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Vibia’s Diary in Prison and Reflection of Roman Empire

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Vibia’s Diary in Prison and Reflection of Roman Empire

Vibia Perpetua was a martyr in the Roman Empire who had strong Christian beliefs. Being a young mother at the age of 22 she decided to publicly show her Christian faith and actions together with other women for conviction of the beast of the arena. She was reported to have committed a crime of civil obedience and fighting which made her arrested and later prosecuted then sentenced to death. While in prison Vibia Perpetua wrote a diary explaining her experiences in the prison together with her fellow Christians. From the diary there is much to conclude about the roman empire and the leaders including the emperor who prosecuted Perpetua and her fellows to death (Perez, Melissa C. Pg 22). The diary helps us explore the relationship between Passio Sanctarum Martyrum Perpetua et Felicitatis and the roman empire.

The first thing to note from the diary was that the Roman empire was against Christianity. Despite the efforts by the martyrs and the roman setting provoking the rise of Christianity, if you were a Christian and declared it publicly then you had no place in the hearts of the Roman leaders. The fact that Perpetua was arrested for publicly declaring that she was a Christian is enough to tell us that in Rome you had to be silent to practice your faith. Emperor Severus was determined to silence Christianity since it was viewed to undermine roman culture and patriotism of the Romans (Perez, Melissa C. pg.23) We read on how her father begged her to accept that she was a Christian to avoid prosecution and gain freedom. Perpetua explains to us in her diary how her father begged her to give up and do as the Rome wanted but she did not. Quoting from her letter “‘My daughter, have pity on my white hairs! Show some compassion to your father if I deserve to be called father by you. If with these hands I have helped you to the flower of your youth, if I favored you beyond all your brothers – do not bring me into disgrace in all men’s eyes…” (Part I) All she did was to encourage him that things will go according to Gods will at the tribunal.

The Roman Emperors were highly respected by everyone and during trials people had to make sacrifices. Making sacrifices is something Vibia Perpetua vowed not to do. Many people including Vibia’s father respected and obeyed the emperors. Perpetua and her fellow Christian inmates exempted themselves from these kind of respect and sacrifices given to the leaders. They believed in God and as staunch Christians they would make no sacrifice but show respect to their religion. Her father again is the victim of Perpetua’s strong stands and during the next trial he begged again ‘Perform the sacrifice! Have pity on your child!’(Part II). The emperor too told her to have pity on her father who was old age and perform the sacrifice. ‘Spare your father’s old age, spare your little boy’s infancy! Perform the ritual for the Emperor’s welfare.’ (PART II) Performing the sacrifice was highly regarded by the emperors that’s why governor Hilarianus also did beg her to do the rituals but she refused since she was a Christian.

From her diary we get to understand the place of women in the Roman empire where their voices were less heard and many regarded them as illiterate. Being a noble woman Perpetua did not allow her stands to be controlled by men especially her father who was a pagan and asked her to deny being a Christian. From previous letters by other women and books about roman empire we know that women were to be under the support and guided by men thus Perpetua was to be exempted from such trial but because of her stands she had to take the consequences. (Bremmer, Jan N, and Marco Formisano. Pg. 38). Women being known to be submissive and respectful it was a shock to her family to learn that she was being prosecuted.

From the way the Emperor treated Vibia’s father we can say the roman empire was characterized by merciless leaders. We get questions of what was the reason of strucking her father after she had refused to perform the ritual if the case she was the one responsible and not her father. As soon as she admitted to the governor she was a Christian according to her letter, “And as my father still hovered, trying to deflect me, Hilarianus ordered him to be thrown out, and he was struck with a rod. And I grieved for my father’s downfall as if I’d been struck myself: that’s how I mourned for his pitiful old age” (Part III). At least for his old age he would be spared to suffer for his daughters stand since hovering was enough. The governor was merciless to the poor man.

. Lastly on the role of women we can say that noble women who were regarded not to breastfeed in the Roman Empire was a myth and something usual. Perpetua introduces her letter by addressing it to her child which show mother love she then later explains to us of the struggles she went through to breastfeed her child. She would get sores if she did not do so, the fact that she was allowed to breastfeed concludes that it was not an uncommon thin in the Roman Empire.in the society we need to have women who are pure on their stands and that is what Christianity entails.

Works Cited

Bremmer, Jan N, and Marco Formisano. Perpetua’s Passions: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Passio Perpetuae Et Felicitatis. 2012. 

Perez, Melissa C. Vibia Perpetua’s Diary: A Woman’s Writing in a Roman Text of Its Own. Orlando, Fla: University of Central Florida, 2009.

Rea, Jennifer A, and Liz Clarke. Perpetua’s Journey: Faith, Gender, & Power in the Roman Empire.

Vibia Perpetua’s Diary

Legalizing Marijuana

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Legalizing Marijuana

There are several issues that are being debated on in America currently. One of the major issues on debate is marijuana Legalization. There exists both medicinal and recreational marijuana. The federal and states governments have fully legalized medicinal marijuana, however, states and the federal government still debate on legalizing recreational marijuana. Some states have legalized it and some have not. Early Last year president Donald Trump supported the states acts which would end the outright on a federal ban of Cannabis. Each state would now be allowed to decide on their own about legalizing marijuana. So far we have ten states that have legalized marijuana for both medicinal and recreational purposes. Examples of such states include; Alaska, California, Massachusetts, Maine, District of Columbia, Nevada, Oregon, Colorado and others who are yet to enact their bills this year. States such as; Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah and West Virginia among others have it legal only for medicinal purposes.

Elizabeth Warren, Massachusetts senator supported the bill on decriminalisation but then it hasn’t gone anywhere since Mitch Connell the Senate majority leader still oppose it. He views the drug as any other narcotic substance the likes of heroin and LSD CITATION Las18 p pg.3 l 2057 (Laslo pg.3). Also, in September Senator Cory Booker introduced an act that would legalize marijuana and penalize the communities that want nothing to do with marijuana.

Also there are senators who have been giving arguments on the crucial need for legalization. According to Warren and Rolling Stones discussion, the reason she gave for legalizing Marijuana was that she cares about his state people whore are at risk of being arrested for either selling or using marijuana. She also said that she cares about the state’s decision on the issue since they are the ones in control. The Cole Memorandum during Obama’s reign said that they weren’t trying to legalize marijuana but if legalized within the state nobody was going to push for prosecutions. Jeff Sessions revoked this and would push for prosecutions on the same thus people are at risk of being arrested CITATION Las18 p “pg. 3” l 2057 (Laslo pg. 3). According to Warren Marijuana may be a pain treatment alternative also it will help people addicted to Opioids move away from addiction. Jeff Sessions and McConnell seem to be the main people catalyzing against this legalization.

Marijuana seem not to be beneficial as it is thought to be by the senators and authorities who want it legalized. Colorado has seen an increase in deaths, road accidents and poison calls related to marijuana. Cases of corruption among the marijuana vendors has increased instead of decreasing. Some states have legalized marijuana and there are less positive effects of the legalization. According to Dr Harry Bull (Hunt, J. pg.1) and I quote, “So far, the only thing that the legalization of marijuana has brought to our schools has been marijuana.” Jeff writes that it is sad for the nation to legalize a drug that will have generation consequences (Hunt, J. pg.1). Students who consume marijuana are seen to perform poorly in class and fail their exams. Legalizing marijuana is the worst decision by Senator booker since it has no positive impact on the community especially the coloured.

Across the world majority of the countries have marijuana illegalized since they find it to have negative effects. A research in Colorado found out legalizing marijuana led to utilization of health care facilities where medical conditions such as mental illness were reported. Generally smoking marijuana puts one at the risk of getting cancer, brain failure and poor performance in class (Makin, David A., et al. pg. 9). Legalizing marijuana will lead to more negative effects than positive. Even though there will be legalization with policies in place they will be violated. A good example is a synthetic marijuana which entered the market in 2008 and by 2013 more than 2500 calls were received by the poison centre about abuse of the same drug. This shows that despite the efforts by the government to have policies in place it is hard to reduce the rate of substance use.

Not all substance use policies have negative impacts, but some regulations have seen positive effects on society. The reform policy in states with marijuana being illegal, has it that people be jailed if found abusing drugs. The policy gives the criminals a second chance by providing treatment and rehabilitation which would see them better people after their jail term is over (Makin, David A., et al, pg. 12) This is a positive thing to the society since once freed they can educate the other substance users. Research shows that society is supporting such policies and recent study claimed that 67% of the Americans were in support of treatment policy on hard drug offenders.

Personal views on the drug, is that it is as any other narcotic substance the likes of heroin and LSD. There is care about states’ people whore are at risk of being arrested for either selling or using marijuana. This may be a pain treatment alternative also it will help people addicted to Opioids move away from addiction. Colorado has seen an increase in deaths, poison calls and road accidents related to marijuana (Makin, David A., et al., pg 9) Cases of corruption among the marijuana vendors has increased instead of decreasing. Some states have legalized marijuana and there are less positive effects of the legalization.

Addiction recovery, health treatment and creating public awareness is costly yet marijuana only contributed 1.8% to revenue collected despite expectations to increase the income. In conclusion, the state should rethink on the issue of legalizing marijuana, learn its positive and negative impacts and weigh between the two. The senators need to spend time with the parents, medical experts and learning institutions before rushing to legalize cannabis.

Works Cited

Auriol, Emmanuelle, Alice Mesnard, and Tiffanie Perrault. “Legalizing Cannabis to Fight Organized Crime.” (2018).

Hunt, J. “Marijuana Devastated Colorado, Don’t Legalize It Nationally.” USA Today (2017).

BIBLIOGRAPHY Laslo, Matt. “Elizabeth Warren: Jeff Sessions Acted as “Catalyst” for Weed Legalization by Matt Laslo.” 27 August 2018. RollingStone. article. 5 March 2019.

Makin, David A., et al. “Marijuana Legalization and crime clearance rates: testing proponent assertions in Colorado and Washington State.” Police quarterly (2018): 1098611118786255.

Is my media use impacting my writing andor my academic performance How do I know Is there any controversy surrounding this to

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Is my media use impacting my writing and/or my academic performance? How do I know? Is there any controversy surrounding this topic?

Introduction

Since the discovery of the internet, the way human beings communicate has changed rapidly. A lot of research has been conducted on the societal impact of social media on the society at large. There have been many researches on the effects of social media in education in terms of how it has affected students’ writing and performance over time. The intake of social media continues to expand as many countries continue to get connected with smart phones that can easily connect to the internet. The use of social media platforms such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter and Instagram continues to go up, the impacts of these platforms on the students’ writing skills and performance is likely to increase.

Technology experts and developers of these platforms continue to focus on how they could make the social media platforms become integral to students and allow them to improve their writing and performance. Many stakeholders in the education sector such as parents, education a researchers, government institutions and teachers continue to discuss on the advantages and disadvantages of social medial on students and its role in their writing kills and general performance. Depending on the source of information you use and the research you choose to focus on, you are likely to come across those who recommend social media platforms as a measure to improve students’ writing skills and general performance while others feel that the effects of social media has negative effects on students’ writing and performance.

The purpose of this research is to investigate how social media has affected the writing skills and the performance of students in schools and colleges. The research seeks to highlight the various ways through which social media affects a student’s academic performance and the level of their excellent over time. Some of the social media platforms that the research seeks to focus on include Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and WhatsApp.

Methods

I will conduct a research to find out the impact of social media on the academic performance of students across the United States. I will use online questionnaires that I will distribute using my various social media platforms such as emails, Facebook, Twitter and Instagram for students within the age group of between 12 and 19.

I will use a sample that will consist of 100 students of which 50 are male and another 50 female. The students will comprise those from grade 7 to grade 12. The questionnaires will target students from different socioeconomic classes and focus on the wide school programs that are offered in the public and private schools. The research involved ensuring that students would answer the online questionnaires that comprises of questions related to use of social media.

Results

The results will focus on the findings of the research on the following questions.

How social media has enhances collaboration among students?

How do students acquire entrepreneurial skills from social media?

How do social media enhance integration among the student fraternity?

Does social media help define students’ educational goals especially future careers?

Do social media divert students’ concentration on their studies?

Discussion

The discussion will focus on the explanation of the results of the study. The discussion will expound on the advantages and disadvantages of social media.

The discussion will determine recommendations of my research and whether social media is good for students or otherwise.

Realism was shocking and scandalous according to, ‘18th and 19th century humanities book’.

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Realism was shocking and scandalous according to, ‘18th and 19th century humanities book’.

During the 19th century, photography was invented and it sought to replace the contemporary painting art that had been used to represent Realism has been acknowledged as the motivation beyond modern art. Many artists found photography more convenient as it allowed artist to capture the real life experiences that is authentic compared to the art that allowed the artist to capture their artist’ imagination of reality. Realism involves the capturing of the daily life events in the modern world whereby artists are able to advance what the society should be like. The 18th and 19th century art focused on the progressive objectives of modernism by focusing on dealing the inherent traditional traditions and values that are within the society. The art of these centuries focused on articulated the various social, cultural and economic aspects of the society.

Another aspect of realism in art that made it shocking and scandalous is the painting of women naked while men were painted as clothed. During the 18th and 19th century, the female nudity art became famous and continued to increase the controversy that surrounded realism in contemporary art. It was argued that the nudity of women was a way of representing the classical art in a modern way although many people considered it against the modern academic culture. The nudity painting was considered as going against the public morals and this made the realism of the contemporary art scandalous and shocking. Although the art sought to capture life in its natural setting, many people seemed to disagree with the way artists used it to advance what they considered ‘immorality’.

There was controversy that characterized modern art as many artists sought to challenges the already entrenched beliefs in art. Artists were able to challenge the old notion that promoted art as a way of mirroring the society and adopted various aspects that had not been in use previously. Many artists took to expressive colors as a way through which they would express their artistic capabilities and were reluctant to stick to the commonly used traditional material. The invention of photography revolutionized the way artists acted and conducted their work in the 18th and 19th century.

Realism came to challenge the existing form of art that was previously romantic style that did not capture the reality of life. The romantic style of art was used to romanticize life and would not capture the reality of our world. The emergence of photography changed all this, artists were now more to capture and preserve the life events on the light sensitive lights within a short period of time. Many people who were concerned by the future of painting as a way of representing life became concerned about photographs and some considered it scandalous and some argued that it could be used to enhance painting. Those who considered it scandalous argued that it had posed a major challenge to the advancement of fine art as it took the role of artists who were over the centuries played the role of imitating nature.

The 18th and 19th century art was scandalous as it sought to promote realism and allowed artist to express their notion of reality and many people found out to be shocking in nature. It continuously focused on nudity of women and this challenged the existing traditions in art and was considered immoral.

References

Burke, Peter. Popular culture in early modern Europe. Routledge, 2017.Dasgupta, Shamik, and Brad Weslake. “Current Controversies in Philosophy of Science.” (2017).

Lumsdaine, A. A., and C. I. Hovland. “. the effects of presenting “one side” versus “both sides” in changing opinions on a controversial subject.” (2017).

Viladesau, Richard. “The Cross: History, Art, and Controversy by Robin M. Jensen, x+ 270 pp.” (2018).

Trickster in the novel ‘Brighten the corner where you are’ by Fred Chappell

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Trickster in the novel ‘Brighten the corner where you are’ by Fred Chappell

In the Native American Literature, the trickster figure is common and many authors use it to represent humor and comedy in stories or to express the intellectual ability or political power balance. Fred Chappell in his novel, ‘Brighten up the corner where you are’ has utilized the trickster figure in narrating the story. The Trickster in most of the Native American Literature is characterized as a shape-shifter and can be portrayed as a truth-teller or a liar, a creator or destroyer.

Most of the Native American Literatures, ‘Tricksters’ are common and have a major characteristic in common, ambiguity. Tricksters are known to take many forms and in his novel, ‘Brighten the Corner Where You Are’ Fred Chappell has intensively used the trickster figure to represent his novel.

The idea of trickster appears at the point where Joe Robert and his son are headed towards their barn to feed and milk the cows and the author describes the moon as overbearing. The moon is so huge and bright forcing Joe to take it and keep it in one of the milking steel containers. This action is horrifying to Joe’s son who convinces him to return the moon to ‘where it belongs’. The author uses the idea of a trickster to explain the myths that existed in the Native American literatures in the form of myths. The idea of trickster allows the author to anchor his story in and is an essential theme in the novel. BY including the ideal of ‘Trickster’ the author is able to outline the main characteristic of the ‘Native American Literature’ that was impended in the native cultures.

Jackie Robinson, and the American Dilemma

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Jackie Robinson, and the American Dilemma

Often, ordinary truths are revealed by extraordinary lives. John Wilson tells a story of Robinson’s fight against racial injustice in the book, “Jackie Robinson and the American Dilemma” and the aftermath of American sports in World War II. Wilson starts the story examining the childhood days of Robinson, advancing with different dynamics that Robinson came up with, of racist white Americans’ perspective at that particular time. Nearing the end of the story, John highlights several challenges Robinson faced due to his family, not to mention the vicious killings in the United States. John hints that merely within three months in 1998, Robison encountered five bad scenarios that hit him personally and politically, with a possibility to drown the spirit of a weaker person (Clayton, Pg. 2). Generally, the bibliography is full of achievements that encouraged African Americans during that particular time and other human races until the present.

Jackie was born in Georgia, at the summit of the segregated South. His parents were sharecropped farmers. Jackie’s father, Jerry Robinson, abandoned his family while Jackie was still a small baby. Jackie’s mother, Mallie, was determined to give her five children a better life, so she joined “the great migration” out the South, which involved African Americans. The vast majority of the African Americans moved to either Washington, Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago, or New York. However, Mallie traveled to California as her brother advised her. Around the 1920s, it was somewhat uncommon to find people of African American origin in California. Despite the place being inhabited by Mexican-born blacks in the early settlement, only 1% represented African American decency in the state’s population (Clayton, Pg. 4). People dwelling in that region had to deal with the discrimination pattern common to the American West. Only a few laws were subject to addressing matters relating to the black-white relationship, but the limit of tolerance was defined by widely established and accepted practices.

Only a few public and social amenities accepted African Americans. Some restrictive nondisclosure agreements barred African Americans from residing in most whites’ neighborhoods. Job discrimination haltered economic growth, and African Americans faced hostility at right, left, and center from strangers, neighbors, not to mention police officers. Jackie was not an exception as he was raised in quite a similar environment to that of other kids who moved during the great migration. Raised by a single parent, depending on their mother’s income, the family lived in poverty, kept together by the indomitable spirit of their mother, without mentioning a strong sense of religious, moral values (Tygiel, Pg. 1). As a minor, Jackie and his gang could not escape local police confrontation, which led to at least one arrest. South California could not be the best place to live as an African American, but, perhaps it offered opportunities that were not available in most other locales.

The most impactful person in his childhood days was certainly his mom, Mallie. Mallie was so entrenched into working hard and earning a living; more importantly, she was devoted to God. Mallie’s family lived in a white-dominated neighborhood as the only African Americans, but that did not stop her from raising her five children well and not to receive any sorts of complaints from the neighbors. Jackie and his brother did tremendously well in sports since their childhood. As early as middle school level, Jackie was dedicated to sports, and he and other best athletes in the neighborhood teamed up and started to compete with other “gangs.” However, there some mischievous gang members who often stole fruits from the orchards and, at times, threw dirt clods at vehicles, not to mention rocking at the street lights. Luckily, Jack was an exception as he had some role models who always gave him insights and sage and often warned him of any misdemeanor acts. Jackie’s role models encouraged him to be discipline for Mallie’s, and he turned onto educating himself as a primary concern to be a dependable family member.

The fact that there were tenements and single-family house domination made Mallie buy a house for her family. African American athletes did not face severe restrictions on sports participation, thus paving the way for an avenue of success to Mallie’s sons. Mack, one of Jackie’s siblings, starred at both the 1936 Olympic Games and at the University of Oregon. Later, Jack managed to win four sporting events at Pasadena City College and UCLA, and indeed Mallie capitalized on the achievements of her sons. Jackie’s time at UCLA laid a foundation for him to interact with as many people as possible racially.

Besides his excellence in sports, Jackie received recognizable honors, which led his colleagues to acknowledge Jackie as a gifted African American. Jackie overcame many challenges in his quest to convert the institutions and attitudes defining race relations in America. Rarely did history ever put much emphasis on an individual. Jackie’s trials and triumphs were crucial to American racial differences following World War II. It proved that Jack was a prominent figure fighting for the civil rights of the minorities and brought together the baseball faithful irrespective of the race. Many people loved Jackie, and a significant number also hated him. Any appearance he made during the match was vital regardless of facing boos or applause from the crowd. Jack was excellent in baseball; even the racist and unsupportive fans failed to recognize his race and had to acknowledge him.

Jackie’s senior year at UCLA was somewhat significant as that time he found his soulmate, Rachel Isum. At the time, Rachel was a freshman and relatively younger than Jackie, and dwelled in a secure African American neighborhood. Rachel formed part of a third-generation Californian, which was an uncommon status among black communities and had received a UCLA scholarship, maintaining the excellent performance of straight As. Jackie’s fiery impetuousness complimented by Rachel’s warm and calm manner. Together, their mutual love bond and support were to prepare them ahead of challenging years. Similarly to others at Rachel’s and Jackie’s time, their dating life was interfered with by World War II. Jackie’s services in the army proved the experience of African Americans in the military.

Jackie was drafted in 1942 and posted at Fort Riley, Kansas. He faced a never-ending gauntlet of racial discrimination. He was unable or instead barred to access Officers’ Candidate School, restricted from participating on the baseball team in the camp, and blocked to private facilities. Jackie’s aggressiveness and credibility played a vital role in helping him to demand better and equal treatment. Jackie managed to rise into lieutenant ranks and spearheaded a movement to improve living conditions for African American soldiers at Fort Riley. Following Jackie’s transfer to Ford Hood in Texas, he rejected the orders of sitting at the back of an army bus and ignored the disciplinary actions by one of the top-ranking soldiers (Tygiel, Pg. 5). Consequently, Jackie was taken to a court-martial charged with a dishonorable discharge. Jackie was acquitted of all the charges, but the encounter did not go unnoticed as they intensified his commitments towards racial discrimination and other social injustices.

Jackie’s release from the army and encountered a familiar dilemma for African Americans. Before his athletic talent reached its peak and the time he was good enough to shine in any sporting event in America, Jackie was no different from his brothers Kenny and Mack, as he had limited options in terms of professionalism. Baseball teams, basketball teams, and the National Football League could not accept African American players. The best viable option for Jackie to go with was baseball Negro league, and ended up signing for Kansas City Monarchs in the spring of 1945. Arguably, there was a high level of baseball displayed by the Negro Leagues, that featured some all-time greatest stars of the game. Perhaps, the experience at the Negro league was somewhat distasteful to Jackie. Jackie was used to highly structured training sessions, and fixtures that involved major college sports, and joining the Negro Leagues was an obvious step down as opposed to a leg up (Tygiel, Pg. 6). What discouraged Jack even more, was long traveling hours, the degrading acts at filling stations, not to mention the informal league approach by the players to most nonleague contests. Jackie was somewhat a misfit among the monarchs as he merely enjoyed the “social ramble” with his team.

Jackie could later join one of the best teams in the country courtesy of Rickey, where most of his colleagues were whites. Irrespective of the insults he might encounter from opponent players or the crowd at the beginning of the baseball career, Jackie was slow to react and managed the situation warmly. He understood the magnitudes of obstacles facing him and was naturally combative. In 1946, Jackie and Rachel wedded. Soon after, the couple to Florida for spring training, also launching “baseball’s great experiment.” Jackie joined a South practiced rigid discrimination, lynching, and all kinds of racial injustices, and it was now somewhat a distant dream to dismantle the Jim Crow laws practice. After two years, President Harry ordered the desegregation of military personnel. Barely after eight years, the supreme court unanimously ruled in favor of Mr. Brown in the infamous case of Brown V. Topeka Board of Education. Jackie became recognized as “a one-man civil rights movement” (Tygiel, Pg. 7).

Works Cited

Clayton, Obie. An American dilemma revisited: Race relations in a changing world. Russell Sage Foundation, 1996.

Tygiel, Jules. Extra Bases: Reflections on Jackie Robinson, Race, and Baseball History. U of Nebraska Press, 2002.

Aristotle Philosophy

Aristotle PhilosophyName

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Aristotle is one of the greatest figures in history to have contributed to psychology and learning. After his father’s death in 367 BCE, Aristotle journeyed to Athens where he joined the Plato’s academy and later moved to modern day Turkey. In his lifetime, Aristotle studied, taught and developed ideas in psychology that have been a key basis in modern teaching in the wide field of psychology. Some of the ideas and insights given by Aristotle have allowed and expanded the teaching and learning of psychology thus adding value to the field. Aristotle was one of the greatest philosophers who ever lived and the first genuine scientist in history. He made pioneering contributions to all fields of philosophy and science, he invented the field of formal logic, and he identified the various scientific disciplines and explored their relationships to each other.

Aristotle made remarkable observation where he sued psychology to define life, behavior, and human development in thinking and acting (Gerson, 2017). One of the greatest ideas raised by Aristotle is that behavior and development are the integral elements that shape how human beings relate with one another as well as with nature. In his deep insights, Aristotle is known to have laid the foundation of behavior and development psychology that is still applicable even in today’s field of learning and science (Nightingale, 2015). One of the key derivatives of Aristotle’s growth was in the creative thinking that defined that human brain grows depending on what it is exposed to in one’s lifetime. The ideas raised by Aristotle have been a key foundation of today’s psychology that continues to inspire young scholars and even tutors. There is no limit to how far Aristotle’s go in analyzing behavior, science, and even human development and learning (Furley, 2016). In his lifetime, Aristotle contributed to psychology and raised key ideas that have been incorporated in modern learning and thinking. Aristotle wrote as many as 200 treatises and other works covering all areas of philosophy and science.

The ideas raised by Aristotle have enabled modern philosophers to build on and increase knowledge in the area. To add on this, Aristotle gave vital insights that have helped young people gain a new perspective into philosophy thus making the field more attractive (Gerson, 2017). In relation to science, Aristotle allowed for the early analysis of human behavior and thinking that have been incorporated in various fields of modern learning. Through Aristotle’s insights, learners and tutors have been able to look into science and development through a new angle and this is gradually adding value to the field of psychology (Nightingale, 2015). Major inputs by Aristotle relate to the field of science and creative thinking and human brain development. In his career, Aristotle wrote many articles that have been a key foundation to modern philosophy.

Conclusion

Most of the ideas by Aristotle have found their way in modern academic journals that are used globally in the field of science and psychology teaching and learning. The inputs by Aristotle cannot be underestimated as one of the key pioneers of philosophy most of which is applicable even in today’s learning. The vast majority of historical philosophy pays tribute to Aristotle as one of the pioneers of this field having made remarkable insights and ideas. One of the key pillars of Aristotle’s ideas was observation and experiments that he conducted in trying to uncover human behavior and development as well as thinking. In his views, Aristotle concluded that nature and science are one force that has for centuries shaped how people think, behave, and relate with one another. References

Furley, D. (Ed.). (2016). From Aristotle to Augustine: Routledge History of Philosophy Volume 2 (Vol. 2). Routledge.

Gerson, L. P. (2017). Aristotle and other Platonists. Cornell University Press.

Nightingale, A. (2015). Sight and the philosophy of vision in Classical Greece: Democritus, Plato and Aristotle. In Sight and the Ancient Senses (pp. 68-81). Routledge.

Art of Andalusia

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Source: Adam Smith Institute

URL: HYPERLINK “http://www.adamsmith.org/news/press-releases/high-speed-fail-%E2%80%93-there-is-no-case-for-hs2” http://www.adamsmith.org/news/press-releases/high-speed-fail-%E2%80%93-there-is-no-case-for-hs2

Economic Principles: opportunity costs, marginal benefits, limited resources, unlimited wants, capital, scarcity, efficiency, labour, production, economic problem, return on investments, and demand.

News Analysis Assignments

Introduction

The case of the High Speed 2(HS2) is a failed one because it does not make any economic sense. The benefits of the of the HS2 were over estimated, with the total costs incurred in the fundamentally flawed project being exorbitantly high as compared to the revenues that the project is supposed to generate. The huge costs of the project to the taxpayer will be exorbitant and will not be able to match the opportunity costs projections, especially if it is compared to London to the Channel Tunnel (HS1) and other international examples. The HS2 will not make enough money make a tangible return on investments; thus it will bring marginal benefits. The few tangible benefits that will be realized from the project will be so minimal to cover the operational and construction costs, and the most of the uptake projections were very optimistic.

The funding of the project came at a time when there were limited resources from the tax payers point of view during the period of austerity and increasing debt interest debt payments. Given that HS2 will be a state funded project, with seventeen billion pounds being spent on the first phase, and another fifty billion pounds to be used when the project expands to Scotland. There exist unlimited wants from the public by giving the government more pressure to construct more tunnels, and it costs much more per kilometre to build a railway tunnel through the environmentally sensitive regions of Chilterns, which will push the construction costs higher. This will exert the DfT’s budget under strain, implying that there is less capital to be invested anywhere else on the United Kingdom railway network. In the light, of the current inflation, a potential for going above the four billion pounds optimism premium that has been set aside for overspending will be too high.

The decision making process for the project must consider the if HS2 will make a profitable return, based on the number of passengers forecasted for previous rail projects in the United kingdom, such as London and Continental Railways (LCR). The projected number of passengers for EuroStar in 2004 was 21.4 million, which in reality, the number of passengers was one third of this figure. This will create an economic problem, since the figures do not add up for HS2, because HS1 costs amounted to 5.7 billion pounds and only raised 2.1 billion pounds when it was sold off. The passenger forecast did not consider the competition generated from classic train franchises and airlines, which pose passenger scarcity for the optimal demand of HS2 services.

The efficiency of HS2 in terms of environmental benefits are some of the strengths of the project, it has very little environmental case though, there are weak carbon emission reduction projections, and the actual environmental benefits can only be quantified after the completion of the project’s phase three in thirty years’ time. There is little rational to commit labour in the construction of the tunnel that will produce no significant benefits, if the government does not hit brakes on HS2, then this will mean wasteful spending on wildly unrealistic projects. Governments are known to be very poor in predicting the future. To spend £ 17 billion up to around £ 50 billion on a train network, which has less demand, would be obscene and wasteful during a time of austerity.

Article Review- Economics of Happiness

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Economics of Happiness

By Bruno S. Frey and Alois Stutzer

In their article, Economics of Happiness, Frey and Stutzer argue that the measurement of happiness constitutes a good approximation to utility (Frey and Stutzer 25-41). Put simply, human happiness is reliant on the concept of relative utility as understood by economists. The authors begin their article by explaining how economists can be deemed as fortunate especially because their micro-economic theory is based on relative utility. They further explain that even though it is commonly believed that utility cannot be measured in absolute terms, new research on consumer happiness argues for the link between economic theory, policy, as well as, utility. Accordingly, the authors define utility as the measurement of customer satisfaction. In economics, the term refers to the state at which customers enjoy total satisfaction from purchasing and consuming particular goods and services.

Fundamentally, the purpose of the authors in the article is to call attention to the importance of consumer happiness as is brought about by the theory of micro-economics, so as to, encourage economists to carefully consider relative utility as a key constituent in economics (Frey and Stutzer 25-41). Given this, economists can, therefore, speak evocatively of growing or declining utility, and for that reason, they can expose economic behavior in relation to the increment of consumer utility. To further explicate on the concept of utility the authors explain to their readers that utility is greatly affected by consumption, as well as, wealth and the amount of time set aside for leisure purposes. In philosophy, utility is closely associated with happiness, which further illustrates the association between consumer happiness and economics.

Accordingly, philosophers have argued for the maximization of total utility for the greatest happiness of individuals and the society as a whole. Relevantly, the authors argue that employment, income, and inflation have been the greatest determinants of happiness in society. They state that these three economic factors have impacted consumer utility and happiness throughout time as they affect consumer behavior in all parts of the world irrespective of the geographical location. Particularly, the authors argue that unemployment, income, and inflation affect the happiness and well-being of individuals in a society (Frey and Stutzer 25-41). However, because utility cannot be directly measured as previously stated, this measurement is established as a self-reported subjective report from individual consumers for the estimation of the degree to which the economic theory affects utility. Accordingly, individuals may experience increased utility when they are employed as compared to when they are not employed. This is because employment has been closely associated with the social welfare of individuals. Those who are not employed are more likely to have very low income, which in turn affects their access to the basic needs and requirements.

Employment grants individuals various things that bring about satisfaction such as access to medical facilities, as well as, all other social institutions (Frey and Stutzer 25-41). Income also plays a great role in consumer utility, as it is through the acquisition of income that individuals gain the power to attain their daily needs and requirements. Income equals money, and money is what is needed for the purchase of products and services for consumption. For that reason, individuals who have access to a substantial amount of income are more likely to experience increased happiness and utility as opposed to those who do not have access to income.

Conclusively, inflation is the third economic factor that Frey and Stutzer have associated with consumer utility and happiness. According to the authors, inflation affects consumer utility in that it determines what individuals have access to (Frey and Stutzer 25-41). When inflation occurs, the price of most goods and services increase, and because the income does not change as a result of inflation, individuals with a low income have limited access to certain products and services. This limited access, therefore, interferes with consumer utility as it reduces the amount of things that individuals have access to. As the authors explain, the concept of utility is applied by economists in economic models such as the indifference curve, which illustrate the permutation of products and services that individuals or the society accept as the commodities for the assurance of a level of satisfaction. Put simply, economists have used the concept of utility to determine some of the economic factors affecting utility and happiness, which according to Frey and Stutzer include employment, income, and inflation. In essence, relative utility is interpreted as a social welfare function and the institutions that make up the society are solely responsible for utility in society (Frey and Stutzer 25-41). The authors refer to this as welfare economics, and they argue that the institutions and authorities in a society determine the level of happiness and utility for individuals. The authors conclude their article by explaining that the extent of political centralization or decentralization has an impact on the happiness and utility of individuals in a society (Frey and Stutzer 25-41). the authors also explain that the type of democracy practiced in a country or state determine individual happiness as it determines the level to which individuals practice their economic rights.

Work Cited

Frey, Bruno S. and Stutzer, Alois. Economics of Happiness. World Economics: Journal of

Current Economic Analysis and Policy, 3.1. (2002): 25-41.

Article and Website Analysis

Article and Website Analysis

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Part 2

Article: Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance

Link: HYPERLINK “https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2656292/” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2656292/

The experiment sought to find out how lack of enough sleep affects one’s health and in particularly the cognitive development and memory.

The experiment was conducted through clinical trials where data was collected from a set of participants. The results were analyzed and conclusions made based on the results and the data outlook.

The results showed that 805 of the participants indicated that lack of sleep caused them to have headaches and poor memory. The results also showed that 7 in 10 respondents indicated that lack of sleep was a major cause of depression as also shown in the clinical trials. The experiment data showed that majority of the trials done were positive and confirmed the hypothesis that lack of enough sleep was responsible

Research suggests that sleep helps learning and memory in two distinct ways. First, a sleep-deprived person cannot focus attention optimally and therefore cannot learn efficiently. Second, sleep itself has a role in the consolidation of memory, which is essential for learning new information. The article sums up that lack of Sleep deprivation (SD) has many health consequences like loss of memory and depression. Based on the article’s findings, it is true to say that sleep is a vital part of human life as it is interconnected to memory and brain activity.

The findings of the article relate to the day to day life and shows how people generate cognitive issue with time due to lack of enough sleep. In addition to coping with SD, recovering from it also deserves attention. Cognitive recovery processes, although insufficiently studied, seem to be more demanding in partial sleep restriction than in total SD.

The study findings are well outlined and also touch on how my health is hinged on the sleep patterns I establish. I found a great co-relation between the time I sleep and how the article outlines on the effects of little sleep. I will apply the experiment findings in improving my sleep life and thus attain the right health levels in reference to the cognitive levels.

Part 2

Website: HYPERLINK “https://www.brightstorm.com/” https://www.brightstorm.com/

The website is an online education platform that connect students with teachers for learning purpose. Since its founding, Bright Storm has helped millions of students acquire good grades through its wide range of learning options and online assistance.

Bright Storm’s mission is to be the best place to learn in the world. Bright Storm was founded in 2008 with more than 12 million users to date. The wide coverage of topics and learning option has given Bright Storm a good base with more online learners logging in daily.

Bright Storm is useful to learning professionals and students who visit and get online assistance on different subjects. The wide coverage of topics makes Bright Storm a relevant site for students where it helps millions annually in various topics.

There is a great depth of relevance in the information provided in the website page and the reality of what is offered. The websites are well arranged and easy to navigate and this makes it student-friendly. Still, the website brings new outlook into the learning ease as it provides a subject-oriented platform that makes it easy for students to use. Still, the website offers the best interphase to leaners in the simplicity of use and the relevance of the information it provides.

The experiment exists a learning platform where it continues to inspire leaners to better methods of acquiring ideas. The website is true help to the learners and also allows volunteer tutors to assist leaners in areas they face difficulties.