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Visual Argument Essay

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Visual Argument Essay

‘A picture is worth a thousand words’ is a famous statement, and one that is very true. An image can be used to deliver an intended message without the need for any words. Pictures are quite powerful because they can convey emotions and give the viewer an actual feel of a situation rather than just describing it. For example, if a person were to describe a victim severely injured in a car crash, it would have less impact than an image of the same. Pictures employ pathos, ethos, and logos in order to persuade the reader to take a specific stance or action. Disasters are an example of situations where images are more powerful than words. In 2010, a massive earthquake struck Haiti destroying homes and lives, leaving millions homeless, hopeless, and hungry. The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) used powerful images that utilized ethos, pathos, and logos to mobilize aid and donations to Haiti.

The image shows the destruction in the wake of the earthquake, and the focus is on the little girl. The girl is staring off into the distance with rubble and debris behind her. The image elicits an emotional reaction for the viewer because the girl has lost her home and probably her family. Pathos is evident in this case because the viewer will feel sorry for the girl (Wróbel 412), it is clear that she is suffering and there is little hope. Some of the questions that a person would ask after looking at this picture include, where is her family? Has she eaten any food? Where will she sleep? All these elicit pity and will convince the viewer to make a donation to UNICEF, which will help the girl to get her life back. At that particular moment, she has nothing in the world, and no human being would want to imagine a child suffering like that.

Logos is the use of facts and figures to convey an intended message (Wróbel 419). The caption accompanying the image explained that in the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, 90% of schools were destroyed, and children could not get an education. In addition to this, 230,000 people were killed, and over 2000000 displaced from their homes. With forty percent of Haiti’s population under the age of fourteen, children were clearly the most affected in the earthquake (Sanderson et al. 35). From the loss of homes and schools to the loss of loved ones, UNICEF showed up to give any assistance that the children would need to cope with the disaster. On hearing this explanation of the important work that UNICEF does, many people would be motivated to make a donation and be a part of the efforts to save Haiti’s children.

The ethos in the image is that it is from UNICEF, a reputable organization that fights for the rights and freedoms of children all over the world. UNICEF has offices in 190 countries around the globe, showing that it is committed to children’s issues, especially in areas affected by war, famine, terrorism, epidemics, and other natural disasters (Sanderson et al. 39). People can be sure that the donations they make will reach Haiti and make a difference in the lives of the children, given the extensive logistical networks that UNICEF has in many countries.

In conclusion, pathos, ethos, and logos are a vital part of making an argument using an image. The image that UNICEF used to ask people to donate towards the recovery efforts in Haiti was an effective one because it employed these techniques. After looking at the picture, many people made donations to the reputable organization because it elicited an emotional reaction, and the donations would benefit millions in Haiti.

Works Cited

Sanderson, Rebecca Cornelli, et al. “Building resilience in children and their communities following disaster in a developing country: responding to the 2010 earthquake in Haiti.” Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma 9.1 (2016): 31-41.

Wróbel, Szymon. “Logos, Ethos, Pathos. Classical Rhetoric Revisited.” Polish Sociological Review 191.3 (2015): 401-421.

Summary Rethinking the Meat-Guzzler

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Summary: Rethinking the Meat-Guzzler

A comparison of meat and oil

Adverse effects of meat factories on the environment, human health and animals themselves

Remedies to negative consequences of meat factories

Consumer awareness of costs of industrial meat production

Reconciling environmental protection and demand for animal products

The article ‘Rethinking the Meat-Guzzler’ was written by Mark Bittman and published in The New York Times in 2008. It talks about production of meat in meat factories, its disadvantages and possible remedies. Meat and oil share several characteristics; both are subsidized by the federal government, increasing demand and overconsumption. Demand for meat globally has grown by unprecedented levels. Americans’ consumption of meat has increased by 50 pounds per person from 50 years ago. This is due to increase in wealth as well as the increase in meat factories. Total meat supply in the world had doubled since the 1960s, and is expected to double further by 2050. Meat prices have mostly held steady and even price spikes are not expected to affect demand.

The effects of these meat factories are adverse, release of greenhouse gases, pollution of water bodies, and consumption of huge quantities of grain that has led to destruction of rainforests to grow crops. More meat production means a higher demand for feed like grains. Most of the soy and corn grown in the world feeds livestock, despite the fact that about 800 million people suffer from malnutrition worldwide. Animal factories produce about a fifth of total greenhouse gases, which is higher than levels produced by the transport industry.

Mass growing of grain to feed livestock in meat factories cause water quality problems in rivers and streams. Such a diet increased the efficiency of mass production and confinement. Antibiotics administered to livestock in these factories have caused cases of antibiotic resistance in human beings. Other consequences on the health of humans include causing cancer, diabetes and heart disease.

There are several measures that can be put in place to remedy the many problems caused by meat consumption and production especially in meat factories. The first is better waste management. Removal of subsidies by the federal government would also go a long way. Better farming practices such as livestock breeding would reduce the detrimental effects of meat farming. Technology is another area that must be explored. In vitro production of meat is a real possibility in the future. Animal waste can be used to generate electricity. Grazing is a viable alternative as well, although it would reduce production capacities by a big margin.

In order to make real changes to industrial meat farming, consumers need to be made aware of the real costs such as degradation of water bodies and dumping of wastes. Animal welfare should also be a concern in large meat factories where animals are confined. It is also more worthwhile to use grain to feed starving fellow human beings over livestock. Other effects such as deforestation, diseases, and climate change should also be enough to shift consumers towards more plant and less animal consumption.

Public relations exercises such as those against cigarettes can be effective. Consumers should be encouraged to preserve their environment while prioritizing their health and making the planet a better place. The demand for animal products and environmental protection can be resolved. There have already been positive steps such as Americans choosing to purchase organic foods and meat and dairy products that have been produced sustainably.

Stakeholders and their Interests or Concerns

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Stakeholders and their Interests or Concerns

Known to have adverse effects on the environment and the population at large if not well contained, some chemical wastes that if released to the environment will not only affect the immediate surrounding but also maintain the trend to the coming generations for a long period.

A government in its rightful position obligates to protect its citizens from such harmful exposures through either organizing proper disposals of the chemical wastes or banning the exploitation of resources that cause more harm than good. Implementation of strict laws should be the order of the day in curbing the dubious behaviors of multinationals that engage in this kind of exploitation.

Chevron has continuously assaulted the environment and destroyed lives in different countries all over the world where the corporation owns plants with its many effects visible and evident (Rainforest Action Network, 1). The drill for oil in the Amazon rain forest in northern Ecuador produces 18.5 gallons of toxic wastes that dumps into the streams where the population drinks and bathes. This dumping goes to the books of history as the largest environmental disaster by man ever. The waste contained lethal concentrations of some of the most dangerous chemicals known to man. The corporation considered this the only way of reducing costs of production by $3 a barrel leading to a sick population. The children and newborns, as the rates of defective births increased alarmingly felt the effects of the dumping.

The chemicals also caused ruptured pipelines that lead to gas flaring. The lives of the Ecuadorians were affected greatly many sectors of the economy from fishing to farming were threatened by the dumping (Rainforest Action Network, 1). Drinking he contaminated water was hazardous to the health of the people forcing them to seek alternative ways of life.

A ruptured pipe in Richmond California plant caused a fire, and instead of the corporation working on ensuring safety to the people, it has been trying to update the plant to process heavier oil grades that translate into increased rates of asthma, cancer, and heart diseases.

The corporation’s income policy far overrides the population safety as its depicted in the Alberta tar Sands oil reserve that the Canadian government considered the most destructive project on earth (Desmogblog, 1). The corporation ignored the reputational and competitive risks regarding the project and has since caused environmental impact to Canada with the destruction of habitats, formation of toxic lakes and clear cutting of Boreal forest.

Desmogblog (1) reveals that the corporation’s plan to keep its shareholders from voting on a resolution to the addressing of climate-related risks asking the corporation to address risks related to: water resources, biodiversity, and indigenous populations show how the company cannot handle the situations they create.

Corporations that engage in activities that impact on the environment should first pass an environmental assessment test for the safety of a nation’s biodiversity and indigenous populations. The government should impose strict penalties on these corporations in case of violation of such rules that put the interest of the population first. Shareholders too should not only look at what trickles into their pockets but on the welfare of the population that provides them with resources for their success.

Works Cited

Desmogblog. “Top 10 Facts About the Alberta Oil sands”. 11 Mar. 2007. Web. 01 Mar. 2013.

Rainforest Action Network. “Chevron’s Toxic Legacy in Ecuador”. 03 Feb. 2011. Web. 28 Feb. 2013.

Male and Female Genital Alteration

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Male and Female Genital AlterationMale circumcision and female genital mutilation has many controversies starting from the procedures and the reasons why it should be practiced. There are different times for practicing male circumcision in the region some do it when children are barely months old while some practice it when children are full grown. A rose by name gives details on male and female genital alliteration which occurs under different surgical procedures. Circumcision is very common unlike FGM which is prohibited in several countries. WHO has given the standard procedures of circumcision and has characterised FGM as illegal. The only time female genitals should be cut is for medical reasons that require an emergency other than this, it is violation of a girl’s and women’s rights.

Just like everyone would, I am against female genital mutilation since it has adverse effects on both emotional and physical. FGM has reportedly lowered self-esteem on women. Even though the article sees less effect of FGM especially on the sexual ability and response in women, the act has effects on sexual urge. Effects of FGM include hhemorrhage; infection/tetanus; urine retention; intense pain; shock and damage to adjacent organs. The article gives the cons of FGM whereby it increases the female’s vulnerability to reproductive system infections. For the case of the male genital alteration, there is a valid reason behind it. Unlike in female where FGM increases chances of STIs such as HIV, in the males MGA reduces chances of HIV infections.

Just like the article says, there are people who support both FGA and MGA and some support only one. There are those who do not support genital alterations. Due this controversies, FGA is still practiced in some placed however with a different name. Just like not everyone agrees to either of the practices, parents should not allow their children’s genitals to be altered because of cultural practices and beliefs. However, if need be, parent should do so because of proven scientific and medical reasons. The alteration done should not affect the child’s health at any point. For the males, I suppose parents should only allow circumcision and not any other form of genital alterations. For the case of females, no procedures should be done unless it is for medical reasons. Just like the Article propose that all FGA and MGA procedures should be certified and standard procedures provided by the health organizations. The other procedures leave the child at a high risk of different medical conditions such as over bleeding and getting infections. Cultural assumptions are not proven at any point even though it is not easy to escape from them.

The most intriguing issue the article presents is the fact that FGA has no effect on sexual habits on a female. This is not what I thought. Everyone grows up knowing that the reason behind FGM is to reduce female’s vulnerability to masturbation and several sexual feelings. I find what the article give as a research done on Nigerian women as controversial. It came to my shock that MGA just like FGA is considered to have some disadvantages. The men experienced greater harm because it seems that the women suffered only nicks to their clitoris, whereas the men had their entire foreskin amputated. The greater harm is also accompanied by intense pain. The article did a good job in giving details on both FGA and MGA as practice in the current world. Much of what is said in the article is true and it is experience by young males and females. The processes of genital alteration are delicate and the doctor has recommended one to go through the processes, then it should be done by licenced and qualified personnel.

Reference

Darby, Robert, and J. Steven Svoboda. “A rose by any other name? Rethinking the similarities and differences between male and female genital cutting.” Medical anthropology quarterly 21.3 (2007): 301-323.

Lochner v. New York

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Lochner v. New York

Dissenting opinion

Introduction

I genuinely apologize for I am unable to agree with the ruling in this case, and that I believe, it my obligation to articulate my dissent. The universal right to create an agreement in relation to his company is part of the liberty secluded by the Fourteenth Amendment, and this comprises the right to purchase and sell labor, apart from when it is controlled by the State in the justifiable implementation by its police power (Larry and Jeff, 71).

The interests of both parties in relation to labor and liberty to contract are both taken care of. Thus, as much as an employee has the right to sell his labor so does the employer has the right to buy the same, in a mutually agreeable terms and conditions (Larry and Jeff, 71)

Deliberating through this case requires one to concentrate on some two fundamental questions which can help one to come up with a very important judgment. These questions are: one which of two powers or rights shall prevail? And two, is it the control of the State to legislate? Or is it the individual’s right to liberty and freedom of contract?

This case was ruled upon an economic theory which a large part of the country does not entertain. My divergent view is advanced by a range of decisions of this court that state constitution and state laws might control life in numerous ways which law makers might think as imprudent or oppressive as in this case, as well as interfere with the liberty to contract.

Section 110 of the labor law of the State of New York, provide that “…no employees shall be required or permitted to work in bakeries more than sixty hours in a week, or ten hours a day…” (Larry and Jeff, 71)

In my view this is an illegitimate exercise of the police power of the State. It is an irrational, redundant, subjective intrusion and interference with the right and freedom of a person to treaty, in relation to work. Therefore, it is in conflict with, the Federal Constitution besides, it is null and void.

There is no justifiable argument, on the score of health, for meddling with the autonomy of the individual or the right of open agreement, by influencing the hours of labor, in the profession of a baker. Neither can a law limiting such hours be acceptable as a health decree to protect the health, of the public or the health of the persons following that profession.

Those who concur with this ruling may want to suggest that if the baker works more hours then, the public health is in danger may have some sense but that does not overrule the fact that chances are still there for the baker to make the same mistake even in the very first hour of him reporting to work.

The task of explaining that this statute is despicable to the provisions of the Federal established law. Besides, the New York act under deliberation involves an implementation of the police power of the State; without a clear attempt to justify the applicability of police powers.

The New York act now before this court has no emergency clause in it, and, if it is legal, there are no situations and no urgent situations under which the least infringement of the provisions of the New York act would be innocent. Consequently, the court ruled using a New York act which in itself has serious flows.

I personally do not have problem with the various rulings that have been made pertaining this case, but my major concern is the New York act that we put in place and actually which was ostensibly used to make the ruling.

The act ought to have been more inclusive in terms of protecting the rights of each and every individual. Besides, laws should have checks and balances besides the due process of the act need to have been observed as well as the law of natural justice.

Considering the fact that the employee might have required to work more hours to earn extra coin, then this New York act could have infringed in his right to contracting as well as the right of the employer to contract.

I think the limits of police powers have been exceeded in this case. Supporting this argument by looking at each working environment there is at least certain risks, however small, that are involved. In other words, there is no environment, what so ever, that is risk free.

Nonetheless, logically reasoning, there are some working environments that warrant police powers. Looking at this case; the situation here does not necessitate the application of the police powers. This is because the health concerns in this case does not hold any ground. Thus, I do not agree that the statute in focus qualifies to be purported and qualify to be health law.

Philosophically, it may be true that the working conditions of a bakery may not be as healthy as other working condition. It can also be true that it can also possibly be healthier than others. The majority understanding holds that the working conditions of a baker have never been regarded as unhealthy. I believe that in this respect therefore, there are certain conditions that need to b enshrined in our legislation so that it become clearer what actually constitutes a health hazard and therefore requires enactment of certain statutes that protect public health.

There is need to be clear as to what factor overrides the other when faced with such cases where health issues and economics issues are matters of concern.

There should be concrete evidence of the potential existence of harmful risks other than some small amount of unhealthiness to call for legislative interference with individual’s liberty.

This is in an effort to make sure that not infringement of an individual right and liberty to contracting. Without these measures, then no profession or any occupation can be free from the jaw of authority and act of government.

Consequently the state, in pursuance of a robust and healthy nation, should put in place health legal frameworks that are valid and are passed by the police power. With this notion in mind therefore, one can say that in this case, the New York act is not, within any just connotation an expression of a health law, but is an unnecessary, illegitimate hindrance of the constitutional rights of individuals, both the employers and employees, to enter into labor agreement; which they feel or think is best for them.

Certainly, for every law there must be exceptions, but regarding this New York act, that was used to deliberate of the judgment, there is no such exception. Even further, the reasoning does not make sense because if the same act permits the baker to work ten hours meaning the baker should be exposed to the purported unhealthy condition for ten hours.

The same statute now wants to “protect” the baker from the unhealthy condition for, let’s say, an extra hour a day or six hours a week. There is no wisdom in this reasoning in this statute. Because the same law says okay, let the baker/public be exposed to unhealthy risks for sixty hours a week and be “protected” for six hour a week!

Simply mathematical or statistical analysis here will lead one to believe that the fact is the baker is exposed to the alleged unhealthy risk for longer hours than he is protected.

In conclusion, considering all these facts, a prevention to enter into any deal of labor in a bakery for more than a certain number of hours a week, is, in my ruling, so completely a matter which is not reasonable and unfair legislation. I thus, dissent.

 

Works Cited

Larry, May and Brown Jeff. Philosophy of law: classic and contemporary readings. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

Learning plan 10

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Learning plan 10

Among the things, I would learn that could make my personal life better are improving my communication skills and being confident. Communication is an essential element of living a better life. Good communication skills will help one relate well with others in society both at the place of work and in residential areas. The ability to speak one’s mind gives you peace and satisfaction having known that you are understood well by others. Communication also involves the ability to listen to others. One should be in a position to listen to others and what they have to say especially when one is seeking to be understood and vice versa. Not paying attention could lead to chaos that may arise due to misunderstandings and poor interpretation in both verbal and written communication.

The other thing I look forward to learning and improving it is self-confidence. Confidence is superior to even communication itself. It is the act of believing in oneself and believing that you will succeed. Confession is a possession, and thus confidence translates to success. Self-confidence is the ultimate backbone in leading a healthy life free from poor esteem or possession of some amounts of esteem issues. One can predict their life with a good level of self-confidence.

Furthermore, communication could affect one’s career and professional life. Good communication skills will have one in clear and good terms with his/her colleagues at workplace. I would work on my choice of words while addressing people at work, for instance, clients or fellow workmates. Good communication skills are essential in any career since it saves time that one could have used to repeat or emphasize on what they said earlier, for instance, in the presentation. Proper grammar in writing is especially punctuation can change the meaning of what you are trying to communicate. Similarly, verbal cues in the presentation may not be in sync with one’s words in a presentation which will send a different message altogether.

Learning will enable one to discover new concepts and practice them in mathematics. There could be some new concepts on how to evaluate certain problems and solving them easily, and through learning, I will be able to internalize them. In business, learning would enable me to learn skills such as collaborating instead of dictating during communication which will improve my business skills. Also through learning, I would learn how to use various communication skills to my benefit. Lastly, I would learn how to manage my finances through learning. Learning to make and stick to a budget will help me track all my money and account for every penny I spend.

When I retire, I want to have enough money to support myself, my entire family, and be able to donate some to charity. To achieve my goal, I would have to learn how to save. As much as I have to balance between spending and earning, I have to chip in the savings idea. For one to save effectively, one is advised to save then spend what is left after saving rather than spending and saving what is left. Savings calls for discipline especially when it comes to expenditure routine. Without discipline one may end up spending everything than end up retiring poor.

Career mentorship is an important component of achieving one’s career goals. Mentorship programs are available throughout school and even during working phases of life. Employers often create time for mentorship programs through business conferences and workshops whereby employees get insights from those ahead of them in time and success. So yes, there is some who can mentor me towards achieving my career goals.

Are workshops necessary? Do people learn from each other in workshops and conferences or do they learn from the speakers?

References

http://www.careerspots.com/newplayer/default.aspx?key=dIFPmKc-nT4yTAY3fDu3BA2&

Liquid waste management

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Liquid waste management

Megan Kanka was a seven year old girl abducted and subsequently raped and killed by a neighbor in Hamilton Township, New Jersey on July 29th 1994, a crime that elicited national attention and legal debate. Jesse Timmendequas, a twice convicted pedophile, was the perpetrator of this crime. He had pleaded guilty in both previous cases involving two girls separately, a five-year old and a seven-year old (Shultz). In this third case, he lured Megan into his house purporting that he wanted to show her a puppy; he then proceeded to rape and kill her. Accordingly, using overwhelming evidence, the offender was found guilty of several counts of aggravated sexual assault and felony murder for killing the young girl while committing other atrocities on her. The jury ruled that Timmendequas carried out the crime “purposely” and “out of his own conduct”, propping his eligibility for a death penalty. He was sentenced to death, a ruling that was upheld by the Supreme Court of New Jersey on appeal CITATION Joh10 l 1033 (Scheb, 2010).

This Case was the basis for the adoption of Megan’s law

. With all the controversy surrounding it, it requires that the names of sexual offenders and pictures of their faces be distributed to members of a community in the event that such an offender resides among them. The profiles of these offenders are also available in databases accessible by any interested group or persons (Shultz, 2005). The New Jersey legislature was prevailed upon to adopt the Sex offender Community Notification into law. Eventually, the U.S Congress cemented a legislation that required every State to register certain specified offences and the offenders. It subsequently raised the bar for every State to implement community notification. This law had unanimous approval in most States, with some such as Florida not bothering to debate the positives over the negatives of enacting such a law (Siegel, 2011). However, Courts took a more critical assessment of these laws and struck out parts of the provisions. Scholars of law also had varied reactions and criticism.

. Coming before it was the Weterlling Act enacted by Congress in 1994, stipulating that all offenders charged and convicted with sexual offenses be registered. The Megan Case provided a platform for the improvement of this Act: Emanating from the huge debate it elicited nationwide, there emerged the policy for mandatory registration of all sex offenders, including related offences such as false imprisonment and kidnapping. It would not only stop at that, communities were to be notified if and when a known sexual predator or a previous sexual offender moved into a neighborhood. Another law, the Pam Lyncher Sexual Offender Tracking and Identification Act of 1996 facilitated the creation of a federal database for tracking already registered sexual offenders. Megan’s Law set the precedent for sex-offence laws on other States: they include North Carolina’s Amy Jackson Law, Indiana’s Zachary’s Law and Texas’ Ashley’s Law (Neumann, 2010).

It led to revisions in policies that ensured the rights to privacy and security of every citizen as would be cited by defense attorneys handling such cases. Child Victimization became a more serious offence with Megan’s law entrenched in the Court System. In its entirety, this case highlighted the role of legislative debate towards instigation and formulation of new laws.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Duttweiler, Rudolf. Managing Liquidity in Banks: A Top Down Approach. hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2009.

Neumann, Caryn E. Sexual crime: a reference handbook . Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2010.

Scheb, John M. Criminal Law and Procedure . Stamford: Cengage Learning, 2010.

Shin, Hyun Song. Risk and Liquidity. oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Shultz, David. Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2005.

Siegel, Larry J. Criminology. Stamford: Cengage Learning, 2011.

Paley’s Argument on Existence of God

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Paley’s Argument on Existence of God

There have been several arguments about the existence of God. Some consider God to be there and others consider the reverse. Among those who have tried to give people arguments about the existence of God is Paley. In his Design Argument, Paley is transferring his inference about the organization and design of watches to the organization and design of nature. In simple terms, his analogical argument is a comparison between two systems. Paley gives an inference conclusion towards the existence of God. The paper is going to focus on Paley’s argument that God exists.

Paley starts with an anthropic principle is that there is a direct link between our observation of the universe and the ‘boundary conditions’ which brought it into existence. William Paley’s argument claim that you can clearly distinguish rocks from objects that are designed for this case God designed human being unique.

The first part of Paley’s argument is that he puts forward the argument for design in the form of an analogy. If we come across a watch, we conclude that all parts fit together for a purpose and had not come into existence by chance. If we look at the world, we can infer design because of how things fit together for a purpose. Paley thought that a similar conclusion might be drawn from intricate mechanisms of the human body. He used the example of an eye and how it is adapted for sight. He argued this was God.

Design qua Regularity is the second argument Paley gives. He used evidence from astronomy and Newton’s law of motion and gravity to prove that there is design in the universe. Pointed to the rotation of the planets in the solar system, and how they obey the same universal laws, and hold their orbits because of gravity. This could not have come about by chance, and this must be through God.

He also gives the watchmaker analogy whereby, In crossing a heath, suppose one pitched his foot against a watch and was asked how the watch came to be there, one would give a direct answer of he does not know. He tells us that every indication of contrivance, every manifestation of design, which existed in the watch, exists in the works of nature; with the difference, on the side of nature, of being greater or more, and that in a degree which exceeds all computation. All these things happen through God.

When we look at human artefacts, we see evidence of complexity which requires explanation. We assume the existence of a designer or creator. Working on a principle of ‘like causes produce like effects,’ Paley concludes that what is true of human design, can also be said of nature and God. This complexity, purpose or regularity cannot have been brought by chance. Therefore, the best explanation is the existence of a divine intelligence designer and creator which is God. The analogy by Paley is valid from the way he presents his arguments. Possible to be compatible with the theory of evolution, which provides a mechanistic explanation of a system, but doesn’t provide a final explanation of why the system is set up as it is.

Reference

William Paley’s Argument on The Existence of God

They say I say analysis.

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They say I say analysis.

English learners always think that academic writing is all about grammar, spelling, and structure which is not the case. College writing requires a lot of skills and knowledge on what to do. The book, They Say, I Say The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing by Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein is a good example of a text that explains this. The book has a great impact on how to write in many schools in the United States. According to Gerald, students make writing appear to be a hard task than it is thus the goal of the text is to make academic writing better by removing the mystery out of it (Graff, G., and Cathy B. pg. 2). These two authors help us to structure our work, think critically and make it interesting.

Reading the text, they say I say makes me feel smarter while reading it because I now know what to do after reading the book. First, through the templates, Gerald and Cathy enlighten me on how to explain and formalize counter-arguments, for example, I still insist that, though I concede with, and I believe that. This is counter arguments for the ‘I say ‘ while they say can be explained by, In recent discussions of, according to the explanation of, and in recent writings. From this templets, I feel I can argue and give explanations of something in a better way of making me smart. Also, as a writer, I feel motivated to write better as I understand that when presenting something you start with ‘they say’ then followed by ‘ say.’ This gives sense and creativity to my piece of writing giving me the urgency to write more.

From reading the text at the end of it, I feel bold enough to Write a book summary including ‘They say / I say ‘ many writers shy away from doing book summaries because they lack information on how to report someone’s work. First I clearly understand to write a good summary you have to put what ‘ they say’ in view. Readers are not at a position to follow what you are unfolding unless you keep reminding them of the claims you are reviewing. ‘ They say acts as a motivating comment to keep the audience following what you are presenting. Cathy also gives the art of summarising where she prefers balancing the author’s point of view and my point of view(Graff, G., and Cathy B. pg. 61). Also, the art of summarising involves suspending your thoughts and putting yourself in another person. The text explains that a good summary contains a focus that allows my agenda to fit while maintaining the originality of the text I am summarising. From these, I can ascertain to, give a good summary.

The audience for this book is teachers, students, and professional writers. After reading they say/ I say, the audience at large will feel enlightened because there are some tips on writing and reporting which they didn’t know and have now read them. The audience skills of writing will be improved from reading the text where they will know the order in which to report things and how to give An explanation of his or her work. You first introduce the ‘ they say ‘ then followed by your response. The texts enlighten its audience by further going ahead to give examples of how to introduce the statements both their own and the other party’s. An example of the templates is, In their recent work, Y and Z have offered harsh critiques of and issues (Graff, G.and Cathy B. pg. 22). From this, the students can relate and write a better article or blog. In the united states, many students and teachers have taken the ideas of Cathy and Gerald and applied it in different directions.

Teachers and instructors as an audience will feel their teaching made easier by the text since both the teacher and learner get the knowledge from the text. Students will know how to write their essays, and hence the teachers will receive quality work. ‘ They say/ I say ‘ has made teaching easier because the book gives explanations on how to write your own and report other people’s work. This makes education feel appreciated and that people are willing to add value to literature. The text is used widely in different courses which is heartening to the authors since they intended it to for the first year students (http://compositionforum.com/issue/18/they-say-i-say-review.php.) This shows that teachers feel their teaching will be easier by having the students reading the book. We can summarise by saying the book generally adds value to English and knowledge at large making people more bright and creative. Also, the audience feels challenged since many think English is all about grammar, spelling, and structure but now Gerald and Cathy add something new to it. The professionals and students are challenged to come up with a new piece of writing that will add some value to English an,d writing as the text did by opening and broadening our minds.

Besides the book being educative it has its high and low points, places where the reader feels the authors performed their best and where we feel the text was not performing its best. According to me, the book is performing its best when it tries to explain to the reader on how to respond to every situation giving examples by the use of templates. The book adheres to its title. They say I say where it teaches the students how to be creative on developing ideas on someone’s piece of work. For example, according to X, I agree with Y on his idea. With the idea of templates, the authors were creative in trying to explain to the reader what he or she is supposed to do (https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/tips-for-writing-they-say-i-say/2598428.html.). Learners need a place to start, and with the temples, I get to clearly understand the structure and how to make quality moves in my writing.

At the instructor guide, we can say the fourth edition is at its best by providing the teacher with more ideas on educating academic writing. The book is performing well at the point where it gives examples to explain each aspect of writing. For example, the summary of who is responsible for obesity in children which highlighted Zinczenko research and the writer’s argument (Graff, G., and Cathy B. pg. 52). Also giving examples of signal verbs to fit the action makes it easier for the reader to relate. Despite the book being of much help if find the text performing low by teaching the students on simplification of an argument, the authors encourage deliberate ignorance of the complex conversations. Templets allow students to get into a debate with a realizable form, which reduces the complex issues leading to discussions that represent deductable voices of the past conversations.

The book they say I say is responding to the things that matter in academic writing that many didn’t know. It gives an introduction to present an argument and how to write conversations relating to other people’s. I feel the two authors accomplished their aims since they gave ways on how to present an argument which is an issue with most students. They did tackle this by giving examples on when to use ‘they say’ and ‘I say’ giving ways to present it. Also examples of article summaries and practice techniques on ways to use quotes. The situation responded to is the fact that we all think English is about grammar and spelling but also creativity, structure and how we present our arguments (http://compositionforum.com/issue/18/they-say-i-say-review.php.). The authors make sure we understand all this and even gives practice exercise to help us familiarise and see if we understood. The book argues in teaching the students the rules and creative skills required in the art of writing.

The author tries to be persuasive making his work quality and one that can be read by everyone. From a rhetorical perspective, we can say that the boog is logic since it gives examples and summaries of works already in place, for example, the Zinczenko research on obesity. It uses examples of philosophers such as feminist Susan Bodo who laments that media is giving pressure on women to a diet which is still the case currently (Graff, G., and Cathy B. pg. 64). The work is logical since it explains current issues such as people referring to British and American culture as western culture.

Pathos, on the other hand, is observed when he gives an example of a class that is we are all middle class, and we are a nation of opportunity. This makes the reader feel that class divisions are a determining factor of the society we live in this divisions are real. The reader feels sorry for the society that classifies itself according to the social classes. Finally, the credibility of this work can be seen at the start of the book where over 1000 institutions are using this book in teaching and teachers have appreciated it (Graff, G., and Cathy B. pg. iv). The book is said to be selling across the world, and the authors of this book are a professor and a lecturer, Gerald Graff is a professor of English at the University of Illinois while Cathy Birkesten, a lecturer in English. As writers and English students, we need to embrace the text. They say I say and use it for reference purposes in writing our articles. Work Cited

Birkenstein, Cathy, and Cyndee Maxwell. They Say, I Say. Gildan Audio, 2014.

Graff, Gerald, and Cathy Birkenstein. “they Say / I Say”: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing. , 2018.

http://compositionforum.com/issue/18/they-say-i-say-review.php.

https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/tips-for-writing-they-say-i-say/2598428.html.

Vibia’s Diary in Prison and Reflection of Roman Empire

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Vibia’s Diary in Prison and Reflection of Roman Empire

Vibia Perpetua was a martyr in the Roman Empire who had strong Christian beliefs. Being a young mother at the age of 22 she decided to publicly show her Christian faith and actions together with other women for conviction of the beast of the arena. She was reported to have committed a crime of civil obedience and fighting which made her arrested and later prosecuted then sentenced to death. While in prison Vibia Perpetua wrote a diary explaining her experiences in the prison together with her fellow Christians. From the diary there is much to conclude about the roman empire and the leaders including the emperor who prosecuted Perpetua and her fellows to death (Perez, Melissa C. Pg 22). The diary helps us explore the relationship between Passio Sanctarum Martyrum Perpetua et Felicitatis and the roman empire.

The first thing to note from the diary was that the Roman empire was against Christianity. Despite the efforts by the martyrs and the roman setting provoking the rise of Christianity, if you were a Christian and declared it publicly then you had no place in the hearts of the Roman leaders. The fact that Perpetua was arrested for publicly declaring that she was a Christian is enough to tell us that in Rome you had to be silent to practice your faith. Emperor Severus was determined to silence Christianity since it was viewed to undermine roman culture and patriotism of the Romans (Perez, Melissa C. pg.23) We read on how her father begged her to accept that she was a Christian to avoid prosecution and gain freedom. Perpetua explains to us in her diary how her father begged her to give up and do as the Rome wanted but she did not. Quoting from her letter “‘My daughter, have pity on my white hairs! Show some compassion to your father if I deserve to be called father by you. If with these hands I have helped you to the flower of your youth, if I favored you beyond all your brothers – do not bring me into disgrace in all men’s eyes…” (Part I) All she did was to encourage him that things will go according to Gods will at the tribunal.

The Roman Emperors were highly respected by everyone and during trials people had to make sacrifices. Making sacrifices is something Vibia Perpetua vowed not to do. Many people including Vibia’s father respected and obeyed the emperors. Perpetua and her fellow Christian inmates exempted themselves from these kind of respect and sacrifices given to the leaders. They believed in God and as staunch Christians they would make no sacrifice but show respect to their religion. Her father again is the victim of Perpetua’s strong stands and during the next trial he begged again ‘Perform the sacrifice! Have pity on your child!’(Part II). The emperor too told her to have pity on her father who was old age and perform the sacrifice. ‘Spare your father’s old age, spare your little boy’s infancy! Perform the ritual for the Emperor’s welfare.’ (PART II) Performing the sacrifice was highly regarded by the emperors that’s why governor Hilarianus also did beg her to do the rituals but she refused since she was a Christian.

From her diary we get to understand the place of women in the Roman empire where their voices were less heard and many regarded them as illiterate. Being a noble woman Perpetua did not allow her stands to be controlled by men especially her father who was a pagan and asked her to deny being a Christian. From previous letters by other women and books about roman empire we know that women were to be under the support and guided by men thus Perpetua was to be exempted from such trial but because of her stands she had to take the consequences. (Bremmer, Jan N, and Marco Formisano. Pg. 38). Women being known to be submissive and respectful it was a shock to her family to learn that she was being prosecuted.

From the way the Emperor treated Vibia’s father we can say the roman empire was characterized by merciless leaders. We get questions of what was the reason of strucking her father after she had refused to perform the ritual if the case she was the one responsible and not her father. As soon as she admitted to the governor she was a Christian according to her letter, “And as my father still hovered, trying to deflect me, Hilarianus ordered him to be thrown out, and he was struck with a rod. And I grieved for my father’s downfall as if I’d been struck myself: that’s how I mourned for his pitiful old age” (Part III). At least for his old age he would be spared to suffer for his daughters stand since hovering was enough. The governor was merciless to the poor man.

. Lastly on the role of women we can say that noble women who were regarded not to breastfeed in the Roman Empire was a myth and something usual. Perpetua introduces her letter by addressing it to her child which show mother love she then later explains to us of the struggles she went through to breastfeed her child. She would get sores if she did not do so, the fact that she was allowed to breastfeed concludes that it was not an uncommon thin in the Roman Empire.in the society we need to have women who are pure on their stands and that is what Christianity entails.

Works Cited

Bremmer, Jan N, and Marco Formisano. Perpetua’s Passions: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Passio Perpetuae Et Felicitatis. 2012. 

Perez, Melissa C. Vibia Perpetua’s Diary: A Woman’s Writing in a Roman Text of Its Own. Orlando, Fla: University of Central Florida, 2009.

Rea, Jennifer A, and Liz Clarke. Perpetua’s Journey: Faith, Gender, & Power in the Roman Empire.

Vibia Perpetua’s Diary