Can Infectious Animal Diseases Be Studied Safely in Kansas?

Can Infectious Animal Diseases Be Studied Safely in Kansas?

Can Infectious Animal Diseases Be Studied Safely in Kansas?

Once again a vestige of last semester’s course was left in the spring semester discussion board by an oversight. That was all my mistake. We will employ the same
strategy to fix the problem as we did last time this error happening. For Weeks 7 and 8, there will be one discussion requirement on either the Week7 topic – Should
Society Impose a Moratorium on the Use and Release of “Synthetic Biology” Organisms? – or the Week 8 topic – Can Infectious Animal Diseaes Be Studied Safely in Kansas?
All you have to do to earn the discussion points for Weeks 7 and 8 is to pick one of the two topics and make a primary and a secondary posting on the topic that you
picked. Sorry for the confusion on my part.

500-word essay on Thread: Can Infectious Animal Diseases Be Studied Safely in Kansas?
Bruce Knight argues that although the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s research facility at Plum Island, New York, has served well since it was built over half a
century ago, modern technology is capable of ensuring safety at a mainland facility, which would also be cheaper to operate, more easily accessible, and more
responsive to potential disease threats.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum_Island_Animal_Disease_Center

Plum Island Animal Disease Center of New York (PIADCNY) is a United States federal research facility dedicated to the study of animal diseases. It is part of the DHS
Directorate for Science and Technology.

Location and description

The center is located on Plum Island near the northeast coast of Long Island in New York state. Any wild mammal seen on the island is killed to prevent the possible
outbreak of foot and mouth disease.[1]

Replacement facility

On September 11, 2005, DHS announced that the Plum Island Animal Disease Research Center will be replaced by a new federal facility. The location of the new high-
security animal disease lab, to be called the National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), has been recommended to be built in Manhattan, Kansas.[11] However, this
plan has been called into question by a 2009 Government Accountability Office study, which states that claims by DHS that the work on foot and mouth disease performed
on Plum Island can be performed “as safely on the mainland” is “not supported” by evidence.[12] In 2012, DHS completed a risk assessment of the Kansas site that called
the proposed facility “safe and secure”.[13] However, a 2012 review of the risk assessment by the National Research Council called it “seriously flawed”.[14]

References

1. “Bioterrorism Fears Revive Waning Interest In Agricultural Disease Lab on Plum Island”. The Wall Street Journal. 2002-01-08. Retrieved 2008-05-17.

11. “DHS: DHS Issues Record of Decision on Proposed National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility”. Dhs.gov. Retrieved 2011-08-10.

12. “Study spurs request to not phase out Plum Island”. Newsday.com. 2009-07-31. Retrieved 2011-08-10.

13. “DHS Issues Updated Site-Specific Risk Assessment For Proposed National Bio And Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF)”. dhs.gov.

14. “Officials press feds for NBAF”. LJWorld.com.

External links

• Official website

(Wikipedia® February 18)

https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/plum-island-animal-disease-center

Department of Homeland Security

Plum Island Animal Disease Center

Location: Orient Point, NY

Since 1954, the DHS S&T Office of National Laboratories (ONL) Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) has served as the nation’s premier defense against accidental
or intentional introduction of transboundary animal diseases (a.k.a. foreign animal diseases) including foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). PIADC is the only laboratory in
the nation that can work on live FMD virus (FMDV). The lab and its staff of nearly 400 employees provide a host of high-impact, indispensable preparedness and response
capabilities, including vaccine R&D, diagnostics, training, and bioforensics among others.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum_Island_(New_York)
Plum Island is an island in the Town of Southold in Suffolk County, New York in the United States. The island is situated in Gardiners Bay, east of Orient Point, off
the eastern end of the North Fork coast of Long Island. It is about 3 miles (4.8 km) long and 1-mile (1.6 km) wide at its widest point.[1]

Access to the island is controlled by the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS).

History

As one result of the heightened national security initiatives following the attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, Plum Island was considered as a
potential site for a new high-security animal disease lab, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF). In September 2008, the U.S. Congress passed Public Law 110-
329 (Sec. 540 – New York) that directed the General Services Administration (GSA) to close the PIADC, sell the Island to the public, and to use the proceeds towards
the construction of the NBAF, if it were decided that NBAF would be built elsewhere. In January 2009, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) selected
the City of Manhattan, Kansas, as the site for the NBAF, and decided to relocate the PIADC there as well.[9] However, the decline in real estate values stemming from
the subprime mortgage crisis and late-2000s recession caused the sale of the Island to be considered no longer viable. Because the proceeds from selling the Island
were needed to construct the new facility in Kansas, the project was effectively cancelled for the short term when the 2013 federal budget request contained no funding
for the new facility.[10] As part of the planned sale of Plum Island, the United States Government has been preparing an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the
Island, one objective of which is to determine whether the impact of nearly sixty years of animal testing on the Island constitutes a threat to public health that
could preclude the planned sale.[11]

References

Notes

1. Corey Kilgannon (September 14, 2016). “Home to High-Security Lab and Source of Rumors, Plum Island Faces Uncertain Future”. The New York Times.

9. http://www.newsday.com/long-island/epa-seeks-environmental-review-before-plum-island-sale-1.1981828 Newsday, “EPA seeks environmental review before Plum Island
sale”, June 4, 2010

10. Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit (14 February 2012). “Planned Kansas Biodefense Laboratory Over the Rainbow?”. ScienceInsider. American Association for the Advancement of
Science. Retrieved 14 February 2012.

11. “Record of Decision for the National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility Environmental Impact Statement”. Federal Register. January 16, 2009.

(Wikipedia® January 27, 2017)

Ray L. Wulf argues that an island location is much more effective at containing infectious diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease. A mainland research facility would
permit unhampered spread of such diseases throughout the continental United States, with devastating consequences for the agricultural economy. Modern technology is
not adequate to ensure safety, and federal, state, and local authorities are not prepared to deal with an outbreak.

https://www.americanfarmersandranchers.com/our-history#history-presidents

American Farmers & Ranchers Mutual Insurance Company.

The history of American Farmers & Ranchers is rich with culture and growth and began with the membership services organization Oklahoma Farmers Union.

OFU State Presidents

2000-2009 Ray L. Wulf

Reply Quote Email Author
Hide 2 replies

Message Read
Mark as Unread
Message Not Flagged
Set Flag

22 days ago
https://nuonline.neu.edu/images/ci/ng/default_profile_avatar.pngBrian Ryan
RE: Can Infectious Animal Diseases Be Studied Safely in Kansas? Attachment
Collapse
http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35581830
BBC

When foot-and-mouth disease stopped the UK in its tracks

Claire Bates

February 17, 2016

Fifteen years ago foot-and-mouth disease led to the culling of millions of animals and the UK losing billions of pounds. Could it happen again?

Officially, there were 2,000 cases of foot-and-mouth in the 2001 UK outbreak. But that doesn’t do justice to the horrendous toll of the disease.

Each of those cases meant a farm having all of its livestock killed and burned. By the time the last case was confirmed at Whygill Head Farm in Appleby, Cumbria, on 30
September 2001, more than six million sheep, cattle and pigs had been slaughtered.

https://www.nao.org.uk/report/the-2001-outbreak-of-foot-and-mouth-disease/

National Audit Office

The 2001 Outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease

Foot and mouth disease was confirmed at an abattoir in Essex on 20 February 2001. By the time the disease had been eradicated in September 2001, more than 6 million
animals had been slaughtered: over 4 million for disease control purposes; and over 2 million for welfare reasons.

A National Audit Office report to Parliament today on the handling of the 2001 foot and mouth outbreak showed that the outbreak cost the public sector over £3 billion
and the private sector more than £5 billion.
http://www.k-state.edu/nbaf/#q1/
National Bio and Agro-defense Facility

Leveraging the National Bio and Agro-defense Facility

The National Bio and Agro-defense Facility, or NBAF, is the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s foremost animal disease research facility.

The $1.25 billion facility is a biosafety level-4 laboratory and will replace the aging Plum Island Animal Disease Center in New York. NBAF is expected to be
operational by 2022-2023.

After a three-year site selection process, Manhattan, Kansas, was selected as the location for NBAF. The facility is under construction on Kansas State University’s
Manhattan campus and is adjacent to the university’s Biosecurity Research Institute. This strategic location places NBAF near important veterinary, agricultural and
biosecurity research and expertise.

MHA 601 Principles of Healthcare Administration Week 4 Assignment 1

MHA 601 Principles of Healthcare Administration Week 4 Assignment 1

MHA 601 Principles of Healthcare Administration Week 4 Assignment 1
This is due on or before Wednesday, March 22, 2017 at 4:00 p.m. CST.

Final Paper Preparation

Review the instructions for your Final Paper located in Week Six of your online course. As part of your Final Paper, you are asked to research and identify solutions
implemented at five other hospitals in the U.S. that were dealing with the same issues. Create an outline illustrating five solutions implemented at five other
hospitals, including key details. Use the “Guide to Creating an Outline” for assistance.

Your outline must be formatted according to the guidelines as stated in the Ashford Writing Center. Your paper must be two to three double-spaced pages (excluding
title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Including the textbook, utilize a minimum of five scholarly
and/or peer-reviewed sources from the Ashford University Library published within the last five years. Document all references in APA style as outlined in the Ashford
Writing Center APA Checklist.

Week 6 – Final Paper
Final Paper due April April 07, 2017

Ashford General Hospital Proposal

Ashford General Hospital is a 263-bed regional hospital located in California, serving its community for more than 50 years. The hospital maintains the only 24-hour
emergency department in the area and an “extended hours” urgent care clinic. Similar to other hospitals in the United States, Ashford General Hospital is encountering
a nursing shortage. Sixty-eight percent of the nursing staff is over the age of 45, facing retirement. The retention rate on nurses is 61%, compared to 65% nationwide.
Many of the nursing staff find the work too physically demanding and have a feeling of emotional burn-out as well. In the past two years, the hospital has used both
per diem nurses and traveling nurses who sign short-term contracts to fill individual shifts and accommodate short-term staffing needs arising from staff vacations or
medical leaves. This has not only driven up personnel costs but also resulted in lower scores on patient satisfaction surveys. Ashford General Hospital faces
significant challenges in nurse staffing ahead as it grapples with these issues, and the hospital board is very concerned. They know there must be some changes made
in order to prevent a major financial and human resources crisis in the future. As the newly hired CEO, you are asked to present a proposal in the next board meeting.

For your Final Paper, you will create a 10 to 15 page proposal (excluding title and reference pages) for the Ashford General Hospital Board of Directors. In your
proposal, you will:
Include an executive summary.
Research and describe solutions implemented at five other hospitals in the US that were dealing with these same issues.
Based on your research, describe two solutions that are the most viable for Ashford General Hospital to implement within the next two years.
Create a total of two stakeholder group analyses for two solutions you select. Each analysis should include at least five stakeholder groups involved (e.g. patients,
hospital executive administration, accounting, Human Resources (HR), marketing, third-party payers, etc.). As part of your analysis, address the following questions:
Who is impacted?
What change processes may be required?
What fiscal impact would occur?
What are the ethical, legal, and diversity risk factors involved?
Based upon the stakeholder group analyses, recommend the best solution for Ashford General Hospital with detailed justification. Explain why you feel it is the most
viable and appropriate solution given the financial impact, HR issues, and interpersonal dynamics of hospital personnel, cultural shift, and change management.
To prepare your board proposal, including the textbook, utilize at least 10-to-12 scholarly and/or peer-reviewed sources that were published within the past five
years, as well as hospital or foundation websites. All sources must be cited according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. .
Writing the Final Paper

The Final Paper:
Must be 10-to-15 double-spaced pages (excluding title page and references page) in length, and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing
Center.
Must include a title page with the following:
Title of paper
Student’s name
Course name and number
Instructor’s name
Date submitted
Must include an executive summary.
Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement.
Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought.
Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis.
Including the textbook, must utilize a minimum of 10 to 12 scholarly and/or peer-reviewed sources that were published within the past five years, as well as hospital
or foundation websites. Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Must include a separate reference page, formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

On-Line Profile

On-Line Profile

Writing related to business and public administration 1-2pages

Writing related to business and public administration including documented research reports, summaries and analytical papers for 1-2 pages.

Topic:On-Line Profile

Many businesses are recognizing that traditional resumes are becoming outdated or are no longer an accurate way to evaluate potential employees. To get to know
potential employees better, several companies are asking applicants to submit an “on-line, electronic profile.” In addition to searching Google for applicant
background, firms are looking at applicants’ Facebook page, Twitter and Linked-In accounts. Your firm has discovered that the majority of resumes submitted in the past
few years have been largely inaccurate, misleading, and filled with misinformation. Because of this, your firm has been unable to hire qualified workers, which has
caused many problems. The Hiring Manager, Sheila Lass, has decided to stop accepting traditional resumes. Instead, she will ask potential employees to submit an “on-
line, electronic profile.” She feels she can get to know the “real” person by examining their profile.

Write her a correctly formatted memo informing her of your position on this issue. Include several, wellreasoned ideas that either support or oppose her plan.

Algebra

Algebra

Algebra

Math 40 Quiz 8: Show some work. No decimals or mixed numerals.
Only positive exponents in final answers. Beware of sign errors.
0. What are your (L) last and (F) first names? 0.(L) ________________________(F) __________________
1. [18] Evaluate each completely.
(a) 5900
1050
5901
1048 (b) 2−2 + 3−1 (c) −130 + (−13)
0 − 130 1.(a) ___________
1.(b) ___________
1.(c) ___________
(d) 2−808
1159
2−810
1160 (e) 1
6
!
”
# $
%
&
−1
(f) 3
4
!
”
# $
%
&
−2
1.(d) ___________
1.(e) ___________
1.(f) ___________
2. [22] Simplify each completely.
(a) 42×3
y2 − 6×2
y − 18xy
−6xy
(b) −x4
2y3
z
2
”
#
$
%
&
‘
3
2.(a) ________________
2.(b) ________________
(c) 12×15
y8
28×12
y
(d) 21
x−5
y−20
2−3
x3
y−17 2.(c)_________________
2.(d) ________________
***Return this quiz no later than 10:00am Friday.***
***Do not wait until the last minute.***
***Technical difficulties are not an acceptable excuse.***
***Follow the rules below.***
Please do not return this second page.
See the Announcements for the full versions of the Rules for Returning Quizzes. Here’ s
a summary:
By fax:
• Write darkly so the fax machine picks up your handwriting. I won’t grade your quiz
at all if I can’t read it.
• ALWAYS get a confirmation sheet showing the correct date and time.
• Be sure that the confirmation sheet says that the transmission was successful.
• Make certain the number is correct: 415-239-3999.
As an email attachment:
• Write darkly so the scanner picks up your handwriting. I won’t grade your quiz at
all if I can’t read it.
• Please use a scanner, not a camera, unless it is an emergency, the camera has
excellent quality, the lighting is good, and you can re-name the file.
• Scan “portrait” style, not “landscape”.
• Write all relevant work on the quiz paper. Do not scan and send your extra pages.
• Save your scan in pdf or as a jpg format (maybe png if you must).
• Name your file with a name that begins with your last name. You may put your
first name or initial, too, but put it AFTER your last name. I’m talking about the
filename, not the subject line of your email. I don’t really care about the email’s
subject line as long as it’s vaguely relevant.
• Keep the filesize below one megabyte. My computer and printer choke on large files.
• Email it directly to fteti@ccsf.edu, preferably from your mail.ccsf.edu account.
By hand:
• Please bring to Mr. Teti’s office in Batmale Hall, 7th floor, room L760, near the
department office.
• The department is open only on weekdays from 8:10 a.m. until about 4:30 p.m.
• If I’m in the office, just hand it to me. If not, there is a little desk to the left of the
door. Look for a box labeled Mr. Teti’s Math 40 Quizzes or some such. Fold your
quiz and put it into the box, ballot-style.

C09E Principles of Finance

C09E Principles of Finance

ASSIGNMENT 08

C09E Principles of Finance

Directions:  Be sure to save an electronic copy of your answer before submitting it to Ashworth College for grading. Unless otherwise stated, answer in complete sentences, and be sure to use correct English, spelling and grammar. Sources must be cited in APA format. Your response should be four (4) double-spaced pages; refer to the “Assignment Format” page located on the Course Home page for specific format requirements.

 

Part A

  1. Describe an incremental cash flow for a project.
  2. Describe three (3) concepts we need to examine to help understand how to estimate the incremental cash flow of a project.
  3. Benson Co. purchases an asset for $6,000. This asset qualifies as a seven-year recovery asset under MACRS. Benson has a tax rate of 30%. The seven-year expense percentages for years 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are 14.29%, 24.49%, 17.49%, 12.49%, 8.93%, and 8.93%, respectively. If the asset is sold at the end of six years for $2,000, what is the cash flow from disposal? Show your work.

Part B

  1. Briefly describe JIT inventory management.
  2. Describe one (1) type of cost that is minimized with JIT control.
  3. In order to use JIT, is it better to have high ordering costs or low? Provide one (1) supporting fact to justify your answer.

Part C

You are CEO of Acme, Inc. located in the United States. You use the discounted payback period method and accept all projects that payback in three years. You are considering a project that will cost $5,500,000 and will produce one cash flow that occurs in three years. However, the cash flow is in pesos since the project is an overseas project. The current indirect exchange rate is 13.5 pesos per dollar. The cash inflow in pesos is 100,000,000 in three years, and the discount rate is 11.5%. During this time, the anticipated annual inflation rate is 5% in the United States and 4% in Mexico.

Should you accept this project, using the discounted payback period method? Is this a good decision? Provide the six (6) steps you would utilize to determine whether or not this is a good decision.

 

Grading Rubric

Please refer to the rubric below for the grading criteria for this assignment.

 

 

 

 

Multiple Myeloma Disease

Multiple Myeloma Disease

Multiple Myeloma Disease

science 132
Topic: Multiple Myeloma Disease
Should use the same references provided in biblography and abstract

Research Paper Instructions

Paper Topic
The topic of the research paper will be any disease or condition of the body. The paper must include a thorough description of the disease/condition; current statistics of those affected; explanations on how the various body systems are affected; and any medications/treatments that are available, if any.

Format
· The paper should be complete and the main body should be 1000-1500 words in length (excluding cover page, abstract, references, etc.).
· Utilize APA Style format and references. See the Owl at Purdue site for help with APA formatting principles: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
· Utilize at least five current and reliable sources. You can use Internet articles, journals, text books, etc. In fact, I strongly recommend that you utilize the APUS Online Library for your research as they offer a plethora of reliable and pertinent research sources. You may access the Online Library by clicking on the “Online Library” link on the menu inside the electronic classroom. However, you should NEVER use Wikipedia for your research as anyone can alter the information on this site making it a poor source of accurate information.
· Utilize one inch margins on all sides.
· Double-space your paper.
· Use either an Arial or Times New Roman font in a 10 or 12 point font.
· Include a cover page, an abstract, page headers, in-text citations, and a reference page.
· Submit a high-quality paper, free of spelling and grammatical errors; use your Spelling and Grammar checker in Word AND proofread your final draft!!!
Should be written in your own words; answers should not be copied from other sources – see section on plagiarism. Properly formatted in- text citations and references are required as noted above.

“Handling Workplace Disputes”

“Handling Workplace Disputes”

discussion question “Handling Workplace Disputes” Please respond to the following: Assess two different dispute resolution methods, in terms of their suitability for use within health care organizations. Evaluate two factors that contribute to the importance of the employee handbook in terms their relevance in handling workplace disputes in the health care field. Provide specific examples to support your rationale.

Should Tiffany be allowed to conduct this audit given her limited skill level? How might she acquire the necessary skills?

Should Tiffany be allowed to conduct this audit given her limited skill level? How might she acquire the necessary skills?

15-13. Tiffany Martin, CPA (Information Technology Audit Skills) Tiffany Martin is an audit manager in a medium-sized public accounting firm. Tiffany graduated from college seven years ago with a degree in accounting. She obtained her CPA certification soon after she joined the firm where she currently works. Tiffany is a financial auditor; she has had little training in auditing computerized information systems. The current engagement Tiffany is working on includes a complex information processing system with multiple applications. The financial accounting transactions are processed on a server. The IT department employs 25 personnel, including programmers, systems analysts, a database administrator, computer operators, technical support, and a director. Tiffany has not spoken with anyone in the department because she is fearful that her lack of technical knowledge relative to IT will cause some concern with the client. Because Tiffany does not understand the complexities of the computer processing environment, she is unable to determine what risks might result from the computerized system’s operations. She is particularly worried about unauthorized changes to programs and data that would affect the reliability of the financial statements. Tiffany has spoken to Dick Stanton, the partner who has responsibility for this audit client, about her concerns. Dick has suggested that Tiffany conduct more substantive testing than she would undertake in a less complex processing environment. This additional testing will hopefully ensure that there are no errors or fraud associated with the computer processing of the financial statements. Requirements Do you think that Dick Stanton’s suggested approach is the most efficient way to control risks associated with complex computer environments? How should Tiffany respond to Dick’s suggestion? What can a public accounting firm, such as the one in which Tiffany works, do to ensure that audits of computerized accounting information systems are conducted efficiently and effectively? Should Tiffany be allowed to conduct this audit given her limited skill level? How might she acquire the necessary skills?

Compare black mans burden and white mans burden

Compare black mans burden and white mans burden

1- This assignment should also compare and contrast The Black Man’s Burden and The White Man’s Burden. How are the documents similar? How are they different? How can similarities and differences be explained or accounted for?

2- Your assignment will be graded on both content and writing style and must conform to the instructions for writing essays and grading rubric included at the back of the syllabus. Remember that you will be penalized for not properly citing your work and for not following all instructions.

3- This assignment, which is intended to improve critical and analytical thinking and writing skills.

Violence of the french revolutionary era

Violence of the french revolutionary era

What happens when political power is exercised through emotion, intuition, and gut feeling (including religious faith), rather than through reason and logic? Or vice-versa? What are the pros and cons?

Please read and answer the above question

The violence of the French Revolutionary era, the ideologies of the Enlightenment passing through the fire, the powerful reaction against the traumatic decades just passed: all these factors roiling together produced the new ideology known as “Romanticism.” It began as a literary and artistic movement, rejecting everything the Enlightenment stood for – instead of logic and reason, emotion and intuition; in place of the clear and linear, the dark and labyrinthine.

This was the age of “Frankenstein” and Byron and Shelley, Delacroix and Goethe, the “Rime of the Ancient Mariner” and “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” – works and artists that would have been laughed at in the eighteenth century – or at least dismissed as sappy, gloomy or pretentious. (the painting above shows what Picasso thought Frankenstein’s monster looked like . . . hmmm.) The greatest of all Romantic poets and artists, William Blake, spoke for many people with his eerie images of the enthronement of Reason and Machine. “Art is the tree of life,” Blake wrote. “Science is the tree of death.” The image at right is Blake’s “Mind-Forg’d Manacles” – the title explains itself.

Read the text for explanations of nationalism, socialism, liberalism, conservatism. Anarchism is also a product of this period, though the textbook gets to it a little later. All these “isms” were products of the “Romantic” frame of mind, in spite of their vast differences.

Characteristics of this new way of political thinking

  • Utopianism – a belief that the world can and should be made a better place. Romantic thinkers often had wonderful ideas about a better world, but no idea how to get there.
  • Distrust of logic and reason – the new political ideologies would often appeal to gut feelings and emotion . Think about Hitler’s charisma and today’s debates over abortion rights or gun control.
  • Nationalism – believe it or not, this didn’t exist before the 19th century. You might have been loyal to the “king of England,” but not to “England.” All modern political ideologies have played on nationalism and its psychotic form, “patriotism.” More about this in the next chapter, as we look at how new nations were being organized.
  • The use of history to brainwash people, not educate them.
  • Mixing political ideas that are inconsistent with each other (see bullet 2 above). For example, claiming to believe in democracy and individualism but also in the “community” or the “Volk” (again, Hitler).
  • Hero worship or personality cults: the belief that a “great man” (rarely a woman) can embody the will of the people. The last 200 years has been full of these larger-than-life characters and their worshipful followers: Napoleon, Queen Victoria, Bismarck, Abraham Lincoln, Mussolini, Hitler, Franklin Roosevelt, Churchill, MaoTse-tung. Look at the newspaper and maybe you can think of a few more.

The new “isms” (read the chapter!)

  • Nationalism – a particular group with a shared heritage and language should be self-governing because it is unique and special — but we will look at this in the next chapter.
  • Liberalism – government should be minimal, and you should have the right to live as you please – as long as you don’t interfere with other people’s right to live as they please.
  • Utopian socialism – the economy should be “leveled,” that is, no one should be really rich or really poor – this can be done by having the state own and plan the economy (as opposed to capitalism, where the economy is privately owned and not regulated, causing more and more wealth to accumulate in the hands of fewer and fewer people). The term was coined by Marx, who meant it negatively.
  • Anarchism – both government and capitalism should be abolished, and everyone should have a voice in establishing society’s rules — that is, pure democracy. (Anarchism is not “anarchy” or chaos.)
  • Conservatism – protect the status quo, be very cautious about any changes. Capitalism is the best economic system and representative democracy or constitutional monarchy are the best governments (it’s dangerous to put power directly into the hands of the people).

Later, growing out of these isms but not flowering until the twentieth century:

  • Marxism and all its variants – history is a record of the struggle between “haves” and “have-nots,” capitalism, once good for building the economy, has now become oppressive; the next stage will be an uprising of exploited workers who will take power and the economy into their own hands (the “dictatorship of the proletariat” and “public ownership of the means of production).
  • Fascism and its racist variant, Nazism – the individual exists to serve the state, not vice-versa; society is like an organism and all ‘troublemakers’ must be ruthlessly suppressed, as the body suppresses a virus; one great leader speaks for all, just as the brain speaks for the body.