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Cultural orientation questions

Question 1

My cultural orientation is similar to that commonly found in the United States. According to my cultural orientation, I believe in a mixture of good and evil and with the dynamic world, people can not be trusted as much as they used to be in the past. My nature is that I believe in giving people an opportunity to express themselves and learn new things. My relationship with the external environment is that the environment should be altered to fit people’s needs. My primary mode is to better manage my time performing duties without interruptions and working towards a future goal.

Question 2

Working for an international company requires that one is sent in other countries for work related purposes. This enhances the working in the organization to ensure that there is harmony among employees from different cultural backgrounds. In the Middle East, the cultural orientation is completely different from that of the United States. People there are not as hard working as in the United States. Most of them report to work late and leave early before time. During the lunch break, you find people idling in cafeterias even after completion of their meals. The work ethics there are not very strict probably because not so many people are well educated to compete for white collar jobs. Competing for jobs is also a challenge because most business there are family businesses and ownership is passed to the heirs. They are also not keen on invention and they believe that the environment should not be altered to fit anyone’s preferences.

My values differ with theirs especially where all people are not given equal opportunities to compete for white collar jobs. People from this cultural background also mismanage their time spending more time idling and less time working. This could be a point of conflict between their culture and my cultural orientation.

However, the people there are very friendly and welcoming. Unlike in the United States where people are not concerned with their neighbours, it is a different story there. The most impressive thing is that people in this area are very trusting. They leave their valuable items out in the open without worrying that someone would steal from them. These are things that I appreciate from these people and I could use them to my advantage.

Question 3

Culture is an element that is instilled in an individual from the date of birth. Growing up in a specific culture, it is inevitable to adopt the values, behaviours and attitudes acceptable by that specific culture. While growing up, we strive to live according to the norms of our societies doing what is right in right according to our culture. My culture has influenced my values, attitude, thinking and behaviour. In my culture, it is a requirement to uphold moral values and work hard for personal benefit and for the benefit of the community. Living harmoniously as a group is a value that is highly emphasized in my culture allowing all to live in peace.

My cultural orientation makes it easier for me to work with people from different cultures. Besides being a hard worker, living harmoniously is a value that has been instilled in me since childhood. Though working from people from different cultures can be quite challenging, it is important to have an open mind and give everyone the opportunity to express themselves.

Should the US Pay Reparations to Descendants of SlavesBlack Americans

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Should the US Pay Reparations to Descendants of Slaves/Black Americans?

It is impossible to rewrite history, but can it be redressed? Reparations are restitution payments remitted to the descendants of the enslaved people for atrocities done to them. In theory, reparations would be paid by parties/entities that took part in slavery, such as local governments, federal governments, universities, and corporations. Although slavery in the United States ended over a century ago, the effects of the vice still linger. The main question is whether the United States needs to make up for the atrocities and, if so, whether reparations are the answer. While proponents support the idea of paying reparations to descendants of slaves, opposers are against paying reparations. From my standpoint, the United States should pay descendants of slavery reparations as slavery caused giant disparities in wealth, left black communities at the pity of health deficits and a precedent for paying reparations is already in place.

Supporting Arguments

Slavery Caused Giant Wealth Disparities that should be Addressed Using Reparations.

One of the reasons why the United States should consider paying descendants of slaves reparation is slavery caused huge disparities in wealth. Majority of the wealth in the United States was created on the backs of black slaves. Ta-Nehisi Coates, a correspondent and author for the Atlantic explained that by 1836, nearly half (over $600 million) of United States economic activity was derived indirectly or directly from cotton produced by millions of slaves. By the time slaves became emancipated, they were the single largest single asset in the US valued at 3 billion dollars in 1860 dollars. This was more than all other assets of the time combined. People of color were not paid for their contribution to the economy leading to years of financial struggle. Most recent data available indicates that people of color had about 2.6% of the wealth in the United States while accounting for 13% of the population. The data also indicates that the net worth of white households was $80 000 more than that of black households. William Darit Jr., an economist at Duke University and Kristen Mullen posited that the origins of the gulf in Black and White originated from immediate repercussions of slavery when a promise that had been made to give former slaves 40 acres of land were unmet (Goldy, 42). While all this happened, in the meantime, many White Americans were given substantial acres of land of about 160 acres in the West. Mullen and Darity conclude that public policy has caused a rift between Black and White and will need public policy to get rid of it and that reparations is one of the public policy.

Slavery Left Black Communities at the Sympathy of Slave Health Deficit

Another reason why the United States should pay reparations to descendants of slaves is it left their communities at the pity of the slave health deficit. Brittney Butler, a Health Policy Research Scholar posited that the health effects of racism or slavery in the United States transcended generations and set foundation for poor health among black families in the United States. The connection between racism and disparities goes back to the slavery days. The Slave trade brought with it diseases to indigenous and African populations. Additionally, before arriving to the shores of North America, the horrible ship conditions and the long journey increased risk of mortality and disease with dysentery being the leading cause of death (Anyaegbunam, 2). Even if the slaves managed to survive the treacherous journey, they were forced to work and live under inhumane working conditions that further increased their risk of respiratory and chronic diseases. Additionally, during slavery, white physicians exploited, experimented on and enslaved black people under the guise of advanced medicine. Also, once the slaves were free, they had reduced access to basic necessities and access to healthcare. Even after slavery ended, the health disparities were felt in the differences in access to care in healthcare facilities and other higher levels of disease because of increased exposure and different life opportunities. People of color are most likely to be uninsured or underinsured and less likely to access a primary care professional. Worth noting, diseases such as asthma, heart disease, high blood pressure, strokes, diabetes, and cancer are more prevalent among black people than white people. According to Oliver Brooks, the President of the National Medical Association noted that the social determinants of health (SDoH) play a significant role in one’s health such as medical treatment and genetics. The six broad categories of the social determinants of health include physical environment, economic stability, food community and social content, education, and healthcare systems. People of color are adversely affected in these aspects. With regard to the pandemic, Brooks noted that because of poor housing, people of color are not able to isolate themselves as, in some instances, a two-bedroom apartment can host up to six people. Brooks also added that people of color work in environments that do not allow them to work from home. Their work requires them to be physically them hence going out places them at even higher risk of infection. Additionally, most of these jobs do not offer health coverage and as such reparations would go a long way in boosting African American healthcare and other underlying social conditions that have caused health disparity.

A Precedent of Paying the Reparations is Already in Place

The third reason why the United States should consider paying descendants of slaves reparations is that a precedent by the US State, federal government, international organizations, and local governments is already in place. Between 1948 and 1965, the United States federal government paid the victims of Japanese internment camps reparations through the Japanese-American Claims Act of 1948. Additionally, the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 made it possible for each survivor to receive an additional $20, 000 payment by 1998 at, a total of 1.6 billion dollars. Worth noting, victims of a Tuskegee Study that left 399 black men infected with syphilis untreated received $10 million in reparations alongside lifelong medical care for their families by the US government. The US has not only paid reparations to victimized groups but also slaveholders. Around 900 slaveholders in Washington D.C received about $23 million in 2020 dollars in order to let go of 2,981 slaves in April 1862 in line with the Compensated Emancipation Act which Lincoln had attempted to institute in various states but acts failed.

Additionally, North Caroline, set aside $10 million in reparations program for an estimated 7600 individuals in the state that were forcefully sterilized between 1929 and 1974. Virginia also paid every living survivor of about 8000 individuals sterilized by force about 250, 000. Florida also paid $2 million reparations to victims of the Racewood race riot of 1923. Chicago also approved an ordinance to pay victims of police brutality between 1972 and 1991 under police commander John Burge reign a minimum of $20 million. Additionally, the German government had paid $89 billion to Nazi victims as of 2012 in a reparation program that had started in 1952 (Favreau, 24).It still pays the reparations to date. South African paid 19,000 victims of apartheid atrocities up to $85 million in 2003. Also, in Georgetown University, students voted to increase fees by $27.50 to raise the sum of $400, 000 needed annually for a reparations fund. The institution paid reparations to descendants of the 272 slaves that Jesuits sold in 1838. Other institutions, such as the Princeton Theological Seminary and the Virginia Theological Seminary have followed suit paying $27.6 million and $1.7 million in reparations. At least 56 universities and colleges have joined universities that study slavery in exploring the legacy of the vice in the institutions. In 2018, an organization of nuns known as the Society of the Sacred Heart paid reparations to the descendants of individuals that had been enslaved by the organization. Additionally, Siemens, a German electronics company set aside $11.9 million fund in 1998 for slave labor that went into World War II. The move followed a similar announcement made by Volkswagen a German automaker. In essence, if reparations can be paid out to groups of other descendants by the U.S government, then they can also be paid by the federal government.

Opposing Arguments

No Body Currently Living is Responsible for Righting the Past Wrongs

The thirteenth amendment was ratified on 6th December 1865, which is over 150 years ago, putting an end to slavery across the United States. The first African to be enslaved arrived in 1619, which is more than 400 years ago. The last living survivor of trade, Matilda McCrear, had arrived in Alabama in 1860, died in January 1940. As at April 2020, millennials comprised the biggest living adult group in the United States. The 72.1 million millennials born in 1981 or after would have to go back at six generations to get a slave owner or slave in their lineage, and that depends on if there was any in the first. According to Mitch McConnell, a Republican U.S. Senator, reparations for something that took place 150 years ago for people who are currently living were responsible would not be a good idea (Craemer and D’Andra, 163). McConnell further opined that the States had tried to address the origin of slavery by fighting civil war through enacting landmark civil rights legislation and even electing an African American president. McConnell further added that as a country, the United States is a work in progress and with no one currently alive took part in the atrocity, we should not be trying to work out a compensation plan. Additionally, a Western Region Director for R Street Institute named Steven Greenhut noted that white people whose families came after the segregation era would wonder why they should have to pay for the mistakes of the ancestors of other people. Greenhut added that rather than resolving the problem, people would begin to fight other money. He insisted that it would end up being about only the money and that is not the way to help the nation deal with its past. A reporter named Scott Reader concluded that he does not believe in collective guilt and that not all Muslims should be blamed for the 9-11 attack and or gun owners are responsible for gun violence across cities. Similarly, not all Americans should be held responsible for the injustice of slavery that took place many years ago. While all the above-discussed viewpoints of McConnell, Reader and Greenhut hold true, there is no denying that there is need to do something to right these past wrongs. The truth of the matter remains that despite having the strongest economy in the world, the United States is still plagued by racism and systemic discrimination and injustice against people of color. While steps have been taken to address past mistakes, this inequality remains commonplace. As such, it is time to give reparations because we might never know if they would make a difference unless we give it a trial.

In closing, the United States should consider giving reparations to descendants of slaves as slavery caused giant disparities in wealth, left black communities at the pity of health deficits and a precedent for paying reparations is already in place. If descendants of other groups can be compensated, then so can the descendants of slavery. While opposers argue that propagators of the atrocity are no longer alive, this does not take away from the fact that some policy action should take place.

Works Cited

Anyaegbunam, Nkiru. “The Problem of Blackness in America: Becoming When the Being Never Comes to Be.” (2022).

Craemer, Thomas, and D’Andra Orey. “Implicit Black identification and stereotype threat among African American students.” Social science research 65 (2017): 163-180.

Favreau, Marc, ed. Remembering slavery: African Americans talk about their personal experiences of slavery and emancipation. New Press, the, 2021.

Goldy-Brown, Sarah. Reparations for Slavery: The Fight for Compensation. Greenhaven Publishing LLC, 2017.

Should Cell phones be allowed in the Classroom

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Should Cell phones be allowed in the Classroom?

Introduction

A 2010 research conducted by the Pew Research Center reported that 65% of teenagers carry cell phones to school despite any bans that the school might have in place. Most schools now permit their students to carry cell phones but require them to be off during class time because they tend to be distracting and disruptive. Some people are of the opinion that learners should be allowed to bring their cell phones to school, while opponents hold that cell phones should be banned in schools. In my viewpoint, I believe that cell phones should be allowed in classrooms. This text argues why allowing learners to have cell phones in the classroom is better than restricting them.

Supporting Arguments

Cell phones are Good for Emergency Uses

One of the reasons learners should be allowed to bring their cell phones with them to class is that they help students reach out to their families in the event of a tragedy. We live in an unprecedented world where families need to be able to speak to their children. Current generations are growing up in environments dominated by mass and public shootings. Such news has become a daily headline today. Additionally, we live in a pandemic world where there are heightened cases of anxiety and health and safety concerns in schools and across families. Children should know that they can reach their parents and loved ones in a heartbeat and cell phones are a huge part of that. Right now, it is important that everybody should feel safer than ever. As such, students should be allowed to bring their cell phones with them to class.

Staying in Touch and Tracking Location

Another reason why cell phones should be allowed in the classroom is that it enables their parents to track their whereabouts. Research conducted by Pew study in 2010 found that 48% of parents use their cell phones to track their children’s location. They are able to tell if their child attended school or if they are missing classes. Additionally, cell phones make it easy for parents to stay in touch with them.

Cell Phones Are Used as Research Tools

Another reason why schools should allow learners to bring cell phones to the classroom is that they can be employed as a research tool. Cell phones grant students with instant access when they want to acquire new information (Mendoza, Mendoza, Benjamin, Seungyeon, Minsung, and Ian, 52). If they need to find the meaning of a specific word, or subject, they can access the information in a second by typing it on Google. Essentially, students do not necessarily have to interrupt the rest of the class to seek clarification, especially if they are shy and hate embarrassment.

Opposing Arguments.

Distractions

Some people are of the opinion that learners should not bring cell phones to class because they are often a source of distractions. We live in a modernized world where almost everything relies on technology. The cell phone does a lot more than make a call and text. People can download thousands of applications for social interactions, dating, and gaming that all translate into a layer of distraction (Papadakis, Michail, Eirini, and Nikolas, 378). If a student feels the urge to use their phone while the teacher is teaching, it negates the learning experience. If students get addicted to their phones, they will not attain good grades. While this argument is true, I maintain that cell phones should be allowed in the classroom because if students are asked to turn them off and keep them from their sight, the problem of addiction can be addressed. Alternatively, if schools can come up with a rule where learners hand in their books to a selected custodian, either a teacher or student, then the issue of distraction would be a non-factor.

Academic Cheating

Another reason why cell phones should not be allowed in classrooms is that they encourage students to cheat. We live in a fast-paced world where information is just a Google search away. Information is now at people’s fingertips with the dawn of technology and the internet. While this is a good thing, it is also dangerous and a threat to the provision of quality education. Cell phones tend to encourage students to cheat. They do this by sneaking cell phones into the exam rooms where they can Google answers. This is all in a bid to pass exams and graduate college. However, this is a problem that can be addressed with ease. Teachers can collect all cell phones, return them after exams, and impose hefty punishments such as academic disqualification on cheating students.

Conclusion

In closing, students should be allowed to bring their cell phones to school as they can be used as a research tool, help parents keep track of their children’s location, and be used during emergencies. Opposers say that cell phones should be banned from school because they are a source of distractions and can be used to facilitate cheating. All in all, I hold that learners should be allowed to bring their cell phones to school.

Works Cited

Mendoza, Jessica S., Mendoza, Jessica S., Benjamin C. Pody, Seungyeon Lee, Minsung Kim, and Ian M. McDonough. “The effect of cellphones on attention and learning: The influences of time, distraction, and nomophobia.” Computers in Human Behavior 86 (2018): 52-60.

Papadakis, Stamatios, Michail Kalogiannakis, Eirini Sifaki, and Nikolas Vidakis. “Access moodle using smart mobile phones. A case study in a Greek University.” Interactivity, game creation, design, learning, and innovation. Springer, Cham, 2017. 376-385.

Sharing a Life Lesson with Others

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Sharing a Life Lesson with Others

The life lesson that I have learned in life that I would like to share with others is to never give up. I think this statement carries a lot of weight for such a piece of simple advice. Confucius, a Chinese philosopher, came up with this quote. He tells us that no matter what happens we should not stop going. We have to keep pushing regardless of how difficult a situation might be. I would advise the same to people. The truth is that no matter how slowly we move, we must keep pushing as long as we do not stop. There are many times in life when we are faced with challenging life choices, and the first instinct might be to give up. I would encourage people not to give up because there is a high chance that they will emerge triumphant in their doings. As long as a person continues putting up a fighting spirit, I believe that they can achieve any goal they have set for themselves in life. More often than not, when a person thinks of giving up, they are usually on the brink of being successful and attaining their goals. I have seen situations in my life where people regret giving up too soon and I have also seen other people rejoice for not giving up. It all depends on how bad a person wants to attain success. I would urge people to exercise patience and have hope that things will turn out as expected. This is because when a man loses hope, they lose everything else in life. That said, I urge people to listen to the advice of the great Confucius to not give up.

I wish to call Villanova my new home and become a part of its community because it offers me the opportunity that I need to succeed in life. Villanova has impeccable academic support and career services, and I hope to use this to my advantage. Joining Villanova sets me on the right path for success because it has world-class instructors, who will I believe will support me and push me towards my goal. Worth noting, I wish to call Villanova my new home because of the extracurricular and athletic activities that the institution offers. I have interests in sports particularly, basketball. I have played basketball in all my previous schools and it is my hope to get a chance to do the same at Villanova. I like to play sports as it is a chance to exploit my old passion as well as explore new passions. I believe that both academics and extracurricular activities are equally important and it is upon students to find a balance between the two. That said, I hope that you will consider my request to join Villanova.

Rhetorical Analysis of Two Texts

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Rhetorical Analysis of Two Texts

Danticat’s main claim in Create Dangerously: The Immigrant Artist at Work” is that artists who have immigrated to other countries are at liberty to witness the tragedy, poverty, violence, and oppression back in their country. In the deeply rooted book, Edwidge Danticat reflects on exile and art. She examines what it truly means to be an immigrant artist that is in crisis. Danticat uses various rhetorical analyses in the text regarding rhetorical elements, including pathos and ethos. Pathos is evidenced in the ways she uses various characters to appeal to the audience to feel sympathy for her. She does this by talking about her undocumented aunt who died of Aids while staying in Miami. Ethos speaks to the authority and credibility. Danticat mentions various statistics by saying that Louis and Numa were two of the thirteen who returned to Haiti from the United States to fight the guerilla war. As regards her writing style, Danticat’s writing is clear and crisp. It is reminiscent of what good essay writers should desire to be. This is not just another writer writing a book for its sake, but rather, it details the suffering of immigrant artists. As regards structure, Danticat writes marvelously and is a blend of history, anecdotes, and significant reflections without converting the writer to a victim or misunderstanding them. The text represents the immigrant voice in that Danticat writes from inside Haiti. The way the recollections show, her aim is not to remake an actual Haiti but rather recreate it. Factors including age, color, race, gender and economic status impact Haiti immigrants in the United States. They face barriers ranging from communication barriers, to violence, lack of jobs, and exclusion. As an immigrant, Danticat grapples with embraced Haiti culture once she came to the United States. Although she left Haiti, she is defined by the pace and she does not want to keep that part of her life forgotten. As a writer, she has a strong desire to break the barriers of most writers and write about what most people are afraid to write about- the torture of Haiti people. The main themes in Danticat’s essay include poverty, violence, tragedy, and oppression.

Danticat’s short story “Without inspection” follows the love story of two undocumented Haitian immigrants that are travelling via boat to Miami. The story defines the sense of loss and vulnerability that people face in an attempt to escape the sea and start a new life. The text showcases immigrant voice by showing how writers of color never seem to excel in New York than back in their homecountry, Haiti. Immigrants are impacted by socioeconomic status and gender because, just like Danticat, they are not financially stable and have to work twice as hard to prove they are excellent writers because of their race and origin.

The main similarities between Danticat’s works “Without Inspection” and “Create Dangerously; The Immigrant Writer at Work” is that they both talk about the struggles of black people, particularly Haiti people in diaspora. Without Inspection is about the story of two undocumented people that are travelling by boat, in the former text, Danticat talks about her undocumented aunt that succumbed to Aids while living in Miami. Together both texts by Danticat emphasize the immigrant voice by bringing to light jaw-breaking actions side by side. She tells the stories in both texts from the gut.

After studying Danticat’s works, I would describe her voice as fierce and piercing because she does not mince or waste works. Danticat rarely cloaks her ideas in layers of metaphor, yet every system she writes has a persuasive and lyrical quality. After reading this text, the question that lingers in my voice is that immigrant workers think about the issues they left in their homeland or forget about them once they get an opportunity to relocate. While many people will have many conflicting viewpoints concerning their immigrant writers, one thing is for sure; they need all the support they can get.

Review of the Article, New York City FC Announces Eleven Sports Media as New Academy Kit Partner

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Review of the Article, New York City FC Announces Eleven Sports Media as New Academy Kit Partner.

Published November 3rd by PR Newsire, the article New York City FC Announces Eleven Sports Media as New Academy Kit Partner details a partnership that is set to attain new innovative growth platform for local business in New York City. New York Football Club (NYCFC) has collaborated with Eleven Sports Media, a UK-based sports-partnerships pioneer. Together, they aim at launching a new and comprehensive platform for brand growth and exposure for small businesses. The partnership is set to position the partnership pioneer as the official jersey partners for the football club’s academy teams.

Among other reasons, Eleven Sports Media’s objective in partnering with NYCFC is to support local talent in line with their goal of supporting over dozen similar investments that are youth-centered. The partnership will be beneficial as they will build upon the successes of Joe Scally, James Sands, Tayvon Grat, Justin Haak, Christain McFarlane, and Andress Jasson who are all home grown stars, born and bred in Tri-State Area of New York(PR Newsire, 1) . This is the first investment that Eleven Sports Media is making outside the United Kingdom where it mainly sponsors youth teams, academies, women’s teams and B-teams in various areas of the British Isles. As such, they are looking to make a name for themselves as they enter new grounds with the aim to establish their dominance in the sports sponsorship sector in the United States.

NYCFC’s objective is to offer small and medium-size businesses in all five boroughs unprecedented opportunities to market and expose their services and products to fans to games played at home and across broadcasts as well as social media. Worth noting, this move is also part of combined efforts by the club to offer meaningful support to local business in the wake of their recovery from the adverse effects of the global pandemic. The football Club’s COO and Chief Commercial Officer, Mr. Matt Goodman noted that the as the soccer team in the five boroughs, it is their responsibility connect with the communities that they represent and use power to impact better lives.

Seeing that the partnership was established towards the end of last year, New York City Football Club activated the partnership by developing a full portfolio for accessible branding opportunities and partnership at the games that took place at Yankee Stadium. Additionally, they also activated the partnerships through networking activities as well as managed events in a bid to push for more recognition of the brands of both parties involved.

Undoubtedly, I think that the NYCFC’s sponsorship by Eleven Sports Media is slowly but surely attaining its goal. It is one year since the partnership took effect, and positive results are already visible. Small and medium-sized businesses are already reaping the benefits of the exposure from events which the football club’s organize. Big football club like NYCFC find it hard to divert their resources to such initiatives due to sponsor investments and control. But currently, I believe the small business are already reaping the benefits from this partnership with Elite Sports Media as their services and products and reaching new audiences.

In my viewpoint, there is a need to make changes that can enhance the value of sponsorship for Elite Sports Media. One of the changes I would recommend is to extend their hand to provide mentorship to young athletes that are still in training at the New York Sports Academy. This way, will be adding value to the future of the football club as young players tend to be absorbed in the football club in future.

Works Cited

FC, New York City. “New York City FC Announces Eleven Sports Media as New Academy Kit Partner.” New York City FC Announces Eleven Sports Media as New Academy Kit Partner, 3 Nov. 2021, www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/new-york-city-fc-announces-eleven-sports-media-as-new-academy-kit-partner-301415055.html

Cultural Materialism

Cultural Materialism stems from anthropology which is the study of human beings. Culture, a broad concept that encompasses cultural materialism refers to socially conditioned activities and thoughts associated with social groups and populations. Materialism on the other hand refers to technological and economic factors that play a significant role in the molding of society. It exists as dialectical, historical and cultural (Rogers 10).

Cultural materialism is a school of thought which emphasizes on understanding human culture by examining visible material conditions such as food supply, climatic and geographic variation. It is fundamental in expounding a clear understanding of the causes of differences and similarities among cultures and societies (Milner 8). The main premise of this theory is that human social life is a response to practical problems of earthly existence. It opposes strategies that deny the legitimacy of the feasibility of scientific accounts of human behavior. This approach backs Marx’s original strategy by breaking away from the Hegelian notion of all systems evolving through a dialect of contradictory negations and adding reproductive pressure and ecological variables.

Culture Materialism can also be classified into three levels that is, infrastructure, structure and the superstructure. The infrastructure is composed of the production modes that is, technology and practices initiated to expand, maintain and limit population, the structure entails domestic and political environments while the superstructure is the recreational and aesthetic products and services (Milner 14).

Cultural materialism tends to be at odds with idealism which as idealists believe in the transcend ability of ideas while materialists believe that culture does not and should not transcend its material trappings. It therefore plays a vital role in bridging the gap between Marxism and Post- Modernism.

This approach despite providing sufficient limelight on the integration of culture and materialism faces criticism due to various reasons. First of all, Marxists argue that this concept fails to address the influence of structure on infrastructure, for example, the influence of organizational patterns such as governments on resources which is currently not the case as structure to some extent influences the infrastructure (Gelinas 45).

Secondly from Gelinas’ view, post modernists believe that relying on ‘etic’ which is mostly behavioral is inappropriate in the study of culture (45). Idealists on the other hand criticize cultural materialists for ignoring belief and genetics and base their foundation on the level of significance of the ‘emic’ which should be more than the cultural materialists allow. It is essential to note therefore that both Marxists and Post modernists allow for extreme use of either one of the two, that is, thought and behavior while they fail to balance the appropriate application of both components for better conceptualization.

Thirdly, Cultural materialism is seen as too simplistic and fails to consider spiritual and intellectual influences on society which are intangible in nature thus cannot be adequately accounted for only materially (Milner 28).

Two writers known to have significantly contributed to the documentation and elaboration of cultural Materialism from different perspectives are;

Raymond Williams.

Marvin Harris.

Raymond Williams backed this theory by integrating structures of feeling which are values that change and are formed as humans live and interact with the material world. These values challenge dominant ideological forms and create an implication that values are organic and dynamic. Thus cultural materialism embraces change while giving variations in perspective based on our choice to suppress or reveal readings of past actions (Rogers 42).

Williams further extrapolated the understanding of the relationship between culture and society through his essay ‘Culture is Ordinary’. In order to clarify this, he borrowed Marxist’s tenet of culture being interpreted in relation to its underlying production system and glossed it with culture being a way of life and that arts, are a part of a social structure which economic change radically affects. Culture is political as the social process addressed through political analysis is embedded in culture (Rogers 56).

William’s explains that political analysis acts as a specialized framework used to understand culture as a whole way of life. The aspects of radical criticism, politics being cultural, political struggle that takes the shape of cultural forms are expressed largely by Williams in his work. The solutions to these lie in the recognition of limited but available space for viable alternatives, the need for national identity as well as incorporation of new technology such as the internet as useful media for communication necessary to drive the change.

Cultural materialism has also been discussed at length by Marvin Harris who defines culture as composing of religion, politics, art, science, superstition, language, the social structure among others, and materialism encompassing materiality which is fundamental to reality (Gelinas 68). His concept of cultural materialism is basically borrowed from anthropological teachings especially Marxist’s materialism. According to him, cultural materialism aims to explain the cultural organization, symbolism and ideology within the materialistic framework of infrastructure, structure and superstructure as earlier defined.

In addition, the infrastructure which consists of fundamental human survival elements is further divided into two subcomponents; the production and reproduction modes. The structure consists of the domestic and political economy while the superstructure consists of shared cognitive and ideological patterns and societal behaviors. The development of a synergy amongst these components is strengthened by the Principle of Infrastructural Determinism. It takes into consideration the role of the infrastructure as the basis of the socio-cultural life as well as the foundation for the structure. The structure then asserts a strong influence on the superstructure. The knock on effects of these relationships could operate backwards but with less frequency and significance (Milner 50).

The basis of Harris’ Cultural materialism is on the belief that anthropology exists as a science which is governed by law hence infrastructures should subsequently be governed by rules and regulations ( Milner 54).

Several sociological terms can be related to Cultural Materialism. These include;

Anthropology, a social science which covers the study of traditional cultures as well as the evolution of species.

Infrastructural determinism, a major principle introduced by Harris who explains the relationship between the infrastructure, structure and super structure and their respective order in the overall structure (Gelinas 73).

Marxism, a modern social theory that derives its main components from Marx’s ideologists. This theory greatly as envisioned by Rodgers 63, emphasizes class struggle and material causation.

Society which is a group of people living in a distinct territory is subjected to a common system of political governance, and share a common culture.

Class, refers to socioeconomic differentiations between groups of individuals which create variations in their life opportunities and power.

The theoretical framework refers to a collection of interrelated concepts. A theoretical framework incorporates concepts and explains the relation of one concept to another. A sociological theoretical framework takes into consideration social aspects or concepts in theories and interrelates them (Gramberge 22). These concepts or variables are then subjects to hypothesis testing to determine their dependability.

Culture and materialism are basic concepts considered in the social sphere. Cultural Materialism takes into consideration the external environment composed of the physical/ biological environment, the political and technological environment which influences cultural changes (Gramberge 43). Culture is molded by factors such as customs, beliefs, taboos, geographical locations among others. These make up the subset of the cultural concept that forms the dependent variable. Materialism on the other hand focuses on the conditions that humans are exposed to such as economic and technological changes which are independent and hence act as driving forces for cultural dynamicity.

The sociological theoretical framework also incorporates the infrastructure, structure and superstructure as basic social variables. These are then hypothetically tested to prove the relationship amongst them to come up with a well founded theory.

Culture, materialism, infrastructure, structure and superstructure are concepts that relate to cultural materialism.

Cultural Materialism is a theory that has been developed recently and still faces challenges from idealists and post- modernists. However, cultural materialism sheds light on the perception of the need to incorporate rules and regulations in scientific explorations. In addition, the interrelationship between the infrastructure, structure and superstructure gives an appreciation of the importance of interactions and mutual dependence of life’s spheres both emic and etic (Gelinas 88).

From Raymond William’s perspective, the need to embrace change is essential to pave way for personal growth. This however is left to humans to choose. Making the right choices offers future opportunities for development. Criticism should also be embraced wholesomely for specific changes to take place.

Works Cited

Gelinas, Grace. The Encyclopedia of Socio-cultural Anthropology. London; New York: Routledge.1997.

Rogers, Danny. Cultural Materialism: the science of culture. Iowa: University of Iowa.

1999.

Milner, Andrew. The Essence of Cultural Materialism.UK: Sage.2000.

Gramberge, Krisberg. Theoretical Framework: sociology in perspective. Melbourne: Harcourt Brace.2001.

Cultural Intersection

Cultural Intersection:

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Cultural Intersection

In Italo Calvino’s book “If on a Winter’s night a traveller”, the cultural intersections of class, race, sexuality or gender are well explored through a language that is simple and clear to the reader. It is through this book that these variables which are attached to individuals are inserted into current theoretical models of the family. The text and language of this novel is developed to explain to the reader how a culture of reading can be developed through encouraging the readers the essence of creating self interests in reading of books, texts, novels and others (Italo Calvino, 1981, p. 297). The texts awareness of itself as text greatly affects the cultural critiques, insights or revelations which are at work in that it instructs the reader on how to read it and what is to be read in a very unusual manner. The focus on the writerly experience and writing comments on the cultural production of the book in that this post-modern novel combines a detective story with love through a sardonic dissection of the industry of publishing in the reading allegory. It displays the frustration through which two readers become comically disappointed in their attempts to finish the same novel repeatedly.

Cultural representations are well developed in “If on a Winter’s Night a Traveller” through the use of dialect, slang, language and experiments coupled with dialogue, like for instance, there is a case of a reader who goes through a lot of difficulties in the endeavour to find a copy of Italo Calvino’s novel. This novel is therefore a mystery story filled with a treasure hunt, a satire and a romance. It wins the readers attention in that it begins with explaining to them how the book is supposed to be read. This gently chiding and joking by the author is what makes the tone of the book to be a funny metafictional novel which does not only insert its author but the readers as well.

The use of language presents cultural authenticity and insight in the novel in that the author successfully includes the reader to be the major character in the book and assumes the second person thus making the book to be not only a novel but a novel within a novel which contains other novels. Few authors have been brave enough to include the reader thus this inclusion makes the novel to be a subtle undermining of reality. The author has also included cultures which were just made up thus making the inclusion of isolated chapters in the novel to become intriguing just like the literary hunt since each one of them cuts off at a very suspenseful moment leaving the reader guessing what will happen next. The author successfully invites the reader in sharing in the cultural experience through bringing them on board in the novel as second person.

The author’s refection regarding culture in this novel is affected in the endeavour to write about the homeland from distanced location, emigration or exile since it has been observed that many writers, in their displaced existence have generally tended to excel in their works as if the change in the atmosphere or environment acts as a big stimulant to them (Italo Calvino, 2010, p. 374). In most dislocated circumstances, such literature has been referred to as “Exile Literature” (Italo Calvino, & William Weaver, 1979, p. 479). For instance, Calvino’s “If on a Winter’s night a traveller” is an example of an Exile literature in which the author has addressed well the contrast of cultural expectations, languages and cultural interactions in the experience as a traveller, emigrant or exile.

Dislocation or distance has a greater impact on the arrangement of various narratives and Italo Calvino’s book is no exception. Distance or dislocation has an impact that indeed, the exiled writer could not even have prospered if there was no exile and thus this work plus other greater works have prospered because their authors were in exile. It is through the book that it can be portrayed that culture is recognized through projections of otherness in which the transmission of national culture and traditions became the major theme in world literature (M. Keith Booker, 1993, p. 863).

In this novel and others, the theme of lost, unknown and/or dislocated relatives comes up in that it portrays how various authors have written great works while they are in exile to address various social, culturally and national issues which affect the human race. The theme of dislocation is used to indicate how exiled authors have used their time in exile to write about various issues affecting humanity, something that could not have been achieved if there was no exile (International Association for Semiotic Studies. Congress, Irmengard Rauch, & Gerald F, Carr, 1999, p. 472). The theme of dislocated, unknown or lost relatives has therefore been utilized by Italo Calvin in the book “If on a Winter’s Night a traveller” and other exiled authors’ works to create their cultural narratives through the comparison of life in exile and life at the homeland. The exiled authors’ sense of cultural identity is greatly affected through the distanced relations since they forced to make a comparison of homeland life situations and the environment in exile. This makes conclusions regarding the two environments to be a difficult task for the authors in exile.

The theme of dislocated, lost or unknown relatives is strengthened through various commentaries made in the novels regarding cultural ties, ruptures, connections and affiliations (Italo Calvino, 1981). This is because at first, the effect that exile has on the writers and on their works seems to be apparently paradoxical since the exile at first seems to be both a liberating and shocking experience. There is an apparent paradox because it manifests the prevailing tension which keeps the strings attached between the author’s place of exile and the place of origin. In order for exiled authors to free themselves from the imminent enmeshing strings which tend to pull the strings attached in opposite ways, then such authors have to write or engage themselves in other artistic expressions (Italo Calvino, 2010, p. 379). There is a longing in exile literature in that there is an urge to satisfy the various cultural intersections that are exhibited in both the homeland and the country of exile which authors attempt in all ways to satisfy and justify the end.

In conclusion, cultural intersections are very vital components in the lives of not only exiled authors but also students, travellers and any other individual going in a foreign country for studies, tourism or other reasons. The theme of dislocation is therefore rampantly used in addressing the various cultural strains, ruptures, connections or affiliations which are encountered by individuals living away from their homelands. It is a fact that works done in a different cultural setting have been bound to be more great and attractive as compared to works belonging to authors residing in their home countries.

Works Cited

Italo Calvino. If On A Winter’s Night A Traveller, New York, Random House, 2010, p. 379

Italo Calvino. If on a winter’s night a traveller, A Helen and Kurt Wolff Bk, Harvest book, California, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981, p. 297

Italo Calvino, & William Weaver. If on a winter’s night a traveller, California, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979, p.689

M. Keith Booker. Literature and domination: sex, knowledge, and power in modern fiction, Washington DC, University Press of Florida, 1993, p.435

Welch D. Everman. Who says this?: the authority of the author, the discourse, and the reader, Crosscurrents/modern critiques, A Chicago Classic, Modern critiques third series: Crosscurrents, California, New York, SIU Press, 1988, p. 831

International Association for Semiotic Studies. Congress, Irmengard Rauch, & Gerald F. Carr. Semiotics around the world: synthesis in diversity : proceedings of the Fifth Congress of the International Association for Semiotic Studies, Berkeley, 1994, Volume 1, Approaches to semiotics, Semiotics Around the World: Synthesis in Diversity: Proceedings of the Fifth Congress of the International Association for Semiotic Studies, Berkeley, 1994, Irmengard Rauch, Volume 126 of Beihefte Zur Zeitschrift Fur die Alttestamentliche Wissensch, Volume 1; Volume 5 of Proceedings of the … congress of the International Association for Semiotic Studies, International Association for Semiotic Studies, Walter de Gruyter, 1999, p. 472

Cultural influences on development

Cultural influences on development(Name)(Course Name)(Instructor’s Name)(Date Of Submission)

IntroductionHuman being development is shaped by various influences among them culture. Development takes different forms e.g. biological and physiological. Culture refers to the way of life in a social setup. Different cultures exist around the world ranging throughout the different eras of history. Upheld cultures have been passed on to different generations. In passing on these cultures, distortions, dissipation, alterations and inventions have been witnessed.(Ayandele, E.A. 1998)Cultures have been distorted by the generations in a manner that befits the interest of the generations. Some cultures have left out as civilization took shape of people’s lives all across the world. The rise of new cultures has also been noted with innovations and discoveries especially in the new worldIn the new world, cultures rank mainly physiologically as civilized and primitive ones. The medieval and dark ancient cultures thought to be primitive whilst the agrarian, and the 20th century thought to be civilized and perhaps the best for mankind (Hockenbury, D., & Hockenbury, S. E. 2007)However in making this judgmental ranking we must look at cultures in light of times and conditions prevailing. Before we call the medieval culture primitive, we must perhaps take a keen look at the issues prevalent at those times.Human development ideas note the biological development incorporation of common rights and freedom of a human being. This includes right to life, education, food, shelter est. in the development process. This expounds the idea that development is a process and not a single stage. Different process takes place in the development process as shaped by the culture (Berk, L. E. 2009).

The African culture and influences on developmentFor many years, African culture described as primitive or backward culture. However, care must be taken before we place this tag on the culture. The African culture upholds best practices on social and human development. In an African culture, pregnant woman gets proper attention and taken care.  This form of care includes giving her the best foods, reducing her chores and assigning her a midwife. All this care paves way for the mature development of a born baby. The new born and mother received care even after delivery to ensure sustained well being. Relatives, friends, and neighbors come to assist the family once there is a new born (Kail, R. E. 2006). The culture encouraged breastfeeding and deviation was rebuked by the society. In some African society, a new born baby is blessed by the elders in order to receive him/her to the society. Child bearing is considered a blessing in the culture hence the high birth rates witnessed in the African continent.The culture considered a child’s development a societies’ task. The societies at large meant to shape and mould the personality and destiny of the child. The child’s discipline was instilled as he/she grew. Emphasis was put on elders respect. The old African culture did not allow children to speak while the elders addressed them and were supposed to follow orders issued by them without questioning. Any elderly member of the society had the right to discipline a child without first informing the parents on the matter. This is a culture that is quickly fading away (Jeremy Gould 1976).Initiation in the African culture is also renowned. It takes different forms which includes circumcision. Initiation signifies the passing stage from childhood to adulthood. In societies that practice circumcision they mostly used a standard single blade for all initiates. This explains the high HIV/AIDS prevalence in the 1980s. The art is unhealthy and has been phased out by use of surgical blades and approved health standards due to the emergence of transmitted diseases especially STIs and HIV/AIDS.In marriage and family, the culture is also largely rich in best practices. None is allowed to engage in sex before marriage. A relationship with the opposite sex is dangerous as it paves the way for marriage. This explains the reason why few teenage pregnancies in African cultures as compared to others. Marriage engagement in the society was sacred and protected by the society at large. Dowry was paid as a show of appreciation to the bride’s family. It binds the newlyweds as was considered informative to return the accepted dowry once the marriage fails.  Divorce was allowed only one particular instances in the culture e.g. in breakage of marriage vows. In the African culture, it is almost impractical to practice a divorce. This helped the families to remain intact and ensure the children were brought up by both parents. Single parenting was scarce in the African culture during the pre and colonial eras and occurred if one of the parents died. The society would take up the role of parenting in such situations.Wife inheritance was also a practice in some of the African societies. The brother of the deceased person would assume the wife, a culture that was rebuked by many scholars citing impracticality of love transfer. The widow would be forced to marry her brother in law. This was also blamed for the spread of STIs and HIV/AIDS especially in western parts of Kenya and in Uganda.

Western culturesWestern culture, sometimes equated with Western civilization, Western lifestyle or European civilization, is a term used majorly to refer to a culture of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems, and artifacts and technologies that have some basis or association with Europe. Western culture is characterized by an abundance of creative, philosophic, literary, and legal themes and traditions; the heritage of Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, and Latin cultural and linguistic groups, as well as Christianity, which played a pivotal part in the shaping of Western civilization since at least the 4th century.  Also contributing to Western thought, in ancient times and then in the middle Ages and the Renaissance onwards, a tradition of rationalism in various spheres of life, developed by Hellenistic philosophy, Scholasticism, humanism, the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. Values of Western culture have, throughout history, been derived from administrative thought, widespread employment of rational argument favoring free thought, assimilation of human rights, the need for equality, and democracy. Western ideologies, political beliefs, western science, western laws and social institutions, western moral concepts, sexual symbols and ideals of beauty, western working methods and leisure activities, western foods, western pop idols and the western concept of human existence have become objectives, examples and norms everywhere in the world.But there are too many dispossessed people who have amassed a few western material possessions but no longer have any birthplace, home or final resting-place.

The ideological profile of cultural imperialism of the westerners.

The ideology of the technological imperialists. To a western person, traditions could be the antithesis regarding dynamics; the idea indicates the actual subjugation regarding dynamics to be able to create a design, man-made globe, to be able to determine the world, the actual acme of which could be the city limits. The particular ideology of the subjugation regarding dynamics has reached its climax from the conquest regarding outer space, nevertheless it has also offered the actual meaningful justification for your white-colored person’s expeditions regarding development, with regard to colonialism, the actual servant deal, the actual deceitful exploitation regarding healthy assets as well as the offshore support ideas regarding today: the purpose of most of these staying to yoke most international locations on the globe of the industrialized countries.The maximization of culture; the ideology of total efficiency: The ideal of the competitive, mass-producing society is usually to achieve entire efficiency. It aims to increase creation, organizational efficiency, art work as well as sports activity.The cult of modernism; the ideology of novelty. Western culture significantly store by the predetermined and regular: it accords their top accolade to the unconventional plus the revolutionary. Western civilization has established the cult of genius for those who are instruments of change. This worship involving modernization plus the faith inside scientific development culminated inside radicalism on the sixties, the actual heyday on the college student, considered a whole new contemporary society may be created with research. On this technological utopia, the actual non-democracy determined solely by traditions like the relationship involving marriage and sex norms would certainly no more exist. Instead continuous development, flexibility, ideal ethical or ideological democracy. But has this development merely led to the dictatorship of the men of change, of the planners?The ideology of productivity. Both equally about the collection along with the actual number of educational selections decide options firstly by materialist financial planning, connected with cost of human resources, of a ‘scientific’ analysis on the relationships in between insight along with productivity. Professional culture is usually currently being converted directly into a plan designed exclusively for the planning connected with production, a new statistical profile, index along with tendency mechanism, from where people, fantastic along with traditional aspects should be removed since uncontrollable factors.International standards; the ideology of the supranational: In manufacturing, scientific disciplines, artwork and any individual activity, European culture realizes no better target than internationalism: the actual specifications with the city maintain swing. The actual modify inside construction regarding European organizations has taken the shape regarding adaptation to showcase economic system, to be able to intercontinental business; the actual result with the environment to be able to intercontinental specifications. The actual techno-structures will be the majority of rigidly consistent off, section of a hygienic and clean, experienced muscle size culture utilizing regular ideals, to achieve steady ‘scientific’ and ‘artistic’ judgments, a society in which personal and immediate answers will be more illusionary than real. Interpersonal planning and organization possess developed consistent modern-day circumstances, the actual fruits of the particular most current research directly into town pattern, in which situation can be played out and about with all the similar cultural props,  similar basic providers.The mechanistic system of knowledge and causal relations; the ideology of technical solutions. The functional basis of western society is a classification of the natural world into a cognitive system that only recognizes mechanical, factorial and technical causal connections and solutions. The most important logical model for scientific thought throughout the sixties was factor analysis. The material and human waste problems resulting from the production process are eliminated by means of special mechanisms; a technological waste process grows up side by side with the production process – sewage plants, asylums, approved schools, community homes and police stations. New sicknesses are cured by new medicines; the debilitating effects of mass production and the conveyor belt are solved by the invention of ergonomics. The establishment of counter-technologies, counter-organizations and counter-cultures corrects technological blunders – thus development becomes synonymous with the fragmentation of society into ever smaller and weirder compartments.The opinion industry, the ideology of the control of knowledge: Scientific and technological progresses have also maximized awareness. On the other hand it has made communications, the mass media, manipulation, information shocks, industrial opinion-molding, propaganda and advertising its most important instruments of power and influence. Western society permits any form of manipulation, even if it is systematically biased, as long as its aims are economically beneficial, commercially successful or otherwise increasing. Western man has long accepted the necessity of organizational lies. Berk, L. E. (2009).

Eastern cultural influenceThe eastern culture denotes the cultures practiced by countries east of Europe these include mainly in Asia. The predominant culture is the Chinese Japanese Indian and Arab cultures.  Their cultures differ greatly from the western cultures and for a long time there were collisions between the two.  These collisions contributed to the break of world wars as nations spread their cultures .the eastern culture is widely described as a conservative one compared to the western.   Strict traditions are observed in these societies.  The people of these cultures mainly practice Islamism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism Taoism among others.  Cultural influences on a human and child developmentThe diverse have an effect how a child develops and the personality they show. The culture which a child is living in contributes to the present situation. As an example, though Western cultures emphasis on individuality, Asian cultures are notable for having a higher combined focusing, and therefore this culture strains the want in the local community as a whole over the needs of each specific. This kind of lifestyle variances may result in outstanding different versions of raising young children. Parents from Western cultures may emphasize the importance of their child having a powerful feeling of self-esteem in addition to self-sufficiency; through parents from Asian cultures may concentration additional on how their child may contribute to the household unit and culture as a whole. No matter what the child’s surrounding culture might be the parental strategies designed to produce children who can meet the goals and expectations of the culture in which they live.Socio-emotional troubled development is by ethnical framework. Lifestyle may encourage regarding restriction this showing regarding distinct issues with socio-emotional development by way of facilitation regarding reductions operations. Social norms as well as values offer information regarding this model as well as evaluate regarding cultural behavior as well as just like providing explanations on the behaviors. Socio-emotional Characteristics in the early years can have implications for the development of social behaviors. ‘Edvard found that children in relatively open communities (e.g. Taira in Ilinawa, one of Japan’s southern) where peer interaction was encouraged had significantly higher scores on overall social engagement than children in more “Close” and agriculture communities (e.g. Nyansongo in Kenyan Khlapur in India)’.During Social interactions, peer evaluate and response to individual characteristics in a way that are relevant with cultural belief systems in their society and express equivalent reaction (e.g. acceptance, rejection) toward children who show the characteristics. Culturally-directed social evaluations and responses, in turn, guide children’s behaviors and essentially their developmental patterns.The child from the rural area might be expected to learn how to help on the family farm and ultimately contribute to the management of the family’s source of food and income. During the early years, this child’s parents might focus on key safety and survival needs such as providing warmth and food. As the child grows older, teaching practical skills and helping the child benefit hands-on experience might become more prominent. Because of the cultural emphasis on ensuring the child’s survival, the goal of youth in this situation is to survive to adulthood in order to become a provider for the family.For the child raised in the urban environment in the affluent country, early life might be significantly different. Because this child’s parents worry less about basic needs, their issue will be more on lifestyle. During the early years, ensuring that the child has the best toys and participates in the first play set might be of the utmost concern. As the child grows older, the parents might change their focus to making sure their child’s enrollment in the most respected schools and attains the best possible grades. In this case, the child’s lifestyle suggests that the ultimate goal of childhood is to go to school, and one day get a prestigious job.Western cultures (Individualism) emphasize on assertiveness, expressiveness, and competitiveness and Eastern and Southern cultures (collectivism) emphasize on group harmony and cooperation.Comparison between the individual characteristics and interaction of western and eastern cultures:1. Personality: European cultures that beliefs assertiveness and also self-reliance views these particular actions as shyness, fearfulness, and also cultural incompetence, in contrast to; Asian traditions sight these actions as submission, obedience and also getting extremely well mannered.Pro-social behavior: (helping, sharing, and caring): Research determined by means of observing amongst peers along with mother or father child conversation which pro-social habits is more frequent amongst kids from eastern culture in comparison with western culture.3. Cooperation/ competition: Normally children coming from collectivism international locations are more cooperative and much less aggressive when compared with westernized international locations, however; co-operation and competition usually vary from an individual to a different and also the new generation seems to be a lot more aggressive within possibly within Collectivism international locations.4. Hostility: Most cultures view physical and oral rage inappropriate and it leads to peer denial in most countries.5. Social withdrawal: Research has found the prevalence of reticent habits will be higher among eastern culture compared to western ethnicities.6: Peer relationships: Acquaintanceship can vary from one culture to another. In most cultures little ones hardly ever take part in non- cultures. Far eastern cultures spend nearly all of time because of their immediate as well as extended family members.7. Play: Asian families tend to recognize child’s play as a subject inside of it rather than a strategy for promoting educational experiences.8. Peer sociability: Expert sociability throughout collectivist societies, which often strain group harmony, differs throughout American ethnicities. (Roopnarince et al., 1994)’.ConclusionWhilst society can participate in major functions with a child up-bringing, it can be even now vital that one does not forget that it is your relationship of influences of which dictates how a child develops. Genetics, environmentally friendly influences, parenting variations, good friends, lecturers, educational institutions and the values most importantly are just some of your key variables of which incorporate with different strategies to figure out some children progress.

ReferencesAyandele, E.A. (1998).  African Renaissance: The Cultural Dimension. A paper presented at the symposium on the African Renaissance to celebrate the 80th birthday of President Nelson Mandela.

Berk, L. E. (2009). Child Development. 8th ed. United States of America: Pearson Education, Inc.Hockenbury, D., & Hockenbury, S. E. (2007). Discovering Psychology. New York, NY: Worth Publishers.Kail, R. E. (2006), Children and Their Development (4 ed.), Prentice Hall.Jeremy Gould (1976), ‘Development strategies and ethnic cultures’