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Summaries of The Love Song of J. Alfred Profrock

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Summaries of The Love Song of J. Alfred Profrock

The poem is principally a scrutiny of the tormented psyche of the ideal contemporary man neurotic, overeducated, emotionally stilted, and eloquent. Prufrock, the poem’s narrator, appears to be speaking to a possible lover, whom he would love to compel the instance to its crisis by in some way consummating their bond. However, Prufrock discerns too much in regard to life to challenge an approach to the lady. In his psyche, he hears the remarks others make in relation to his shortfalls, and he reprimands himself for imagining sentimental interaction would be possible in any way. The poem progresses from a succession of fairly tangible, for Eliot, physical background, a cityscape, the illustrious patient etherized on a table, and a number of interiors. These interiors include ladies’ limbs in the lamplight, fireplaces, coffee spoons, to a progression of vague oceanic images that convey Prufrock’s sentimental detachment from the world, as familiarizes himself with his mediocre status. Prufrock is influential for its assortment of intellectual orientation and also for the clarity of character attained (Maxwell 25).

According to Abrams (4), the poem assumes several forms in that Prufrock is a deviation on the theatrical monologue, a poem brand in style with Eliot’s predecessors. Theatrical monologues are comparable to soliloquies in drama. Three things characterize the theatrical monologue. Primarily, they are the remarks of a specific character, not the lyricist, at an instance in time. The monologue is particularly directed at listeners or a listener whose attendance is not expressly referenced but is simply suggested in the words of the speaker. The primary focal point is the revelation and development of the character of the speaker. Eliot modernizes the structure by eliminating the oblique addressees and focusing on the isolation and interiority of Prufrock. This poem’s epigraph depicts Prufrock’s model listener as one who is lost, just like the narrator, and will by no means, betray to humanity the content of Prufrock’s current confessions. In the world that is described by Prufrock, although, no such compassionate personality exists, and he should, therefore, be contented with quiet reflection. In its spotlight on character and its theatrical sensibility, Prufrock expects Eliot’s later, theatrical works.

According to Knapp (30), the poem commences with a sense of sarcasm in its heading. The author observes that the rationale of calling this poem a Love Song is founded in the satire that it would by no means be sung, that Prufrock would on no account dare to express his feelings. Whereas another satirical contemplation is that, Prufrock sings to himself. The title’s sarcasm is highlighted by the epigram derived from the poem; Dante’s Inferno, which heads the initial lines in the poem. Another illustration of sarcasm comes afterward in the poem, when Prufrock demonstrates his apprehension of death. This passage merges the drama of terror with Eliot’s humorist portrayal of death as the perpetual Footman who holds Prufrock’s coat and scoffs. At the conclusion of the poem, Prufrock mourns his ageing, and he paradoxically becomes anxious with superficial features of old age. Eliot elucidates throughout his love story a number of things that are evident in relation to British culture. In the initial verse, it is straightforward to notice the varied and nuanced way of British society. His portrayal of the commencement of the evening demonstrates that, in Britain, there are noticeable disparities in the lifestyle of the diverse classes.

According to Burton (87), the poem’s imagery is powerful beginning from the first line whereby the evening spread is unavoidably taken up by darkness, as old age ought to surrender to death. Nevertheless, the evening is figuratively transformed into a drugged patient on a table and unable of any activity as if set for figurative surgery. Metaphors that denote old age and immobility saturate the poem. For illustration, he employs the images of an inactive cat to denote the twilight of the year, the rite of tea and toast in addition to old women chatting of Michelangelo to denote the actions of the aged, in addition to, the melody from a room beyond, to indicate Prufrock’s detachment from contemporary culture.

DISCUSSION

The four summaries assist the reader in understanding the rhyme design of the poem which is asymmetrical but not arbitrary. Whereas fragments of the poem may bear a resemblance to free verse, in realism, Prufrock is a cautiously structured permutation of poetic structures. The snippets of rhyme become increasingly evident when the poem is loudly read. One of the most outstanding formal uniqueness of this work is the utilization of refrains, such as, Prufrock’s repeated return to the ladies who come and go, speaking about Michelangelo as well as his recurring questionings. These refer to an earlier lyrical tradition and assist Eliot in describing the consciousness of a contemporary, neurotic person. Prufrock’s possessiveness is aesthetic, although it is also a sign of isolation and compulsiveness. Another significant formal characteristic is the utilization of pieces of sonnet form, mainly at the poem’s ending. The are three three-lined stanzas that are rhymed as the end of a Petrarchan sonnet might be, but their anti-romantic content, pessimistic, in addition to the desolate interjection, generates a contrast that remarks bitterly on the desolation of modernity.

Works Cited

Abrams, M.H. The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Vol. 2.  Atlanta: W Norton & Co Inc. 1999. Print.

Burton, R. T.S. Eliot. New York: Frederick Ungar. 2002. Print.

Knapp, J. Eliot’s Prufrock & the Structure of Contemporary Poetry. New York: Oxford U.P.

Print.

Maxwell, D. T.S. Eliot’s Poetry. London: Routledge. 2000. Print.

critique of The Impact of Nurse Rounding on Patient Satisfaction in a Medical-Surgical Hospital Unit

Introduction

In this paper, we present a critique of the work of Blackley, Kroth and Gregson (2011) titled “The Impact of Nurse Rounding on Patient Satisfaction in a Medical-Surgical Hospital Unit.” This specific study was led by a chief nursing officer (James Gregson, EdD, a professor of Adult, Career, and Technology Education at University of Idaho) as well as a patient advocate of West Valley Medical Center, a community hospital. The aim of the study was to determine the exact impact of nursing rounding on patients in the hospital’s medical-surgical unit. The analysis is carried out with due reference to the relevant nursing theories. The paper has an appropriate thesis statement at the introduction chapter. The authors clearly stated the aim and objectives of the paper.

Background of study:

Problem (why this issued is being studied)

Nursing rounding is an issue that is being studied because patient satisfaction has over the last couple of years become a high priority for most healthcare facilities that face increased pressure to maintain top clinical care, high quality service as well as excellent financial visibility (Ellison, & Feghali, 2008).

Significance to nursing

The significance of the concept of nursing rounding to nursing is its ability to improve the perceived level of patient satisfaction with nursing services. According to Deitrick et al (2012) systematic approach to nursing rounding can help in approving patient’s experience of care while also building trust that ensures that nursing care is reliable and safe. Pressure is therefore alleviated on the nurses.

Purpose

The purpose of Blackley, Kroth and Gregson (2011)’s study was to effectively determine if nurse and patient satisfaction is in any way influenced by intentional nurse rounding that is carried out every two hours on a hospital’s medical-surgical unit in a rather small community hospital setting.

Objectives: research question and/or hypothesis

The objectives of the study were numerous. They included the following.

To determine the impact of intentional, regular, as well as consistent nurse rounding on a patient’s satisfaction with his/her hospital experience

To determine the impact of nursing rounding on the patient care from the nursing staff’s perspective

To determine the extent to which nurses experience less call light usage if they perform regular rounding on patients

To determine the extent to which nurses find the rounding process helpful in their professional practice

To determine if patients report a more positive hospital experience if nurses perform nursing rounds regularly

To determine the extent to which patients report more effective pain management if nurses round regularly?

To determine the effects of nurse rounding on medication administration

To determine the extent to which patients report their nurse demonstrated care and concern during their hospitalization if their nurse rounded regularly

Concepts, phenomena

The main concept or phenomena in this study was nursing rounding. Rounding is noted by Tea et al., (2008) to be a process that involves the proactive meeting of most if not all of a patient’s needs by means of routine visits to their rooms by a nurse to check on certain specific items as well as perform certain basic self-care tasks on a rather regular and consistent fashion. Nurse rounding presents the nurses with an opportunity for nurses to involve patients in their daily care as well as show concern and care for the patient’s healing and well-being.

Methods of study:

The case study method was used as the research design, framework, and methodology. According to Cresswell (2007), case study method is usually use din health science and medical research and is basically based on the post-positivist approach with an emphasis on meticulous multiple data collection techniques. For this study, case study method was chosen since it allowed the researcher an opportunity to explore abounded system (in this case, nursing staff and patients on a medical-surgical unit). The researcher performed an in-depth data collection from multiple sources of information (survey reports, interviews, observations, and questionnaires) and then a final generation of a case-based descriptive report. The project employed an action research project procedure. This means that it involved a systematic investigation that was aimed at enabling the researcher to find credible solutions to common everyday problems (Stringer, 2007). The study participants were inpatients who had been in the hospital for the last six months and members of the hospital’s medical-surgical staff.

Results of study:

What did they find?

The study found that after the introduction of the 4 P rounding program, the patients experienced an increased level of satisfaction with the nursing care that was being provided. They described the staff as considerate, kind, and compassionate. The 4 P rounding program resulted in better communication among the nurses, encouraged teamwork and improved quality of healthcare.

Implications to nursing

As noted earlier, the significance of the concept of nursing rounding to nursing is its ability to improve the perceived level of patient satisfaction with nursing services .A systematic approach to nursing rounding can help in approving patient’s experience of care while also building trust that ensures that nursing care is reliable and safe. The process can also improve communication among the nurses, encouraged teamwork, and improved quality of healthcare.

Explain how the findings contribute to nursing knowledge/science. Would it impact practice, education, administration, or all areas of nursing?

The findings would significantly improve existing evidence-based practice in nursing care by providing nurses with a sure method of improving patient’s level of satisfaction with nursing care. It would also add significant information on existing scholarship on patient satisfaction.

Ethical Considerations

The study was fully approved by the University of Idaho Institutional Review Board. Additionally, West Valley Medical Center’s administration reviewed as well as approved the study. Patient privacy was protected. The ethical considerations were was all taken care of as evidenced by the two approvals.

Conclusion

This study helps us in realizing the importance of nurse rounding and how it contributed to better quality of care in community hospital settings. The main challenge however, lies in ways of implementing nursing rounding program such as the 4 P rounding program at medical-surgical unit of West Valley Medical Center.

References

Creswell, J.W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Blakely,D.,Kroth,M.,Gregson,J.(2011)The impact of nurse rounding on patient satisfaction in a medical‐surgical hospital unit.MEDSURGNursing,20,327‐332

Deitrick, L., Paxton, H. & Swavely, D. (2012). Hourly rounding: Challenges with implementation of an evidence-based process.Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 27 (1), 13-19.

Stringer, E.T. (2007). Action research(3rd ed.)Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Tea, C., Ellison, M., & Feghali, F. (2008).Proactive patient rounding to increase customer service and satisfaction on an orthopaedic unit. Orthopedic Nursing,27(4), 233-240

Story explication of Jack Londons, To build a fire

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Story explication of Jack London’s, “To build a fire”.

Jack London’s, “To build a fire” is a story about a traveler who sets to travel through the harsh Yukon trail. In his attempt to search for logs in the area, the man splits from the rest of his group despite warnings from the local natives. During his journey, he realizes that the weather conditions in the area are not ideal in that the temperature is 75 degrees below the normal temperature. This places him in a tough situation in that he has to successfully build a fire or succumb to the force that is nature (London, p.1- 240).

The purpose of this paper is to provide a story explication of Jack London’s, “To build a fire”. The paper generates a theme which is reflective of the tools that are observed in the story as whole. The paper finally offers a concluding paragraph summarizing its contents.

Theme of the story

The main theme of the story is based on survival. Human beings endure an enormous amount of challenges that pose as risks to their lives. They are thus forced to learn how to survive on a daily basis. The fact that the man is trapped in frozen wilderness alone makes him vulnerable to the weather conditions. The story focuses on the several attempts he makes to defy the odds so that he can leave the area alive.

Why did the author choose to write the story?

The author chose to write the story so as to explain the level of arrogance that humans tend to have. As stated earlier, the man refused to listen to the advice of his fellow travelers. The conditions in the Yukon are unsustainable for human life in that no individual should travel alone in this weather conditions. London educates readers on the repercussions of tempting fate due to the perception that man is in control of nature.

What message is he trying to tell the reader?

The message the author tires to tell me as a reader is that one should listen to the advice and opinion of other people. No man is an island; this simply means that human beings cannot depend on themselves if they are set on achieving any form of success.

Relationship of the theme and the tools used

Use of tone

The tone of the story is tragic. This is brought about by condition the man finds himself. He is trapped in a cold wilderness with no one to help him but his dog. The only way that he can survive is by building a fire. The weather conditions halt an attempt to build a fire which is his only hope for survival. The story reaches a new low when the man succumbs to the conditions of the Yukon. This proves to be tragic in that the all this happens in the presence of his dog.

Characters

The characters in the story are the man and his dog. The man is the main character in that the story is centered on his character. This is essential to the theme in that the story is based on survival. The fact that the man is alone in the Yukon makes him fight for his life due to the high possibility of death.

Point of view

The story has a remarkably strong message to readers. This is essential in that it enables the reader to gauge their own point of view. My opinion of the story is reflective of the theme that the writer brings out. According to Charles Darwin, when human beings are placed in a certain environment, they are tasked with the responsibility of adapting to the conditions of the environment. If the man was to get out of the wilderness alive, he had to adapt to the condition by building a fire. This in turn would increase his chance of survival in that his only option was to survive or die.

Diction

One of the main elements of the story is brought out through the use of imagery. This style emphasizes the key points that the writer intends to display. The language used suits the situation of the story. Due to the nature of the sad events that occur in the story, the writer uses low tones in the description of certain situations. This places emphasis on the situation at hand making the tone reflect on the theme. The language used is not as complicated which makes the book an easy read for any reader (London, p.1- 240).

In conclusion, Jack London’s to build a fire is one of America’s literature classics. The writer’s main intention is to emphasize on the relationship between human beings and nature. The fact that the man defied the warning of the natives gave him few choices on how to approach the matter. He eventually had to face the repercussions of his arrogance due to the fact that he succumbs to the harsh weather. Readers should thus use the book as an educating tool in that it has a strong message that is essential for the ultimate survival in society.

Works Cited

London, Jack. To Build a Fire and Other Stories. Stillwell, KS: Digireads.com, 2008. Print.

Critique of The impact of informal networks on knowledge management strategy by Jewels, T and Underwood, A

Critique of “The impact of informal networks on knowledge management strategy by Jewels, T and Underwood, A.”

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TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc411177681” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc411177681 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc411177682” Informal networks and the development of emergent technology PAGEREF _Toc411177682 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc411177683” The knowledge management as a business management control Strategy PAGEREF _Toc411177683 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc411177684” Viability of KM PAGEREF _Toc411177684 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc411177685” Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc411177685 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc411177686” References PAGEREF _Toc411177686 h 10

IntroductionOne definition says that Knowledge management is a recently developing action managing all parts of information inside the connection of the firm, including knowledge creation, codification, imparting, and how these exercises advance knowledge and development especially when dealing with informal networks (Jewels & Underwood, 2004). Practically speaking, KM envelops both innovative devices and authoritative schedules in covering parts. In the information valued market, the achievements of organizations are fundamentally subject to the adjustment and application of new and existing information resources on the key business forms, and also the choices that are made focused around truths about the current circumstance and data about past comparative choices. With the fast development of the merchandise market, knowledge, as a type of impalpable resource, is turning into the key element of informal network separation in numerous segments. Along these lines, the intensity of modem organizations is subject to the successful securing and use of information. Information management is a vital component for achievement in the modem association. Much ebb and flow research has concentrated on the usage of IT frameworks in making a compelling information management framework. Be that as it may, writing has recommended various different variables that must be considered. This paper will critique the article, The impact of informal networks on knowledge management strategy by Jewels, T and Underwood, A.

Informal networks and the development of emergent technologyI agree that knowledge informal networks, both implicit and express is pivotal in the creation of eminent innovation. In an investigation of different commercial ventures in eight separate nations around the globe, Lindner & Wald (2011) found that rising innovation streamed best through casual systems, based principally on individual ties and built through incessant social communication. As indicated by that study, composed documentation and other informal types of information and expertise assumed just a subordinate part in innovation exchange. These discoveries were backed by the past work by Lindner & Wald (2011) who found that specialists occasional turned to writing in their field, speaking to an assortment of informal and classified information, and rather depended on inside and outside systems of casualties with parts of their occupational group. Ma & Yu (2010) additionally indicates the presence of what he calls a ‘collective memory’ among Xerox experts, who sometimes alluded to the informal symptomatic manuals gave by management. Rather, they consistently initiated casual systems with their associates and traded logical knowledge, profoundly established by and by, to tackle down to earth issues.However, I disagree with the idea that in systems from scholastics and power-driven partners, McDermott & Archibald (2010) find that keeping in mind the end goal to help or upgrade a relationship where the gatherings have business hobbies, deeper and more extensive trust is required than in a relationship focused on immaculate scholastic exploration. These researchers push the commitment of trust among experts to upgrading an association’s efficiency, adaptability, authenticity and capacity to learn while decreasing authoritative expenses. Here, trust is focused on casualties shaped through expert preparing and imparted standards and practice.GPM’s general information creation handle just rely on upon two sections of the informal model; first is (blend) where knowledge and data imparted by means of informal strategies and manuals and second is (disguise) where unequivocal knowledge is imparted to individual workers to disguise what they have encountered, and their comprehension gets to be implied knowledge. At last that implied knowledge is not impart which ought to be, it is imparted at times just on ‘need to know premises. As the model delineated as a winding, recommended that information can be overseen and express. Be that as it may on account of GPM the general information creation procedure cannot be finished in light of the fact that the halfway center made by the organization for preparing and imparting authoritative or aggregate knowledge in the idea of Combination (unequivocal to express) and Internalization (unequivocal to implicit).Contrasting with system for knowledge Informal networks exhibited in the writing audit. The organization (GPM) “Forced” the part of innovations and data frameworks for catching and imparting knowledge in “Recommended” way however from the individual viewpoint these information management devices are “Agreeability” and restricted to informal correspondence just, for example, email and intranet framework (McDermott & Archibald, 2010). The organization is less “Versatile” in concern to exchanging individual (inferred) or social information on the grounds that characterized frameworks or courses and bureaucratic structure dishearten staffs to structure casual systems, which likewise hamper the ‘Determination toward oneself’ of workers, however writing highlighted that employees can be joined with one another in a managing toward oneself systems as opposed to orders.

The knowledge management as a business management control StrategyI also second the idea for the article that the knowledge management as a business control is generally new to some economies and organizations. In GPM, there was not just an absence of seeing the idea of knowledge management amongst chiefs additionally a considerable lot of them don’t comprehend what does it mean how it work and portrayed it same as data management. The writing expressed that consciousness of information management in the middle of staffs and complete readiness needed from part of the staff to execute knowledge management program effectively (Wang & Noe, 2010). There is an agreeable peril of failing to offer the idea and methodologies to information management likewise contrasted with capital resources; knowledge resource is not yet reasonable for GPM.The saying “management” appended to the information guided a top-down idea and resembles an extra occupation or obligation with tight control of management framework. The writing unequivocally underscored individuals and social as the key part of information management instead of innovation however in GPM, individuals’ part of knowledge management is underexplored and innovations apparatuses, for example, intranet, Electronic Resource Planning (ERP) and data management framework are heartily coordinated in everyday operations. It was enthusiastically persuaded by writers and journalists that information management is a social action despite the fact that innovation is a piece of it yet toward the end beneficiary and sender of knowledge are individuals.I conquer with the fact that Literature underlined that every segment of information management ought to be just as offset for power advantages, however the organization made concentrated on innovations and knowledge database. In GPM, there are tremendous measures of information gliding around; for e.g. manuals, strategies and other information archives hold in electronic basins and circulated by means of inner email frameworks (Yates & Paquette, 2011). This is an unequivocal knowledge and uninhibitedly accessible to all part of staffs. The management accepted that it was an innovation and web that has enhanced and further enhancing for conveying and conveying items rapidly (Wang & Noe, 2010). A few respondents accepted that it was individuals who matter most (they take care of budgetary and physical capital,) and some other perceived that it is data innovation/ data framework, there is a gigantic covering idea between directors.GPM have characterized various leveled structure in the association with obviously disconnected offices. Employees particularly senior have held force shows a tenet based disposition to the way of management; this has brought about an inability to permit knowledge to stream all through the association. Additionally GPM speaking with all staff by organizing quarterly informal gathering in which their perspectives and assessments gathered in the structure criticism however the organizations don’t have casual correspondence set up to empower management unsaid information, for example, through vis-à-vis communication that is likewise critical to building up an inventive and responsive business for nonstop surviveLiterature stressed that knowledge is no more a wellspring of force; it is an information management that numbers in the information economy. In any case respondents of GPM saw information is power and keep it as a feature on their individual upper hand. To alter the essential recognition of ‘information is a force’ to ‘knowledge management when dealing with informal networks is profitable’ in a financial downturn is just about prickly. GPM workforces doubt knowledge made by different employees, the see their own insight is incredible, and now and again seniors forced their specific skill to individual parts to comply. Information imparting begins by requiring some serious energy to help other people and individuals are not having the capacity to pick up knowledge in a moment or hour yet they learn over a days or weeks however organization like GPM there is dependably a period weight and management have less time to talk eye to eye with every employee even they didn’t understand that an additional ten minutes went through with an associate clarifying something will be paid later. Prizes to information imparting are the way to unleashing the undiscovered potential, which mean the way the individuals are repaid must enhance or change. The organization do not have prize plan specific for information management in light of the fact that they accepted that it is hard to gauge who offer and who don’t.The consequences of a powerful knowledge management framework imply that the workers inside a venture have the capacity get to and apply information to enhance general business execution. On the other hand, notwithstanding the colossal interest in modernized data foundation to enhance the hierarchical execution and imparting of knowledge, numerous endeavors are not picking up a craved execution result (Lindner & Wald, 2011). It is contended that the negligible demonstration of expanding IT speculation don’t guarantee better business execution or dissemination of data among workers. Moreover, the dispersion and composed utilization of information is in itself a complex framework of the informal community of an association. Investigates accept that instead of concentrating on a specific variable, for example, the IT framework, the effective execution of information management includes the coordination of individuals, innovation, and strategy inside an undertaking. It is obvious that there are various causal connections that must be considered in seeing how a venture can execute powerful knowledge management. As indicated by Jewels & Underwood (2004), blend of data innovation and individual commute to get information on an association is affecting the technique and viability of knowledge securing.McDermott & Archibald (2010) states that overview on information management rehearses (KPMG) discovered, 81% of the organizations studied occupied with some knowledge management practices or activities, all utilizing innovation to help them. Then again, the KPMG study likewise observed that IT frameworks frequently don’t help powerful knowledge management. The explanation for is said to be an absence of understanding of clients’ prerequisites from the innovation. His discoveries demonstrate that IT devices have the capacity help numerous authoritative information management necessities. Be that as it may, most apparatuses spread a set number of functionalities and associations may need to join a few instruments to achieve a general KM arrangement. This may cause challenges in making an incorporated and effective KM environment.An alternate essayist underpins the discoveries of KPMG review that not just IT apparatuses for powerful information management are vital additionally right environment ought to be given. As indicated by McDermott & Archibald (2010) compelling information management depends not just on data innovation stages, however, all the more extensively on the social environment of an association. Social biology alludes to the social framework in which individuals work. It drives an association’s informal and casual desires of people.

Viability of KMI disagree with Tony Jewels that viable KM is needy on the utilization of specific advancements as well as on making a situation that empowers and backings the imparting of information and mastery specifically between individuals. This obliges sensitivity to both human/social informal network components in KM, for example, inspiration also to the character of the information to be imparted Jewels & Underwood (2004)The misallocation of human or process-oriented resources such as, for example, talented staff, money, and data and correspondence innovation, can impact on making a powerful knowledge imparting environment Lindner & Wald (2011). Giving a proper foundation and sufficient assets to encourage imparting practices inside and between practical zones is the premise of a fruitful KM program, yet management practices are frequently bound to fizzle before they start because of the nonattendance of essential base and management abilities.An alternate boundary that is regularly neglected identifies with organization floor format or spatial courses of action of work regions that ordinarily don’t support knowledge management exercises. Customarily, business locales and even offices have a tendency to be organized along pecking orders or management rank as opposed to concentrating on who needs to cooperate frequently and recognizing which individual advantages the most from the trading of knowledge. Specifically, for vast organizations with elements in far off land areas, there are genuine knowledge management impediments on the grounds that essential correspondence gets to be more troublesome and the making of trust-based connections is harder without eye to eye contact. The test is escalated further if cross-utilitarian groups need to be shaped, and practical zones are found in distinctive locales. As laid out later, IT frameworks, for example, groupware applications can improve the comfort and viability of imparting between spaces.

ConclusionTo sum things up, knowledge management has no genuine quality to people and associations unless those individuals who need helpful information get it, acknowledge it, furthermore reapply it. One of the troubles of guessing the viable aftereffects of most KM studies is that there is no general recipe for a KM system that will work best for all organizations, and there is no alternate route to acquainting a with do rundown of knowledge management practices that will guarantee achievement.

ReferencesJewels, T., & Underwood, A. (2004). The impact of informal networks on knowledge management strategy. Innovations in Knowledge Management.

Lindner, F., & Wald, A. (2011). Success factors of knowledge management in temporary organizations. International Journal of Project Management, 29(7), 877-888.

Ma, Z., & Yu, K. H. (2010). Research paradigms of contemporary knowledge management studies: 1998-2007. Journal of Knowledge Management, 14(2), 175-189.

McDermott, R., & Archibald, D. (2010). Harnessing your staff’s informal networks. Harvard business review, 88(3), 82-89.

Wang, S., & Noe, R. A. (2010). Knowledge sharing: A review and directions for future research. Human Resource Management Review, 20(2), 115-131.

Yates, D., & Paquette, S. (2011). Emergency knowledge management and social media technologies: A case study of the 2010 Haitian earthquake.International Journal of Information Management, 31(1), 6-13.

Stone Tools Technology

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Stone Tools Technology

The Oldowan technology refers to tools named after the eastern Africa site at the Olduvai Gorge where such stone tools were found. The Oldowan tools are were either flakes or choppers. The choppers are defined as large and heavy tools with sharp edges where smaller bits of rocks were chopped off. The small bits of rock removed from the choppers are the flakes. In terms of their specialization, Oldowan tools like the choppers were specially meant for chopping tasks due to their weight and size (Soluri and Agarwal 429). For example, they were used to chop long bones of animals for purposes of extracting marrow. The smaller flakes were specialized for cutting tasks such as deboning animals. The production process followed a simple direct percussion procedure. Two stones were hit together to break off flakes.

Named after the site in Saint Acheul, France, Acheulean tools feature bifaces. Bifaces are tools made of stone with flakes removed from the two sides (Soluri and Agarwal 458). For example, the handaxe was a common biface. The handaxe was a teardrop shaped tool with one side being rounded and larger, and the other end with a pointed and narrow end (Soluri and Agarwal 458). The biface tools were multipurpose and were specially made and used for this purpose. For example, they were used to butcher meat or dig for plants or roots underground. They fit the environments in Africa, Europe, and Western Asia (Soluri and Agarwal 458). Their effectiveness is noted through how they remained unchanged for millions of years. Their production process was more complicated with more steps incorporated in manufacturing them.

The Mousterian tools used flakes as the most important part. The flakes were customized into different shapes suitable for specific tasks. For example, some falkes were modified to fir scraping, others for cutting or drilling (Soluri and Agarwal 460). The modification resulted in the specialization of tools for different purposes. The Mousterian technology was complex to a point of attaching stone points to wooden shafts to create spears. (Soluri and Agarwal 460). The Levallois technique was used to produce Mousterian tools involving the removal of small flakes from a core rock and then creating a platform at the end of a stone to allow striking the platform to remove precisely shaped flakes (Soluri and Agarwal 460).

Upper Paleolithic tools emphasized the use of flakes. The difference is that these tools used a more elongated form of the flake. These flakes were referred to as blades (Soluri and Agarwal 465). The Upper Paleolithic tools were all specialized for different purposes. The technology developed knives, scrapers, drills, and arrow points. The tools were somewhat standardized to have same size, shape, and weight for tools used for specific purposes such as knives. The production technology was more complex and involved the use of other materials such as harpoons, pendants, and beads gotten from shells and other materials.

Works Cited

Soluri, Kathaeryne Elizabeth and Sabrina C. Agarwal. Laboratory Manual and Workbook for

Biological Anthropology (Second Edition). W. W. Norton & Company, 2016.

Critique of the Attached Reading

Critique of the Attached Reading

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CRITIQUE OF THE ATTACHED READING

The reading, “Young Adulthood” discusses the transition into young adulthood and the various factors that come into play either aiding or challenging positive development. The author, Holly C. Matto, explores how factors such as foster care, socio-economic status, community attitudes and family expectations, gender and culture among others influence the transition into adulthood among young adults. They affect how they view adulthood attachment to the family, and the changes are believed to mark the entrance into adulthood. Among the main changes viewed to signify adulthood includes the ability to make independent decisions, leaving home, financial independence, parenthood, gaining education and vocational skills and relationship commitment (Hutchison, 2011). These factors may be different depending on the family expectations and culture. However, across all cultures, the ability to make independent decisions is an important mark of transitioning to adulthood. The article also explores the timing of the transition, with some becoming independent earlier than others depending on their circumstances.

Circumstances such as economic status have an effect on the development process. Low socioeconomic status will encourage a young person to become independent, and transition earlier as they have to look for work in order to fend for themselves and their families. Young people from non poor families are more likely to have a disrupted transition as they can return home whenever they want. Family expectations may force a young person to stay home for a longer period than they would like to. This is especially true in cultures where they are expected to continue living with their parents until or even after they have their own families. Cognitive and identity development determine how they transition into adulthood and how they adjust to the changes associated with adulthood. The level of education and employment status are also crucial in determining when they have children and become independent from their parents. Relationships with parents and caregivers are also seen to determine how they transition into adulthood with those with poor relationships experiencing challenges of low self esteem, and their relationships with others. These are some of the groups at risk in the transition from late adolescence to early adulthood (Hutchison, 2011). Groups at risk may suffer from challenges such as drug and alcohol abuse that affect their development. According to the article, there are six categories of vulnerable youth making the transition to adulthood: out of school youth, youth with incarcerated parents, young welfare recipients, youth transitioning out of incarceration, homeless youth and youth leaving foster care.

Identifying the groups at risk is important for social workers so as to provide assistance to them and smooth their transition into adulthood. The reading adds to the knowledge of human behavior in the social environment by proving insights into the challenges that young people encounter as they transition into adulthood. It enables one to understand why young adults from different backgrounds transition faster or slower than others into adulthood. It is interesting to learn of the effect of a person’s relationship with caregivers and parents on their transition to adulthood. One is able to relate to the hesitance to commit in relationship, romantic or otherwise, and lack of confidence to their experiences during childhood, and hence be able to assist them become more positive. It shows the importance of positive upbringing in ensuring the youth are able to transition into adulthood when the time comes. Childhood experiences are significance to this development. Exploration of cultural values, family expectations, attitudes towards gender roles and availability of environmental resources will also enable them determine their influences on their life structure decisions and opportunities when working with young people (Hutchison, 2011). The roles taken by each gender in a relationship during the transition to adulthood also contribute to the success or failure of the relationship. These are affected by the attitudes held by the youth towards gender roles and depend largely on their culture and community expectations (Hutchison, 2011).

The reading is enlightening providing information that is critical to social work practitioners who work with individuals in this age group. It is beneficial in providing information that enables them deal with youth that have had different experiences in their childhood and cultures. It also enables them anticipate the certain behavior from those with certain backgrounds. Specific help given to the youth is more effective in making positive change in the transition process. They can also provide mentorship programs for the youth enabling them overcome the negative experiences they have gone through and have meaningful relationships. These are some of the strengths of the information given in the reading. The major disadvantage is that it encourages stereotyping of youth from different backgrounds making the social work practitioners have a predetermined view, and attitude towards the individual once they get the background information on youth. This may hinder them from making progress with the person especially when they do not conform to the stereotype. Social work practitioners should have an open mind when dealing with such cases in order to help individuals according to their problems. In addition, they may be able to open up more to the social workers if they feel that they do not already have a preconceived notion of their problems and solutions to them. Therefore, while the reading provides insights into specific situations and factors that may affect the transition of young people into adulthood, the social work practitioners have to maintain an open mind and deal with each case individually depending on their circumstances.

References

Hutchison, E.D. (2011). Dimensions of Human Behavior: The Changing Life Course. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Inc.

Stereotypes on Oriental Female in M Butterfly

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Stereotypes on Oriental Female in M Butterfly

The play M. Butterfly by David Henry Hwang is a play that was inspired by a newspaper story that was published in 1986. The story was a bout a former French diplomat and a Chines opera singer who turned out was a man and was spying on the Frenchman. Hwang borrowed the idea from the newspaper story and he deconstructed a play titled Madame Butterfly. In this play he wanted to break the stereotypes that had been held for so long by the westerns about the East especially on the Oriental (Asian) woman. The play generally breakdown both racist as well as clichés that the East-West have against each other which seems to reaffirm western male cultures ideas. The play revolves around two key characters, Gallimard acting as the French Diplomat and Song an opera singer who was Galllimard’s secret lover for close to 20 years. The scenario presented in the text where the western man believes his male lover is a woman is as a result of the stereotypes that Westerners have on Oriental female.

The first stereotype that is presented is the view that the westerners have on Eastern female. According to the westerners, an Oriental woman is a submissive woman and according to them it is the ideals that an Oriental woman has that makes him a perfect woman (Davis, pg. 53-64). Song who is the lover and is a representation of an Oriental woman had been portrayed as a meek and submissive which is why Gallimard is attracted to “her”. When discussing about the opera, Gallimard points out that Song did a good job. Song argues with Gallimard stating that the opera is only beautiful to the westerners like hi. Song asks Gallimard “it’s one of your favorite fantasies, isn’t it? The submissive oriental woman and the cruel white man” (Hwang, 17). From this statement we learn that Gallimard seems to be attracted to the play because of the submissive role that Song had played. However, Gallimard tries to be defensive because he does not want to be trapped in the western stereotypical mindset but clearly he is too deep into it.

The play portrays women as submissive and as creatures whom men have control over. Gallimard tells the audience a story of Madame Butterfly by Giacomo Pucini. In the Puccini’s opera the Lieutenant Pinkerton who is a United States Navy officer who bought conjugal rights of Cio-Cio-San a Japanese girl who was just 15 years old. Pinkerton paid 100 yen and married the girl and the contract had a provision that was convenient for him in that it could be annulled on a monthly notice. Cleary women are treated as mare properties that can be sold and left at any time if a western man feels that they have had enough. Later, Pinkerton lives Cio-Cio-San and goes to the United States to marry an American girl living San pregnant. The devalue that the westerners have on Oriental women is clearly seen by how Cio-Cio-San is treated (Wen, pg. 44).

Gallimard also believes that it is easier to bag an Oriental girl as compared to an American girl. From the text we learn that Gallimard was not even good looking. He was a clumsy man and he had pimples all over his face. Since high school he had never asked a girl out because he was afraid of rejection. Gallimard states ““Not like American girls. It’s true what they say about Oriental girls. They want to be treated bad” (Hwang, 6). In the example of Cio-Cio-San she cries and prays daily that his man returns but when he doesn’t he kills herself and Gillard thinks this a beautiful story of love. Song tells him that this scenario seems like one of his favorite fantasies involving an oriental woman who is submissive and the cruel white man.

Gallimard vies song in the lens of the western cultural myth of a weak, submissive, self-helpless meek Oriental woman. Song uses these stereotypes effectively to manipulate Gallimard. Western men including Gallimard will often find the Oriental woman both alluring and attractive. It may be because of their skin complexion or of their long hair. Song at first tries to point out to Gallimard how objectionable the stereotype that he has may be for an eastern woman. Gallimard may have longed for the love of an Oriental woman because she describes her wife as not submissive. She seems to care much about Gallimard but rather the status quo of her being a wife of a Diplomat. Gallimard wants this love from Song instead, as we see him asking her for honesty and if Song can become his butterfly and surrender to him just as Madame Butterfly surrendered to Pinkerton the Puccini opera. To Gallimard the ideals than Oriental woman has are better than of a western woman and it through Song’s submission and love that he will feel wanted. Ideally he is living in fantasy where he wants song to replicate his love towards him just as Cio-Cio-San.

Gallimard does not really love a particular woman instead he loves the portrayal of Asian women in the western stereotypes. Gallimard wants to test if Song will wait on him and he cuts contact hoping Song will wait for him just as Cio-Cio-San did. Song, however, already knows what Gallimard is expecting and she tells him that she will always be waiting for him. We can see Song delivering herself to him “Well, come. Strip me. Whatever happens, know that you have willed it. Our love, in your hands. I’m helpless before my man” as he wants Gallimard to see how submissive he is. This is all a play on Gallimard as Song already know the fantasy that Gallimard has on an ideal woman and he wants to teach him a lesson. She exploits the traits that are reinforced by the western stereotypes misleading Gallimard into thinking he is a woman (Kondo, pg. 5-29).

The play portrays the patriarchy in the Chinese culture and a difference in how westerners may be a little modern than the easterners. The role of a traditional woman in China is that of a submissive woman. Song actually admits to the patriarchy in their culture as she states “The Chinese men-they keep us down” (Hwang, 43). Song is trying to state that not only are they treated as inferior beings by the Chinese men but also the western men such as Gillard and Pinkerton are doing the same. Song complains of how women in Chinese society as regarded as inferior and are even denied access to education (Moy, pg. 58-56). The Chinese culture where a woman is placed at a position of subordination also reinforces the western beliefs that an Oriental woman is inferior and submissive. On modernity, we see American or Western women more modern than the Chinese women. Song states that she cannot allow a man to her house like the American girl because of their traditions.

Through the Oriental stereotype we see a shift in power from the hands of Gallimard to Song who does not realize that he is no longer in control of the situation. Song has played his card right that Gallimard is convinced that “she” is in love with him, however song is doing what Gallimard expects of him so that she can get the information as she is s spy. Song can be seen as a symbol of power and Gallimard who is the white man is an embodiment of lack of power. Song uses a line often used by western male on female to assert power “Your mouth says no but your eyes says yes”. This is a chauvinistic statement used by western men of females to try and prove that although a woman may be saying no, the cations they are depicting totally sends a different message. By the end of the play Song has total control of Gallimard that he ends up being the perfect woman that he had envisioned. The submissive woman who sacrificed everything for the white lover becomes the man and the man white man who thinks he has the power is blinded by the stereotypes and he becomes the sexual prey of an oriental. When Song lives for Paris, Gallimard now becomes the submissive one as he decides to live his wife so that he can go live with her.

In conclusion, the play depicts how the western stereotypes on Oriental women was used against them. The Chinese government knowing of how western men viewed Oriental women sends in a spy inform of a woman Song who successfully fools an ambassador for so long by portraying the traits (Gallimard) believed should be embodied by a true woman. Because of this deception, Gallimard commits treason and he eventually commits suicide learning that the woman he lost was actually a man.

Works Cited

Davis, Rocío G. “Desperately Seeking Stereotypes: David Henry Hwang and M. Butterfly.” Revista de Estudios Norteamericanos, 3, 53-64 (1994).

Hwang, David Henry. M. butterfly. Dramatists Play Service Inc, 1988.

Kondo, Dorinne K. “” M. Butterfly”: Orientalism, Gender, and a Critique of Essentialist Identity.” Cultural Critique 16 (1990): 5-29.

Moy, James S. “David Henry Hwang’s” M. Butterfly” and Philip Kan Gotanda’s” Yankee Dawg You Die”: Repositioning Chinese American Marginality on the American Stage.” Theatre Journal 42.1 (1990): 48-56.

Wen, Songfeng. “The Subversion of the Oriental Stereotype in M. Butterfly.” English Language and Literature Studies 3.2 (2013): 44.

Critique of Research titled, Tragedy into Policy A Quantitative Survey of Nurses Attitude towards Patient Advocacy Activities

Critique of Research titled,” Tragedy into Policy: A Quantitative Survey of Nurses Attitude towards Patient Advocacy Activities”.

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Writer’s Choice

Critique of the ethical aspects of the study:

From the above study, many ethical issues are noted fro the study. The study was approved by the institutional body of the University of Nevada. The subjects under study in this case were the nurse’s actions and they participated in the study willingly meaning those who responded to the questionnaires did so voluntarily meaning they consented. There were others who did not respond to the study questions and this led to the assumptions that they willingly did not want to participate in the study. The respondents were not allowed to disclose their names but numbers were used to describe and present their views relating to the study. The subjects used in the case were not vulnerable but qualified subjects whose data was able to be traced in the national data that documents all registered nurses asserting their authenticity and merit regarding the study and the information they provided. The benefits of the study was great than the risks involved as it would improve the general welfare of nurses and more so whistle blowers and hence improve the entire profession of nursing and patients (Nieswiadomy, 2012). It reinforces moral and ethics in the profession improving responsibility and accountability by all stakeholders. However, the subjects were not given the opportunity to contact the researcher if other questions rose and how they could obtain the results of the study apart from lacking the opportunity to ask questions.

Critique of problem statement, purpose statement or research question:

The research question is clear as it advocates for concerns that affects the whole of nursing profession not only in the state of Nevada, but across many other places worldwide presented in a purpose statement. The study variables are including in the statement as it points out the primary people affected that include the patients and actions from the nurses. There is inclusion of study variables and the population that is directly affected by study goals and purpose that is the nurses and the reasons leading to failure into taking actions towards patient protection. The study was a quantitative study even though if it would have been conducted as a qualitative study it would still suit because of the challenge in quantifying the attitude of people relating to the main purpose of the study. Empirical data was gathered on the topic of interest as people directly involved and concerned with the purpose of the study gave out their positions and opinions regarding varied issue that proved relevant in relation to the study. The ethics and moral questions and concerns that the study tries to unravel are equally important that aims to improve the standards and levels of professionalism by nurse and all stakeholders as well as patient’s interest. The feasibility of the study is evident as interested parties that include the local leadership and administration showed interest in funding the study improving the likeliness of success of the study. It also is designed to protect all parties involved improving the support for the study.

Critique of the literature review:

The literature review used was comprehensive as it presented varied reasons that many scholars have noted down as reasons as to why nurses fail to report the malpractices noted in their professions. The literature reviewed targeted information that relate to the main question and purpose under study giving examples of previously related scenarios that have presented mixed views and results. The flow of the literature reviewed flows logically presenting points and positions that relate making it easier for the audience to follow and note the concepts with ease. The literature reviewed has concentrated mostly on the supporting theory with less opposing theory. However, in relation to the diversified reasons given, it has extensively covered most of the reasons noted earlier on prior to the study. The sources used for the literature are mostly from secondary sources and a few primary sources from previous studies and results by various institutions. The literature materials are also cited at the end of the study project making it easy for readers to further consult the material for additional information.

Critique of the study framework:

The theoretical framework is clearly identified even though it lacks the drawing and structure. The study indicates the methodology used as well as discussion and interpretation of the results and starts by presenting the background of the concern that prompted the study. Conclusions are made at the end in relation to the study findings that support the hypotheses and theories discussed and presented in the study (Black, 2008). Key words are noted and defined that form the basis for the study. At the end, the researcher relates the study finding with the study framework justifying the findings as well as presenting the limitations that the findings are applicable.

Critique of the hypothesis and research Questions:

The study contains various hypotheses as it tries to unearth many issues concerning the study problem that is clearly worded and concise. The hypotheses are derived from the framework established for the study. The hypothesis in the study contains variables and the population affected that include nurse and the patients. The hypothesis stated gives the direction in which the study takes. Most of the hypotheses lead only to one prediction that indicates the limitations causing lack of advocacy in patient’s activities. In this case, it is not apparent that each hypothesis is empirically tested as the hypothesis leads to the same objectives and goals. The objectives studied under each hypothesis would lead to the same results as noted through the study framework and objectives.

Critique of Quantitative Research Design:

The research design is clearly identified and described in the report that test the hypothesis stated in the research study. The study did not use experimental design and therefore there was no need for controlling both internal and external variables. The assignment of the subjects to be studied were clearly described and allocated scientifically. The research design allowed the researchers to draw a cause and effects relationship that indicated and pointed out the obstacles and barriers that made many nurses not to report challenges facing patients. To control extraneous variables in the subjects, scientific methods were used in selection of the subjects that participated in the study. Limitations also relating to application of the study and findings were also noted with results getting compared to other similar studies done in the past from different areas.

Critique of qualitative designs:

The study would have used a qualitative approach as it would present more appropriate results. It focuses on the subjective nature of human experience that relates to the nursing profession in relation to patients and the management. The research findings have proved to be very significance for nursing profession as well as patients as it empowers them positively by raising the standards and levels of professionalism without any fear. It led to passing of important legislation that has impacted the profession positively in the state of Nevada. Selection of participants is described but it present various unclear means such as sampling strategy used that presents room for bias. The study limitations are properly acknowledged and findings properly presented. The data collection was fully availed form the single approach used. However it would have availed more information had it incorporated more than one method to collect data. No further suggestions are made in relation to the study findings. Data analysis is consistent with the approach and purpose of the study that intends to get the generalized version in the findings regarding the matter at interest.

References

Black, L. M. (2008). Tragedy into policy: A Quantitative Study of Nurses’ Attitude Toward Patient Advocacy Activities. AJN Article.

Nieswiadomy, R. M. (2012). Foundations of Nursing Research (6th ed.), Pearson Prentice Hall.

Spiritual Development essay

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Spiritual Development essay 

Spiritual development is of great importance for all Christians. From the point that one converts to Christianity or embraces Christianity fully, should be able to grow in faith and spirit. This gives the convert to ability to stay on course and fight any temptation against his faith and convictions. Spiritual development is always at the heart of District Council Ministries. Spiritual development can be achieved through various approaches. These include worship, Bible study, prayer, interaction with others, reflection, and full participation in missions.

Spiritual growth is realized when ones relationship with God deepens. The deepening of this relationship can be achieved through prayer. Prayer is an element in God’s world transformation plan. As Christians continue to lead a life of prayer, they keep a divine partnership with Christ.

Bible study and worship breeds discipleship. Discipleship can be defined as a joint venture between God and the Christians who respond to his call. Studying the bible and worshiping are the only approach to grow ones skills and fulfill ones calling.

Interactions with one another can provide a viable environment for proper worship and bible study forums. This can be achieved in small or life-to-life groups known as Quads or Triads. The members of these groups meet to study the bible, pray together, and encourage one another. They are a way of collective spiritual growth.

Reflection too is an important component of spiritual growth. Reflection serves as a form of meditation through which Christians search within themselves, find what is lacking and ask God for it. Reflection is an important component for prayers and bible study. Through reflection Christians can understand their spiritual needs as well as understand and interpret the scriptures.

Participation in mission provides young Christians an opportunity to practice all of the above spiritual growth initiatives. In mission prayers, worship, bible study, interactions and reflection are important and are frequently partaken by the participants.

In conclusion, spiritual growth is a process that involves other activities. The building activities are closely linked and depend on each other to provide young Methodists an opportunity and environment for spiritual growth. The activities include worship, Bible study, prayer, interaction with others, reflection, and full participation in missions.

Critique of research titled Why Are Nurses Leaving Findings From an Initial Qualitative Study on Nursing Attrition

Critique of research titled “Why Are Nurses Leaving? Findings From an Initial Qualitative Study on Nursing Attrition”.

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Institution

Critique of the sampling procedure:

The target population has been identified in the research that is the non- practicing registered nurses. The identified population was accessible through telephone calls and emails that enabled meeting with the researcher to be possible. Snowball sampling technique that is a non- probability methods was used in the research. The sampling method has been described showing data collection and analysis from the samples chosen. The sampling method was appropriate for the study even though more could have been done, and other qualitative sampling techniques incorporated unlike the case that used only snowball sampling technique. The demographic characteristics of the samples are presented, but the sample size is only ten and, therefore, inadequate. The sample represented the targeted population and profession as all had previous contact with the targeted population. From the method used of snowball, sampling biases are noted bearing in mind it is a no probability sampling procedure. The people interviewed, and samples used were referenced by third parties and this created a probability of bias in the process. However, the researchers have not addressed any bias issues and how they could have avoided or reduced them. The subjects dropout issue is discussed during the orientation process, and the samples are given the choice to drop and stop the interview at any point and time and are assured of their anonymity and privacy in relation to the information collected by the researcher.

Critique of the Data-Collection procedure:

The information on “who,” “where,” “what,” “why,” “when” and “how” in regard to data collection is well documented in the research. The methodology used for the research determined the information provided by those interviewed from the chosen samples. The information however does not specify which place exactly the interview was conducted from as well as the precise date and time for an interview. It, however, shows what data was collected, and the technique used to gather the data as well as the reasons behind collection of the data from the chosen samples. Recording of the interviews using audiotapes and field notes taken to allow for comparison and clarification of the information collected and hence reduce the variables that would result from the exercise. Interpretive analysis was also done by sharing data with the colleagues to ensure appropriate interpretations were made in relation to the research objectives and goals stated. Data collection instruments that include audiotapes and transcriptions are described in the research (MacKusick & Minick, 2010). The instruments used had not been used previously, and there is nowhere indicating if they were tasted for reliability. However, from the research it indicates that each interview was recorded, and transcripts formulated meaning the instruments were reliable for collection of data. The interviewed people also asserted that the transcripts contained the exact information that they had and what transpired in the interview and this is evidence that they were reliable. The methodology chosen for the research which was an interview to those sampled made it difficult to validate and assess the instruments sufficiency. However, it is assumed that the researchers had previously tasted and verified that the instruments were functional and up to the task for recording the interviews and conversations they had regarding the research even though there is no information noted from the research about prior tests either through pilot studies or physical tests done.

Critique of data-collection Method

The data collection method used for the research was interviews where those chosen in the sampling procedures were interviewed in issues that were pertinent to the researcher. The data collection method is described thoroughly that were semi- structured interviews with field notes and audio taped. Transcripts were also made for both parties that participated in the research. However, there is no example of such transcript of the interview presented in the research but a few parts and responses have been used in presenting and supporting certain themes and positions noted in the research. The data collection made was appropriate to answer research questions due to the small number that totaled only to ten of those sampled for the interview. It required an extensive interview that could results into an in-depth data and information due to the type of question that the researchers had. Due to many possibilities and generalizations regarding the subject, the method was appropriate in narrowing down the main reasons and themes contributing to the issue. S The psychological method used provided enough data that is valid and in depth as the subject in itself is sensitive in relation to the entire profession. It enabled the samples people to bring out issue of unfriendly workplaces and emotional distress relating to patients care to be brought out through the themes chosen that dominated the interviews. Interview was the only technique used to gather data, however, when other methods could have been incorporated such as questionnaires and focus group discussion, amore elaborate information would have been captured that would give an in-depth analysis and interpretation of the information in relation to the subject and thus make the research more valuable and informing. A mixture of methods for data collection would capture more information that would not be captured by the one method used and hence the data would be rich and useful for the short and long term in conducting research studies (Nieswiadomy, 2012). There is no information provided showing the duration of the interview and training for those who conducted the interviews. Interviewing requires good communication skills to capture and bring out the information required. However, the background of those conducting the interviews is from educational backgrounds a scholars making people assume they have the required skills. Confidentiality of the participants was assured throughout the process.

Critique of descriptive statistics

The descriptive statistics used fro the research is minimal that touches and shows the demographic factors for the chosen samples. A table is used that is divided into varied parts displaying information about the participants indicating the ratio of the gender used, the age category, racial background, clinical experience, level of education and work status among others pertinent issue relating to the research. The measures of central tendency and variability are not presented due to the nature of data collection methods used and the research question. The demographic characteristics of the subject are well presented, and the statistics presented in the text agree with those noted in the table.

Critique of inferential statistics

Inferential statistics are presented in the research report in the discussion and findings section. The results and findings by the researchers are compared to past documented information relating to the subject. The reader is not provided with the calculated value of inferential statistics due to the research question and goals from the research. Non- parametric tests were used for the research as no assumption was made in relation to the samples used. It was appropriate as most of the important data and requirement for the samples were determined earlier on before the start of the research that determined the samples selected for the study. The test was appropriate because of the small group chosen and used as samples for the research. The outcomes of the study are obtainable both in text and in tables with no data on inferential tests due to the nature and question of the study.

References

MacKusick, C. I & Minick, P. (2010). Why Are Nurses Leaving? Findings From an Initial Qualitative Study on Nursing Attrition. AJN Article. Available at: HYPERLINK “https://www.amsn.org/sites/default/files/documents/practice-resources/healthy-work-environment/resources/MSNJ_MacKusick_19_06.pdf” https://www.amsn.org/sites/default/files/documents/practice-resources/healthy-work-environment/resources/MSNJ_MacKusick_19_06.pdf

Nieswiadomy, R. M. (2012). Foundations of Nursing Research (6th ed.), Pearson Prentice Hall.