the cause of crime (Siegel 11). To explain criminal behavior, the positivists use scientific methodology, social factors, physical factors, and biological attributes.

Sociological criminology

Sociological criminology focuses on the major social changes taking place in society (Siegel 12). People in society are very different and use criminal behavior to meet their demands. It is difficult for society to remain without criminal behavior since human petty vices would be uplifted to crimes.

Conflict criminology

Conflict criminology emphasizes that crime result from human conflict and interpersonal conflicts shapes human behavior (Siegel 13). People’s lives rotate around the means of production, the way people produce goods affects their character.

Question 1 A.

Positivist criminology developed in the nineteenth century and it presented an innovative way on the cause of crime. People pass through different stages as a way of understanding the world (Siegel 11). For instance, in the early stages societies believed that lifeless objects like the sun have a life while in late social stages societies accept science. The reason I chose this perspective is because in comparison to other perspectives, positive criminology is more applicable to modern life, as it focuses on the motive of committing a crime to determine the punishment for crimes committed. The scientific analyses of the crimes ensure justice is served to both parties since every party is considered including the accused.

Question 1 B.

Positivist criminology examines human behavior scientifically to determine if one is a criminal (Siegel 11). For example, a study on the facial appearance of criminals found that the shape of nose ears, and eyes were related to antisocial behavior. Furthermore, studies on abnormality found that anomaly of the human mind is associated with criminal behavior. Criminals have features that differentiate them from non-criminals. Lombroso’s study found that there were born criminals who had teeth common to carnivores (Siegel 11). People with such features are more prone to criminal behavior compared to non-criminals

Question 2

Criminal justice is made up of all of the bodies in a government that have the mandate to enforce the law, adjudicate crime, and correct criminal conduct (Siegel 19). Crime justice experts develop effective programs for crime prevention. Criminal justice is primarily an instrument of social monitoring and control. It is used to enforce wat society considers acceptable behavior. Agencies of justice, who form part of the criminal justice system, prevent social harms through apprehension, trying, and convicting criminals. Therefore, the criminal justice system has all the power to control crime as well as punish law breakers.

On the other hand, criminology is concerned with identifying the cause, nature, extent, and control of criminal behavior using scientific means (Siegel 4). Criminologists also are concerned with the operation of agencies’ justice and their influence on criminals, including how policies affect crime rates and trends. Criminology is primarily a study of crime, its various forms and triggers, including what may lead to increased or increased trends given different factors. Therefore, criminology is just an academic discipline that relies on science to provide meaningful interpretation of crime and criminal patterns.

Works Cited

Siegel, L. “Criminology: The core: Cengage learning.” (2019).

Introduction to Geology

ASTR 1010L

There are four basic ways the surface of a solid object (a planet, moon, asteroid, or comet) can be modified geologically.

Watch the “Geological Surface Processes” video. What are the four major processes that change the planetary surfaces? Explain how each works and what kinds of features can be formed.

The four major processes are Cratering, Volcanoes, Erosion, and Weathering. Earth experiences many impacts including eruptions, but most craters have been erased by other processes. The craters left by impacting objects can reveal information about the age of a planet’s surface as also its nature and composition at the time the crater was formed. The Earth’s atmosphere and oceans are formed through volcanic outgassing. Volcanism involves the melting of materials within a planet and the eruption and transport of these materials on a planetary surface. For most surfaces the molten material is a silicate-rich fluid. The most common magma on the terrestrial planets is of basaltic composition. A special kind of tectonics, plate tectonics are responsible for shaping the Earth’s surface. Tectonic processes manifest themselves as distinctive morphologic features like faults, fractures, and folds, and the specific characteristics of these features can often be used to infer the local style of deformation that has occurred. Ice, water, and wind drive cause erosion on Earth. Erosion is distinguished from weathering, the physical or chemical breakdown of the minerals in rock. However, weathering and erosion can happen simultaneously.

Let’s examine each of these in turn. Open the “Global Image of Mercury”. What process has most affected Mercury’s surface?

Processes such as solar wind and meteoroid impact affect the surface of mercury. Comets or meteorites may dispose ice in mercury’s surface. Water vapor may also outgas from the planet’s interior and freeze out at the poles of the mercury surface. These process affect the smoothness of Mercury’s surface.

Would you estimate that the surface of Mercury is young or old? Why?

Mercury is about 4.5 billion years old so its surface is most definitely old.

4991100-165513Look more closely at the regions that look like this:

Hypothesize what could make the light streaks coming out from the center of the crater.

The light streaks coming out of the crater could be caused by an eruption. It is more likely that the light streaks is a result of a volcanic eruption.

6638925279414Now look at the “Global Image of Venus”. Zoom in, scroll around, and look for craters. Do you find very many? Note that stripes or rectangles that look like those in the picture to the

right are because a section of Venus was missed when the camera was scanning the surface.

Yes, there are many craters when the ‘Global Image of Venus” is zoomed in. The stripes or rectangular shapes are a result of catering which creates the shapes and the impacts creates the stripes.

If there aren’t very many craters, what surface process do you think would have covered them all up?

If there were no many craters, a volcanic impact could have covered them all up. When volcanism occurs, lava flows and as a result, the craters and faults created during cratering are filled up.

Much of Venus’ surface is covered with lava plains and evidence of tectonic activity. Find what you think is evidence of each of these and either sketch or copy and past part of the picture.

Why does it make sense that volcanic activity and tectonic activity occur in locations close to one another?

Tectonic activity occurs when tectonic plates come into contact and cause friction resulting to faults. Similarly, volcanic activity occurs as a result of high temperatures and pressure beneath the Earth’s crust. These temperature and pressure causes tectonic plates to move and cause tectonic activity.

Venus does have volcanoes in addition to its extensive lava plains, but we’re going to skip on to Mars and look at an example of a shield volcano. The most common volcanoes in the solar system are shield volcanoes, named because they are shaped like a shield placed on the planet’s surface. A computer-simulated view of Olympus Mons, the largest volcano in the solar system, is shown below.

5012690-48315Olympus Mons’ caldera, the location from which the lava flowed, is in the center of the volcano; the other two (smaller) circular features near the top of the volcano are impact craters.

An actual photograph of Olympus Mons is posted on iCollege as well as a topographic image. In the topographic image, the

greens and blues are lower elevations and the reds are higher elevations.

Estimate the height of Olympus Mons above the zero point of the elevation (the average radius of Mars; we use this as a reference height like “sea level” on Earth, but Mars has no sea…).

It has a height of about 20km, or 70,000 feet.

Estimate how far below the zero point the average land round Olympus Mons is. Explain your method; you should come up with a value that is not zero.

It is approximately 634 kilometers of land round. Olympus Mons is one of a dozen large volcanoes, many of which are ten to a hundred times taller than their terrestrial counterparts. The tallest of them all towers 16 miles (25 kilometers) above the surrounding plains and stretches across 374 miles.

Add your two values together to get an estimate of how high Olympus Mons is above the surrounding land.

Convert your value to km.

Measure the length of the scale bar in cm on your display.

Determine the scale of the displayed image: 1 cm = 0.00001 km.

Measure the width of Olympus Mons (not the whole image, just the volcano; it should be pretty easy to see where it begins because for an unknown reason Olympus Mons has a cliff around its base).

Convert your measurement to the actual size of Olympus Mons. Be sure to show your work.

1 cm = 0.00001 km.

Olympus Mons = 634km

634km = 6.34e+7

Answer= 6.34e+7.

Measure the size of the caldera in cm and convert your measurement to km.

Next you are going to construct a scale model of Olympus Mons as seen from the side. To start, let the line below be the base of Olympus Mons.

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Based on the height of Olympus Mons you estimated in part c, figure out how tall Olympus Mons is on this same scale. Show your measurements and your work.

It has a diameter of 624 km (374 mi).

25 km (16 mi) high, and is rimmed by a 6 km (4 mi) high scarp.

A caldera 80 km (50 mi) wide is located at the summit of Olympus Mons.

Sketch a side view – correctly to scale – of Olympus Mons using the line above as the volcano’s base. Show the caldera to scale as well.

A Caldera 80 km (50 mi) wide is located at the summit of Olympus Mons.

Before continuing, send a picture of your side view to Dr. Skelton. You don’t have to wait for her to respond before continuing, but do get confirmation you have done this correctly before turning in your lab.

In addition to lots of volcanic activity in its past, Mars also had tectonic activity. Remember that when things – including the interiors of planets – heat up, they expand. Look at the “Global image of Mars”. What do you see that is evidence of extensional tectonics? Draw a sketch.

Evidence of extensional tectonics include craters and faults created in the planet as evident in the image below.

Valles Marineris on Mars is much larger than any other tectonic feature on Venus or Mars. It is so large and so deep, in fact, that early in Mars’ history when there was liquid water on the surface, water flowed in the bottom of it and eroded it.

Ius Chasma, shown up close in an image on iCollege, is part of the Valles Marineris system. The main part of the chasm, running in roughly parallel, mostly straight lines from top center to lower right, was formed by tectonic activity. What evidence of erosion do you see in and near the chasm? Look carefully for two different effects that running water had.

Some of the evidence of erosion include Eos and Ganges are another set of chasmata that contain volcanic or windblown deposits that have slowly eroded over time. Purgatory Chasm is the result of weathering of closely-spaced, quartz filled, ‘joints’ that may mark edges of the Valles Marineris system.

Before continuing on, look again at the small cracks (straight rilles) seen in the upper left of the image. Did the impact crater happen before or after the tectonic expansion? How do you know?

Wrinkles and rilles are evidence that impact crate happened before the tectonic expansion. Wrinkles and riles are as result of cratering. It means that the process begun with small cracks, riles then to wrinkles which created faults and led to shift in tectonic plates and as a result tectonic expansion occurred.

Mars also has wind and therefore wind erosion. Look at the “Curiosity Selfie”. What evidence of wind erosion do you see? (Hint – there are two… One is more basic and may be more difficult to come up with than the other one.) Also – this is a mosaic of 57 images, so the scientist constructing the “selfie” from Curiosity’s images removed the image of the arm holding the camera so it wasn’t distracting.

Ice, water, and wind drive cause erosion on a planetary surface. Erosion is distinguished from weathering, the physical or chemical breakdown of the minerals in rock. However, weathering and erosion can happen simultaneously. Water vapor may also outgas from the planet’s interior and freeze out at the poles of the planetary surface hence causing erosion.

Next we are going to turn to moons of the outer planets, starting with Io. Look at the “Global View of Io” and describe the features you see.

The inner surface of Io is composed of an iron or iron sulfide core and a brown silicate outer layer. giving the planet a splotchy orange, yellow, black, red, and white appearance. Io formed in a region around Jupiter where there is a lot of water or ice. The surface looks icy and windy.

The black features are not craters. In fact, there are no craters at all on Io! What does this tell you about what has happened geologically on Io? Has this happened recently, in the near past, or in the distant? How do you know?

Jupiter’s strong gravity attracted the planetesimals more strongly than Io and thus no crater landed on its surface. Io did have impact craters but they have all been buried in lava flows. This shows that there is no cratering in Io due to lack of gravity.

In fact, all of the black spots on Io are the calderas of active volcanoes. Look again at the image and find at least two locations where the lava is flowing out of the caldera in what look like sinuous rilles in the making. Sketch the lava flows below.

6332220-5414Prometheus is the volcano that is just to the left of the center of the photograph of Io:

In addition to having lava flowing from the caldera, there is also material being

erupted upward. You can figure out the maximum height of the material being thrown from Prometheus by looking at the image below.

75565047855First calculate the scale of the picture. The radius of Io is 1820 km; not all of Io is shown in the image of Prometheus, but the red dashed line shows where the center of Io would be.

1.82e+8 cm = 1820 km

1 cm= 0.0001 km

Next measure the height of the Prometheus eruption in cm, then convert your measurement to the actual number of km using the scale factor.

Measured height in cm: 1e+7 Calculated height in km: 100

What are two reasons you can think of that Io’s volcanoes can spew material so much higher that Earth’s volcanoes do?

The atmospheric pressure in Jupiter where IO is located is high hence the volcanoes will spew material quite higher than on Earth.

Temperatures are extremely high around Io so the volcanoes erupting around this area would be higher that Earth’s volcanoes.

5283836136818The volcanic plume Tvashtar erupts even higher than Prometheus. Use the same method as before to calculate the height of the Tvashtar eruption in km. Show all your measurements and your work – this picture is a different scale so you will need to calculate a new scale! Remember that this picture shows the whole diameter of Io…

Tyashtar erupts 385 kilometers (239 miles) high and covers a terrain as far as 700 kilometers (435 miles) from its center.

1 cm= 0.0001 km.

385 km x 0.00001 = 3.85e+7

Answer = 3.85e+7cm

A different perspective shows a ring around Tvashtar where the erupted material falls back to the ground. Pele is another volcano with a large ring. Draw a sketch of what you think Pele looks like as seen from the side instead of from overhead.

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Look at the global view of Saturn’s moon Enceladus. Identify as many geologic features as you can and discuss how you think they would have formed.

Some of the notable geologic features in Saturn’s moon Enceladus include; fissures, plains, corrugated terrain and other crustal deformations also indicate that Enceladus is geologically active. One of the more dramatic types of tectonic features found on Enceladus are its rift canyons. These canyons can be up to 200 km long, 5–10 km wide, and 1 km deep.

Do a Google image search to find pictures of Saturn’s moon Titan, both in visible light and in the infrared.

Describe how this moon looks different in visible light than the other moons you’ve observed.

The lighted side of the Moon faces away from the Earth. he right half of the Moon appears lighted and the left side of the Moon appears dark. During the time between the New Moon and the First Quarter Moon, the part of the Moon that appears lighted gets larger and larger every day, and will continue to grow until the Full Moon.

Describe how this moon looks different in infrared light than the other moons you’ve observed.

Infrared waves, or infrared light, are part of the electromagnetic spectrum. This is caused by the different angles from which we see the bright part of the Moon’s surface. These are called “phases” of the Moon. Of course, the Moon doesn’t generate any light itself; it just reflects the light of the Sun. The Moon passes through four major shapes during a cycle that repeats itself every 29.5 days. The phases always follow one another in the same order.

What explanation can you suggest for the features you see on Titan?

Titan is bigger than Earth’s moon, and larger than even the planet Mercury. It is the only moon in the solar system with a dense atmosphere, and it’s the only world besides Earth that has standing bodies of liquid, including rivers, lakes and seas, on its surface.

Does Titan have erosion? Find images that justify your position and describe what you see.

Due to a network of rivers in Titan, it experiences little erosion.

Is Titan’s surface young or old? What evidence do you have to make this determination?

Titans surface is old due to the presence of wrinkles and rilles are evidence that impact crate happened long time ago. Wrinkles and riles are as result of cratering. It means that the process begun with small cracks, riles then to wrinkles which created faults and led to shift in tectonic plates and as a result tectonic expansion occurred.

Finally, let’s loop back around to Mercury. We have looked at impacts, volcanism, and extensional tectonics, and erosion, but not compressional tectonics. Look at the “Scarp on Mercury”. Sketch what you see that is evidence of the interior of Mercury shrinking. Explain how this feature could have formed.

Cooling in the planet causes mercury to shrink. This slow cooling may drive very recent and even current tectonic and seismic activity on Mercury. This slow cooling drives a very recent and even current tectonic and seismic activity on Mercury.

Introduction to Philosophy

Student’s Name

Course

Date

Question 1

The categorical imperative, according to a German philosopher, Kant, is a formal procedure to evaluate any action performed as to whether it could be morally upright. According to Kant, the categorical imperative follows the rule that one should only justify an action to be ethical if that act could be generalized as a universal law. Thus, the categorical imperative is an objective, necessary rational principle that must always be followed despite any desire to do the contrary. The strengths of the categorical imperative include the universal acceptability of legal action. All human beings are seen as rational beings who would act in the same way because it is deemed the right thing to do so. Also, the CI is impartial since the actions categorized as moral are not guided by freewill but by general respect to the dignity of fellow humans. More so, the imperatives are based on reason and logic, which determines human behavior and choice. However, the CI has some weaknesses, such as lack of motivation, in realizing that something is irrational. There is also a conflicting duty in choosing the right way to follow based on the general acceptance of an issue (Lecture: Predominate Ethical Theories).

Utilitarianism is the ethical doctrine that suggests that actions are right if they are beneficial to the majority. It places the definition of right and wrong basically on the consequences of the work. For instance, killing a thief who would have made a large group of people to suffer is justifiable since the majority of the people will not suffer after his death. Among the strengths of this ethical approach is that it emphasizes on happiness, which is the aim of life for most people. Also, it is pragmatic in that it focuses on the consequences of an action. Besides, it is easy to follow since the consideration is whether the move will lead to happiness or suffering among the majority of people. However, utilitarianism may not be able to predict the consequence of an action before the action occurs. For example, would killing that thief lead to grief in his family? Or, would his death cause hatred among the killer and the thief’s society? Also, happiness is not easily defined as what makes one person happy may not make another happy as well. Therefore, I think the Kantian theory is better than utilitarianism because it focuses on the universality of an issue.

Question two

The pro-choice issue on abortion includes those people that buy the idea that abortion should be legalized. The pro-choice individuals believe that each woman has a right to decide what goes on in their body (lecture notes, abortion). According to Judith Jarvis Thomson, abortion is allowed in some instances and not in others. On one side, she argues that life starts at conception, and thus abortion is bringing an end to it. However, she also describes the right to life as not be unjustly killed, which in this case, abortion is no injustice to the unborn. She came up with some analogies like the case where a famous violist is hooked to another person for survival without the latter’s consent. If the person decides to detach the violist from his body, he will die to lack of support. However, it is morally right to determine what goes on with your body. And thus, detaching the violin would not be ethically correct. According to Beverly Harrison, the right to abortion helps in preventing class dominance. That is, if made illegal, rich women would still be able to pay, unlike the poor ones.

On the other hand, John T. Noonan claims that personhood begins at conception, and changes follow after that. Therefore it would be wrong to commit abortion as it is seen as bringing an end to that development. He claims that the fetus holds the same life as a grown-up individual, and thus abortion is considered murder. Other pro-life activists support his argument and dictates that the government should have a say when it comes to abortion. The third approach to abortion is where a person can be both a pro-choice and pro-life. For instance, one may believe that abortion is terrible but refrain from warning people against it. A woman would be against abortion on a religious basis but allow another one to perform it on medical grounds.

Question 3

The phrase that ‘existence precedes essence’ is a central claim of existentialism, which means that personality is not built on a precise purpose, but rather, it is the choice of humans to engage in the use. According to existentialists, humans create their values by determining the meaning of their lives. Thus, it is the nature or essence of humans that lead to their existence. The idea that presence comes before essence is well explained by the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre. However, the phrase, ‘essence precedes existence,’ is the traditional view that shows the selfishness of humans and that they are rational beings.

Sartre believes in the first phase of existence precedes essence. He believes that people are defined by what they surround themselves with, and thus, a difficult situation is only intolerable because the people allow it to be so. The feeling is evident through his claim that the world is a reflection of our freedom, where he meant that the world triggers people to react. To criticize the other phrase, Sartre claims that man first exists, establishes himself, fits in the world, and then defines his life afterward. Therefore, there is no way that the essence of a man would come before his existence. I agree with Sartre’s claim that ‘existence precedence essence.’ The reason for my choice is that for you to realize your nature and importance in life, you must first be in that life. Humans learn of different life aspects as they grow and interact with each other, thus increasing their value. Also, people are only defined (essence) according to their actions, for which they are responsible. Therefore, it is like humans to choose what to do and what not to do. For instance, for a person to be described as having an essence of being cruel, they must have shown cruelty in their behavior (Existentialism lecture). I believe that a person can choose not to be evil, and thus, it is not in their nature to be good or bad.

Question 4

Thomas Hobbes, in his Leviathan theory, suggests that human beings are motivated by the need to preserve themselves. He claims that naturally, people would do anything to maintain their life, which is short, poor, and nasty. Also, he claims that humans are motivated by the desire to gain, and that is why they are competitive and violent. Due to these perceptions, humans need a central government to control their desires by placing no space for the unjust. Similar to Socrates, Hobbes believes that political sensitivity is has been overtaken by liberalism. He also states that men will always strive for peace when they are treated as equals since they want to outdo each other. Nature treats all men equally, and therefore the government has a role of ensuring peace between men as they strive to be better than each other.

On the other hand, Jean-Jacques Rousseau described human beings as compassionate beings who are moral naturally. However, they adapt to changes in the pre-existing urban chaos and lose their natural compassion when subjected to the urge for money. Humans are prone to corruption to satisfy their greed for wealth and power. Therefore, the state is a collection of individuals who aspire to instill the morals in its people. The general will of the country is to determine the right from wrong and is established through laws. The public will of the state is created through the majority will of the people. Therefore, people rely on the government for peaceful co-existence and to prevent greed from overtaking their natural goodwill.

References

Dr. John Tamilio III, Lecture Notes: Abortion.

Existentialism lecture, A Brief Introduction to Existentialism Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5HhGRfxH81M&t=2s.

Prof. John Tamilio III, Ph.D., Lecture: Predominate Ethical Theories

Introduction to Philosophy (2)

Introduction to Philosophy

Student’s Name

Course

Date

Question 1:

Utilitarianism is the ethical doctrine that suggests that actions are right if they are beneficial to the majority. It places the definition of right and wrong basically on the consequences of the work. For instance, killing a thief who would have made a large group of people to suffer is justifiable since the majority of the people will not suffer after his death. Among the strengths of this ethical approach is that it emphasizes on happiness, which is the aim of life for most people. Also, it is pragmatic in that it focuses on the consequences of an action. Besides, it is easy to follow since the consideration is whether the move will lead to happiness or suffering among the majority of people. However, utilitarianism may not be able to predict the consequence of an action before the action occurs (Letwin, et al. 2016). For example, would killing that thief lead to grief in his family? Or, would his death cause hatred among the killer and the thief’s society? Also, happiness is not easily defined as what makes one person happy may not make another happy as well. Therefore, I think the Kantian theory is better than utilitarianism because it focuses on the universal acceptability of an issue.

Question 2:

The pro-choice issue on abortion includes those people that buy the idea that abortion should be legalized. The pro-choice individuals believe that each woman has a right to decide what goes on in their body (Amery, 2020). According to Judith Jarvis Thomson, abortion is allowed in some instances and not in others. On one side, she argues that life starts at conception, and thus abortion is bringing an end to it. However, she also describes the right to life as not be unjustly killed, which in this case, abortion is no injustice to the unborn. She came up with some analogies like the case where a famous violist is hooked to another person for survival without the latter’s consent. If the person decides to detach the violist from his body, he will die to lack of support. However, it is morally right to determine what goes on with your body. And thus, detaching the violin would not be ethically correct (Mahon, 2016). According to Beverly Harrison, the right to abortion helps in preventing class dominance. That is, if made illegal, rich women would still be able to pay, unlike the poor ones.

On the other hand, John T. Noonan claims that personhood begins at conception, and changes follow after that. Therefore it would be wrong to commit abortion as it is seen as bringing an end to that development. He claims that the fetus holds the same life as a grown-up individual, and thus abortion is considered murder (Weir, 2016). Other pro-life activists support his argument and dictates that the government should have a say when it comes to abortion. The third approach to abortion is where a person can be both a pro-choice and pro-life. For instance, one may believe that abortion is terrible but refrain from warning people against it. A woman would be against abortion on a religious basis but allow another one to perform it on medical grounds.

Question 3:

The phrase that ‘existence precedes essence’ is a central claim of existentialism, which means that personality is not built on a precise purpose, but rather, it is the choice of humans to engage in the use. According to existentialists, humans create their values by determining the meaning of their lives. Thus, it is the nature or essence of humans that lead to their existence. The idea that existence comes before essence is well explained by the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre. However, the phrase, ‘essence precedes existence,’ is the traditional view that shows the selfishness of humans and that they are rational beings (Teo, 2018).

Sartre believes in the first phase of existence precedes essence. He believes that people are defined by what they surround themselves with, and thus, a difficult situation is only intolerable because the people allow it to be so. The feeling is evident through his claim that the world is a reflection of our freedom, where he meant that the world triggers people to react. To criticize the other phrase, Sartre claims that man first exists, establishes himself, fits in the world, and then defines his life afterward. Therefore, there is no way that the essence of a man would come before his existence (Hayim, 2017). I agree with Sartre’s claim that ‘existence precedence essence.’ The reason for my choice is that for you to realize your nature and importance in life, you must first be in that life. Humans learn of different life aspects as they grow and interact with each other, thus increasing their value. Also, people are only defined (essence) according to their actions, for which they are responsible. Therefore, it is like humans to choose what to do and what not to do. For instance, for a person to be described as having an essence of being cruel, they must have shown cruelty in their behavior. I believe that a person can choose not to be evil, and thus, it is not in their nature to be good or bad.

Question 4:

References

Amery, F. (2020). Beyond Pro-life and Pro-choice: The Changing Politics of Abortion in Britain. Policy Press.

Green, M. J. (2019). Human Nature and Motivation: Hamilton versus Hobbes. Interpreting Hobbes’s Political Philosophy, 93.

Hayim, G. (2017). Existentialism and Sociology: Contribution of Jean-Paul Sartre. Routledge.

Letwin, C., Wo, D., Folger, R., Rice, D., Taylor, R., Richard, B., & Taylor, S. (2016). The “right” and the “good” in ethical leadership: Implications for supervisors’ performance and promotability evaluations. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(4), 743-755.

Lindner, F., & Bentzen, M. M. (2018). A Formalization of Kant’s Second Formulation of the Categorical Imperative. arXiv preprint arXiv:1801.03160.

Mahon, J. E. (2016). Abortion and the Right to not be Pregnant. In Philosophy and Political Engagement (pp. 57-77). Palgrave Macmillan, London.

Teo, T. (2018). What Does It Mean to Be Human?. In Outline of Theoretical Psychology (pp. 49-76). Palgrave Macmillan, London.

Weir, J. (2016). Abortion: A New Argument from Evolutionary Biology and Psychology. Philosophy in the Contemporary World, 23(2), 35-51.

Introduction to Sociology

Research Paper Guidelines

This research project will provide you with the opportunity to conduct a sociological analysis on a topic of your choosing. You will write a 3-page analysis on the sociological issue of your choice (see suggested ideas below). For this paper, you will need to do some outside research to explore your topic and use course concepts to analyze and organize your findings. You will need at least 3 reputable journal articles as sources in addition to your textbook. You will also need a reference page listing your sources in correct APA format. The length of the paper requires you to condense a lot of material, be sure that you narrow your topic down to workable paper.

REQUIREMENTS:

Your paper must be typed, double-spaced, one-inch margins, 12 point Times New Roman.

Your paper should be 3 pages of written text in length. (this does not include the title page or the reference page – meaning that when you finish you should have at least 5 pages).

You must use reputable journal articles as your sources; failure to do so will significantly lower your grade. Use the CPTC library and Galileo to find reputable journal articles.

You must use and incorporate one of the major theories covered in the course.

Format your citations using APA style. The reference page does not count toward the page requirement.

You should be familiar with proper citation, as well as the appropriate use of quotations.

Papers that excessively use quotations will lose points. Your paper should be in your own voice, which means using quotations selectively and only when necessary.

You do not need an abstract. This will not count toward the page requirement.

You do not need an author’s note

You need a cover page for the paper; Follow APA format for the title page.

Proofread your paper. Deductions will be made for excessively poor grammar/proofreading.

Suggestions for selecting a topic: Pick a topic about which you can find information easily (i.e. not something too obscure). Choose something about which you are interested –you will read and write about it for several weeks, so it might as well be something you will enjoy exploring. The following is a list of general subjects from which you might select a specific project topic. This list is very general — use it to spark an idea for a specific, well-developed topic. You need to think through how you will conduct an analysis of your particular topic, what questions you will answer, and what your specific focus will be. Most importantly, be creative and have fun with it.

Gender and religious participation/affiliation

Welfare policies/reform

Teen pregnancy

Self-esteem and teens

Gender images in music (rap, country, pop, folk etc.)

Laws and Policies

Poverty

Race, Gender, or Class and the legal system

Women in the sciences, engineering, medicine, vet medicine

Capitalism

Sports

Globalization

Domestic violence

Military (Socialization, Group Processes, Gender, Social Control)

Health, illness, and health insurance

Magazines and culture (sports, teen, women’s, men’s etc.)

Gangs – male and/or female

Medicalization

School Violence

Suicide

Family Structures

Same-sex marriage

Race relations

Environmental concerns, impact, mobilization

Toys, games and gender socialization

Sweatshops/labor use by multinational corporations in 3rd world countries

Education

Historical variations in the construction of gender (middle ages, renaissance, civil war, turn

of the century, 1920’s, WWII, etc.)

Consumption (in one country or compare countries)

Illicit drug use and/or related policies

Aging (look at physical health, financial concerns, widowhood)

Social networks

Mental health

Crime

Political affiliation

Once you have selected a topic for your research paper, you need to focus and narrow it into a specific research question. Your question should be one that:

lends itself to sociological analysis

is not a “yes” or “no” question

has more than one plausible answer

you can get the information to answer

is answerable in the page length allotted

Questions to answer for your topic selection & description

Name your topic: I am studying ____________,

Imply your question: because I want to found out who/how/why ____________,

State the rationale for the question and the project: in order to understand how/why what ____________.

State how/which sociological theory provides insight to your topic.

Identify how each article contributes to addressing your topic.

Your paper should follow a general flow, give consideration to writing your introduction, body and conclusion, however keep in mind that you may have subtopics within each. Be sure you stay on topic and fully address your question.

It is very important that you do not write your paper as just a summary of the articles, for example, do not organize your paper and talk about each article one by one. In other words, your paper should include the following basics:

Define your question

Identify why your question is important

Outline what others have found out about your topic (gathered from your articles)

Which sociological theory applies to the topic and explain why

What your conclusions are based upon what you have read

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

1. Evaluation Process: Paper will be graded in terms of content, insight, originality, analytical skill, organization, clarity of expression, overall presentation style, spelling and grammar, and proper referencing protocols.

2. Plagiarism: students should be aware of the penalties for plagiarism and other form of academic misconduct. Please see the course syllabus and the Coastal Pines Technical College website for the college’s policies on cheating and plagiarism. Evidence of plagiarism from other students’ work or published materials will result in a grade of zero and disciplinary action will be taken.

3. Computer, printer or other technological failures: Unfortunately, these things do happen. However, they will not be accepted as an excuse for not completing the assignment by the due date. In this day and age saying ‘my printer failed,’ ‘my hard drive/flash drive crashed,’ or some other such thing simply isn’t good enough. And it isn’t good enough for one simple reason: you should be backing up your work as you complete it.

4. Submission Protocols: Research projects must be submitted under the “Research Project” tab in BlackBoard. Papers submitted through Coastal Pines email or through BlackBoard mail will not be accepted.

Introduction to Software Architecture

Student’s Name

Institution Affiliation

Introduction to Software Architecture

Historical Narrative

Software development dates back to the 19th century during a period when Augusta Ada King wrote about a computer program and worked on an analytical engine that later came to move the industry overwhelmingly and served as the basis for modern-day calculators. This work by Countess Lovelace was in support of Charles Babbage’s invention of the computer. In later years, the imaginations of aspects that facilitated development in computing architecture and software took the industry by force. Although the development of the software has advanced in contemporary times, computing architecture cannot exist without the capability of systems that happened during the 19th century (Ceruzzi, Aspray, & Misa, 2003). However, the development of experiences in software capability and computing power has evolved and developed in what appears as a symbiotic relationship. This cycle shows that growth in the demand for the capability of software increases the need for powerful computing power in that increased growth in power facilitates heightened software capability, which aids the development of a virtuous cycle. In the same manner, an increase in software capability leads to a higher demand for heightened computing power.

Growth in computing technologies has developed from different areas of scientific research in universities into large businesses. The adoption of computers in business began in the 1960s, during which most of the software was used to produce reports and process transactions. During this period, the architecture of software was developed through the use of the waterfall model, which resulted in software that suited the purposes for which it was developed. The resultant software was modular in design, an aspect that made it relatively easy to maintain and use. The software during this time was also arranged around a client-server architecture that included a server with the ability to serve many clients. It was also simple in that a client could make the requests to the server, which would respond as expected (Ceruzzi, Aspray, & Misa, 2003). This meant that one server was responsible for undertaking different aspects of the software system, including error detection, collection of data, data retrieval, validation of inputs, and presentation of results such that the client did not have to do any work. This client-server model does not require the client any computation work in addition to facilitating the input of data from the user.

Since the 19th century, software technology has developed exponentially such that contemporary architecture has become obsolete. However, some aspects remain relevant, including the virtuous cycle that exists between software capability and computing power. The current technology also observes that software should be well organized in accordance with appropriate architecture. Client-server architecture is also relevant, although it is not the only architecture available. Technology has grown from mainframe computers that require huge maintenance and significant investment and were known to consume a large amount of space with a great need for specialized staff (Moshix, 2018). The mainframe computers developed to minicomputers, which later propagated the development of desktop computers that led to the famous laptops. Progression of each of the technological features resulted in the reduction of machine weight and increased portability, which is mostly characterized by smartphones that led to the birth of tablet computers. Advancement in technology through the years led to cost reduction and miniaturization, which resulted in cheaper, lighter computers with higher computing power. The virtuous cycle was carried through the years with increased portability and power of computing.

Technology continues to advance as people continue to adopt computing into their lives. Communication has changed from SMS to communication through iMessage and Whatsapp, among other options to choose from. The transition in messaging is an indication of increased demand for software capability. The software has also grown in complexity and programming languages. In the coming years, there are expectations to experience increased growth and advancement in complexity and ease of use.

Software Architectures

Architecture entails the interplay between different layers in that each of the layers cannot function individually or comprise an item or building separately. Software architecture entails bringing together different layers and appreciating the role and contribution of each layer to the building. Software architectures include client-server, monolithic, micro-services architecture, layering and stack, and service-oriented architecture.

Monolithic Architecture

As the name suggests, monolithic architecture refers to a large, strong, imposing, and indivisible architecture that combines various functions that would be separated into different components. This architecture entails different modules and classes that are packed together tightly such that software gets deployed as one single file. A monolithic application, such as the fragrance westore application has three layers in each underlying application, which include the presentation layer, application layer, and data layer. The presentation layer is the front-end layer that comes up with the interface that interacts with the software while the application layer embodies different software calls in the business logic.

This architecture is best suited for a small application or that that are suited for single developers. Monolithic architecture is preferred due to the simplicity of development, management, and deployment. The architecture is known for simplicity in development in that the layers in the application are coupled tightly. Since the architecture is compiled in one software, it is easy to deploy and distribute it. There is also the simplicity of management in that the layers in the architecture are accessible through software calls. This architecture is also simple to test, easy to understand, and it is easily scalable.

However, the monolithic architecture has a language lock-in that the programming language should be used in subsequent versions of the software. The size of the software’s codebase can also become large, making it challenging to undertake future maintenance. The size of the codebase also makes it difficult to digest and to distribute the development. In addition, the size of software makes it difficult to optimize resources due to its size, thus making it complex and slow to load the computer.

Client-Server and Peer-to-Peer Architectures

This architecture is built on the basis that there exists a series of services that are often delivered by servers to the client who made the request. The client in question can include a computer program with the need to make a request for various services. A service, on the other hand, refers to a computer program that provides clients with functionality and often serves other types of computer programs. This scenario shows that one server can serve different clients who can request services from different servers. In this architecture, the servers and the clients run computer programs, and there are varying types of servers, including database server, web server, or file server that is always listening to different requests to respond with an appropriate message. There are many servers installed in one computer in that servers are considered as computer programs rather than a physical computer. This architecture often separates different components into a server and client such that it becomes defined as a centralized model in that functionality is often concentrated into different servers that hold and serve the requests of the clients. A variant of the client-server architecture is the peer-to-peer model where different computers interact such that one makes the request, and the other furnishes the client with the requested service. This model is different from the client-server model in that this peer model lacks the separation between the functionality of the server and the client.

Layering and Stack Architectures

This architecture refers to a stack or layering architecture, which includes the open systems interconnection (OSI) model and the Internet Protocol(IP) or the Transport Control Protocol (TCP). Both of these systems often facilitate the efficient movement of data in diverse networks, although one must be more dominant or important than the other (Lau, 2004). The OSI model comprises different interacting layers, including applications that are used by network applications such as email clients and web browsers. The presentation layer is an interacting layer that receives data from varying application layers in the form of numbers and characters converting the data and compressing it. Other interacting layers include presentation, session, transport, data link, and network.

The overall agility is low in that this architecture makes it difficult to undertake changes since it is cumbersome and time-consuming. This is because of the monolithic aspect of implementations and the coupling of components that makes it difficult to makes changes (Khoury, 2018). This architecture has low ease of deployment and a high degree of testability in that some of the components belong to particular layers while others are stubbed or mocked. The performance is low as a result of the inefficiencies involved in going through the different layers in order to fulfill the request from the client. Although it has a low rating, layering architecture has a high ease of development in that the pattern is famous, and it is easy to implement through the separation of applications and skillsets by different layers – database, business, and presentation. A shopping cart web application is an example of a multi-layered architecture that is common in most e-commerce sites. This application is used in such sites in that it allows users to add the identified items to the cart, make payments, and make necessary changes to the number of items in the cart.

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

This architecture is a type of software design whereby the services are availed by software components over a network to other software components. This architecture has a serving component and a requesting aspect that makes it similar to client-server architecture (Anandamurugan & Priyaa, 2014). This architecture is often established with the component’s interface and mode of communication between different components. The components in these systems are self-contained such that it avoids revealing inner workings. Communication between the components occurs when the calling component identifies the interface of the other serving component. Anandamurugan and Priyaa (2014) explain that unless one knows and identifies the components of the SOA, one cannot call the member function. After they are known, the serving and calling components require communication, which is often done through the eXtensible Mark-up Language (XML). This architecture is most applicable in marketplaces, where the services and components offered are published and cataloged (Anandamurugan & Priyaa, 2014). There are three parts to this architecture, including service registry, service requester, and service provider. This architecture is widely implemented in web services such as the Simple Object Access protocol.

Software as a Service (SaaS)

SaaS is a business model is an advanced version of the traditional style of software that requires installation in that this software does not need to be installed on the user’s machine (Carvalho et al., 2014). Examples of SaaS include Gmail, Google Docs, LinkedIn, and Facebook.

Microservices Architecture

This architecture is a variation on SOA in that it structures software such as a collection of different services, which can be considered as loosely coupled services with the advantage of the ease of testing, reuse, enabling the deploying of services, and promoting parallel development. This architecture is also characterized by lightweight services with ease of implementation in any programming language. However, this software has the drawback of a language lock that is known to pervade the monolithic software. This architecture is advantageous in that it is open to agile development in terms of deployment and continuous releases (Selvaraju, 2018). However, this architecture is also criticized for a high degree of complexity, latency costs, and information barriers. It is applied widely in that the link that exists between agile software development and microservices architecture is mutually supportive. This is the reason why large-scale services, including eBay, Twitter, Amazon, Netflix, and Paypal have evolved from the use of monolithic architecture to microservices architecture.

Conclusion

The development of the software started in the 19th century by Countess Lovelace, who worked on the analytical engine and formed a basis for modern-day calculators. Software architecture had developed from the use of the waterfall model during the 1960s when resultant software were modular in design, an aspect that increases use and maintenance. Although traditional software has become obsolete, various aspects are still relevant, including the virtuous cycle between software capability and computing power. Technology continues to advance as people continue to adopt computing into their lives owing to advanced software architecture, including software as a service (SaaS), layering and stack, monolithic architecture, monoservice architecture, and client-server architecture. In the future, the landscape of developers is likely to change across diverse perspectives, including technological, business, social, and business perspectives. From a social perspective, rich content, navigation paradigm, and user-related content will drive the trends. The business perspective will see improvement in micro-transactions and advanced monetization business models. A technological perspective will give birth to lightweight technologies, including SSE (Streaming SIMD Extensions), Ajax, POX (Plain Old XML), and RSS, which will continue to change the industry in surprising ways.

References

Anandamurugan, S & Priyaa, T (2014). Service Oriented Architecture, Nova Science Publications, Hauppauge, NY, available at: http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.laureate.net.au/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1134313&site=ehost-liveCarvalho, M, Bellotti, F, Berta, R, De Gloria, A, Gazzarata, G, Hu, J & Kickmeier, M (2014). A case study on Service-Oriented Architecture for Serious Games Entertainment Computing, 6(1), pp.1-10, [online] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268816327_A_case_study_on_Service-Oriented_Architecture_for_Serious_Games, accessed 17 June 2019.

Ceruzzi, PE, Aspray, W & Misa, TJ (2003) A History of Modern Computing, ‘Chapter 3: The Early History of Software, 1952-1964’, MIT Press, available at: https://lesa.on.worldcat.org/oclc/53883074KarBytes CS (2011). Intro to Computer Architecture, [online] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEjPop-aK_w, last updated 3 January 2011, accessed 16 June 2019.

Khoury, J (2018). Waterfall Model Definition & Example [online] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_A0E1ToC_I, last updated 14 March 2018, accessed 12 May 2019.

Lau, K-K (2004). Component-based Software Development: Case Studies, World Scientific, New Jersey, USA, available at: http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.laureate.net.au/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e000xww&AN=127449&site=ehost-live.

Moshix (2018). Mainframes, How They Work and What They Do – M80’, [online] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGlC3WXL8FQ, last updated 11 August, 2018, accessed 12 May 2019.

Selvaraju, S 2018 ‘TCP/IP Model’, [online] https://www.lynda.com/IT-Infrastructure-tutorials/TCPIP-model/740413/753484-4.html?org=think.edu.au, last updated 19 June 2018, accessed 17 June 2019.

This is a report of interview conducted on Musimbi Kanyoro, who is the Chief executive officer and president of Global Fund f

INTERVIEW

Overview of the subject

This is a report of interview conducted on Musimbi Kanyoro, who is the Chief executive officer and president of Global Fund for Women (GFW), which is a non-governmental organization, which has multi-objectives. Among the various roles, GFW does consultancy, offering grants, advisory, advocacy, empowerment, peace keeping, and protecting health and sexual rights of women. As will be detailed later, the organization not only benefits the registered members but also the non-member in the attempt to lure them to join. Therefore, from the mission and vision of the organization it was evident that women can make big developmental strides, especially by learning from Musimbi Kanyoro.

Objectively, the interview was meant to research on women who strive so hard on the global avenues to address the social, economic, and political factors that affect the society. With that, the consolidated result will be used to build a database on their profiles, global contributions, their arguments or view points, and drive. As a result, this interview on Musimbi Kanyoro provides an appropriate sample for the whole research.

As a sample interview, I interviewed Musimbi Kanyoro, who apart from being the CEO and the president of GFW is a prominent advocate dealing with girls’ health and women’s rights, and social cultural change philanthropy. Again, Dr. Kanyoro is a transformative leader who has close to three decades of experience in managing and leading international NGOs, cross-cultural enumenical agencies, and global programs and projects. With that experience and global stature, she has acquired strategic and transformative leadership skills that enable her to inspire a number of people in the global arena.

Dr. Kanyoro commenced the interview by questioning why I was interested in their organization out of the very many options; this surprised me but I tried to convince her that from what I know about her and the organization, it would provide the best ideas to answer my research questions. Thereafter, she was very free with me and started by explaining that, despite the commonalities in various organizations, significant disparity is found on how they execute their roles. She further explained that many organizations do duplicate what others do instead of clearly defining their roles, which leads to unhealthy competitions among them. The doctor again stressed on the importance of good leadership that must be transformative, informative, and inclusive to all the stake holders in the organization.

Throughout the interview, Dr. Kanyoro kept consulting her diary, which implicitly revealed the benefits of keeping records. When I asked her how recording keeping is essential for the thriving of their organization, she started a whole new level of discussion about their organization. Explicitly, the organization deals with funding, through mobilizing and dissemination of fund, which inevitably calls for proper record keeping and accounting of all inputs and output.

For better understanding about women and their role, I asked her about personal questions on a general notion so as to grasp the most out of the conversation. She detailed replied by reiterating that, women still represent a minor percentage of what is needed of them. However, she defended women by basing her argument on the crude and unfair social and cultural notions that still prevail worldwide, which sidekick women in favor of male. The answer struck me, so I further enquired why and how she reached to that famous and big position and what drives her? She surprisingly responded that challenges and failures keep her moving as opposed to what people normally look for, success. Doctor Kanyoro explained the whenever she fails in her undertaking, she get a wider field to work on that facilitates t improvement of her efforts and focus.

According to Dr. Kanyoro, if girls and women are given equal platform as women, the world will realize double its growth; not because women work better, but because so many women are not even given a chance to work as their male counterparts. She also approached the idea by saying that most women have been force to relax or render unproductive roles, but the advantaged are overworked, which affect the efficiency and effectiveness of their roles. She again linked women lower plight to global male chauvinism.

Furthermore, the interview revealed that the lady has vast skills to mobilize resources and actions. She does this though her well developed oratory skills and capability of associating with people from several social and cultural backgrounds. In order to achieve this, she learnt several languages, which she claims to be undertaking the lessons regularly so as to maintain and improve her acquaintance. She insisted that proper communication is the foundation for association and leadership.

She is also an author of more than ten articles in addition to writing and co-editing seven books. Additionally, Dr. Kanyoro has made hundreds of speeches coupled with various opinion pieces, which make her frequently sought after to make public speech. She reiterated that her developed communication skills and love for languages have earned her a great stature and global respect, which happened to be a big challenge to the interviewer, me.

In addition, the doctor has served on several international boards, meetings, conferences, workshops, and working groups, some of which include the CHANGE, UN High level Taskforce for Reproductive Health and the boards of CARE, Aspen Leaders council , and IntraHealth (xxxx)

Markedly, Dr. Musimbi Kanyoro holds a PhD education level in Linguistics which she got from the University of Austin and Texas. In addition to that, the lady has a Doctorate in the field of Feminist, which she earned in San Francisco Theological Seminary. From the Harvard University, she studied a course on the Old Testament and Hebrews. Furthermore, she has received various recognition awards and three honorary degrees; for example, she acquired an award on leadership from the government of Kenya. Also, she was recently named in the list of 21 women leaders by Women’s E-News

In conclusion, is a global role model of so many women in the world society that should be emulated in order girls and women to compete their male counterparts. Both implicitly and explicitly from her responses, she has risen to her current position through hard work, tolerance, and mentorship, which all women ought to embrace and apply.

Works Cited

Intro Outline for Exp. 1 Framing Effects

Intro Outline for Exp. 1: Framing Effects

NOTE: You cannot take sentences directly from this outline. You must write in all in your own words

Articles:

Johnson (1987)

Chien, et al. (1996)

Kahneman & Tversky (1973)

Hawkins & Hastie (1990)

Slovic & Fischhoff (1977)

YOU must find at least 5 more (you can use these in other sections of the paper as well)

Introduce and define problem: we all make decisions and choices involving risk (uncertainty). Usually we are good at it; sometimes, not so much! (1,3)

With uncertain decisions, we are essentially “predicting” the likelihood of our desired result (1, 3)

When dealing with uncertainty, 3 things affect our predictions (3)

Prior knowledge

Specific info about the subject/object/person

“expected accuracy of prediction” (YOU MUST EXPLAIN WHAT THIS MEANS ☺ )

C. When expected accuracy is low (i.e. we are not confident in our assessment), we rely more/add more weight to prior knowledge and specific info (1, 3)

This is especially true when we are not given all the information needed (1, 3)

We then rely even more heavily on prior knowledge and heuristics

D. New information can influence us to not rely on our own heuristics or prior experience (1)

2. One such type of influence is framing (how things are worded).

A. Define, explain, give example

B. Some research looked at whether people would chose a positively framed option over a negatively framed one, even if they were the same (1, others, your own articles?)

Demographic differences?

Seems robust- works on everyone, in every situation

Except: when we take into account EUT and Prospect Theory (3)

Expected Utility Theory: when making decisions, we assess probable outcomes by weighing the probabilities of each of them occurring (3)

Prospect Theory: a modified (improved?) version of the EUT (your own articles)

Focuses on decisions involving risk (gambles or prospects)

Insurance example: People like the certainty of coverage for one event better than the possibility of coverage for a bunch of events

Especially when it’s better than the probability of what you might lose

We select the option that we feel is most useful to us

Compare to the idea of “you get what you pay for” (1)

Main point: people are risk aversive (avoid risk) when one of the options is a sure gain; and risk-takers when there is a certainty of a loss.

note that this is about the certainty and sure-gain options, compared to the possible or probable options.

Researchers began looking at other factors that would influence our decision making, and if the Framing Effect is affected by these things. (your own articles)

Demographic differences (others?)

Hmm… so researchers began wondering if the TYPE of risk would be a factor

Morality (others?)

Monetary (2)

Mortality (2)

The results show…

However, overall, research has shown that we seem to be most affected by FE when

we are personally involved in the situation. So how about level of involvement?

Your own life? (others?)

Loved one’s life? (others?)

Strangers’ lives? (2, others?)

The results show…

3.5 Hindsight Bias

What is it? How does it influence decision-making/outcome judgments?

Why does Hindsight bias occur?

Possible explanations?

The current experiment (ours): Purpose:

To understand the susceptibility of people to the framing effect by measuring differing responses based on either a positively or negatively framed prompt.

Will replicate K&T ’81 experiment, with the exception that we will only be using mortality-based scenarios. (This article was not provided for Fall 2021)

Hypothesis

TEST III

Intro to PhilTEST IIIEd AimanPart I: Multiple Choice-Choose the best answer: 3 points each

1. For Nietzsche what has Christianity and Plato done to us?

Made us all peaceful, warless people, never killing others for religious reasons.

Saved us from a life of sin.

Made us into guilt ridden impotent wimps.

Shown us the way to enlightenment.

Answer

Made us into guilt-ridden impotent wimps.

2. In Ch.VI, Wollstonecraft raises several concerns for the way women were socialized. Which of the following would not be an item she addresses in that chapter?

That females are made women of when they are mere children.

That women deserve equal pay for equal work.

That the habitual slavery to first impressions puts women at a disadvantage.

None of the above.

Answer

That the habitual slavery to first impressions puts women at a disadvantage.

3. An explanation(s) Wollstonecraft offers for why women were drawn to the ‘rakish’ character in her day was…?

A. That the façade of the rake is easily detectable, but that his character is exciting.

B. That women could not live without love given the way they were socialized.

C. That the ‘bad boy’ image the rake projected filled their thirst for being provided for and would be the kind of man that would stand up for her.

D. All of the above.

Answer

c. That the ‘bad boy’ image the rake projected filled their thirst for being provided for and would be the kind of man that would stand up for her

4. When Wollstonecraft writes that, “The generality of people cannot see or feel poetically, they want fancy, and therefore fly from solitude in search of sensible objects; but when an author lends them his eyes they can see as he saw, and be amused by images they could not select, though lying before them.” Which of the following relates to that idea?

A. That females are taught to obediently follow the rules without question.

B. That it is advantageous to be alone sometimes.

C. That women were trapped to first impressions.

D. The value and importance of basic literacy skills.

Answer

B. That it is advantageous to be alone sometimes.

Part II: True/False: (a.k.a. flip a coin) 3 points each

5. For Nietzsche, being free means doing what your conscious tells you you should.

TRUE

6. In his book, On Liberty, Mill presents an anti-paternalist view.

TRUE

Part III: Short Answer: In a few actual, complete sentences, respond to the following: (6 points each)

7. Explain one specific example of Nietzsche’s point about the transvaluation of values and how a concept that once was considered bad is now good or what was once consider good now evil in the new system of value in conjunction with the actual lessons provided.

The transvaluation of values is a basic concept of humanity whereby the values held by a group of people ceases to be believed at the moment a new perspective is brought to the people. For example, he gives an example of Christianity and Buddhists. Christians make the human low and do not value the human person especially those who live a good life as it states they live in sin however Buddhism values human life and strives to end suffering. Therefore these two are contradictory and thus Buddhism in this case wins because it replaces Christianity which praises suffering.

8. Explain how Nietzsche would explain the phrase, “live in the moment” as suggested in the actual lessons provided.

He states that living in the moment is the best thing a person can do since they do not have to worry so much about eh past neither do they have to worry so much about eh future because from the present they can decide what kind of future they want and work towards it. therefore he stresses that a person should just look into the past into what they did not do correctly and make sure they do it correctly then the future is aligned.

Part IV: Essays: Write on any two (about one page each or more if possible)

1. Discuss Wollstonecraft’s thoughts on the education of women and the impact that can have on relationships as discussed in the lessons provided. What does she envision the future to be like? Are we there yet? If not, why not?

She was born in 1759 and her father did not provide for her good education. Therefore when she was 18 years she ran from home and she never went back there. She became a companion with a widow and she never stayed for long. However, at the age of 24, she began her school for girls only and this was to provide girls with education which her father never provided. She wrote different books like the vindication of the rights of women which inspired different people greatly to look towards women’s education and make it better for a balanced society.

Wollstonecraft especially celebrates women’s rationality and she values the place of women in the intelligent part of the society as she states that women should be intelligent on their own and not dependent on men. However, for intelligence reasons should be the first thing. And even with the development of intelligence, it does not mean that women to stop siring children. However, with the children and their caring nature women can still be outstanding in their intelligence and be better than thought about by most men. She stated that women should have the same education men have and they should study in the same schools.

2. Discuss Nietzsche’s critique of Plato and Christianity, emphasizing his thoughts on how the value systems hold us back. Be specific when possible with your examples and explanations as per the lessons provided and NOT other unsubstantiated internet sources.

3.Discuss the idea of freedom as found in Mill’s On Liberty and in Nietzsche’s concept of das Ubermensch. What is it to be free according to Nietzsche? Give specific examples as per the actual lessons provided.

4. Wollstonecraft writes, “This habitual slavery, to first impressions, has a more baneful effect on the female than the male character, because business and other dry employments of the understanding, tend to deaden the feelings and break associations that do violence to reason. But females, who are made women of when they are mere children, and brought back to childhood when they ought to leave the go-cart for ever, do have not sufficient strength of mind to efface the superinductions of art that have smothered nature.”- What is she saying here as presented in the actual lessons? What would a specific example of “females who are made women of when they are mere children” look like today and why as suggested in the actual lessons?

The behavior and the making of everyone is a result of their manner of being brought up. For the ladies, it is easy to get caught up by the first impression of something especially men. This, therefore, turns out that it is not the nature of women but their lessons when they were young. It is the same thing for boys who are never so much looked into when they are young to be taught what to look for as first impressions of something. However, ladies are taught these kinds of things, and therefore it is easy for them to identity first impressions of different things and especially men who might love them or who they might fall in love with.

For men, it is different though because they are not taught these but are taught other things like cognitive abilities and how good they can be in practical subjects and less of emotions. Men are taught generally how they can be supportive and protective shields in society, unlike women. Therefore women are made women when they are children the same as men. An example of an actual woman would likely be submissive to their husbands and do household chores and expect the man of the house to provide financial needs of the family.

5. Okay, I couldn’t resist: Discuss the “Dumbassification” of America and what specific factors lead to this phenomenon. Be sure to relate your response in some way to the actual lessons provided at some point in the semester.

social norms

Introduction

In spite of the expansive increase of women in advanced education during the recent decades, the wide example of men picking more math, engineering and science and women picking more education, consideration and humanities holds all through the African countries. During the most recent decades the advanced education frameworks in all developing countries nations have encountered substantial progressions, of which the significant likely is the steady passage of women to the point that they today command the colleges. Aside from a couple of nations, in year 2000 more than 55 percent of the students in advanced education were female. Not only are most student females, as well as acquire the share of four year college educations, as outlined for a couple of nations. Alongside this change, the general desire was that the gender isolation between instructive fields would step by step vanish. Men were required to begin contemplating education to a bigger degree, while women were relied upon to begin perusing engineering and physical sciences. While there has been a meeting in the decision of real, a momentous level of sexual orientation isolation still remains. As a rule, gender fairness has been arrived at in subjects like law, drug and business & organization. A couple of subjects, for example, life sciences and brain science, have passed from being male-commanded to being female-ruled amid the previous decades.

Social norms are known to influence a single person in her/his decisions from numerous points of view. On account of subject of degree, therapists and sociologists have amid the most recent years indicated an arrangement of elements that could influence decision of major at the college, which all fit in with the social norms classification. Most importantly, it creates the impression that “even people who don’t generally accept that men are more skilled than women are likely mindful that this conviction exists in the society and expect that others will treat them as indicated by this (Swai 45). This desire has been indicated to adjust conduct and inclination judgments. That is, regardless of the fact that an individual does not accept that she (he) is sub-par (prevalent) to any other person, the sheer conviction and conviction that others suspect as much influences conduct. Second, it creates the impression that arithmetic, designing and other ‘bad-to-the-bone’ logical subjects are seen as ‘manly (Swai 45)’. Given that there seems, by all accounts, to be no investigative backing for such thoughts, they are by definition social builds (that may be some piece of a social standard). As per analysts and sociologists, this infers that a lady’s perception toward oneself could be adversely influenced by entering this field of study, since she then breaks the social desires and need to persuade both herself and whatever remains of the world that she is in the same class as any man in her “manly” field of study (Ambanasom 67). At last, social norms, in opposition to intrinsic inclination – practically by definition – change about whether with societal and social patterns. The women’ development in the 1960s and 1970s may well have impelled changes in instructive norms, which gradually have had pervasive impacts on women’ and men’s decisions of major.

Women because of their obligation regarding home and family, pick a major that does not lose its esteem about whether, in the same way as education. This speculation can’t, nonetheless, be the whole clarification behind the example within reach. Above all else, women with a four year certification are more probable both to be working full-time and to put off their first youngster a few years (in correlation to women with less education). This recommends that these women are generally arranged towards work market movement (Ambanasom 86). Women constitute 50% of the students in law and more than a large portion of the students in life sciences, two subjects that are profoundly delicate to a consistent upgrading of information. It has been contended that women maintain a strategic distance from the most prestigious education, for example, physical science and law. While truly there are few women in physical science, it is not valid for law, which shows that it is not the degree of renown of a certain instructive program that anticipates women to enter, but instead something else. Truth be told, the prerequisite for solution and science (both female-ruled fields in 2000) are like those for perusing arithmetic and material science, subjects with a solid male-predominance (Nafukho, Maurice, and Ruth 102). Social norms are absolutely a variable to consider, and an additionally early decision in auxiliary school together with potential varieties in comes back to subject of degree.

Challenges facing women scientists and engineers today

Women have progressed beyond anyone’s expectations as researchers and designers; a couple of them are heads of colleges and CEOs in investigative and building organizations. The issue is with the words “a couple” rather than “harshly half.” Despite 30 years of exertion to close the sex crevice, it hasn’t happened. Expanding consideration has been attracted to the issues confronted by women in science, building and engineering (SET). Women are unequally spoken to in science and their vocation movement is not similar to their male associates. The developing enthusiasm toward this point might somewhat be a direct result of the developing familiarity with the tremendous undiscovered monetary potential that women speak to (Lewis 75). The issue crosses national fringes yet appears to be prone to be best handled at a mixed bag of levels from neighborhood and provincial to national and global. The European Union, for instance, has as of late set up a ‘women and Science’ division to accumulate facts (of which few are at present accessible) and has made a system for women in these fields, activities that are as per its general standards in regards to equivalent open doors. (At the point when the Community was set up, the idea of equivalent open doors was restricted to the guideline of equivalent compensation. Correspondence of chance is presently sanctified in the Treaty of Amsterdam as one of the European Union’s targets (Lewis 85). The Treaty’s later Articles will empower fitting measures to be taken against segregation, and gives the particular legitimate premise to balance of treatment in the middle of men and women.) But in the USA the social event of such facts has been drilled since 1981, with the executive of the National Science Foundation consistently showing up for Congress and government authorities on the amount of women in business and preparing in science and designing (Misra 84).

Hard actualities on the urgent phases of a lady’s vocation in science are fragmentary, however mounting confirmation and episodic reports have a tendency to concur. Those staying in science frequently confront segregation, being utilized on a less secure balance and accepting lower awards than their male associates. In the interim, women that leave science for option professions can toll minimal better. In spite of the fact that there may be just a handful of studies, they progressively give weight to the recommendation that sexual orientation inclination is still fit as a fiddle, and without a doubt kicking. A fascinating perception is that African colleges making the most advancement at enhancing the position of women are those that have been as of late changed from specialized universities (Misra 96). This, which is humiliating for the more established, since a long time ago settled colleges, may be uncovering, that a male-commanded society exists in the customary focuses of advanced education that can militate against women’ accomplishing status or even correspondence. Such a “stronghold” climate does not win to the same degree in the “new” African colleges.

Women are under-spoken to on investigative sheets as they are on sheets in the corporate world. In a few nations, in the same way as Lewis, standards are connected to sheets delegated by the National Research Councils, yet in spite of these exertions, men are especially over-spoken to on choice boards inside the regular sciences and technology. The other challenge is when women attempt to have their youngsters. It hard to return once you’ve had a profession break and there are two explanations behind this. In most different employments, there is a profession structure and you’re utilized forever – you work for a firm, you have your agreement, with maternity leave and different rights obviously settled and anticipated (Misra 109). In science, you just have security in your ahead of schedule to mid- 30s, when you get a lectureship for instance and that being said it’s so shaky. It’s extremely uncommon for somebody on their 20s to have a lasting, secure occupation, which means they’re on delicate cash contracts which mean you’re just on a par with the amount of papers you distribute. In the event that you then require some serious energy off to have children, it means you’re contending with men who are two of three years in front of you despite the fact that they’re the same age, in light of the fact that they haven’t had the same profession breaks that you’ve had (Misra 119). These issues are especially clear in the realm of experimental exploration, which must be seen as an exceptional case.

Strategies to improve working environment

Working conditions alludes to the working environment and parts of a worker’s terms and states of business. This spreads such matters as: the association of work and work exercises; preparing, abilities and employability; wellbeing, security and prosperity; and working time and work-life offset. Pay is likewise an imperative part of working conditions. Gender uniformity is not pretty much financial strengthening (Lewin, Bruce and Paul 56). It is an ethical basic, it is about decency and value, and incorporates numerous political, social and social measurements. Sexual orientation correspondence, in any case, is likewise a key element in reported toward oneself prosperity and joy over the world. So as to enhance the nature, the government ought to give great quality competitive childcare for all folks and paid maternity leave for moms in business. Support a more equivalent imparting of parental leave, likewise by holding piece of the paid leave qualification for the elite use by fathers (Lewin, Bruce and Paul 60).

The government ought to uproot disincentives to paid work made by expenses and profit frameworks and guarantee that work pays for both folks. This is on the grounds that formal childcare backing is especially vital for raising female business levels and for accomplishing more sexual orientation balance all through the working life. The government ought to address social boundaries and generalizations about the part of women in the public eye, business and the general population division (DuBrin 65). This is on the grounds that women accomplish more unpaid work than men in all nations and the gender crevice builds with the landing of kids. The government ought to acquaint targets and measures with screen advance on female representation on sheets of recorded organizations. This is on the grounds that women frequently work low maintenance as it encourages consolidating work and family obligations, yet this habitually has a go at an expense to their long haul vocation and income prospects.

The government should fortify the ability to apply a sexual orientation responsive approach all through the general population money related administration cycle and improve sex sway appraisals. This is on the grounds that in a lot of people low-pay nations, youngsters are more prone to be none, of these occupied with paid work nor in education or preparing than young people.

The government ought to guarantee that arrangements for women claimed undertakings target new companies and little ventures, as well as energize and help development desire of all current firms. This is on the grounds that Women are less sharp than men on beginning their own particular business and women ambitious people keep on being a minority in all nations. There ought to be Promotion of exhaustive help projects focusing on women possessed undertakings in cutting edge parts (DuBrin 76). This is on account of endeavors possessed by women are essentially more diminutive and less spoken to in capital-concentrated segments and these and different components have a tendency to punish them as far as deals, benefits and work profit. The government ought to guarantee equivalent access to back for male and female ambitious people. This is on account of women ambitious people depend significantly short of what men on advances, both for start-up and for financing their exercises.

Changes in meeting expectations conditions and different parts of the livelihood relationship can produce genuine mechanical relations issues. One issue is that specialists might not have exact data about their working conditions in any case. This was tended to by Council Directive 91/533/EEC of 14 October 1991 on an executive’s commitment to advise workers of the conditions pertinent to the agreement or business relationship (Wunderlich and Peter 95). The mandate stipulates that the boss must give data coating all ‘crucial parts’ of the job relationship. The head honcho is obliged to set up a report with the essential data, and offer it to the representative not later than two months after the beginning of vocation. Further, another record that reflects any progressions in center working conditions must be issued. The ordinary principle is that a business can’t change the terms and states of work without the assent of the worker, when such alterations are outside the government privilege (Wunderlich and Peter 103). Thus, simply educating the worker by a composed proclamation is not indisputable of the presence of a concurred change in the terms. At the point when the boss does not have the right in the agreement – in the event that they attempt to modify rates of pay, hours of work, or the status or evaluation of the worker – they must get the representative’s assent before the change can have any lawful impact. The presence of a composed explanation does not imply that it has been concurred and is along these lines tyWork cited

Ambanasom, S A. Education of the Deprived: Anglophone Cameroon Literary Drama. Mankon,Cameroon: Langaa Research & Pub, 2010. Print

DuBrin, Andrew J. Leadership: Research Findings, Practice, and Skills. Boston: HoughtonMifflin, 2001. Print.

Lewin, David, Bruce E. Kaufman, and Paul Gollan. Advances in Industrial and Labor Relations:Vol. 17. Bingley: Emerald, 2010. Print.

Lewis, Richard D. When Cultures Collide: Managing Successfully Across Cultures. London:Nicholas Brealey, 2000. Print.

Misra, Baidyanath. Population Stabilisation and Development. Cuttack: Council of CulturalGrowth & Cultural Relations, 2002. Print.

Nafukho, Fredrick, Maurice Amutabi, and Ruth Otunga. Foundations of Adult Education inAfrica. Hamburg: UNESCO Inst. for Education, 2005. Print.

Sutherland-Addy, Esi. Gender Equity in Junior and Senior Secondary Education in Sub-SaharanAfrica. Washington (D.C.: World Bank, 2008. Print.

Swai, Elinami V. Beyond Women’s Empowerment in Africa: Exploring Dislocation and Agency.New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010

Wunderlich, Gooloo S, and Peter O. Kohler. Improving the Quality of Long-Term Care.Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2001. Print.

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social norms

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