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Data Communications and Networking

Data Communications and Networking

Danielle Balfoort

Empire State College

Executive Summary

This business case provides an outline of how a Web-based platform would address communication and reporting concerns by Anderson & Reilly Law Firm, the benefits, goals, assumptions, performance measures, constraints, as well as alternative options. The shift to a centralized, web-based platform allows the law firm to manage its payroll and administrative tasks with enhanced efficiency. Such a shift would result in a reduction in overhead costs, as well as a reduction in errors and enhancement of accuracy in reporting.

As much as the company has a number of alternatives at its disposal, evaluation of the same has brought to the fore fundamental challenges pertaining to their adoption or retention. Not only does the shift to the Web-based platform result in enhanced efficiency, but it is also in line with the company’s goals and objectives.

Business Need and Current SituationProblem Statement

Anderson & Reilly Law Firm was started in 2003. At the time of its inception, the law firm was made up of three lawyers and a secretary. The law firm occupied an executive but single office, in which case its operations and business needs were relatively few. The management of its payroll, as well as other administrative functions could, therefore, be satisfactorily handled using the mainframe system.

However, the law firm has grown over the years to increase not only the number of lawyers and employees that it has but also the size of the office that it needs. Currently, the law firm is composed of 20 lawyers, as well as 7 paralegal assistants and 3 secretaries. In addition, a total of 3 departmental heads are incorporated, not to mention 4 workers in the IT department. These employees occupy two floors in a downtown building. Needless to say, the increase in the number of employees and workers in the office resulted in an increase in the burden for the company as far as the administrative activities and the employees’ payroll are concerned. On a monthly basis, Anderson & Reilly Law Firm outsources the services of Oliveri Consultants Inc. who will assist in the alignment of the payroll and financial reports.

One of the key problems in the law firm revolves around the making of financial reports. In line with the mainframe system all financial reports for the entire week and month have to be done manually by the three secretaries. Needless to say, not only does the manual generation of financial reports take too much time and effort, but it also comes with a higher probability that errors will be made in making the entries. This costs the law firm quite a lot in terms of finances and much needed workforce.

On the same note, the employees are currently required to report to the departmental heads as to the number of hours that they have worked every day, as well as raise any concerns that they may be having pertaining to administrative tasks or the payroll and billings. It goes without saying that the enormous burden weighs heavily on the secretary, especially considering that she is also expected to undertake her daily billable tasks. Maintaining a proper balance between the two tasks presents an enormous challenge on the secretaries.

Since the beginning, Anderson & Reilly Law Firm has been using legacy mainframe systems to undertake tasks such as payroll activities, reporting, as well as resource management. These have been rendered inadequate by the increased workforce, which has resulted in higher administrative costs, time wastage, as well as increased turnover of employees. These problems have made it necessary that Anderson & Reilly Law Firm instilsa web-based platform to replace the mainframe legacy platform. The implementation of the Web-based platform would allow employees to have an enhanced role in the management of their payroll and administrative issues, as well as allow the law firm to manage its administrative duties from a central platform. It eliminates redundancy in the workforce, allows for timely and accurate reporting, as well as increased efficiency.

Impact on Anderson & Reilly Law Firm

Migrating to the Web-Based platform would have a widespread impact on Anderson & Reilly Law Firm law firm, especially with regard to the time, effort and finances required to carry out certain administrative and payroll activities. On the same note, the migration will undoubtedly require input that alters the manner in which the organization is run, as well as the roles and responsibilities, tools and processes in the organization.

Tools: The implementation and operationalization of the web-based platform means the complete phasing out of the existing legacy operating system or platform. Having in mind that the platform is relatively new in the law firm, it is imperative that the employees are taken through some form of training or orientation on the use of the platform alongside other organizational tools.

Processes: The greatest impact of the web-based platform will be felt in the process aspect of the law firm especially with regard to the administrative and payroll activities. These will become streamlined and their efficiency enhanced, which will result in a reduction of the workload on the secretaries. In addition, the implementation of the system comes with an element of independence to the employees as far as the management of their payroll and administrative tasks is concerned.

Roles and Responsibility: The increased autonomy and efficiency, alongside the streamlining of some activities will result in a reduction of the magnitude of work, as well as the manpower required for its execution. In essence, as much as the law firm values its workforce and employees, it will have to reduce their numbers. This is especially with regard to outsourced services, as such activities would become redundant in the new system. The current workforce, with the new web-based platform, would have the capacity to handle the activities. This will undoubtedly result in a reduction in the expenses spent on outsourcing certain services, which will increase the law firm’s return on investment. As much as the platform is new, the current workforce in the IT department is sufficiently capable of putting it into place and operationalizing it.

Additional hardware: The initial capital investment will involve the purchasing of software, as well as obtaining of a license for the implementation of the project. However, it is imperative that the law firm buys additional servers in an effort to accommodate the web-based platform today and in the future.

Technology Migration

The migration of the existing data from the legacy operating system to a new Web-based operating system requires that disruption to the daily activities in administration and payroll are kept at a minimum. In essence, a phased approach incorporating 6 stages will be used. These stages include the following.

Stage I: Any software and hardware that will be required in the upgrade will be purchased. The Information Technology development group will undertake the creation and testing of the Web Platform in a web-based environment.

Stage II: A temporary legacy operating system that backs up the system and archives all data stored in the law firm’s mainframe will put in place. This legacy operating system will be used in the daily administration and payroll activities for the time being.

Stage III: At this stage, the IT team fills the Web-based operating system with all data pertaining to administration and payroll activities alongside end-of-a-pay cycle.

Stage IV: Considering that the web-based platform is a relatively new phenomenon in the law firm, it is unlikely that the employees are privy to its functioning. In essence, the IT team will take the employees through training on the functionality of the platform.

Stage V: This stage involves full internalization of the web-based platform, as well as the archiving of the legacy operating system. At this time, the web-based platform or operating system is the only one used in carrying out the varied administrative and payroll activities in the law firm.

Overview of the Web-based Platform Project

Project Description

The Web-Based Platform Project undertakes a review and analysis of likely products that would best replace the legacy platform that Anderson & Reilly Law Firm has been using with an entirely new web-based platform. The selection process involves the evaluation of programs with regard to the sufficiency with which they replace the current system while still allowing for the expansion for the next decade.

The new platform, on being selected, will be implemented in phases where the current system will be phased out and archived while the new platform becomes fully operational. The key objective of the project will be realized through enhanced efficiency in carrying out administrative, payroll and reporting activities, which will result in a significant reduction of the expense. On the same note, the increased independence and flexibility of employees is bound to result in enhanced job satisfaction, thereby reducing the turnover in the law firm.

In addition, the time spent undertaking redundant activities that do not bring any income to the law firm will be channeled to productive activities, thereby adding to the return on investment.

The IT department will issue an RFI so as to have clear knowledge of the products available in the market both in terms of software and hardware. The specifications of the products should be listed so as to determine the ones that would sufficiently replace the existing system, as well as meet the future needs of the law firm for at least the next decade. This will allow for evaluation, determination and acquisition of the best product, paving way for the implementation, as well as data population using internal resources.

Materials Required: Installation of the Local Area Network

Local Area Network requirements

Considering that the Law firm has grown to occupy two floors, its operations cannot continue being operated on Stand-Alone Computers. It is imperative that a local area network (LAN) is installed so as to allow for the migration from legacy systems to a web-based operating system. This is the only way that the operations of the law firm can be synchronized. A local area network has the advantage of enhancing file transfers and sharing resources such as printers, disks, and internet connection (Schwalbe, 2010). In cases where a wireless local area network is used, mobility is enhanced, not to mention allowing for discussions mainly when computers are remote. While the Law firm has the option of putting in place a wireless network (that uses WiFi technology), a wired network (founded on Ethernet Technology) would be recommended. The following items would be required.

23 new computers- as much as the company has computers, they would be incapable of supporting the new operating systems. While it is not required that “heavy” operating system be installed, current computers with high processor capabilities, RAM properties and storage capacities. The current computers may not have the necessary features to support these capabilities.

Network adapter- network adapters allows computers to connect to the network by converting computer data to electronic signals. Most present-day computers incorporate network adapters that are integrated in their motherboards. It is worth noting, however, that early computers such as the ones used in the law firm did not have this function in which case the network adaptor has to be bought separately and fitted to the expansion slot on their motherboards (Schwalbe, 2010).

Network medium- considering that the law firm will be using a wired network, it is required that cables whose length can allow for the connection of computers in both floors. The cable to be used, in this case, is the “Unshielded Twisted Pair” also called “Ethernet cable” or simply “Ethernet cable”.

Power supply- this would be needed irrespective of the type of network that the company chooses. It allows the cabled network to send data that is interpreted as electronic pulse.

Cable Connectors- RJ45 is the most commonly used form of connector in wired networks. Computers that have networking capabilities must have RJ54 ports, also called Ethernet port or network ports (Schwalbe, 2010).

Router/switch/ hub- considering that the local area network will essentially be a wired network, the computers would be unable to connect to the others without a splinter. Hubs are an advanced form of a splinter that repeats signals that come to one of the ports out to the other ports. Cables would then move from its ports to the computer. Switch comes as more sophisticated than hubs as they send signals to the computer than has the address written on the incoming message (Schwalbe, 2010). Routers, however, have the capacity to forward messages across the world. For this law firm, four routers would be needed each with 8 ports to ensure that each of the 23 computers has a cable connecting it to the network.

Network software- the network software on the communicating computer would package data into segments, as well as put the data into structures referred to as packets. The header of the packet has the destination and the source of the packet written on it. It is imperative that the receiving computer interprets the packets into meaningful data and take it to the appropriate application (Schwalbe, 2010).

Other Software Required: Cloud storage

Legal Management Software

In migrating the operations of the company from a legacy-based to a web-based platform, it is imperative that the law firm obtains legal management software that provides distinctive to enable automation of the core processes in its different departments or units. The components should have the capacity to work together in order to establish an end-to-end legal management process (Schwalbe, 2010). Alternatively, they may function as individual software applications that integrate with the existing payroll, accounting and case systems.

While varied software applications may be appropriate, it is recommended that the law firm obtains CLIO, a practice management, client collaboration, time & billing platform that allows for secure access to client data from anywhere. This would not only allow synchronization and accuracy in the billing and payroll operations, but also enhance accountability. It comes with six features that would be useful in enhancing the management processes in the web-based platform. It allows for time tracking, task scheduling, simplified billing, 256-bit SSL encryption for security, document management capabilities for ease and accuracy, not to mention the fact that it is entirely web-based.

Alternatively, it could obtain Rocket Matter, a web-based practice and time management software product that comes with capabilities such as calendaring, invoicing, expense, task, and time tracking, phone messaging, matter-based ledgering, mobile access, documentation management, conflict checking, contact management, mobile access and time-tracking timer among other features. Irrespective of the software chosen, it should have the capacity for Time, Billing and Invoicing, Electronic Signatures, client and case management, Virtual Law Office Services, document management, remote access, Online Document Storage and Backup, and Encrypted Email and Document Exchange (Schwalbe, 2010). These will ensure accuracy of the information in the payroll, tracking the activities of the lawyers and allowing for easy correction of any mistakes that may arise in the entries (Schwalbe, 2010). The lawyers would also have access codes through which they can log in and make any queries and entries pertaining to their billing and payroll, thereby enhancing satisfaction.

Goals and Objectives

The implementation of the Web-based Platform project is aimed at enhancing the capacity of Anderson & Reilly Law Firm to meet certain goals and objectives. These are especially with regard to enhancing its efficiency, reduce costs and enhance accuracy and timeliness.

Enhancing employee efficiency: The undertaking of administrative and payroll activities is bound to require a reduced number of employees, in which case the law firm will increase its efficiency as it will not need to outsource some of the services.

Enhanced accuracy and timeliness in reporting: all data pertaining to administrative and payroll activities will be reported in an accurate and timely manner.

Reduction in employee turnover: Enhanced flexibility and independence of employee allows for quick addressing of any concerns that the employees may be having, thereby enhancing their satisfaction. This results in a reduction in employee turnover.

Reduced expenses: The increased efficiency results in fewer employees and outsourcing being required by the law firm, in which case it saves on overheads and costs spent on these.

Project assumptions

The success of the project is built on a number of assumptions. However, these assumptions would be likely to change with time, especially as the scope of the project increases. Nevertheless, they make the fundamental basis upon which the business case is built. The key assumptions made include the following.

It is assumed that the funds needed for making the technological migration are available in Anderson & Reilly Law Firm law firm. This includes funding for the purchase of hardware, software, as well as training of the employees about the usage and functionality of the new platform.

It is assumed that all employees and members of staff will undergo sufficient training in line with their tasks pertaining to reporting, timesheet and data entry alongside other elements of functionality of the new web-based platform.

It is assumed that the executive is backing and in support of the project, as only then would the project be bound to be successfully implemented and incorporated. This will allow for the full participation and support of the project on its entirety.

Project Constraints

As much as the environment may be conducive for the implementation of the project, there are varied constraints that face the same. These constraints are undoubtedly bound to increase (or decrease) with the development of the project into more details. Nevertheless, these constraints form the basis upon which the business case is built and from which other constraints would follow after enhanced detailing. Any additional constraints that are identified in the course of the project will be added accordingly. Nevertheless, the key constraints revolve around the following constraints.

Limited commercial off the shelf products that will have the capacity to support the administrative and payroll activities.

On the same note, the project is limited in terms of the IT resources that would be available to support not only the WP project, but also other IT initiatives that the law firm is currently undertaking.

Software and hardware providers would be limited in terms of the support they render to the project, especially considering that the implementation process will not be done by product vendors or product developers rather it will be carried out internally.

Performance of the Project

The success of the project is founded on varied key processes or resources. Their likely and expected outcomes would be fundamental to the overall success of the project, in which case they may be used as the yardsticks upon which the performance of the entire Web-based project would be measured (Scwalbe, 2010). It is imperative that quantification of the impact of these performance measures is done so as to determine the real outcome. The table below presents the key resources or processes, and matches them up with the performance measures.

Key services/Processes/ Resources Measurement of Performance

Manpower, workforce, staff resources The project is bound to streamline the workforce especially considering that the work previously carried out by the three secretaries alongside other outsourced service vendors can be comfortably carried out by the secretaries alone. In essence, not only will the law firm cease to outsource varied services pertaining to the administrative and payroll activities, but also there will be a reduction of employees carrying out these activities by at least three members of the staff.

Reporting One of the areas that will be fundamentally affected is the reporting activity in Anderson & Reilly Law Firm Law firm. The Web-based platform will streamline reporting activities in the firm, ensuring that the information is entered in an accurate and timely manner. In addition, the timelines within which reconciliation of the reports is done will be depreciably reduced from monthly to twice a year.

Maintenance of the Software and the System There will be a reduction in the number of times that maintenance of the system and software is carried out. The new web-based platform will need to undergo maintenance twice a year, which is a reduction from the monthly maintenance that the system undergoes. Needless to say, there will be a reduction in the workforce that is needed to carry out routine maintenance. It is, however, impossible, to determine the reduction in the workforce needed for maintenance of the system and the software before implementation of the same.

Data entry As noted, the system gives employees more freedom as far as making their own entries is concerned. This results in a reduction (as well as elimination) of the redundant or non-billable activities that managers and secretaries undertake.

Cost Benefit Analysis

The viability of any project for any company is based on the savings that it incorporates for the company, not only in terms of manpower and human resources but also with regard to the cost or financial savings. In essence, the costs of the project have to be matched up against the savings (benefits) so as to determine the overall viability (Scwalbe, 2010). A cost benefit analysis has been done for the project for its first year, detailing the capital costs and constituent costs, alongside the benefits accruing in the same year. These are presented in monetary terms in the table below and net loss/savings presented at the end of the same.

Costs

Action Description Amount in Dollars ($)

Purchase Web-based product, hardware, software and licenses Initial costs pertaining to the web-based project. 390,000

Hardware alignment and Software installation The cost that the IT team incurs in the installing and implementation of the new Web-based platform, transferring information and data from the old system, archiving the legacy system and operationalizing the new system. 60,000

Staff training Training the employees on the functionality of the new web-based platform so as to allow for enhanced utility and success of the same. 70,000

Total costs ($) —————————————————————— 520,000

Savings

Action Description Amount in Dollars ($)

A reduction of the Payroll staff by 3 people. Elimination of the need to outsource activities to outside vendors. The reduction of the number of individuals working in the payroll and finance department will result in savings equal to their combined annual salaries and benefits. These are added to the savings made by the eliminated need for outsourcing the law firm’s activities. 345,000

Reduction in the frequency of system and software maintenance Previously, the system and software maintenance was done on a monthly basis. This has been reduced to only twice a year, which could result in savings as fewer IT resources would be used in such activities that do not generate income. 93,000

Non-billable payroll and administrative tasks eliminated from the realm of the departmental heads and secretaries. 5 departmental heads and secretaries have always been burdened with redundant and non-billable tasks pertaining to the payroll, as well as administration. The increased independence of employees eliminates this redundancy resulting in savings in the time (and money) dedicated to such redundant activities by 12 hours a week, billed at 34 dollars for the 5 departmental heads and secretaries. 106,080

A 15% reduction in employee turnover The increased efficiency and independence has resulted in enhanced satisfaction among employees thereby reducing turnover by 15%. This saves the law the money that it requires to recruit, hire, train and orient new employees. 64,000

Total savings —————————————————————————— 608,080

Difference (Loss or savings) ————————————————————- 88,080

The implementation of the project results in savings amounting to $88,080 in the initial year. This is undoubtedly bound to have a positive impact on the sustainability and profitability of Anderson & Reilly Law Firm law firm. It is worth noting that while the cost incurred in obtaining the licenses and software is a one-time affair, all benefits pertaining to the system are bound to be repeated every year. In essence, the amount of savings is bound to increase in the subsequent years, holding all factors constant.

Analysis of the Available Alternatives for Anderson & Reilly Law Firm

As much as it would be recommended that Anderson & Reilly Law Firm implement the web-based platform, it is worth noting that the company has varied alternatives that it could still explore. In fact, the choice or decision to implement this system should be based on the evaluation of all alternatives and weighing them against each other in terms of their pros and cons so as to determine the best alternative (Scwalbe, 2010). For this project, Anderson & Reilly Law Firm has the option of retaining the mainframe legacy platform, developing the software internally, as well as outsourcing the web-based platform implementation.

Retaining the mainframe legacy platform that Anderson & Reilly Law Firm use comes with a number of disadvantages. The system is not automated, in which case timely and accurate reporting would be difficult. In addition, it results in wastage of time and money as departmental heads undertake the non-billable tasks pertaining to payroll and administration. Turnover would likely remain high due to dissatisfaction of workers especially considering that they would think of the administration as nonresponsive to their concerns more so with regards to issues pertaining to payroll and administrative activities.

The development of the software internally faces the challenge of deficiency in the technical expertise in the law firm. In addition, the development would consume a lot of time to make and install. This is over and above the enormous investment in terms of financial resources needed to kick off the development to completion.

Outsourcing the platform, on the other hand, introduces an element of redundancy in the law firm, especially considering that the company has employees who have the capacity to implement the same. In essence, that would introduce duplicity, not to mention that it would be extremely expensive on the company. Enormous savings would be made by allowing the internal workers in Anderson & Reilly Law Firm to carry out the implementation, especially considering that they have knowledge about the internal workings of the law firm and its needs.

Approvals

The implementation of the platform would be guided by a project plan. These have to be examined and given the approval by the executive individuals in the law firm. These would be required to append their signatures against their names, which will serve as an indication that they have read the document and approved the content and would allow for the making of the project plan.

ReferencesSchwalbe, K. (2010). Information technology Project Management. Boston, MA: Course Technology/Cengage Learning.

Network security- defense in depth

Network security- defense in depth

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Lecturer:

The re a number of technologies that are associated with network security defense. Firstly are those technologies that supports wireless sensor network where many features of sensor networks might aid in tackling the challenge of building network that is secure. The unique feature of sensor network might permit fresh defenses that do not actually exist in conventional network. Some of the wireless technologies for network security defense include SPINS, TINYSEC, and LEAP (Singh, Singh & Singh, 2011).

The security protocol for sensor network (SPINS) is a security building block that is optimized for resource limited environments and communication using wireless technology. SPIN consists of two safety building blocks namely sensor network encryption protocol (SNEP) and µTESLA. SNEP is a technology used to offer data confidentiality, data authentication as well as freshness of data. µTESLA offers authenticated broadcast for extremely resource limited surrounding. To attain confidentiality and message authentication code (MAC), SNET employs encryption process which also enables it to obtain two party authentication and data integrity. SNEP offers many benefits like low overhead in communication, semantic security which avoids eavesdroppers from inferring the message content from the encrypted message, protection replay, message freshness as well as data authentication. TESLA authenticates the original information packet using the technology of digital signature. It uses only symmetric mechanisms and discloses the key once per period (Singh, Singh & Singh, 2011).

The TinySec technology is a link layer security design for wireless network which offers the same services as SNEP. The services include message integrity, confidentiality protection of replay and authentication. It offers the fundamental security features of message authentication and integrity by means of MAC, confidentiality of message via encryption, semantic security via initialization vector as well as replay protection. TinySec also supports two distinct security alternatives namely TinySec-AE which is the authenticated encryption and TinySec auth which is authentication only. For the case of TinySec-AE, the cipher block chaining (CBC) mode is employed for data encryption payload where the packets are authenticated using MAC. In TinySec auth mode, the TinySec authenticates the whole packet using MAC although the data payload in not encrypted n this case (Singh, Singh & Singh, 2011).

The localized encryption and authentication protocol (LEAP) technology is a major administration protocol used for sensor networks. It is mainly constructed for the purpose of supporting in-network processing and safe communication across sensor networks. LEAP therefore offers the fundamental security services like confidentiality and authentication. Moreover, LEAP is to meet various security and performance needs that are significantly extra difficult to sensor networks. IT supports the setting up of four types of keys for every sensor node. The keys include individual key to be shared with the base station, cluster key to be shared by several adjacent nodes, group key to be shared by all nodes in the network and pairwise key to be shared with another sensor node. LEAP also supports source authentication with no prevention of in-network processing and passive involvement. IT limits the security effect of node compromise to the immediate neighborhood network of the concession node (Singh, Singh & Singh, 2011).

There are also other technologies such as supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), cyber forensics intrusion detection system SIEM among others. Cyber forensics is used as a reactive and post mortem after cyber attack has taken place purposely to try to find out who might have been responsible for the attack within the network. It is actually different from intrusion detection system (IDS) which is used to plan for detection of cyber criminals prior to the attack. SIEM on the other hand is a network data collector used for network traces. Its function is highly dependent on its configuration. The network security approaches can also be adopted from technologies such as those of conventional network, embedded systems or sensor networks (Dacer et al., 2014).

Another related technology is the simulation which involves moving target defense (MTD) which has been hypothesized as the possible game changer in cyber defense plus the defense of computer networks. In MTD, a group of objective analytical models have to exist for prediction of effectiveness of MTD systems to secure computer networks. These analytical models are useful both at design and runtime. The inputs are provided to the simulation model where a group of objective metrics are needed that captures particular information associated with the features of the system. The metrics captures a number of things which include the area that an attacker have to search for the purpose of determining the configuration of the system, the modifiable features of the system and what is to change in the system arrangement including how speedy the arrangement is changing. In this case, the metrics are also related to the effort needed by an attacker to attack the system (Zhuang et al., 2012).

Depending on the arrangement of the network to be defended, the analytical model have to capture the fundamental steps required to attack the system and to determine the efficiency of MTD system to defeat attacks trying to exploit both known and unknown vulnerabilities. The design of the MTD should be based on knowing the present situation which is captured in a group of runtime models. The runtime models permits the system to reason over the present state of the system and generate adaptations in order to confuse and reject possible attackers. The use of MTD is effective for especially enterprise computer networks (Zhuang et al., 2012).

There are also other related technologies like the network address space randomization which permits the use of similar network address space randomization (NASR) scheme in order to prevent worms. The dynamic network address translation (DYNAT) is another technology that is an information assurance program. The main goal is to inhibit the ability of the attacker from mapping the network, thereby making network attack extra difficult. This technique makes it appear as though the network addresses and port numbers used by computers of the network changed dynamically via dynamic network translation (DYNAT). This disguises the host identity information in the transfer control protocol (TCP)/ internet protocol (IP) packets (Zhuang et al., 2012).

The datagram technology, also known as packets is also a way of protecting information that travels across the network. In this case information travels in form of packets that are formatted in particular ways. The packets contain the header information as well as the source and destination addresses. Only the receiver device/computer of the information packets is able to recognize the destination address attached to the message.

The technology of cloud computing and big data also helps in network security and the data that travels across it. The cloud service providers are normally responsible for ensuring that the customer/ client network and systems are free from cyber attacks such as hackers. They do this by setting user privileges at different levels for their customers. By so doing, the cloud service providers play an important role in network security defense for various company clients (Harrington, 2014).

The evaluation of network security can also be done by the help Markov game Model (MGM) which is a technique suitable for improving the awareness of the network security. The Markov model gains a normal data assets vulnerabilities and risks through fusing a number of system security data gathered by multi sensors. It analyzes the propagation rule of every threat and builds a threat propagation network. The use of Game theory to analyze the behavior of threat, users and administrators it sets up Markov Game Model. The MGM can thus evaluate system security in a dynamic way and offer the most excellent reinforcement schema for the administrator. The MGM technique is suitable for real network environment with precise and efficient assessment result in terms of the prevailing network security conditions (ZHANG et al., 2011).

References

Singh, S. K., Singh, M. P., & Singh, D. K. (2011). A survey on network security and attack defense mechanism for wireless sensor networks. Int. J. Comput. Trends Tech, 5-6.

Dacer, M. C., Kargl, F., König, H., & Valdes, A. (2014). Network Attack Detection and Defense: Securing Industrial Control Systems for Critical Infrastructures (Dagstuhl Seminar 14292).

Zhuang, R., Zhang, S., DeLoach, S. A., Ou, X., &Singhal, A. (2012, June). Simulation-based approaches to studying effectiveness of moving-target network defense. In National Symposium on Moving Target Research.

Harrington, S. L. (2014). Cyber Security Active Defense: Playing with Fire or Sound Risk Management? Rich. JL & Tech., 20, 12-13.

ZHANG, Y., Tan, X. B., Cui, X. L., & XI, H. S. (2011).Network security situation awareness approach based on Markov Game model [J].Journal of Software, 3, 009.

Data Communication and Networking

Data Communication and Networking

Author

Institution

Introduction

Anderson & Reilly Law Firm wishes to upgrade its data communication and network systems from a legacy platform to a web-based operating system. It is, therefore, seeking a bidder who will oversee the entire process so as to ensure seamless operationalization of the new system with little or no data loss. This is the statement of work for the Request for Proposal.

Statement of Work

Project Scope

This project requires the bidders to oversee the full implementation of the web-based platform right from the purchase of hardware and software required for the transition to the setting up, data transfer and full operationalization of the new system.

During the implementation process, the successful bidder will collaborate with the law firm’s IT department so as to come up with the most appropriate software applications at the best price possible. Considering that most employees are used to the legacy system, the successful bidder will be required to undertake the training of the employees, as well as full orientation to ensure that they are properly conversant with the system (Schwalbe, 2010). On the same note, it is the duty of the successful bidder to undertake the data transfer from the legacy system to the web-based system, as well as safe archiving and storage of data with no loss of data. This transition should be done with minimum disruptions to the operations of the law firm.

Period of performance

The project will be carried out for not more than two months from 30th June to 31st August 2013. This period is divided into different phases that will guide the project right from the beginning to the end, with the specific tasks to be carried within that time. The management board should be notified at the last day of every phase as to the progress made.

Project Timeline:

June 30th to July 10th- PROJECT INITIATION PHASE- the winning bidder will work in collaboration with the IT department in the law firm to determine the specific needs with regards to hardware and software applications needed to carry out the upgrade. Measurements will be carried out to determine the length of cables required, alongside evaluations to determine the items needed (Schwalbe, 2010). The law firm’s management board will be notified after two weeks about the entire list of hardware and software.

July 16th – July 31st MARKET RESEARCH- All items needed for the migration will be identified and bought within this period. These include 23 computers, routers, switches, network adapters, network software, legal management software, cable connectors, power supply and the identified network mediums. The winning bidder will carry out comprehensive market research to determine the most appropriate hardware and software while being mindful of the cost, both in the long-term and the short-term. Every software and hardware required should be purchased by the end of this phase.

August 1st – August 15th – Installation and setting up of the Local Area Networks and full operationalization of the new computers. In addition, the contractor will undertake the backing up of the system and archiving the data stored. A temporary legacy system will be set up to prevent disruption of operations.

August 16th – August 20th – setting up of the web-based platform and filling the necessary data of the law firm. The system will be tested and troubleshooting capabilities evaluated.

August 21st –August 25th – Training of the employees of Anderson and Reilley Advocates law firm on the functioning of the web-based system.

August 26th – August 31st- The contractor will undertake full internalization of the platform and the full archiving of the legacy system leaving the web-based platform as the only one in operation.

Project manager: Dr. Rilley Barnie.

Title: Manager IT Department

Evaluation Criteria

The bidder will have to provide a list of referees and testimonials from previously completed projects. Experience in the field will be considered in evaluating the qualifications of the bidder. It is imperative that the bidder provide a list of the workers alongside their qualifications. On the same note, a statement of cost including costs pertaining to any subcontractors should be included in the bid

Physical location: the project will be carried out in the premises of Anderson & Rilley Law Firm in Ellicott Square Building located in Buffalo, NY 14225

References

Schwalbe, K. (2010). Information technology Project Management. Boston, MA: Course Technology/Cengage Learning.

Network Design Consultation

Network Design Consultation

Student’s Name

Professor’s Name

Course title

Date

Introduction

The network consultation guides one through the process of designing a network for the small business. A typical network of this sort includes three computer users, two laptops, a server, one quality networked printer and access to wireless network. The main aim is to build and design the best network for the organization, with top degree of functionality and security at the same time maintaining a low and reasonable cost. The business scale should be flexible so that as the business grows the network should also grow with it. A Small business has a reserved networking and computing requirements. The business may have a number of computers and laser printers. The network for the small office network should allow the members to share data, and printers as well as other peripherals. The computing requirements in small organizations may be met by use of a single LAN with one to two servers, and using off-the-shelf components. A small business LAN is usually managed by one person with a moderate experience and technical knowledge (Gregory, 2002).

Network design for a small billing business

A network design that allows one server to control the networking, filter internet and serve printers is the easiest since the owner can manage his business at a single point. It should have easy connections that grow with the business. Web and mail servers could be used from a hosted service and thus having one internet connection. This is recommended since it is a cost effective and is efficient for a small business. The recurring cost of maintenance could be reduced by a big rate. In this business, the owner will consider using the following devices for his billing business.

The modem serves as a network adapter that configures the internet technology on the business operating system. For proper networking, the modem is first installed before the other software to confirm compatibility. The modem is connected to an AP router that is used when transmitting data between wired and wireless networking devices. The two laptops use wireless networking from the router to access network while the workstations and the other 3 users use LAN and are connected to the main server via the switch box. The two working stations are placed in a local area network which is secure to protect data and the working stations themselves.

The LAN’s IP addresses are private and available to the local network only. The workstations and the network printers are given an IP address automatically by the server, as well as to the wireless network that hook the three users and the laptops.  The IP Addresses may be allocated permanently to the printers and workstations for easy locations accessibility. Therefore it is vital for the business owner to give an IP address to the LAN available depending on the type of business. A Switch is a mechanical device that is used for separation of machines to prevent data from going to machines that are not intended on the network. By using it, the network usage is reduced and the security of every machine is separated from the traffic created by other machines. It controls the network hard drive that transfers files to all the other computers.

The basic configuration recommended for a secure computing environment.

For a secure computing environment, the user should establish different security policies to protect data and threats. Implementing a basic firewall that manages threats and protects the system and the use of basic Antivirus software or even an anti-spyware program that protects from virus is the main methods used by business owners to protect information and the devices. Since there will be a wireless connection, a robust password is advised since wireless traffic is highly detected by software. Review of the router and firewall logs helps to identify any abnormal network connections as well as any Internet traffic. Use passwords are encouraged for all accounts.

Diagram of the network configuration

18757908445500

-800100-714375112395-19050 SEQ Figure * ARABIC 1

00 SEQ Figure * ARABIC 1

-1128395212344000-1515745221932500-1971675207645000-86677515938501014095-87185595251143000-8763002362200CABLE MODEM

00CABLE MODEM

-939802732405001838325923925SWITCH BOX

00SWITCH BOX

200025013335000466090137795000-885190215328500181927537623752 WORKSTATIONS

002 WORKSTATIONS

23336252847975952500284797547498002952750NETWORK HARDRIVE FOR FILE SHARING

00NETWORK HARDRIVE FOR FILE SHARING

474980024288751943102276475AP

ROUTER

00AP

ROUTER

952514478003800475-238125SERVER

00SERVER

3038475-790575413385054292551435001019175NETWORK PRINTER

00NETWORK PRINTER

1114425182245

108648513462000157226010985500756285628650014204951346200012560304318000

15430505905500

36703094615005314959461500

53149501206500201930012700002019300120650031527751206500

The 3 users

Network architecture and Internet access configuration

Network architecture, is the structural and logical layout of the network that consists of transmission devices, hardware and software as well as communication protocols and mode of transmission such as wireless or wired and connectivity between components. LAN is the best network type that can be used in a small business. The other computers are served by only one server (Gregory, 2002).

The networking consultation applies to the fundamental networking concepts solutions and terminology on computer networking. The networking allows one to implement network using the physical media and data links created. Ethernet and Wi-Fi deploy the LANs as they guide on the network design to be used on any business.

Hardware recommendations and related costs

This are the tangible devices required by the user to access either through a dial up connection or direct connection to a host computer. Connecting cable lines enable connection to the Internet bringing about increase in users and speed of connections on the web. A router is recommended as it is the main part of the architecture. It transmits information from one place to another in data grams. A switchbox is required as it is the central control of all the actions taking place; it distributes traffic based on application or load content. Printer prints data from the connected computer. Pc is has components such as the key board, mouse monitor, data storage, hard drive and the system unit. A Modem is used to configure and to set up the internet technology on the operating system.

Cost Table listing all the items needing purchasing and the associated cost.

Item Cost Quantity Total Cost

2working station $150 2 $300

2laptops $400 2 $800

Printer $300 1 $300

Cables $100 1 $100

Router $100 1 $100

Switch box $100 1 $100

Network hard drive $100 1 $100

Software’s (Microsoft office) $500 1 $500

(Operating System) $600 1 $600

(Timer) $50 1 $50

Cost of installation $300 1 $300

Internet Expenses $200 1 $200

Electricity Expenses $100 1 $100

Modem $100 1 $100

Business License $200 1 $200

Miscellaneous Expenses(telephone etc) $1,000 1 $1,000

$4,850

balance $150

Software recommendations and related costs

Software is the intangible utilities and Operating System that allows the computer to function, and the programs that do real work for users. For instance: windows 7&8, word processors and database, spreadsheets. Management systems and timers as well as any other software found in the ROM memory are software

Deployment in bandwidth, distance, and number of users

Network is a classification of devices that are linked to each other. Networks can be grouped into a variety of uniqueness, such as the topology, means used to transport the data, scale communications protocol used, advantage, and organizational scope. Different technologies are organized in different framework of networking for instance in topology which has bus, ring star, tree and mesh classification. Topology is a crucial part of network design theory. One can build a small business computer network without perception of the difference between star design and a bus design, but when familiar with the typical topology provides one with a better understanding on the essentials of networking concepts such as routers, hubs, and broadcasts. Bandwidth is rate of data transfer within a band of wavelengths in a computer network. It is said to be the volume of data an internet connection can handle per second. The rate/speed of bandwidth is measured in bits per second (bps). An internet connection with a larger bandwidth can move a huge amount of data in a short span compared to an internet connection with a bandwidth that is relatively low. Network failure and a large decrease in the signal strength can hinder the bandwidth rate.

Characteristics of various communication protocols

A communications protocol is a structure of rules for data switch between computers. A protocol should define the semantics, syntax and synchronization of communication. The character depends on how it is independently implemented. It can be implemented as software or hardware and even as both. A technical standard should be developed to bring the protocol into an agreement.

Deploy a basic Ethernet LAN and compare it to other network topologies

Network topologies are ways in which network elements are connected, thus the logical and physical arrangement of network nodes. Ethernet topology compared to other topologies has the simplest connection and has less network nodes. It is only preferred to a less load to avoid traffic.

Ethernet LAN network topology is cost effective mode of achieving high speed LAN transmissions since it can operate with as low as 10 to 100MB/s as compared to other topologies that are expensive. It supports various writing configurations and works best with a huge number of LAN as well as the micro-to-main frame applications. It is the easiest to install as compared to other network topologies. When compared to other network topologies, Ethernet is not a high-level performer when it comes to high-load environments. This protocol Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection slows down significantly when many workstations compete for the one cabling trunk. It has a linear bus decentralized control which may complicate isolation of problems (Ekert, 2004).

Use technology and information resources to research issues in networking

The Networking and Information Technology Research issues are done to support technology leadership, science, and engineering and bolster economic competitiveness. The research focuses on identifying issues that will help the countries out-educate, out-innovate and out-build the world. Networking and information technology assists in Cyber security and information assurance from any attacks. High-confidence software and systems have priorities such as; Management of autonomous and complex systems; Development of science and technology for creation of cyber-physical systems (CPS); Development of technology assurance; Improvement of quality of high-confidence real-time system and software; as well as the improvement of CPS education to expand a new generation of experts (Edgar, 2005).

Reference

Gregory, R. (2002). Securing wireless networks. The Internet Protocol Journal, 5(3).

Edgar, D. (2005). Ieee 802.11. The Internet Protocol Journal, 5(1).

Ekert , V. L. (2004). An ontology for network security attacks. Lecture Notes in Computer

Science, 317-323. doi: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3285.

Data collection is a very important aspect for an organization

Statistics

Name

Institutional affiliation

Date

Introduction

Data collection is a very important aspect for an organization. The type of data an organization aspires to get determines the kind of research which will be used. Data collection can be classified into two. These types of data include qualitative and quantitative. These two methods have differences in the way data is collected and analyzed. The method used for data collection depends on the results that the organization aspires to achieve. These two types of data have their own strengths and limitations. Qualitative data involves the use of narratives and words. This method ensures that numerical information is used. The use of statistical analysis is used and this helps the organization conduct better analysis. Data achieved through this method is used to provide meaning and also ensure that there is an understanding involving the data. The use of qualitative involves classifying data in terms of quality (Bernard, 2002).

Quantitative data involves numeric and can be analyzed mathematically. This data can also be quantified. This data is very useful as it provides clear information about what is needed. The collection of this data involves the use of trial and questionnaires among other methods. The use of interviews can be used in the collection of this data. Quantitative involves classification of data in terms of quantity. The use of the two methods of data collection is very important. There are differences between the two methods of data collection. Some of the differences are that qualitative data provides differences in data because the methods of interpretation also differ. Quantitative data is said to be the same as the methods used for collection are similar (Johnson, & Christensen, 2008).

The Ballard Integrated Managed Services did collect data that was used to help it understand what is leading to its decrease. The company decided to gather data from another company. The company used both methods of qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection. These methods are what made the company identify where they are failing. There are two types of variables. They include categorical and continuous variables. Categorical involves binary, practical and ordinal. Continuous involves ratio and interval. The method of variable that BIMS used was continuous variables.

Conclusion

Data is very important to an organization. The method of data used determines the kind of data got. The organization should ensure that both qualitative and quantitative methods are used. Data should be carefully handled to ensure that the correct information needed for the organization is achieved. The organization should ensure that they plan well on what information is needed so that they can ensure that the correct method is used.

References

Bernard, H. R. (2002). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative methods. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.

Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. B. (2008). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.

Network Design Consultation. Network design for a small billing business

Network Design Consultation

Student’s Name

Professor’s Name

Course title

Date

Introduction

The network consultation guides one through the process of designing a network for the small business. A typical network of this sort includes three computer users, two laptops, a server, one quality networked printer and access to wireless network. The main aim is to build and design the best network for the organization, with top degree of functionality and security at the same time maintaining a low and reasonable cost. The business scale should be flexible so that as the business grows the network should also grow with it. A Small business has a reserved networking and computing requirements. The business may have a number of computers and laser printers. The network for the small office network should allow the members to share data, and printers as well as other peripherals. The computing requirements in small organizations may be met by use of a single LAN with one to two servers, and using off-the-shelf components. A small business LAN is usually managed by one person with a moderate experience and technical knowledge (Gregory, 2002).

Network design for a small billing business

A network design that allows one server to control the networking, filter internet and serve printers is the easiest since the owner can manage his business at a single point. It should have easy connections that grow with the business. Web and mail servers could be used from a hosted service and thus having one internet connection. This is recommended since it is a cost effective and is efficient for a small business. The recurring cost of maintenance could be reduced by a big rate. In this business, the owner will consider using the following devices for his billing business.

The modem serves as a network adapter that configures the internet technology on the business operating system. For proper networking, the modem is first installed before the other software to confirm compatibility. The modem is connected to an AP router that is used when transmitting data between wired and wireless networking devices. The two laptops use wireless networking from the router to access network while the workstations and the other 3 users use LAN and are connected to the main server via the switch box. The two working stations are placed in a local area network which is secure to protect data and the working stations themselves.

The LAN’s IP addresses are private and available to the local network only. The workstations and the network printers are given an IP address automatically by the server, as well as to the wireless network that hook the three users and the laptops.  The IP Addresses may be allocated permanently to the printers and workstations for easy locations accessibility. Therefore it is vital for the business owner to give an IP address to the LAN available depending on the type of business. A Switch is a mechanical device that is used for separation of machines to prevent data from going to machines that are not intended on the network. By using it, the network usage is reduced and the security of every machine is separated from the traffic created by other machines. It controls the network hard drive that transfers files to all the other computers.

The basic configuration recommended for a secure computing environment.

For a secure computing environment, the user should establish different security policies to protect data and threats. Implementing a basic firewall that manages threats and protects the system and the use of basic Antivirus software or even an anti-spyware program that protects from virus is the main methods used by business owners to protect information and the devices. Since there will be a wireless connection, a robust password is advised since wireless traffic is highly detected by software. Review of the router and firewall logs helps to identify any abnormal network connections as well as any Internet traffic. Use passwords are encouraged for all accounts.

Diagram of the network configuration

-800100-714375 SEQ Figure * ARABIC 1

-86677515938501014095-87185595251143000CABLE MODEM

SWITCH BOX

2 WORKSTATIONS

233362528479759525002847975NETWORK HARDRIVE FOR FILE SHARING

47498002428875AP

ROUTER

95251447800SERVER

3038475-7905754133850542925NETWORK PRINTER

1114425182245

The 3 users

Network architecture and Internet access configuration

Network architecture, is the structural and logical layout of the network that consists of transmission devices, hardware and software as well as communication protocols and mode of transmission such as wireless or wired and connectivity between components. LAN is the best network type that can be used in a small business. The other computers are served by only one server (Gregory, 2002).

The networking consultation applies to the fundamental networking concepts solutions and terminology on computer networking. The networking allows one to implement network using the physical media and data links created. Ethernet and Wi-Fi deploy the LANs as they guide on the network design to be used on any business.

Hardware recommendations and related costs

This are the tangible devices required by the user to access either through a dial up connection or direct connection to a host computer. Connecting cable lines enable connection to the Internet bringing about increase in users and speed of connections on the web. A router is recommended as it is the main part of the architecture. It transmits information from one place to another in data grams. A switchbox is required as it is the central control of all the actions taking place; it distributes traffic based on application or load content. Printer prints data from the connected computer. Pc is has components such as the key board, mouse monitor, data storage, hard drive and the system unit. A Modem is used to configure and to set up the internet technology on the operating system.

Cost Table listing all the items needing purchasing and the associated cost.

Item Cost Quantity Total Cost

2working station $150 2 $300

2laptops $400 2 $800

Printer $300 1 $300

Cables $100 1 $100

Router $100 1 $100

Switch box $100 1 $100

Network hard drive $100 1 $100

Software’s (Microsoft office) $500 1 $500

(Operating System) $600 1 $600

(Timer) $50 1 $50

Cost of installation $300 1 $300

Internet Expenses $200 1 $200

Electricity Expenses $100 1 $100

Modem $100 1 $100

Business License $200 1 $200

Miscellaneous Expenses(telephone etc) $1,000 1 $1,000

$4,850

balance $150

Software recommendations and related costs

Software is the intangible utilities and Operating System that allows the computer to function, and the programs that do real work for users. For instance: windows 7&8, word processors and database, spreadsheets. Management systems and timers as well as any other software found in the ROM memory are software

Deployment in bandwidth, distance, and number of users

Network is a classification of devices that are linked to each other. Networks can be grouped into a variety of uniqueness, such as the topology, means used to transport the data, scale communications protocol used, advantage, and organizational scope. Different technologies are organized in different framework of networking for instance in topology which has bus, ring star, tree and mesh classification. Topology is a crucial part of network design theory. One can build a small business computer network without perception of the difference between star design and a bus design, but when familiar with the typical topology provides one with a better understanding on the essentials of networking concepts such as routers, hubs, and broadcasts. Bandwidth is rate of data transfer within a band of wavelengths in a computer network. It is said to be the volume of data an internet connection can handle per second. The rate/speed of bandwidth is measured in bits per second (bps). An internet connection with a larger bandwidth can move a huge amount of data in a short span compared to an internet connection with a bandwidth that is relatively low. Network failure and a large decrease in the signal strength can hinder the bandwidth rate.

Characteristics of various communication protocols

A communications protocol is a structure of rules for data switch between computers. A protocol should define the semantics, syntax and synchronization of communication. The character depends on how it is independently implemented. It can be implemented as software or hardware and even as both. A technical standard should be developed to bring the protocol into an agreement.

Deploy a basic Ethernet LAN and compare it to other network topologies

Network topologies are ways in which network elements are connected, thus the logical and physical arrangement of network nodes. Ethernet topology compared to other topologies has the simplest connection and has less network nodes. It is only preferred to a less load to avoid traffic.

Ethernet LAN network topology is cost effective mode of achieving high speed LAN transmissions since it can operate with as low as 10 to 100MB/s as compared to other topologies that are expensive. It supports various writing configurations and works best with a huge number of LAN as well as the micro-to-main frame applications. It is the easiest to install as compared to other network topologies. When compared to other network topologies, Ethernet is not a high-level performer when it comes to high-load environments. This protocol Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection slows down significantly when many workstations compete for the one cabling trunk. It has a linear bus decentralized control which may complicate isolation of problems (Ekert, 2004).

Use technology and information resources to research issues in networking

The Networking and Information Technology Research issues are done to support technology leadership, science, and engineering and bolster economic competitiveness. The research focuses on identifying issues that will help the countries out-educate, out-innovate and out-build the world. Networking and information technology assists in Cyber security and information assurance from any attacks. High-confidence software and systems have priorities such as; Management of autonomous and complex systems; Development of science and technology for creation of cyber-physical systems (CPS); Development of technology assurance; Improvement of quality of high-confidence real-time system and software; as well as the improvement of CPS education to expand a new generation of experts (Edgar, 2005).

Reference

Gregory, R. (2002). Securing wireless networks. The Internet Protocol Journal, 5(3).

Edgar, D. (2005). Ieee 802.11. The Internet Protocol Journal, 5(1).

Ekert , V. L. (2004). An ontology for network security attacks. Lecture Notes in Computer

Science, 317-323. doi: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3285.

Data and methods. In this chapter, we outline the various research methodologies that were used for our study.

Methodology

In this chapter, we outline the various research methodologies that were used for our study. The study employed a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methodologies (mixed research strategy) in order for use to realize a realistic outcome of the study. More specifically, the chapter explores the range of techniques employed by the researcher in executing the study, research philosophy, research methods and strategies used in obtaining data and finally, data analysis and interpretation. A review of literature indicates that a several authors have in the employed the mixed research strategy in exploring the impact of TQM on organizational performance (Gherbal et al., 2012; Hansson, 2003; Irani et al, 2001; Nyame-Asiamah & Patel, 2009).

Research Philosophy

Research philosophy adopted for this study is a positivist one. Positivism is a philosophy that has its roots in empiricism. In other words, our study will rely purely on observable and measurable/quantifiable facts. The basic principle or philosophy behind this approach is that all knowledge that is factual in nature is ultimately based on positive information that is acquired from all sorts of observable occurrences and experience. Any idea that falls beyond this philosophy of provable fact is regarded as metaphysical in nature. In this case, only analytical assertions are treated as true via a process of reason as indicated in the work of Davies (2007) . For a positivist approach, a deductive approach that involves the advancement of a theoretical or conceptual framework is adopted prior to the testing of the hypotheses via an elaborate empirical observation. Following a deductive approach the basis for my research is the hypothesis that TQM was successful for XYZ’s business. Based on the data analysis and other findings, the work presented proof for and against the research hypotheses.

Research strategy

A research strategy refers to the actual plan that the researcher adopts in carrying out the research. In this case, the research strategy was case study approach. The research aimed at investigating TQM implementation in an Aluminum manufacturing firm in the Middle East. According to the work of Davies, (2007), case study is the process of developing a detailed, and yet intensive knowledge a single case, or a limited number of related cases. The main advantage of employing a case study technique is the realization or achievements of very detailed observations regarding a given case. This allows us a chance to study different elements while also scrutinizing them relative to one another. This allows us to observe the process within its natural environment. Consequently, case study helps us in realizing a more realistic and holistic view of a given research paradigm.

Research population as well as sample

The study was conducted at the XYZ’s Aluminium manufacturing plant in the Middle East. Since the studies was aimed at reviewing TQM implementation and evaluate the potential benefits it has brought to the facility.The management was used in representing the entire community. The respondent for the sample survey were selected purposefully from the plant and included only staff members who knew a lot TQM requirements, benefits and implementation. The sample was made up a 76 respondents that included XYZ’s quality assurance team, quality as well as production managers, production supervisors as well as a management representative (MR) in the plant’s quality council.

Data Collection techniques

Quantitative

The collection of data for this study involved the use of questionnaires as well as semi-structured interviews. The questionnaires were used in eliciting reactions and investigating TQM implementation in the Aluminum manufacturing facility. The semi-structured interviews were used in carrying out interviews with the plant’s General as well as TQM managers and were therefore, aimed at helping the researcher in gaining a better understanding of the themes that emerged from the earlier supplied questionnaire. For the sake of understanding the plant’s performance, its customers were also interviewed.

Questionnaires were the tools for data collection in this research. These questionnaires had three parts. Demographic details of the respondent made up the first part. The second part was specially designed in order to measure the extent of TQM implementation in the facility. The third part of the questionnaires was specially designed to capture the facility’s productivity index.

The questionnaires for measuring the implementation of TQM at the facility were designed on the basis of ten factors that were to be investigated. These included the commitment of top management, existence of quality structure as well as excellent communications structures, employee training and empowerment, quality control and benchmarking, customer satisfaction, continuous improvement, organizational culture, quality information systems, nature of supplier’s relationships and policy and strategic planning.

Qualitative

For the qualitative part of this study, unstructured interviews with the facility’s managers, customer service representatives, supervisors, financial controllers as well as operators were conducted in order to evaluate their views on TQM implementation. The interviews were useful for understanding from each one’s perspective how they view TQM and it will help capture significant information such as body language and tone of voice which would have be missed in the surveys.The interviews were conducted in peaceful environments and were at comfort of the interviewees to avoid making them feel intimidated.

The personal interviews were aimed at eliciting the participants’ reactions and views on;

The possible options considered before it was decided to implement TQM at XYZ

The challenges and hindrances faced during this process and how were they overcome

To evaluate if Quality Information System (QIS) implemented as part of TQM and how it helped

The interviews were mainly unstructured in order to allow the research to obtain various clarifications on certain variables that demanded an in-depth analysis and investigation. Due to the sensitivity of some of the issues (due to trade secrets in the aluminum manufacturing industry and other legal issues), the interviews were carried out informally. This also helped in eliminating bias on the respondents’ part.

Data presentation as well as analysis

Quantitative

In this study, SPSS was employed in analyzing the quantitative data. The data analysis was conducted in three distinct stages. The initial stage involved the checking of reliability by means of Cronbach’s Alpha . This method was employed in measuring the degree of internal consistency and to gauge the correlation of all items in our survey instrument. The second stage involved the use Persons correlation. This was used in assessing the strength of the association or relationship between the study’s dependent and independent variables. The third and last stage involved the use of multiple regressions in checking of multicollinearity (the association among the variables) as well as the degree of variance.

Qualitative

Ideally, qualitative data analysis took place concurrently during the data collection process. This allowed the researchers an opportunity to generate an emergent understanding of the various research questions. These reactions are what informed the sampling as well as subsequent questions that were asked. This was done iteratively until such a point that no new theme emerged. This point was referred to as a saturation point and it marked the end of data collection in this study. The main challenge that was faced while applying qualitative data analysis techniques from the unstructured interviews was the fact that different questions led to different answers. This meant that that the researcher had to apply great effort in systematic analysis of the responses in order for a patter to be identified (Patton, 2002)

Data Triangulation

The use of the various methods above coupled with literature review amounts to ‘triangulation’ which is increasingly being used to refer to a process of cross-checking findings deriving from both quantitative and qualitative research (Deacon et al, 1998). The use of qualitative and quantitative research in conjunction may often allow the researcher access to different levels of reality (Bryman and Bell, 2007). Thus, the researcher was able to focus the research from multiple angles and present conclusions and findings in a structured manner.

Results

Network bridges and Routers

Network bridges and Routers

A brouter or a network bridge is generally a network device, which works as a router and as a bridge. In this case, the network bridges packets for the protocols, which are known, and then simply forward the rest of the packets just like the bridge would do. Routers operate at the data link layer especially for the non-routable protocols and for the routable protocols(Perlman, 2000). Recent years has seen networks continue to become complex hence the non-routable and the routable protocols mix have led to network bridges and routers combined features need. Network Bridge can handle the non-routable and the routable features by substituting as routable protocols routers and non-routable protocols bridges (Systems 2001). The bridged protocol tends to propagate throughout the network. However, techniques including learning and filtering are important in reducing potential congestion. Generally, brouters or Network Bridge are used as devices for connecting in a networking system.In doing this, they act as a network bridge and as an intern router (Perlman, 2000).

Remote wireless bridges

A remote wireless bridge is generally a hardware component, which is essential in connecting more than two network segments. In this case, the network segment tends to be logically and physically separated. A wireless bridge is important because of its ability to cut the bandwidth by almost half. Remote wireless bridge is also convenient in that a person can pick the signal anywhere and jump online (Perlman, 2000). In this case, an individual can extend his roaming with the modern repeaters and bridges. However, the remote wireless bridge has limited security and speed especially when the signal is transmitted on air. Additionally, the remote wireless bridge is unreliable in dead spots (Perlman, 2000).

.Switches/wireless switches

Just like the remote wireless bridges, the wireless switch is also an important appliance due to its convenience.However, the wireless switch has limited security and speed in its operation hence making it insecure.

Bridging versus routing

The bridging and the routing mode present two different applications modes, which are different in terms of how they both perform their roles. In this case, the bridge mode device will tend to act as a bridge, which is transparent and operates in Layer 2 of the Mac layer while the Router mode or routing device will operate in the third Layer to perform routing(Olenewa, 2014).While the bridge mode does not block multi cast or broadcast, the router mode blocks or even provides protection against multi cast or broadcast storms. Additionally, bridging or the bridge mode plays an important role in passing the Non-IP protocols whereas the routing models only passes the IP protocol which is supported. While the bridging mode allows the PPPOE protocol to pass through, the routing model does not allow the PPPOE protocol to pass through (Olenewa, 2014).

In most cases, bridging model allows the transportation of the VLAN tagging while the routing model fails to support VLAN. Lastly, bridging models does not have network segmentation in that there is only one domain. This aspect is completely opposite of the routing model whereby there is network segmentation(Olenewa, 2014). Both the routing and the bridging models are essential in connectivity or transportation of various aspects. However, the models are not reliable in some applications hence cannot be relied upon while performing certain duties.

Reference

Olenewa, J. (2014). Guide to wireless communications. Boston, MA: Course Technology/Cengage Learning.

Perlman, R. (2000). Interconnections: Bridges, routers, switches and internetworking protocols.Reading, Mass. [u.a.: Addison-Wesley.

Systems Cisco.(2001). Internetworking troubleshooting handbook.Indianapolis: Cisco.

Data Analysis and Critical Appraisal of Evidence

Data Analysis and Critical Appraisal of Evidence

Insert Name

Course Name

Date:

 

A research study may result in either qualitative data or quantitative data. If it is quantitative, it is numerical in form of numbers and thus the first tools of analyzing the data are the descriptive statistics. These are very essential in providing a summary of the pattern of findings. Descriptive statistics tools include measures of central tendency and measures of spread. Moreover, if the data collected is not in numerical form, then it has to be analyzed qualitatively. Whichever type of analysis adopted, the validity and reliability of the information produced from the analysis are very important (Golafshani, 2003). The reliability and validity of the measures used in research are significant indicators of the quality of the instruments used in the study. Relaibility is an important measure of the quality of the intsrumentation used since it helps in reducing the error as much as possible. According to DeVon et al (2007), validity of the instrument must be assessed to ensure that the instrument measures what it is supposed to measure. The instrument must be both valid and reliable. It must be correclty calibrated to be reliable. The number of subjects involved is of great importance since a large sample size reduces the error factor thereby increasing reliability and quality of the measures. This necessitates conducting power analysis to determine the effect that should be anticipated from the study- whether it will be significant or not. If the effect anticipated is large then the sample size must also be large enough.

As seen from the discussion above, the data collected could be either qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative analysis would require a highly experienced individual since the validity and reliability in this case may highly depend on the experience of the individual interprating the information or data. It would thus be appropriate to consult with an experienced individual in the nursing research. For my nursing practise, I would wish to investigate the relationship between nurse staffing and the patient outcome. This will mean that data must be collected and then anlyzed to draw a relationship between the two variables. This would imply that a data anlyst with experience must be consulted to provide guidence on whether the hypotheses are well set.

Reference:

DeVon H. A., Block M. E., Moyle-Wright P., Ernst D. M., Hayden S. J., Lazzara D. J., Savoy S. M, & Kostas-Polston E. (2007). A psychometric toolbox for testing validity and reliability. The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 39 (2), 155–164. Retrieved from http://proquest.umi.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/pqdweb?did=1303899241&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=70192&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Golafshani, N. (2003) Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research The Qualitative Report, 8, 4, 597-607

Network administration

Network administrator

Student’s Name

Affiliation

Course

Date

Abbreviations

NAS –Network Area Storage

SAN- Storage Area Network

IP-Internet Protocol

TCIP-Transit Communication Interface Profiles

Introduction

The primary function of the server is to store, retrieve and send files and data to other computer on its network. The servers run on client server architecture and are programs set to run for serving the requests of other programs. The growth rate was mostly influenced by the smooth run of the available database servers and storage space. Increase in student growth is directly proportional to increase in Network Attached Storage space thus need be to redesign the system as a whole. There are various factors that affect the database management of a computer operation system with many servers. These issues are usually caused by rapid growth of storage in this case student enrollment which will clog the system. (Hunt, 1998)

Primary problems

The NAS head handles traffic between network computers and server storage. It handles the management of network storage, sharing of files and access priority issues that occur. This is an advanced file –server that supports multiple network file systems that operate on Ethernet networks using TCIP/IP which makes it somewhat inefficient.

The server maybe overwhelmed by different administrators at the same time and can be caused by limited bandwidth. NAS is shared storage which without enforcing quotas can cause a hog in all the storage at expense of others (Gary Shelly, Misty Vermaat, 2008) .The solution could be more processing power or change network to allow greater bandwidth. The IP Network might get congested if operations like huge data backup are done during business hours. This can always be resolved by a Storage Area Network that uses its own protocols that is meant for huge enterprises and data centers where volume of data stored is huge.

Centralized storage is easier and cheaper to maintain, back up and administer. The centralized point makes it more expensive than local byte costs basis. The NAS could also be inefficient if it is a central data storage unit in the organization and the best solution would be mirroring the information to multiple units. Routines of back up would also be an ideal way to curb the single failure point.

NAS servers use small specialized and proprietary operating systems in an organization it would be efficient to use a server that can in compose Operating Systems (OS) such as UNIX and Windows NT. Growth can be made efficient by SAN which operates on data as a block rather than file. The architectural design is based on gigabit Ethernet equipment as opposed to the present 100 terabytes used.

The use of a Network Area Storage of 100 terabytes is effective since it is a standalone file server and can free up other servers to run applications and can be administered remotely which will assisted in managing the database. The disadvantage of using of NAS is less effective than traditional servers since most database systems are blocked based and are therefore incompatible with file based server. (Hunt, 1998)

Recommendations

Increase in growth means an increase in data distributed through the network and this means the network system has to be upgraded. The NAS server was effective in that network documents, work files and other data were stored on the NAS server linked to network. This had the advantage of not using up hard drive space for computers for the data that was available.

The best solution to assist in the situation would be to acquire a storage application that would meet the storage requirement. It should have a high performance and should be blocked based to increase performance as well as offload main communications. It should be reliable and should unapproved access to the data by an unauthorized user. The only set back if we implement the SAN would be cost of installing maintenance and implementing. This back end storage networks can be geographically distributed over vast area and operate at gigabyte speeds. It is appropriate for data transfer applications and for storing large amounts of data. (Gary Shelly, Misty Vermaat, 2008)

In text we can also use Jumbo Frames instead of normal Ethernet frame to communicate with storage device. This method reduces the number of packets that need to be processed resulting in higher efficiency and effective throughput.

It is also depends on the universities available budget, data security requirements, network infrastructure, data availability requirements. Upgrading will be preferred when growth occurs and the server will get slower, and then the server will eventually become noisy and if more time is spent on dealing with server problem much money will be spent doing so. It is usually much less risky proposition.

Reference

Gary Shelly, Misty Vermaat. (2008). Discovering computers. (pp. 475-503). New York:

Cengage Learning.

Hunt Craig (1998). Windows nt tcp/ip network administration. (pp. 12-69). California: “O’Reilly Media, Inc.”.