A Breakthrough in Planet Discoveries

A Breakthrough in Planet Discoveries

Subject: Physics    / General Physics
Question

A Breakthrough in Planet Discoveries

Published: Feb. 26, 2014 by Dr. Tony Phillips | Credit: Science@NASA

Years ago, before the launch of NASA’s Kepler spacecraft, astronomers were thrilled when they discovered a single planet.

Today, the Kepler team announced 715.

Kepler has always been good at finding planets. Even before the announcement, the observatory had confirmed 246 new worlds outside the solar system. The latest discoveries almost quadruple that number.

Kepler works by looking for the slight dimming of starlight caused when a distant planet transits its parent star. Any dip in stellar brightness attracts the attention of the Kepler team, and can prompt them to declare a planet candidate. Verification of candidates can be a laborious process, proceeding slowly, planet-by-planet.

Now, however, a research team co-led by Jack Lissauer of the Ames Research Center has figured out a way to speed the process up. “We’ve developed a procedure to verify multiple planet candidates in bulk to deliver planets wholesale, and have used it to unveil a veritable bonanza of new worlds,” says Lissauer.

The technique is called “verification by multiplicity,” which relies in part on the logic of probability. Out of the 160,000 stars Kepler has observed, a few thousand have planet candidates. But not all candidate systems are equal. A subset of the total, numbering in the hundreds, have not just one but multiple candidates. By concentrating on those busy systems, the team found 715 planets orbiting 305 stars.

The method of multiplicity can be likened to the behavior of lions and lionesses. Suppose that Kepler’s stars are like lions, and the planets are lionesses. If you see two big cats it could be a lion and a lioness or it could be two lions. But if more than two cats are gathered, then it is very likely a lion and his pride. Thus, through multiplicity, the lionesses—or planets—can be reliably identified.

All of the newly-discovered worlds are located in multi-planet systems. Nearly 95 percent of the planets are smaller than Neptune—that is, less than four times the size of Earth. This is a marked increase in the known number of relatively small planets.

“This study shows us that planets in multi-systems tend to be small and their orbits are flat and circular, much like the inner parts of our own solar system,” says Jason Rowe a co-leader of the research at the SETI Institute.

Four of the new planets are less than two-and-a-half times the size of Earth. Moreover, they orbit in their sun’s habitable zone, where the surface temperature of the planets may be suitable for liquid water, a key ingredient for life as we know it.

“The more we explore,” concludes Rowe, “the more we find familiar traces of ourselves amongst the stars that remind us of home.”

1) Which of the following observations support conditions for the existence of water?

A) The core of these new planet is similar to our own Earth

B) The majority of the planets are smaller than four times the size of the Earth

C) All the recent discovered worlds are located in multi-planet systems

D) Four of the newly discovered planets orbit in their sun’s habitable temperature zone

2) A scientist graphed the event of a single temporary drop in the brightness of a star that was observed during an observation period of 1,500 days this way:

The scientist created 4 additional graphs to show the timing of brightness changes in four other stars that were also observed for 1,500 days each. If each planet is described by a distinct drop, which of the following graphs would be most consistent with the presence of 2 planets circling a star, rather than just 1 planet?

A)

B)

C)

D)

3) Which of the following statements is true from the experimental data obtained by the Kepler team?

A) Approximately 35 of the 715 new planets are bigger than the size of Neptune

B) Approximately 7% of the 715 new planets are less than two-and-half times the size of the Earth

C) Approximately 500 of the 715 new planets are smaller than the size of Neptune

D) Approximately 95%of the 715 newly planets are located in multi-planet systems

4) According to the article, the probability logic of the verification method of multiplicity can be analogous to the behavior of lions and lionesses. Which of the following statements can reasonably be concluded?

A) There is a high probability that if two cats are seen they could be two lions

B) There is a higher probability that if more than two cats are seen there would be a lion and multiple lionesses

C) There is a high probability that if two cats are seen they could be two lionesses

D) There is an equal probability that if two cats are seen they could be two lions or two lionesses