I need this 20 questions answered for a Epidemiology class quiz (Masters Level) Attachment Preview: Epiquiz.docx Download Attachment This is an unformatted preview. Please download the attached document for the original format. Question 1 . Selection bias is most likely to occur in which type of study?Answer Prospective cohort studies Retrospective cohort studies Casecontrol studies Both retrospective cohort and casecontrol studies . 2 points Question 2 . A casecontrol study is being conducted where 10% of the cases and controls actually had the exposure of interest. However, when asked about the exposure, only 7% of each group recalled the exposure correctly. This inaccuracy, represented equally between cases and controls, could be called: Answer Differential misclassification bias Nondifferential misclassification bias Surveillance bias Selection bias . 2 points Question 3 . When assessing the results of a study, what are the possible explanations for the observed results? Answer The observed results may be due to chance (i.e., random error) The observed results may be true The observed results may be due to bias The observed results may be due to confounding The 3rd and 4th answers only The 1st, 3rd, and 4th answers only All of the above . 2 points Question 4 . If a study fails to detect a significant difference between treatment A and treatment B when in fact the treatments do differ, the following type of error has occurred.Answer Type I error Type II error Treatment discrimination error Difference testing error . 2 points Question 5 . Controls are needed in a casecontrol study to evaluate whether the frequency of a factor or past exposure among the cases is different from that among comparable persons who do not have the disease under investigation.AnswerTrue False 2 points Question 6 . Controlled clinical trials enable researchers to:Answer Derive knowledge about the origins of a disease Control the level of exposure to a treatment More accurately identify cause and effect All of the above . 2 points Question 7 . A casecontrol study was conducted to identify risk factors for the common cold. Living with children under the age of 10 was one of the risk factors evaluated. The odds ratio for this association was 9.0, and the 95% confidence interval ranged from 1.2 to 85. Which of the following statements is true about this association?Answer People who lived with a child under the age of 10 had 9 times the risk of getting a cold com The P value was greater than 0.05. The P value was less than 0.05. The association was statistically significant. The true strength of association could be estimated more precisely if the study were repeat The 1st and 2nd answers only The 1st and 3rd answers only The 1st, 3rd, 4th, and 5th answers only The 1st, 2nd, and 5th answers only . 2 points Question 8 . What sources can be used to identify controls for a casecontrol study?Answer General population Hospital/clinic patients Friends and relatives All of the above . 2 points Question 9 . When assessing a positive relationship between alcohol consumption and oral cancer using a case control study, increasing the sample size of the study will result in which of the following? Answer A lower P value A greater odds ratio A smaller 95% confidence interval A higher disease prevalence The 1st and 3rd answers only The 2nd and 4th answers only The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd answers only All of the above None of the above . 2 points Question 10 . A southwestern state passed a law in 1988 making it illegal to drive without wearing a seat belt. To determine whether the law had made a difference in terms of mortality, a researcher in the state health department compiled data on deaths due to vehicle crashes in the 5 years before 1988 and in the 5 years after 1988. What type of study is this?Answer Randomized controlled trial Concurrent cohort study Retrospective cohort study Casecontrol study Nested casecontrol study Crosssectional study Ecologic study . 2 points Question 11 . Any systematic error in the design or conduct of a study that results in an incorrect estimate of an exposure's effect on the risk of disease is called: Answer Confounding Bias Stratification Effect modification . 2 points Question 12 . For a variable to be a confounder, it must be:Answer Associated with the disease (outcome) under study Associated with the risk factor (exposure) under study Both of the above Neither of the above . Question 13 . 2 points Which one of the following statements best describes a limitation of crosssectional studies? Answer No information on individuals Unclear temporal relationship between exposure and disease No comparison group . 2 points Question 14 . The primary difference between an experimental and observational study is:Answer The investigator is "blinded" (prevented from knowing the subjects' true exposure status u observational study. The investigator controls the subject's exposure in an experimental study but not in an obs The investigator controls the subject's outcome in an experimental study but not in an obse Experimental studies are conducted with animals; observational studies are conducted with . 2 points Question 15 . Over the past 2 years, efforts were made to identify and determine the mortality and morbidity experience of several thousand military personnel who were stationed in the Persian Gulf and elsewhere in Europe in 1991. What type of study is this?Answer Casecontrol study Prospective cohort study Retrospective cohort study Randomized trial . 2 points Question 16 . A crosssectional study of the relationship between blood type and the risk of cataracts will produce misleading results because you cannot tell the correct temporal relationship between the exposure (blood type) and disease (cataracts).AnswerTrue False 2 points Question 17 . Researchers collected baseline information on oral contraceptive use from a group of female college seniors from a large university. Each year for the next 20 years, the women were followed up on to determine whether or not the participants had developed any of several conditions. What type of study is this?Answer Casecontrol study Prospective cohort study Retrospective cohort study Randomized trial Crosssectional study . 2 points Question 18 . The healthy worker effect is a form of what type of bias?Answer Selection bias Controlselection bias Interviewer/recording bias Surveillance, diagnostic, or referral bias . 2 points Question 19 . When chance, bias, and confounding have been ruled out as alternative explanations for an association, we may conclude that the association is causal. AnswerTrue False 2 points Question 20 . Advantages of a casecontrol design include all the following except:Answer It is appropriate for studying rare diseases. It is appropriate for studying rare exposures. The odds ratio can provide an estimate of the relative risk. Multiple exposures can be studied.
