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Socializings Play in Disguise

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Socializing: Play in Disguise

Play as an activity is executed by an individual or several people for entertainment, socialization, or both. A rationale of play is to make the individual who is performing the activity derive some fun. There are diverse types of play including mental play as well as physical play. However, play does not only entail pleasure and entertainment, it also concerns realizing a sense of accomplishment. I realized this when I begun to engage in mental games (Turkle 158). While several players express a desire to accomplish in the game, there appears to be two dissimilar threads of where fulfillment lies. There is a group of players who derive fulfillment from the constant progress presented by the mechanisms of the game, while some players are mainly motivated by the desire to attain a goal, characteristically the end-game (Selnow 148).

Part of the motivation for participating in online games is for the most part, to experience a sense of accomplishment. As I play the online games, I perceive my attention as a flashlight. This means that, where I place my attention is the light, and my intention is where the light is pointing. As soon as I place ample effort and time into an in-game assignment, I get satisfied in a manner that is quantifiable and significant. I also attain a new item when I conclude a complex quest and acquire experience, money, or points. I may as well gain an advanced level of expertise in a skill, or achieve disrepute in the online game community. The actual world is different from that. In the actual world, there are a small number of quantitative rewards for one’s efforts in merely trying to live. In the actual world, one must run errands, clean their house, go shopping at the grocery store, pay the taxes, and perform the laundry, among numerous things. However, there is no satisfaction or forward progression in such things. These are merely daily chores. There would be sparkly reward, new skill, or new item waiting for me following completion of the 5th stack of laundry in one week.

Socializing in massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPGs) denotes dissimilar things to different individuals. For some individuals, the excitement lies in being capable of login on to a world whereby there will always be somebody to have a chat. Making new acquaintances and having friends whom I can chat with is essential to me. At the time when I was in the World of Warcraft (WoW) beta, I did not play much since of my acquaintances were not in it. When I played, I was at all times looking for somebody to chat. In effect, the only thing that I lacked in the release of World of Warcraft is that a lot of my guildies from EverQuest (EQ) did not make the shift. We still keep up a correspondence by means of the message boards, and individuals who leave the guild have requested me to be re-quilded in my guild prior to quitting the game.

I socialize with people, most of the time. I usually talk to numerous people at a time, and usually feel somewhat uncomfortable in quiet groups. My list of acquaintances grows frequently. When I used to play EverQuest 1, I was able to acquire a list of 100 acquaintances. I most likely play generally to meet people and acquire new friends. It is fun having acquaintances from all parts of the globe. Befriending people and getting to know them well, hopefully builds lasting friendships even in the event that one of us ends up quitting the game.

As I socialize in play, I enjoy helping other people. Altruism is extremely interrelated with forming relationships and socializing. Conceivably this is because assisting someone else is the simplest way to meet somebody new in the competition and commence a conversation. I am at all times ready to give assistance to new players when I may have the time, with any skill that I may have. Time and again I keep a quantity of my previous equipment so that I may assist a new player, and I do not accept cash for it in return. Occasionally I would ask for resources that they may easily collect, but more often than not I simply ask that when they would outgrow the gear so that they may also assist another new player. From time to time, I see individuals whom I have assisted several levels later, and a lot of them remember me. This gives me the requisite sense of accomplishment.

Several years back when I had trouble socializing I got a chance to perform an interview with somebody who was exceptionally experienced in the social feature of social interactions. Patrick put it in a manner that astonished me in that I could not believe I did not realize it before. Patrick said that one ought to think their concentration as a flashlight. According to Patrick, one’s attention is the light, and their intention is where they are pointing the light.

In my younger years, I was extremely reserved and quiet. Through games like these, I have been able to learn how to converse to people as well as how to interact. More outstandingly, these games have also assisted me in learning leadership skills. I have grown up playing several games whereby social interaction featured as a major constituent. At 15 years, I was an awkward and shy person, unable to converse around people whom I did not know well. Today, I am able to interact and socialize freely and I have no trouble holding conversations with new people. I may still experience s a measure of shyness, but I have learnt to conceal it in a better manner. Making new acquaintances has always been an endeavor that I esteemed doing, but as a result of my trouble being at ease with socialization, it was a task that I could not accomplish effortlessly. Gaming has assisted me learn what it takes to make friends, and some of my closest friends are people whom I have met in-game.

According to a study conducted by Syracuse University, it was found that the people who play MMORPG reported an increasingly greater sense of accomplishment and enjoyment from the game. Among the amazing benefits found was the increase in the acquiring new friends in comparison with the games that involve single-player groups. The degree of cohesion that regularly develops among MMORPG players was also found to be significant. In effect, there are numerous real-life relationships and romances that have blossomed owing to online socializations and interactions in gameplay (DePaola 79).

Several studies reveal high and moderate game playing groupings to be rated positively in regard to psychosocial health assessments than non-gamers. This indicates less perilous behavior and higher levels of self-esteem. Several studies have as well failed to demonstrate a strong and reliable link between gaming and injurious variables. A number of preliminary studies have postulated that engaging in online games has the predisposition to increase social skills and sociability. Other studies have ascertained a strong and reliable link between introversion, self esteem, social skills, and social anxiety. According to a construct developed from social intelligence, social skillfulness denotes a group of skills utilized in decoding, regulating and sending verbal and non-verbal information with the intention of facilitating adaptive and positive social interactions. A number of other studies exhibit that social skills have broadly predicted essential indicators of psychosocial health, for instance, the size of social and interpersonal support networks, personal adjustment, self esteem, as well as psychopathology (Gershuny 28).

CONCLUSION

Bearing in mind the social character of online gaming, as well as, the unique character of online communication, it is rational to theorize that the time spent while playing online games may enrich a number of, or each and every one, of the requisite social skills. However, there are some studies that have revealed some personality characteristics indicative of trouble in maintaining relationships as well as low self-esteem. This may necessitate the need for extra research in regard to the effect of online gaming on socialization. This is because, as an individual, online play has assisted me in socialization.

Works Cited

Gershuny, W. Changing Times: Leisure and Work In a Post-industrial Society, New York: Oxford U.P. 2011. Print.

DePaola, E. “Self-Esteem and Social Skills.” Personality & Individual Difference 11.8(2008): 79. Print.

Selnow, T. “Playing Videogames: The Electronic Ally”. Communication Journal 34. 2(2010).148.Print.

Turkle, P. “Constructions & Reconstructions of the Self in Virtual Reality”. Mind, Activity & Culture 1.3(2011). 158. Print.

Critique of Pure reason

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Introduction

Philosophy has been one of the most fundamental aspects of the human society. While it has been extremely difficult to place a finger on or outline the importance of philosophy, it is primarily concerned with enabling individuals to think critically about the varied things or points of view that they encounter in their day to day lives. Needless to say, there have been numerous philosophers, each of who have been postulating different theories and ways of reasoning. Nevertheless, Emanuel Kant carved a niche for himself as one of the greatest philosophers, with his works being explored even in the contemporary human society. One of the greatest works of Emanuel Kant revolves around his critique of pure reason, in which he primarily aimed at determining the scope and limits pertaining to pure reason. This means that he wanted to determine what reason alone has the capacity to determine without any assistance from the senses or any other faculties. Metaphysicians come up with grand claims pertaining to the nature of reality on the basis of pure reason alone. However, these claims are often conflicting with one another. On the same note, Kant was prompted by the skepticism that Hume exhibited as to doubt the very existence or possibility pertaining to metaphysics.

In his critique of pure reason, Kant came up with two crucial distinctions. The first distinction pitted priori knowledge and posteriori knowledge, while the second distinction was between synthetic and analytic judgments. Priori knowledge refers to the universal and necessary knowledge that individuals gain from experience, while posteriori knowledge refers to the particular knowledge that individuals gain from experience. Kant’s epistemology, in essence, does not offer any other path for knowledge other than through empirical means. Indeed, knowledge, for cant cannot be established or attained via abstraction abstractness or speculation. This acknowledgement underlines the fact that the term “noumenon’ only revolve around a modification in technology rather than a variation in thinking from the general position that Kant defends in the process of knowing what something entails.

Noumenon underlines what something is in itself. Kant underlines the foundation of positing things in themselves as securing a requirement for knowledge objectivity. This is because although these things are unknowable, they are the causes of the sensations that individuals have. Kant insinuates that the thing-in-itself underlines an object pertaining to an appearance, and is appropriately referred to as a non-empirical and transcendental object as it is impossible to intuit its principle to individuals. Indeed, the thing-in-itself concept underlines the concept pertaining to an unknown object, which means that an object whose nature is completely unknown, in which its varied members pertaining to some sensory representation sets are united, given objectivity through being fixed to a particular object, in which case it would be made into the appearance pertaining to a non-transcendental empirical object. This view underlines the notion that there exists more to something than what its appearance says. Things-in-themselves are unknowable. Their nature would never be known as they represent am insoluble problem especially considering the nature of individual’s understanding.

This declaration means that a noumenon is perennially unknowable and knowledge represents a tension between phenomenon and noumenon in which the noumenon would be gradually reduced to the group of appearances that are knowable. The nature of individual’s comprehension revolves around their deficiency of access to a noumenon, and can confirm new appearances that could complement the existing ones, but would not allow individuals to know all things pertaining to something.

Kant also explained the notion of the phenomenon where he stated that the synthesis of positions that results in actual knowledge pertaining to an object would be likely via the powers pertaining to cognitive judgment, which is the intuitive sensibility that produces sensation, as well as the conceptual comprehension that gives rise to thought. The account pertaining to the aspects represented in Kant’s epistemology only speaks of objects pertaining to sensory experience or items as they are in appearance or even those things that are and are related to human cognition. this perspective underlines the notion that the things that pass for knowledge would be explained via two perspectives. First, there is the knowledge of facts, which an individual’s senses can determine (Kant 39). Second, there is knowledge pertaining to the general links between filets, which is also made likely in the human senses’ rubric. While there are varied opinions as to the noumena and phenomena linkages as presented by Kant, there exists an element of consistency in the statements.

Kant has stated that sense does not necessarily have to be the only technique through which individuals would intuit something. Indeed, part of noumena are thing that are ambiguous and vague and things whose only existent individuals can only know of through analytic deduction by pure comprehension. For instance, individuals can know for sure that there exists a Supreme Being in the world even if individuals cannot perceive it. Individuals do not perceive using sense data this world and the process that are around them, rather, their pure comprehension leads them to a source for all these, which essentially entails a higher power. It goes without saying that a higher power falls under noumena as it is impossible for individuals to perceive the power using sense data. However, human beings have sufficient pure comprehension, even with observation, to obtain an intuition pertaining to His existence. This is the same case that applies to the molten core that resides at the center of the earth. Of course, no one has ever been to the center of the earth, in which case it would be a noumena. However, human beings have justified the existence of this core through the use of pure comprehension, as well as other phenomena.

However, Kant’s phenomena and noumena notion is discredited by other philosophers especially positivist philosophers, thanks to the lack of evidence pertaining to their existence. These philosophers outlined some verification conditions for the existence of something. They outlined the justification conditions, where they stated that if an individual can justify the truth pertaining to something, they would have the capacity to have evidence pertaining to the same (Kant 43). There is also the meaning conditions, which outlines the fact that if an individual says something, then it should have meaning within the rest of the world. The justification and meaning conditions usually follow either direction , considering that if an individual has justification with evidence, or even can create meaning in the things that they say, then they would have truth. However, this would only work in instances where all these can cohesively work together.

However, this notion presented by positivists seems to be founded on flimsy grounds. This is especially considering that there exists two ways in which individuals can justify the existence of things that they cannot see or noumena. First, the phenomena whose intermittent occurrence individuals can see around them would point towards certain other aspects that they do not have the capacity to see using their sense data within their perceptions (Kant 47). In the case used before, for instance, human beings gain perceptions as to the existence of a molten core in the earth thanks to the massive magnetic polar charges that they can see on the poles of the earth, seismic waves, earthquakes and volcanoes, as well as the existence of certain minerals that they cannot categorize as normal on the surface of the earth. All these things underline the fact that there exists a different material inside the earth that is, in essence, in a molten state. It is worth noting that all of the phenomena deduced from the materials would not essentially be perceived by human beings using the sense data pertaining to the core, rather they entail phenomena that are intermittent and random than everything when it is tested together, which points to the molten core. This is the same case for the existence of a higher power or Supreme Being. Human beings have the capacity to perceive the sun, eclipses, the varied earth processes, or even the occurrence or endurance of mitosis by the cell, among other numerous things that would never occur or be caused by chance. Indeed, all these things follow an orderly process, which means that they are under the control of another being that human beings are yet to perceive. This means that the phenomena would, essentially, be noumena. Nevertheless, the phenomena that occurs all at the same time or simultaneously around individuals, when observed collectively or even studied together, points towards a new hypothesis or theory pertaining to the collective cause for the varied things and occurrences (Kant 49). This is irrespective of the fact that human beings are yet to perceive the cause of all these things using some sense data. Indeed, phenomena would usually point to the existence and varied aspects pertaining to undiscovered noumena.

In addition, human beings, more often than not, have faith as a result of phenomena. According to Kant, human beings have the capacity to comprehend noumena using pure understanding. On the same note, they must have other techniques for gaining intuits other than sensory impressions. This means that seeing does not necessarily have to entail believing. Using all the phenomena that can be used to point to the existence of noumena, human being can have faith in the existence of the noumena as they have the assurance pertaining to it. A Supreme Being does not or has never appeared to them or offers them assistance in life, rather intermittent things happen to individuals thereby helping them out, which may essentially be related or connected to the existence or presence of a Supreme Being (Kant 57). Faith, in essence, is a self-described term, while the noumena revolves around the things that individuals must have faith in following the observation of the surrounding noumena, as well as making a purely comprehension decision pertaining to the same. This means that the use of evidence as the only way in which individuals would get intuition pertaining to the existence of items is flawed.

Works cited

Kant, Immanuel, Werner S. Pluhar, and Patricia Kitcher. Critique of Pure Reason. Indianapolis, Ind: Hackett Pub. Co, 1996. Print.

Social Responsibility and Intercultural Competence (2)

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Social Responsibility and Intercultural Competence

Culture can be defined in so many ways. The most simplified definition of culture is it is the shared and learned behaviour within a setup of a community which has interacting human beings. British anthropologist Edward Taylor describes culture as a complex whole within which man being a member of a community gains morals, art, knowledge, beliefs and customs (Ruben, pg. 334-354). Different communities have different cultures. By analysing each culture individually, it is easy to conclude that different cultures have common characteristics. The different definitions of culture give us various characteristics of culture.

I choose Simone Davis as my partner for this project. Simone is an African American who I met at the coffee shop. Before I met Simone I had the perspective that African Americans are very rough and rude. I also had the perception that they are into crime and drugs and that they are materialistic. I also thought African Americans are very talented when it comes to sports, music, dance and academics. My whole perception about African Americans were based on the movies I had watched since the above traits are portrayed in almost every black movie. I have never had a chance to interact one on one with an African American. My interaction with Simone was quite engaging and educative since I got to learn a lot about her culture. From our interaction I came up with a number of differences and similarities which I saw in our cultures.

Simone confirmed and at the same time refuted some of the perceptions I had about her culture. One of the major stereotypes that people have about her culture is connected to the issue of drugs and crime. As much as this is true to some extent, I learnt that it is very wrong to judge someone based on what you see being portrayed in movies. As I was listening to Simone, I learnt that our cultures are different in a number of ways. When it comes to the issue of celebrating weddings, our cultures are quite different. I learnt that African American weddings are quite simple as compared to our culture. In my culture we value celebrations and parties and to us a wedding is a very big ceremony. Weddings in her culture are mainly symbolized by a church ceremony and reception later on where the bride removes her gown and wears something comfortable for the reception. Before the newlyweds go for their honeymoon they are required to jump a broom which is symbolic that they are ready to begin a new chapter in life as husband and wife. In my culture, the bride is required to prove to the congregation that she is able to take care of the husband. The bride will feed the groom and remove his shoes as a sign that she is ready for her new role as a wife.

There is also similarities in our cultures. We are both immigrants and as a result we go through the same challenges. One of the biggest challenges we go through is racism. As immigrants, we have to work twice as hard and prove that we are also able to achieve what others can accomplish. The issue of equality in terms of treatment by others affects both our cultures. I also noticed that both our cultures value the family set up. To us family is always a priority and we can step out of our comfort zones just to ensure that our families are safe and are provided for.

During my interview with Simone Davis, I couldn’t help but feel a connection with her from knowing that our cultures face the same challenges. I also felt empathetic because I initially had a very wrong perception about her culture and all that entails to it. By the end of our interaction I was happy to have learnt all that pertains to African American culture.

Being flexible and open minded really helped me during my interview with Simone. I learnt that the more open minded I was to learning about her culture, the more I was able to see her culture for what it really is. This helped reshape my mentality and get rid of all the stereotypes I had about her culture. I also learnt that it is good to open up to people and learn from them because there something that we can learn from each other.

With my culture partner Simone, I identified quite a number of issues that affect both our cultures at the local, national and global level. One of the biggest issue that face both our culture is racism. This is experienced both locally, nationally and globally. Racism is discrimination based on one’s ethnicity and background. As Hispanics and African Americans people tend to have a low view of us. We are discriminated by the society because of our ethnicity and nativity. Poverty is another issue that both our cultures face. Being an immigrant in a foreign country is not easy. Most of our families have two or three jobs for survival. Since we both value large families, it becomes tough at times to meet all the expenses and pay all the bills. Most families struggle to get money for food, shelter and medical expenses. Access to education is also a challenge. Children in both cultures have to study twice as hard and prove that they are capable of being admitted in the same school as other students.

I also noticed that a woman has no place in both cultures. People tend to focus on men and a woman has been forgotten. Women really fight hard to be recognised by the society. I think that it is necessary to overcome the above prejudice about our cultures. It is very important to carry out civic education and enlighten people on the above issues (Ogbu, pg. 5-14). The society needs to know that any kind of discrimination on a person based on their background and ethnicity is very wrong. The government needs to come up with strict rules that protect the rights of immigrants. There are a lot of challenges that are faced by immigrants. It is the duty of the government to ensure that immigrants are free and safe from any kind of discrimination.

I also think that the society should come up with platforms that helps people from different cultures to interact. This could be in form of an annual event where different cultures meet to showcase their culture. It could be in form of showcasing the different foods and modes of dressing that we have. Interaction of different cultures helps to break down the negative mentalities that people have about other cultures. It also creates a society in which people are open minded and flexible. Interaction and mingling with other people creates harmony in the society. There is a lot to learn from other people and it is very wrong to allow issues like racism to be a diving factor in our societies. I encourage people to be open minded and empathetic. This will go a long way in ensuring that we build positive relationships regardless of our culture or where we come from.

At the end of the day, I realised that we are all humans. We need to treat each other with a lot of love and care. It is wrong to allow identities to break human interactions. We all have the same dreams and aspirations in life. The goal is to hold each other’s hand and work towards making our dreams and aspirations a reality. It is important to break cultural barriers that hinder our interaction. My interaction with Simone has taught me that every human being needs to be loved and be treated as they deserve.

References

Work Cited

Ruben, Brent D. “Assessing communication competency for intercultural adaptation.” Group & Organization Studies 1.3 (1976): 334-354.

Thomas, David C. “Cultural intelligence.” Wiley Encyclopedia of Management (2015): 1-3.

Ogbu, John U. “Understanding cultural diversity and learning.”Educational researcher 21.8 (1992): 5-14.

Triandis, Harry Charalambos. “Culture and social behavior.” (1994).

Critique of Formalism

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Critique of Formalism

Formalism is a literary theory that focuses mainly on the elements that constitute a piece of literature to make an analysis on the piece. It excludes the biographical, historical, and intellectual aspects of the piece. It uses elements of the piece such as similes, paradox, characters, plot, tension, ambiguity, and metaphor to understand the specific work. Formalists do not consider the author’s intent for the piece as important, neither do they spare a though for the circumstances that led the author to produce the piece. They exclude all forms of external influences that may have contributed to the work. They aim to separate the work from the author as much as they possibly can and carefully analyze it to discover the relationship between its elements that comes together to cohesively make a piece of work what it is. Formalism is an outdated method of literary analysis that fails to tie the author to the work itself and is therefore a misrepresentation of the literal piece.

Formalists closely read the work they need to analyze to understand how the various elements contribute to the flow and the cohesiveness of the work. They work on the premise that once they understand the individual elements of the literary work and how the elements work on the specific piece, they will understand the piece as a whole. Formalists believe that a specific piece of work is self-contained and self-referential. All that they need to do is a correct analysis of the work which is contained in the work itself; and they do not need to go outside the realm of the work to make an analysis.

Formalists use this method of literary analysis for a number of reasons. First, they believe that people have certain biases when studying a literary piece. Some biases include author biases and place of origin biases. If readers and analysts know the author and their style of writing, their critical analysis decisions will depend on past works of the author and general known facts about them. If an author is famous for preference of specific themes and writing styles, then the analysts tend to assume these known facts for every piece the author writes. This hinders a critical analysis of a literary piece. Second, there are stereotypes that are associated with certain literary pieces. Some critics consider authors from some geographical areas better than those from other areas. This clouds the judgment of some critics and their analysis of a literary piece may not be objective. In addition, when formalists analyze a piece of literature, they aim for the truth of the literary piece. Once they establish the truth, them the piece is less prone ideological changes in future interpretation based on its background and that of the authors.

Structuralism is a form of formalism that sees the literature piece as part of a system of signs. It lays emphasis on the fact that the elements that make up a piece get their full meaning only when analyzed in relation to each other and to the system in which they belong. Thus, to come up with the meaning of a given literal piece, structuralists examined the underlying aspects of the piece such as the plot, the characterization and related the patterns and similarities drawn to other literal pieces of the same genre. For instance, a structuralist does not analyze a poem in a vacuum. He or she considers the features that make the poem to be a poem. They rhyme, repetition, metaphors and similes found in one poem and drew parallels with other poems in order to draw conclusions on the poem.

Structuralists work under the assumption that a specific literal piece does not stand alone. The piece is part of a larger system and thus studies the work to identify and understand the elements of the piece and how they come together to contribute to the piece’s structure. Structuralists make connections between different elements of a literal piece of work so that they understand how each individual element contributes to the complete work. They take a step further from a literal piece they are analyzing to compare similarities in the piece to other pieces that bear similarities to them.

Structuralists consider a literal piece as part of a larger system. It is dependent on other pieces that make up a system. Therefore, they do not simply analyze the piece alone but also the larger system that the piece is part of. The structuralist uses the system to identify underlying elements of pieces of literature that are similar and produce a pattern. The pattern helps the structuralist to identify place the work into a larger system that they are part of and therefore, correctly analyze a literal piece by putting it in perspective.

Tzvetan Todorov in his work, Structural Analysis of a Narrative published in 1969 gave “an abstract description of what I believe to be the structural approach to literature.” (Todorov 70). He gives a series of points that he deems important when analyzing a literary piece. He narrowed his analysis to that of a narrative. In his opinion, the first decision to make in the structural analysis of literature is whether the narrative has a descriptive attitude or a theoretical attitude (Todorov 70). He notes that the theoretical aspect of the narrative takes precedence, as it is not the “description of the work” that the analyst is interested in, but rather the way the piece manifests itself as part of an “abstract structure” (Todorov 70). The work does not exist in a vacuum but as part of a broader system to which it belongs.

The second consideration for the analyst is to differentiate between the “internal approach” and the “external approach” to literature (Todorov 70). He insists that the analyst use the internal structuralism as opposed to the external structuralism. Though he does not advocate for the use of biographical aspects that affect the text in its analysis, he writes that structuralism requires the analysis of the system from which the specific text originates as a whole (Todorov, 71). He regards it “not as an individual aspect but as part of a greater system” and therefore must be analyzed as such.

Todorov suggests that analysts should use Meta language to provide a “visual image” of the literature under analysis. He writes that the image helps in the understanding of the piece by relating it to objects that the readers of the analysis understand and relate to. He also disagrees with the analysis of some literature critics such as Henry James who consider literature a science. He contends that most literature readers understand a piece in terms of its plot and narration and are therefore unconcerned with “theoretical problems”. He insists that the way that a piece of literature and the way that the artist puts it together is important in the structural analysis of literature. He writes that in the structural analysis of literature, “discussion of methodology is not a minor area of a larger field, a kind of accidental by-product but rather its very centre, its principal goal” (Todorov, 76).

Sigmund Freud gives his input on the analysis of a narrative. His theory states that the energy people put into tasks is at its very nature sexual. However, it is not purely expressed sexually but can manifest itself through personality disorders, dreams and fantasies that come about when the instinctual drives were limited to manifestation by the external surroundings. This he named the pleasure principle the reality principle. Freud writes that the motivation of an artist to produce a creative work is driven by desire to achieve some degree of status of the desire to own something. However, with few resources that an artist can use to acquire their desire, they result to art and literature, believing that its appreciation will bring out the recognition that they desire. To analyze a piece of literature, Freud advocates for the understanding of the author’s conflict with himself and to construct his reasons for a literal piece based on what he reveals about himself from the work.

In his book, The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud focuses on dreams of some of his patients as the literary pieces of analysis. He seeks to analyze the dream based on the dreamer’s life and happenings that could have in one way or the other contributed to the dreams. He writes that dreams occur for different reasons and signify different desires for the dreamers. Freud and his team discovered that dreams are not abstract and a series of factors come together to constitute a dream. These he referred to as the ‘peculiarities in the dream’ – the events of the previous day or days leading up to the dream that were of significant importance to the dreamer. The second is the fact that dreams pick not what is important and elaborate in a dreamer’s life but those aspects that the dreamer trivializes and subordinates. The dream implies their magnitude and effect, known or otherwise. Third, the dreams are composed of those memories that make up the earliest part of the dreamers childhood. These may be issues the dreamer trivializes ad may have long forgotten their existence (Freud 57).

Freud interprets that the content of a dream is based on the premise of remnants of events that took place in the life of the dreamer a long time ago. This he terms as a manifestation of the dream-distortion (Freud 61). Dreams mostly constitute events of the day. However, “If the day has brought us two or more experiences which are worthy to evoke a dream, the dream will blend the allusion of both into a single whole: it obeys a compulsion to make them into a single whole” (Freud 61). Some of the dreams the sources of which Freud interpreted were the embarrassing dreams of being naked, the dreams that contain the death of a loved one, and the examination dreams. All these he contends stem from the psyche of the dreamer.

Freud identified levels needed in interpreting a dream. The first is condensation. Here, several images combine to form a composite image. The second is displacement. This occurs when another that is more important to the life and meaning of the dream replaces an image in a dream. The third is representation. Hers, the thoughts that represent the dream take the presence of images and appear to the dreamer as images. In order for an analyst to interpret a dream correctly, they need to understand all these ways that a dream manifests itself and break down the individual components that will help to understand the meaning of the dream (Freud 93).

Non-formalists contradict the literary analysis beliefs of the formalists. In their opinion, a literary piece is dependent of other factors that came into play during its creation. Formalists believe that in addition to the different elements of a literary piece constitute a literary piece, analysts should consider extrusive elements of the piece. They insist that a piece of literature is the outcome of the of an author’s belief system, their historical, biographical and intellectual background and their mind frame at the time of writing the piece. Non-formalists believe that art of any kind, including literal art, is a result of the artist’s emotional being at the time that the artist creates the art.

Freud therefore embraces more of the non-formalist approach to the interpretation of dreams to analyze literal pieces. He sees a dream not as an individual entity but as part of a wider system that contributes to the life of the dreamer. He uses the dreamer’s back-story (who in this case is the author) to try and identify the reasons for the dream and give it a correct interpretation. Though the formalist approach is a good approach to the analysis of a literal piece, it fails to take into account the authors and their contribution into the literal piece. This in my opinion is a gross misrepresentation of the piece because, without the authors and their experiences leading up to the specific moment, the piece of literature cannot exist.

Works Cited

HYPERLINK “http://www.bibme.org/journal” o “Edit this item” Freud, Sigmund. The interpretation of dreams. New York: Modern Library, 1900. Print.

HYPERLINK “http://www.bibme.org/journal” o “Edit this item” Todorov, Tzvetan. Structural analysis of a narrative. New York: Thousand Oaks, 1969. Print.

Social Media Opportunities and Challenges

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Social Media Opportunities and Challenges

Dear Chief Marketing Officer

Social media champions and Chief marketing officers are faced with the challenge of getting a platform that helps transparent and consistent engagement. The correct social aggregation and an analytics platform should be effective through multiple external and internal social media channels.

Social media technology supplier sand enterprises alike, often do not know the difference between the social media channels, activities and platforms. There exist three kinds of social media activities (participatory, inbound and outbound) being employed in five separate channels that analytical and aggregation platforms have to address. Organizations’ inbound participatory and outbound social media actions are usually carried out in three of those five different social media channels, whereby the common arrangements are social networks multimedia sharing, and blogs.

Previous impartial analytic platforms and social aggregation are combining potentials to give organizations a powerful knowledge of how social media use by employees and customers has developed in nature. As connections of social media are dominated by people communicating with each other, a rapid growth in businesses to support their goods, respond to queries and comments of consumer and interacts with the business partners. Organizations jump into the user environment of the social media channels because their potential or target audience can be arrived at easier than through numerous marketing channels that re traditional.

Majority organizations employ social media as one-way channel; they promote themselves to prospects and customers, but do not engage in dialogue that is mutually beneficial that changes comments of customer to insights that meaningful and actionable. According to Gartner, 75% of the marketing organizations will outlook social media as just a different channel frustrating customers and not delivering important worth to the strategy of the CMO through 2015

The channel of Social media is one that rejects corporate-style messaging that is one-way, grandstanding egotistical or broadcasting, Social Media poses a Challenge to every Organization. The rapidly growing use of numerous channels of social media challenges every CIO, who should settle on the exact strategy and best apparatus for dealing with their prospects and clients. Consecutively, their IT staffs, majority of who contribute in the “social intelligence team” of advertising department, need guidance on employing the data attached from social relations. This means that the CIOs face the challenge of giving one stand enabling transparent and consistent involvement across several social media channels — that are outbound, participatory and inbound.

The struggle generally results from propagation of the platforms of social media, alongside incomplete APIs standardization, which form a difficult environment for the deployment and development of applications that are platform-based. consequently, enterprises require to holistically run the connections in the different channels (for instance, preparing content that is distributed in the proper context), steering the connections to the exact staff, in addition to keeping record of happenings and eventually, gathering and evaluating data to enable discussion/approving/refining how to respond to the evolving communications.

Nevertheless, the commercially accessible platforms that exist are usually very limited for the needs of an organization. Additionally, as there are various actual or officially agreed-on standards of social software, not any has been generally accepted. This directs to in-house maintenance (a development) with its linked aspects that are negative and the possible add-on of free or inadequate commercially accessible platform functionality.

Managing Social Media Engagement Matters

Discussions with providers of social media technology and the Gartner clients emphasize a regular misunderstanding of the difference between social media platforms, channels and activities. The three types of the social media activities are:

Inbound activities are those dominated by connections from prospects and customers asking questions, looking for assistance and commenting on the products and services, with Interaction from partners that is limited.

Outbound activities are normally interactions between the customers and organization and the prospects that support and endorse the products and services including communications with its business partners.

Participatory actions are multiparty and bidirectional relations that cause an exchange of viewpoints and information, strengthening the requirement for one platform to analyze and aggregate the talks.

Outbound activities are distinguished by venture reaching to its clients and potential clients. In general this outreach ends up in a response that is inbound and, preferably a social media conversation. Activities that are Participatory are demonstrated by clients (plus prospective clients and still critics) holding dialogue that is of social media among themselves or with the enterprise

Figure x.1. Social Media Engagement Framework

Social Media Channels

Social Networks

Blogs

Micro-blogs

Multimedia Sharing

Reviews/Forums

Social Media Aggregation & Analytics Platform

Aggregation Tools

Social Media Monitoring

Social Network Analysis

Sentiment Analysis

Reputation Management

Business Intelligence

Social Data Warehouses

Social Media Activities

Social Outbound

Social Inbound

Social Participatory

Social Media Champions

Social Media Channels

Social media communications happen through different channels, like social media blogs, networks, micro blogs, multimedia and online reviews/forums. Communities consist of (although they are not restricted to) LinkedIn, Twitter and Facebook. Facebook drives the network sociality that isnot just about size, rather the level of that network’s attain.Champions of social media have to enable consistent and swift responses with greatly targeted and applicable content that results in a realistic conversation, whether their organization engages in multiple or single social media channel, In early social media adoption stages, CIOs cannot permit the back-end integration’s lack to be clear to the clients (Laura, 2009 p. 90). Use different channels for inbound than the outbound social media, although from operational viewpoint, they must be observed holistically to guarantee consistent content, responsiveness and messaging.

Various ways to guarantee success of the advertising programs of social media;

Step 1: Agree on the Time Limits of Experimental Programs

Check for unanticipated profit during a social program’s experiment phase. Be adamant on viewing the straight business worth from the social marketing device before signing for an agreement that is long term with the technology provider. Retailer can calculate the average obtain order of a client who comes through the company’s Facebook page against a client referred by the search engine. As time limit draws near, make an evaluation of its value that is honest. Then, opt to amend or leave the experiment, or attach it to the existing operations.

Step 2: recognize Measurable Goals

Bind your social plan objectives to business and marketing objectives.

Measurement should be treated as a significant part of the experiment.

Step 3: review Social Programs

Employ a committee of management for social media. Its associates should incorporate a representative from public relations, product development, operations marketing and customer service. Examine future developments, assess how ongoing programs are performing then make modifications weekly. Review the benefits of the project on your business.

Evaluate the benefits of the project to your community and customers.

Step 4: Integrate Established and Social Business Programs

Encourage incorporation of business and social programs for example e-commerce, Web analytics applications plus the past client transactions. Know that insights got from programs of social marketing can help other trade activities like customer service, human resources and public relations. Social data, for example, can assist businesses:

Get better customer service

Develop new goods

Recognize new prospects for sales

What to carry out Next

Start small. Recognize the actual and likely benefits got from an initiative of social media marketing.

Join committee members of social media management to place a financial value on the benefits.

Once you’ve confirmed the worth of a marketing project of social media, you can use accomplishment metrics to protect financial support for expanded or new projects. Social marketing activities, ranging from experimental to constantly developing programs, are intended to promote engagement between customers and a business. The most frequent advances to social marketing seen and business examples that have accepted one of these advances — are:

Monitor the reputation of your brand: Listen, strengthen, develop, defend and promote your brand.

Understand the communities and customers: recognize influencers, study customers and set up a system to automatically score and classify topics, personas and promotion objectives content. Organize social campaigns: Track, aim individuals/segments within a society (for example influencers), line up services and products with needs of individuals, and lead scenario through a process of buying through applying particular treatments. For instance, Golden State Warriors involved customers in a logo challenge and made $440,000 in the season tickets endorsed to that campaign Manage thoughts: create new ideas from communities and individuals, speak those thoughts then apply them to maintain marketing objectives.

Research, check and start latest products: involve the society in market research, the testing and feedback for the latest products and services.

CMOs ought to compel the enterprise’s establishment of a trusted dialogue with various bodies in the market (buyers, reviewers and influencers, for instance) in a manner that’s seen as sensitive, well targeted, personalized and responsive. The content should be majored not just on what is known on the entity using the channel of social media, but the contact’s background. The communication may possibly take alive engagement form by means of the stage or generating content sent through a different medium, for instance media tablets or Smartphone.

CIOs (IT organizations) could either offer technology to ease that conversation or help the CMO select services that are outsourced which will meet these requirements. The platform should assist creation of greatly besieged, modified and significant content to personal clients and prospects in one to one (1:1) arrangement. It ought to also deal with the one to many format (1: N),for example when someone posts on the like site of Facebook, many people do not just notice the person’s post but will also notice the response of the organization to the post.

Social media metrics may improve insights, accelerate the response cycles, and lower prices for the digital marketers.

Social metrics to Use in order to optimize media messaging and spending;

Getting started

Embrace the Value of Social Media Analysis

Find out how effective your advertising is by complementing the social media analysis with traditional advertising research.

Tune into Resonance

Find out the effects of your messages on customers. Here, Use resonance metric and practically understand the way it works.

Resonance has two primary factors: valence and volume. The two adjust dynamically overtime. These factors can be used as source signals for Strategy techniques that are Pattern-Based:

Volume is the cumulative audience size.

Valence refers to (positive or negative) sentiment of viewer’s reaction, as derived by the sentiment analysis.

Do not throw out the Existing Vendors

Know the research method and the type of vendor. If your present survey-based analytics vendor does not present social media analysis use an extra vendor.

What to Do Next

Understand the concept of resonance in the social media and apply it. Using it; predict, detect negative reactions earlier and, when needed, take corrections.

Measure the resonance worldwide and relative to a particular target segment (geographic, psychographic segment or demographic).

Apply different weighting factors to the volume analysis.

Work with the IT leaders in building analytic platforms of high-capacity that mix traditional research methods and metrics with the social media analysis so as to optimize ROI and marketing.

Collaborate with the industry relations to set up guidelines and standards which include analysis of social media in the metrics mix.

Social Aggregation and Analytical Platforms

Majority of the enterprises will profit from the internal coordination and coherent approach that a particular common aggregation and critical platform offers by connecting numerous social media channels. We know that although a particular technology platform is best it is presently unlikely. In that case, a holistic approach is advised once a single platform cannot be practiced. Presently, analytics platforms and aggregation do not host, rather they assist bidirectional contact and measure the contact. Therefore, as the content occupies their individual platforms, the tools just grab the data and execute their duty. Clearly, aggregation platforms are host to those social media channels engaged by the group to ease equally beneficial reception of sentiments, gestures, comments, and responses, For instance; from many social media channels. Furthermore, the platform has a format that is aggregated which is centrally noticeable and it facilitates a unified and swift corporate reaction when appropriate.

Social analytics platforms however, check and evaluate communications in channels of social media. They are necessary to assist companies know and act in response to clientele online conversations. Since the activities carried out on the platforms will more and more include the archival and analytical tools needed to sustain social media information management, Consolidation signs are happening amid these platforms (Chris & Susan, 2009 p. 17). Preferably, the analytics and aggregation platform should have mechanisms accessible to deal with the engaging varied channels of social media from a particular setting. These mechanisms consist of changing activity of social media in transition to conversations that are stored permanently in a warehouse data collection attached through the process of crawling (Baker & Hart, 2008 p. 90).

Several tools accessible to assist in reforming numerous supplies of social profiles, social activity or analytics are; Buddy Media, Intensity Hoot Suite, Context Optional, Visible Technologies, Hub spot, Hearsay, Social, Nimble, Involver, and Virtue. Presently, all social media channels employ a distinctive login profile and through employing many channels, a state could rise whereby the user has numerous profiles, compromising security and identity. Consequently, the platform ought to have the capability to render reliable outbound social interaction through numerous channels of social media that may possibly span many profiles representing a particular organization (Sterne, 2010 p. 41).

CIOs have to ensure selection of an analytics and aggregation stand that withstands many activities and numerous channels through setting up the tools supporting social media activities, whilst concurrently checking and measuring the streams of activity. This will not just support the existing environment of social media by knowing what is and what is not working and how interactions evolve, but it will as well harness streams intended for archiving and other reasons. In lots of cases, this will need moving past what is presently free analytics and aggregation tools set.

Platforms have to be holistic so as to deal with the inbound, outbound, aggregation/analytics and participatory. Make sure it includes the measurable metrics of social media required in tracking progress and performance over time. Whereas traditional calculations of ROI for activities of social media might not be achievable, the platform should present the tools for measuring these activities and the way they change over time (George & Richard, 2007 p. 56).It is as well essential to know that organizations look to platforms of social-software that can flex easily to adapt as patterns of use change, functionality is improved and supposed security risks come up. This flexibility broadens to the ability of the platform to sustain internal and external social communications. Organizations have to implement an analytics and aggregation platform delivering one voice, incorporating measurable metrics of social media and responding or leveraging input from these channels, whilst tracking the performance and the progress over time.

Bibliograph.y

Adam .S. & Bill .G.(2012). Five Real-World Approaches to Social Media Marketing. gartner

Andrew .F. (2012). Social Media Makes Marketing Metrics More Meaningful.gartner.

Baker, M. J., & Hart, S. J. (2008) the marketing book. Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann.

Available at: http://site.ebrary.com/id/10251264.

Bozarth, J. (2010). Social Media for Trainers Techniques for Enhancing and Extending

Learning.Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons. Available at:http://public.eblib.com/EBLPublic/PublicView.do?ptiID=573858.

Richard .F,& Carol .R. (2012). How to Integrate Social Media into Your Marketing Communications Strategy

Cheal, C., Moore, S., & Coughlin, J. (2012). Transformation in teaching: social media

strategies inhigher education. Santa Rosa, Calif, Informing Science Press.

Chris,B., & Susan.E.,(2009),The most powerful brand on earth:how to Transform teams,

Empoweremployees, integrate partners and mobilize customers to beat the competition

in digital andsocial media.

Gavin .T, Pete .B, (2012). Managing Engagement through Multiple Social Media Channels.

gartner

Noor Al-deen, H. S., & Hendricks, J. A. (2012). Social media: usage and impact.

Lanham, Md,Lexington Books.

Paul J. Lavrakas, (2010).An Evaluation of Methods Used to Assess the Effectiveness of

Advertising on the Internet

Sterne, J. (2010). Social media metrics how to measure and optimize your marketing

investment.Hoboken, N.J., John Wiley. Available at:

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B5F79C0DD240}&Format=50.

Smoking age to 21 in Washington State

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Smoking age to 21 in Washington State

Research shows that teenagers in Washington State start to purchase tobacco at an early age. As a result, the Washington state’s top lawyer was set to unveil legislation seeking to raise legal smoking age from 18 to 21 years. If the bill would be passed successfully, then this will mirror the minimum age for alcohol and marijuana hence making Washington State the first state in the country to ban tobacco for people under age 21. According to Bob Ferguson; who is the Attorney General, he states that “The drive behind this is the health and well-being of our youth in the state of Washington; some other jurisdictions have raised the age and seen some real impact on youth smoking rates (Nunally, 2014).”

Reports showed that various municipalities across the country on the other hand have raised smoking age to 21. According to Ferguson and other lawmakers from the Senate, the bill to match the legal ages for marijuana and alcohol consumption was inspired by effectiveness of smoking bans in many cities nationwide. For instance, in 2005, the bill was passed in Needham, Massachusetts and in 2012; the age smoking rate had dropped significantly by 50 percent. Research also shows that Washington State has highest tobacco taxes over $3 as compared to other states to discourage young adults from purchasing. According to Phillip Morris, he argues out that in order to raise the legal age for tobacco purchases, the tobacco industry should work hand in hand with the government. This is because these industries mainly target young smokers who later may become lifelong smokers.

The positive results in regards to decrease in numbers of smokers have made many cities and counties to follow the suit as well. For example, New York City, New York, Hawaii County and many others have reported a drop of 45 percent of their high school smoking rate. However, in cities like New Jersey, Colorado and Utah, the bill to raise smoking age 21 failed two years after it was passed in 2012, and so they wanted the tobacco users to be at least 19 years or older (Nunally, 2014). Ferguson on the other hand argues that raising age to 21 would be costly if the bill happens to have been passed and so it might cost state government about $20 million a year in tobacco-tax revenues. Given that tobacco’s health effects are long-term, therefore the state’s healthcare system may take decades to reduce the number of people smoking. I think this is true because even today many State governments are spending a fluctuating amount of money year in year out to fight for tobacco use among teenagers.

Personally, I support the government in raising smoking age to 21 because research shows that the young adult brain develops between 18 and 21, which is highly susceptible to nicotine addiction. According to Ferguson, he says “The damage tobacco does to the lives and health of Washingtonians is devastating, Research shows that young adult brain still developing at the age of 18 and 21, and therefore it is highly susceptible to nicotine addiction. Ferguson adds by saying, we must do more to protect our youth from tobacco’s grip, and the bill is an important step toward keeping nicotine out of the hands of kids and young adults (Nunally, 2014).” Much as to be done to protect these teenagers from tobacco’s grip and the only way is to pass the bill which will be important measure to keep nicotine out of the hands of young adults. People who use nicotine usually become addicted and have been known to be spending huge amount of money to purchase these drugs. It is evident that the harmful consequences of using tobacco are clear, smoking kills 10,000 people every year and about $2 billion in health care costs are as a result of tobacco smoking.

According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), there are various problems that come in as a result of smoking. Firstly, smokers are more likely to develop heart diseases and lung cancer than nonsmokers. Smoking also increases risks of bronchitis and for both coronary disease and stroke; the risks are 4 times that of nonsmokers. Other positive effects of raising smoking age to 21 in Washington State include a decrease in drunk-driving fatalities especially for young drivers as well as, cutting costs used for health for treatment. For example, reports from the U.S government shows that the state uses a lot of money for tobacco users each year to pay for their hospital bills; in one year, the state can spend like $3million, which is $40 million short of what CDC and prevention study recommended for an adequate effort. According to Ferguson, the measures introduced would restrict many teenagers from purchasing and possessing tobacco products to legal drinking age. This is important because it would have a great impact on other residents who take up smoking given that most smokers start using these drugs in their teenage years (Nunally, 2014).

Conversely, The American Cancer Society (ACS) on the other hand have shown a great concern in dealing with the issue; their main aim is to discourage people from lighting up at all-regardless of age by educating the teenagers the negative impacts of using drugs at an early age; which include, smoking increases chances of getting lung cancer, those who have become addicted to smoking often spend a lot of money in purchasing tobacco and paying for hospital bills. Creating awareness to the public by educating young adults the harmful consequences of using nicotine and tobacco will help them knowing what exactly they need to do; that is to completely do away with smoking for a better future or to continue with the habit and at the end they get diseases such as lung cancer (Nunally, 2014).

In conclusion, raising smoking age to 21 in Washington State will be of great significance not only to the young adults but also to the parents who take care of these children. We all understand that tobacco is very addictive and so most teenagers start using them at an early age, however what they do not know is that, too much use of it can later develop tobacco-related illness like heart diseases and cancer. Smoking is one of the most risky and harmful activities young people can engage in, and therefore, this should be a decision they make once they have had a chance to grow and mature. The measure could therefore drive a major decline in smoking addiction, thus saving lives as well as, reducing health care costs.

Work Cited

Nunnaly D. The Washington Times. Attorney General wants to raise Washington smoking age to 21; New York: Rosen Pub., 2007. Print.

Singlehood and Cohabitation

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Singlehood and Cohabitation

Today, singlehood is by choice and getting married or marrying, is no longer a necessity or even to some people, not even desirable. As a result, there are pros and cons of being unmarried which have been well documented in articles and book. One benefit of being single is the ability to achieve greater things. A person can devote more time to work since there are no responsibilities to a spouse or a family. Secondly, a single woman can manage money very well since there is no one to tell her how she should spend her salary. Also, singles have less, but better sex in the bedroom. Statistics shows that they have enough intimate time in the bedroom since their hormones are high in the “courting relationship.” However, being single can be disadvantageous. Singles feel lonely sometimes especially when they seek companionship, but there is no one available to keep them company. Also, singles have unguaranteed sex. For example, spouses can get regular sex since they have steady partnership; however, singles have to work had to get laid (Matlin 280).

Cohabitation refers to people who live together without legally getting married. Cohabiters have advantages such as sharing expenses and enjoying life the way they want. It is also the best alternative to marriage for people who cannot afford marriage expenses. Cohabitation also gives one time to test your partner before marrying. However, Cohabitation has cons such as it is not a permanent relationship. Cohabiters can easily get fed up and separate. In addition, people who are cohabiting do not have good sex for fear that the one partner could be having sex with another person (Orapeleng 33).

Work Cited

Matlin, Margaret. The Psychology of Women. Belmont: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print.

Orapeleng, G M. Sexual Integrity in the 21st Century?: Exploring Chastity. for Individuals and

Guardians. Bloomington: AuthorHouse, 2012. Print.

Critique of article Implications of Cultural Differences in International Projects by Jewels, T & Albon, R.

Critique of article Implications of Cultural Differences in International Projects by Jewels, T & Albon, R.

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Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc411178062” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc411178062 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc411178063” National Culture PAGEREF _Toc411178063 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc411178064” Languages PAGEREF _Toc411178064 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc411178065” Religions PAGEREF _Toc411178065 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc411178066” Organizational Culture PAGEREF _Toc411178066 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc411178067” Hierarchical culture is vital for the global business PAGEREF _Toc411178067 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc411178068” Professional culture PAGEREF _Toc411178068 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc411178069” Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc411178069 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc411178070” Some suggestion for the international business which reside at the confluence of different cultures PAGEREF _Toc411178070 h 9

IntroductionCantwell, Dunning & Lundan (2010) found that accomplices’ cultural differences may have more impact on the execution of universal cooperation as those distinctions get to be all the more accurately identified with the partnership’s essential quality making exercises. A global cooperation’s execution is determined by the organization togetherness viability in attaining to its essential worth making exercises. Additionally, Hofstede (2010) said that asset complementarity between accomplices of global collusion is frequently a fundamental condition to enhance this quality creation. Consequently, to impart, join and power reciprocal assets, the accomplices’ workers must connect viable. Numerous specialists found that national and hierarchical culture differences between these workers influence their collaborations. This implies that distinctions in national and hierarchical culture have a huge effect on the execution of global business. This implies the impact to differences in standards of conduct, quality frameworks and dialects between the accomplices will impact the achievement or disappointment of a venture. In addition, Jewels & Albon (2013) likewise said that for a universal business, getting a handle on the communicating cultural dynamic between the international and the neighborhood is the way to be fruitful. Thusly, for international business, impact to differences in cultures and getting a handle on the interfacing cultural dynamic between the international and the neighborhood is essential in light of the fact that culture differences can straightforwardly influence the achievement or disappointment of an undertaking. In addition, Jewels & Albon (2013) said that cultural differences come from national, authoritative and Professional cultures. The distinctions in national, hierarchical and Professional culture can repress global partnership accomplices’ representatives’ capacity to associate adequately. This paper will critique how the way of life differences influence the international business from three separate perspectives: national culture, authoritative culture, and Professional culture: national culture, organizational culture, and professional culture. This is based on the article Implications of Cultural Differences in International Projects by Jewels, T., & Albon, R.

National CultureI realized that distinctive nations have diverse cultures. From (Cantwell, Dunning & Lundan, 2010), countries are discernable from one another by an imparted cultural history, for instance, religion, dialect, or racial character. Additionally, all these recognizing qualities mix into a national culture. Normal dialect, imparted religious, imparted good values, imparted history, relationship between the individual and gathering, and demeanor to instruction are all the components of national culture. National culture relates essentially to profound situated qualities (Hofstede, 2010). National culture impacts family life, authoritative culture, training, and monetary and political structures (Hofstede, 2010). Jewels & Albon (2013) likewise said that the impact of national culture is solid and dependable. Businesses, while they may add to their particular qualities and conduct, are likewise very impacted by the national culture of their nation of origin (Jiménez et al. 2010). Besides, Hofstede (2010) found that national culture clarifies half of the distinctions in directors’ mentality, convictions, and qualities. Moran, Harris & Moran (2011) said that national culture differences are obviously seen in monetary and political frameworks, instructive frameworks, and different establishments. In this manner, Moran, Harris & Moran (2011)Said that national culture differences between accomplices of the international cooperation can challenge the advancement of fruitful connections. Sarala & Vaara (2010) said that these difficulties stem part of the way from the absence of imported standards or qualities. Besides, this absence of basic comprehension may undermine the accomplices’ translation of one another’s key goal, which is urgent in international markets and businesses (Jiménez et al. 2010).In addition, Jewels & Albon, 2013 likewise said that National culture has been demonstrated to effect on real business exercises, from capital structure to gathering execution. Presently, we realize that distinctions in national culture have a huge effect on the international business. Hence, it is essential to study and see how the national culture impact on the international business. This paper will likewise talk about how the national culture impact on the global business by examining and dissecting how dialect and religious impact on the international business.

LanguagesI also agreed that basic dialect is a component of national culture. Dialect is the essential method for correspondence between individuals. Dialect encourages cultural communication and cultivates an arrangement of imparted qualities and standards (Sarala & Vaara, 2010). On the off chance that accomplices of universal partnership can’t have a regular dialect to impart, they can’t collaborate and associate because they can’t convey. Agents can’t work with the individuals who talk diverse dialects. These days, the imperativeness of English as an international dialect reaches out a long ways past the quantity of local speakers. English as an international dialect and basic dialect helps individuals who talk diverse dialects to convey. English dialect is an intercultural method for imparting. Businessmen can utilize English as a part of their global business exercises. Specialists now can work with the individuals who talk diverse dialects by utilizing English. English helps the agents defeat the issues of intercultural correspondence in their universal business exercises. In this way, having a typical dialect is an essential fundamental condition for international business. Today, the greater part of South America is Spanish-talking, additionally, lately Spanish organizations have extended in the district, pulled in by an apparent liking with these business sectors got from a typical language (Sarala & Vaara, 2010).

ReligionsHowever, I disagreed that the system of values and beliefs portrays a culture may be encapsulated in a specific religion (Sarala & Vaara, 2010). And, in addition, religious force, religion may practice significant political force. It can structure a significant binding together drive in the public arena. In nations where religion is a significant component of the cultural environment, impact on neighborhood religious convictions and practices is especially essential in building business relations (Moran, Harris & Moran, 2011). Research has distinguished more than 15,000 unique religions and religious developments among the world’s populace (Moran, Harris & Moran, 2011). Subsequently, there are numerous individuals who have religious convictions in this world. Knowing the neighborhood religious convictions, and the business accomplices’ religious convictions well are essential for the global business.Besides, numerous cultural affiliations and political gatherings in numerous nations are regularly focused around religious affiliations. In addition, these structure a fundamental measurement of the business environment. For instance, the development of enrollment and impact of extensive places of worship in parts of the US impacts on the cultural and cultural environment of the groups in which they are placed. In the event, that there is a made religion in an area, a business must make note of its wide consequences. In the event, that there are numerous religions in areas, business as a decent corporate native ought, not to segregate (Hofstede, 2010). Knowing the business accomplice’s religious convictions well will help to attain to great results. Don’t have the foggiest idea about the business accomplice’s religious convictions well may prompt the disappointment of your business.

Organizational CultureFrom the study of I noted that the negative impact on the execution of international joint wander begins more from differences in a hierarchical culture than from differences in national culture. Also, from the study of (Hofstede, 2010), i agreed with the article that when the space of a cultural gathering is closer to the quality making exercises of a cooperation, authoritative culture differences between the accomplices’ parts of that cultural gathering will be more problematic than national culture differences. Along these lines, from the study of (Cantwell, Dunning & Lundan, 2010) and the study of (Sarala & Vaara, 2010), we can realize that business culture has more effect on the international business.

Hierarchical culture is vital for the global businessConsequently, with a specific end goal to talk about how the way of life differences impacts the global business, I must comprehend what authoritative culture is. From (Jewels & Albon, 2013), hierarchical culture or corporate culture, in the same way as national culture, concentrates on qualities, standards and behavioral examples imparted by the Association. An authoritative culture is one that is deliberately cultivated among representatives, who may have arrived at the organization from an assortment of diverse cultural foundation. I disagree with the idea of the article that attributes of a hierarchical culture incorporate that, for instance, normal dialect, imparted phrasing, standards of conduct, and predominant estimations of the association. Hofstede (2010) said that though national culture relates principally to profound situated qualities, hierarchical culture relates fundamentally to imparted convictions in authoritative practices and methods

Professional cultureFrom (Hofstede (2010), I realize that Professional cultures create through the culturalization. People get the culturalization amid their preparation and word related instruction. At that point, this culturalization will be strengthened by the public’s proficient encounters and collaborations that prompt an expansive understanding of how their occupation ought to be directed. In addition, Trice and Beyer (1993) said that Professional cultures structure as individuals, who compass singular businesses, impart a set of standards, qualities and convictions identified with their occupation. Moran, Harris & Moran (2011) exploration discoveries recommends that Professional culture differences are regularly the most significant and notable cultural differences that the interfacing representatives face, and accordingly Professional culture differences are the most troublesome to the organization togetherness viability in attaining to its value making exercises

ConclusionThis essay talked the reliability of how the way of life effect on the global business. In addition, this paper talked about how the way of life differences impact the universal business focused on three fundamental readings: (Moran, Harris & Moran, 2011), the study of (Hofstede, 2010) and the study of (Jiménez et al. 2010). In the wake of examining how the way of life differences impact the universal business, we realize that:A universal collusion’s execution is determined by the partnership’s liability in attaining to its essential worth making exercises. Additionally, asset complementarity between accomplices of global cooperation is regularly a vital condition to enhance this quality creation. So as to impart, join and power correlative assets, the accomplices’ representatives must collaborate successfully. Although, national and authoritative culture differences between these workers influence their collaborations. In this way, accomplices’ cultural differences may have more impact on the execution of international partnership as those distinctions get to be all the more straightforwardly identified with the cooperation’s essential quality making exercises.Attaining to an effective result will rely on upon impact to differences in cultures between accomplices. This implies the impact to differences in standards of conduct; worth frameworks and dialects between the accomplices will impact the achievement or disappointment of a venture. Hence, culture differences can specifically impact the achievement or disappointment of a task.Cultural differences come from national, hierarchical and Professional cultures. The distinctions in national, hierarchical and Professional culture can repress global cooperation accomplices’ workers’ capacity to collaborate viably.Differences in national culture lead to the absence of imported standards and worth. The absence of imparted qualities and standards may decrease successful correspondence, trust and learning imparting in the international business. Additionally, this absence of basic comprehension may undermine the accomplices’ understanding of one another’s vital purpose, which is critical in international markets and businesses. All these issues have been found to prompt bring down the execution of the international business. Hence, differences in national culture can disturb joint effort and adapt between accomplices of the Universal partnership. In some condition, differences in national culture can prompt abnormal state correspondence and a more managed joint effort between the accomplices. Differences in national culture additionally have a decent and positive effect on the international business. Accordingly, differences in national culture can likewise be valuable for the international business.Knowing and comprehension the accomplice’s dialect culture well is additionally imperative for international business. In nations where religion is a significant component of the cultural environment, impact on nearby religious convictions and practices is especially imperative in building business relations.At the point when the space of a cultural gathering is closer to the worth making exercises of a union, authoritative culture differences between the accomplices’ parts of that cultural gathering will be more troublesome than national culture differences. Accordingly, the negative impact on the execution of universal joint wander begins more from differences in a hierarchical culture than from differences in national culture. Besides, distinctive hierarchical cultures in the middle of acquirer and target could abatement top managers’ uplifting mentality around the merger and diminishing their participation. Authoritative culture is imperative for the accomplishment of mergers and acquisitions.Professional cultures structure as individuals, who compass singular businesses, impart a set of standards, qualities and convictions identified with their occupation. Professional culture differences are regularly the most applicable and remarkable culture differences that the collaborating workers face, and consequently Professional culture differences are the most problematic to the collusion’s adequacy in attaining to its essential worth making exercises.

Some suggestion for the international business which reside at the confluence of different culturesCantwell, Dunning & Lundan (2010) said that in the global environment, a polycentric methodology will make it less demanding for the international business to adjust to the diverse culture situations of remote operations. (Cantwell, Dunning & Lundan, 2010) Additionally said that joint wanders are a decent approach to making international business connections fruitful. In addition, cultures are not settled and static. Cultures can change. Hence, businesses ought to be equipped for change as they extend universally because there are connections in the middle of cultures and development of international markets and international brands.References

Cantwell, J., Dunning, J. H., & Lundan, S. M. (2010). An evolutionary approach to understanding international business activity: The co-evolution of MNEs and the institutional environment. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(4), 567-586

Hofstede, G. (2010). Geert hofstede. National cultural dimensions.

Jewels, T., & Albon, R. (2013). Implications of Cultural Differences in International Projects. International Journal of Information Technology Project Management (IJITPM), 4(1), 58-71.

Moran, R. T., Harris, P. R., & Moran, S. V. (2011). Managing cultural differences: global leadership strategies for cross-cultural business success. Routledge.

Sarala, R. M., & Vaara, E. (2010). Cultural differences, convergence, and crossvergence as explanations of knowledge transfer in international acquisitions. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(8), 1365-1390.

Schumann, J. H., v. Wangenheim, F., Stringfellow, A., Yang, Z., Blazevic, V., Praxmarer, S., … & Jiménez, F. R. (2010). Cross-cultural differences in the effect of received word-of-mouth referral in relational service exchange. Journal of International Marketing, 18(3), 62-80.

Critique of Anne of Green Gables Movie Trilogy

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Critique of Anne of Green Gables Movie Trilogy

Anne of Green Gables Movie Trilogy is a critically acclaimed move based on a worldwide best-selling novel. The movie was filmed in Canada on the picturesque Prince Edward Island. The award winning movie depicts the drama of Anne Shirley’s life an orphan who struggles through her teenage but become successful as a young adult woman. Anne makers a remarkable transition from an impetuous, romantic orphan to became an adventurous, outspoken and an accomplished young teacher. It is a clear illustration of wit and emotional power and the activities of every other character in the story directly or indirectly influence her to become what powerful women she becomes. Amidst this, watcher can clearly see and distinguish clear massages on how one should behave, conduct himself/herself, act during certain circumstances or assert a sense of ownership in relation to their gender. The story provides example that one would follow in being feminine or masculine.

The society has numerous expectations on people. These expectations are based on many variables such as gender, and education. Anne is a lady but her manners during childhood and teenage a centrally to what lady should conduct herself like. Marilla, one of her adaptors works tirelessly to ensure that she adopts lady like mannerisms but she fails repeatedly. Anne first has difficult in controlling her temper and is very impulsive (Beth). This and her imaginative nature consistently land her in trouble. However, one can grow and overcome such challenges. Anne learned to control her temper and impulsive actions as she grew up. For instance, the young an picked up fights very easily. An example of this is when she attacks Gilbert for making fun of her red hair.

The red hair also point out to the insecurities that young girls have. In adolescence many girls struggle with insecurities especially with thing people can see and point out. But as they grow they become more aware and confident of whom they are. This is certainly evident of Anne, as she grows; she becomes more confident and is not anger by her looks. Being feminine could be challenging in the wake of this insecurities but when one learns on how to embraces this insecurities and look at them in a positive way, she turns the insecurities around grow more confident and achieve more success. Amidst such insecurities, ladies must also learn how not to be carried away by gossip (Fitzgibbons). People will always gossip and will always have something to say about you. You response to such gossip influences the way people treat you afterwards.

Femininity is not associated with aggressive war like behaviors. A lady must be calm. Certainly an a aggressive girl who picks up fights like the teenage Anne needs a lot of guidance and teaching to learn how to become calm and composed. Certainly, Marilla did a commendable job on Anne to mould her into a respectable woman. Gaining composure and calmness can only come by when one learns how to handle their insecurities’ and respond to what people say. One should not be ready to attack or how back insult to whoever insults her.

Life involves a lot of sacrifices to both men and women. Anne a hard working girl has great ambitions and even won a scholarship, however, she put her ambition on hold to remain on the Island and take care of Marilla who had become blind in her old age (Dunn). She scarified taking a scholarship for a four year degree course, and decides to take up a teaching job close to home so that she can be close enough to take care of Marilla. This kind of choice, sacrifice or decision comes from a great sense of responsibility. Both men and have responsibilities but the approach to responsibilities is different. Only responsible people can take care of the elderly loved ones, and only few can sacrifice their ambitions due to this kind of responsibility. Although masculinity involves a sense of responsibility, it is not a strong as it is in femininity. It the caring instinct and abilities that accompany femininity that made Anne sacrifice her dream to take care of Marilla. Certainly, the reckless, highly tempered teenage Anne would not have shown such a great amount of responsibility and sacrifice.

Femininity is not an excuse for laziness. Ladies can draw lesson from Anne’s story; she is not lazy but hardworking who strive to realize her own dreams. Anne of Green Gables Movie Trilogy presents to young girls an opportunity to watch a life being built through honest hard work (Fruhling). Any work hard with a target and objective in mind taking each challenge as it comes by. She even changes her attitudes and mannerism on her way to become respectable teacher, wife and mother.

In conclusion, the Anne of Green Gables Movie Trilogy presents an inspiration story that can be used to improve and shape the lives of young girls to nature them into respectable ladies. Young girls must understand that femininity is not associated with warlike mannerisms, quick tempers and impulsive acts. A lady ought to be calm and always think before acting. Insecurities are part of every ladies life, but no one should ever allow insecurities to be their source of weakness. Every lady should learn how to positively handle her insecurities. Women should have a great sense of responsibility and should work hard to realize their drams. Hard and honest work always pays well. Finally, making sacrifices is part of life. At one time in life one has to choose between pursuing their ambition or a sacrificing their ambition to help a friend or a relative. The way one handles such a moment speaks volumes on their personality.

Works Cited

“Anne of Green Gables Trilogy Set Box.” Dir. Kevin Sullivan. Perf. Richard Farnsworth, Megan Follows, Colleen Dewhurst. Sullivan Entertainment. 2005.

Beth, Lisa. “Fourth Anne of Green Gables Movie Announced, Will be a Prequel” July 9, 2007. Web. September 12, 2012. < http://voices.yahoo.com/fourth-anne-green-gables-movie-announced-will-be-424315.html?cat=40>

Dunn, Warren. “Anne of Green Gables” 2012. Web. September 12, 2012 <http://ossuslibrary.tripod.com/Mov_Fiction/AnneofGreenGables.htm>

Fitzgibbons, Caitlin. “Life Lessons from Anne with an E” Web. September 12, 2012. <http://hellogiggles.com/life-lessons-from-anne-with-an-e>

Fruhling , Zachary. “Anne of Green Gables is a Great Film for Kids and Romantics Alike.” May 31, 2007. Web. September 12, 2012. < http://voices.yahoo.com/anne-green-gables-great-film-kids-and-366376.html?cat=38>

Critique Of An Essay

Critique Of An Essay

The introduction to the essay is not captivating and the grammar is not correct. The use of the word ‘so’ in a sentence must be followed by ‘that’. The essay should have started well and not with mistakes of sentence structure. The grammar used in the first paragraph should be improved to be of high standards. This means that the words used should be changed, in order to make the essay improve. The thesis statement is not structured well and should be shortened to communicate effectively to its reader. Some of the arguments presented in the thesis are not present in the essay’s body. More evidence should be provided to ensure that the reader obtains a lot of information regarding the arguments (Sherry, 2011).

The quotations have not been cited well, as the citations are found after the fool stop. This means that the citation has been placed at the wrong place. Explanations to the quotes are not given and the reader has to make their own conclusions. Upon reading the introduction, there is a lot of confusion regarding what it is about. The information has been mixed up, as one is not sure if the essay is about, parents, graduating or even students. The introduction is not captivating as the grammar, word choice, and punctuation are not correct as well as appropriate. There is contradiction between the conclusion and the essays purpose. The conclusion is a direct repetition of the thesis as well as the introduction (Sherry, 2011). It is not possible to identify the importance of the essay or what has been achieved. The conclusion ought to be more captivating, so that a person who has not read the essay can know what it is about.

The transition sentences have been stated, rather than being made to flow into the different paragraphs. There is no connection between the various paragraphs. There is not mention of music programs in the essays body, despite it being mentioned in the introductory paragraph. In order to connect the body paragraphs to the topic sentence, there have to be bridging clauses and this is not evident in the essay. Only a few transition words are used in the essay. This means that the reader has to make their own conclusions. Often, this is tiring to the readers and words of transition should have been used, such as; therefore, moreover, among others.

When quoting a sentence, it should not start at the beginning of the sentence without some explanation. Wordiness is an element present when the sentences are being quoted, and this should be reduced. An example of a long quoted sentence is “Parental effort is consistently associated with higher levels of achievement, and the magnitude of the effect of parental effort is substantial. We found that schools would need to increase per-pupil spending by more than $1,000 in order to achieve the same results that are gained with parental involvement (Beason, 1996).” There is no use of comma slices in most sentences to separate the various clauses. There are some paragraphs, which do not have any citation. This is plagiarism and it is an offense, which has serious consequences. The use of articles ‘the ‘and ‘a’ is not correct and this should be looked upon (Sherry, 2011). Also, some of the citations in the reference list have not been used in citing the essay. The essay should be reviewed thoroughly as well as proof read, in order to establish the mistakes it has.

References

Sherry, M. (2011). In Praise of the “F” Word. In Nadell, J., Langan, J., & Comodromos, E.A.

(2011). The Longman writer: Rhetoric, Reader, Research Guide, and Handbook (8th edition). New York, NY: Pearson.

Beason, T. (1996). Students Give Top Grades To These Tough Teachers – They

Won’t Accept Anything Less Than Excellent. The Seattle Times Retrieved from

http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19960328&slug=2321424