Blog

Culture of the Chinese Women

Name:

Instructor:

Course:

Date:

Culture of the Chinese Women

China is one of the nations in East Asia that has a wealth of history on the roles of women in the society and it offers a good platform to see the dynamic change in the roles of women from traditional China to the present day. In one of the books written by a historian by the name Pan Chao, he said: “Let a woman modestly yield to others. Let her respect others. Let her put others first, herself last. If she does something that is considered good, she should keep silent and not mention it. If she does something that is considered bad, let her not deny it. Let her bare disgrace and let her endure when others speak evil or do evil to her…always let her seem to tremble and fear” (Kazuko, and Joshua 78). This audacious statement was put together by a respected man in ancient China whose opinion mattered in the courts of law and exerted great influence on the judge’s decision and judgment served to women. This is a brief peak into the setting of China about 2000 years ago.

In ancient China, the girl child was always treated with contempt and referred to with disappointment by the men who would tower over them as though they were gods to be served and satisfied by the women. The women were more often than not looked upon as concubines and no woman would claim right, whether legally or morally to be the sole wife of one man. The men had every right to take to themselves as many women as he would to be his multiple wives. The married women would also fall in a hierarchy based on simple factors as, the maid who was most favored by the master would come top of the list. Other bases would be the order in which they were married. To say that women in Chinese history were treated as animals would almost be an understatement since some of the practices were bordering evil. For example, one of the most common practices in ancient China was that of crippling women which started from their childhood where their feet would be bound (Greenhalgh 56). The arch of each foot would be deliberately broken and the foot tied to prevent it from growing. This would latter lead to a painful hobbling kind of motion for the women and their mobility would be limited to household chores.

In the process of time, wealthy households and the non-aristocratic Chinese could not afford to have their women unable to work due to the crippling so they opted to keep them as slaves. They did jobs such as spinning clothes, processing tea and other labour intensive tasks in the home. During these severe times of inequality, there were individuals who arose to show that women were not as useless as deemed and that they could exert a certain degree of influence. For example, in ancient history, the heir to the Chinese throne was taken by a young boy whose mother; ‘Empress Dowager’ was the true ruler (Greenhalgh 71). Another interesting area to note as the changes in tradition changed overtime, the role of arranging marriages was handed to an aunt or older female relatives. They decided which families would be allied by marriage and who would pay the dowry to whom. In some regions of ancient China an interesting tradition was developed of having groups of 6 to 7 women who would be “sworn-sisters” and they would even develop their language and system of writing to help them communicate amongst themselves.

On the onset of the 19th century, there was an outcry of discontentment amongst the Chinese people regarding the roles of the women. However, it was not until the short lived Chinese republic that there was significant progress in the fight for women rights. The rise of communists under the Mao caused a shift in the long held beliefs and traditions that degraded the Chinese people and they were willing to die for their beliefs and one of their goals was to erase the inequality between the men and women once and for all. In these times women worked outside their home, were educated and involved themselves in political matters (Kazuko, and Joshua 81). With the death of Mao the nation moved towards a state capitalism economy. The fact that there has been an increasing influence on consumerism and the increased levels of technological advancement has made the western cultures to rub up on the eastern cultures and women have equal rights with men and it is highly improbable that the traditional values and cultures against women will find root in China ever (Cecilia 71).

The role of women in the society and the economy at large cannot be underestimated. Women, like the men play a critical role in the society covering from economic to cultural and biological. As dictated by the society, women and men are expected to live in accordance with the societal laws and norms or social values that act as the guiding principles for the spirit of togetherness and communism. Women are perceived as weaker creators with little and insignificance influence in the social and economic development of any country. Besides, women are often engaged in unproductive and non-income generating activities. This has served as the barrier point that has obstructed these women from exploring their potentials for the betterment of the living standards of the entire generation. For a long time, the Chinese women too were oppressed by the ‘self-claimed superior sex’ (Greenhalgh 99). Through such oppression and discrimination, the Chinese women had no ability to realize their potentials and significantly contribute to the economic growth and development.

However, Chinese women, unlike the rest of the women (especially Africans), have broken the odds and the cultural barriers that restricted their position and contribution in the society. Owing to the difference in the gender ordination and roles in the Chinese culture, women had no opportunity to unleash their portfolio or potential for the gain of the entire Chinese community. These differences in Chinese culture with respect to gender prompted women to go out of the way thereby becoming more substantive that the male counterpart. Women are charged with the responsibility of caring for the entire family members and the community at large (Cecilia 78-9). In so providing, these women had no choice but to be very active and hard working. For this reason, most Chinese women become more productive and substantive at the expense of men who should be the bread winners. The other main reason why women became more productive than men is demographic factors. The population dominance of the female in China played a role in the development and growth of the female characters to take-up the responsibility of providing for their families (Kazuko, and Joshua 51-7).

The discrimination and inequality between men and women in the Chinese culture is attributed to the feminine nature of the Chinese culture. According to the Chinese culture and tradition, women are just but objects of slavery and exploitation. This act of discrimination against female characters starts at birth through the celebrations and birth parties. In this culture of the Chinese, a birth of a baby boy is valued and celebrated than the birth celebration for girls. The differences in the treatment of men and women in the society through inequality is evidence beyond the social spheres. It is noted that in the Chinese culture, women were charged with the responsibility of caring for the family and serving the needs and demands of the entire family while men were breadwinners by name (Cecilia 85). This limited their access to resources therefore, limited ability to growth and development. On the other hand, the inequality is between these characters is evidenced by the fact that women were meant to serve as slave. The slavery and the servitude nature of the male counterparts made these female characters weaker and of less value to the Chinese economy. Women therefore served as servants in the firms of their masters at zero or exploitative compensations. According to the Chinese culture, women unlike the men were not accorded the opportunity to access education and other academic professions. This in turn made them more vulnerable to male slavery as they lacked the technical and professional skills needed in the job market owing to the competitive nature of the labor market (Li, Yu-ning 67).

The inequality in the Chinese cultures is also evidenced by the issue of marriages and marriage rights. However, women have no right to choose their loved partners. They have no voice or say on who becomes their live partner. Ladies and the female characters are forced into marriages with their parents (particularly fathers) negotiating these marriage arrangements without the consent of the lady (Tao 39). In some incidences, parents exchange their girls as a way of maintaining social and economic status. This is an indication of lack of equality and freedom on personal life and choices. Although this inequality still exists in the twenty first century, the magnitude of such gender inequality and discrimination is minimal. Unlike in the conservative Chinese culture where women were more of objects to the male, the modern world has recognized the position and contribution of women. Lack of freedom for Chinese women is explained by the fact the single women are outlawed from living on their own in apartments. Instead, they are forced to reside with single mothers in the dormitories (Tao 45-6). On the extreme, even the learned few are not allowed by their husbands to participate in formal employment.

The “one child policy’ enacted by the Chinese government has worsen the position of women in the society. One unbelievable effect of this policy is the killing of girls. The policy restricted the number of births a woman would have. According to this policy, Chinese women were not allowed to have more than one child. However, given the cultural value for boys, women who had given birth to girls opted to kill their children in order to allow room for boys. Although the single-child policy was aimed at controlling the population growth rate of China, the effects of this policy have negatively impacted on Chinese communities and population (Li, Yu-ning 37). One of the major set-back of the single-child policy is the ethical and biological concerns. Through this policy, it has been reported that there has been a significance increase in the case of selected-abortion. Abandonment of infants of female sex and sex-selective induced abortions in the favor of boys is one of the leading impacts of this policy in China. Such acts are unethical and may have long-lasting implications on the demographic and biological statistics of China. The post-natal factors and cultural value for male children has resulted into unforeseen gender imbalance because of the rise in the adoption of modern family planning and other birth control mechanisms (Cecilia 101-3). Although it is acknowledged that overpopulation pose a great danger to the Chinese resources and economy, the state-restricted reproduction and toxic cultural preference for male as opposed to girls has resulted into gender imbalance with the males outnumbering females, deeply desired abortions, and children kidnapping leaving the affected families in pain and agony.

Works Cited

HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Cecilia+Nathansen+Milwertz%22” Cecilia N. Milwertz. Accepting Population Control: Urban Chinese Women and the One-child Family Policy. HYPERLINK “http://books.google.co.ke/url?client=ca-print-tandf_uk-routledge&format=googleprint&num=0&channel=BTB-ca-print-tandf_uk-routledge+BTB-ISBN:0700704574&q=http://www.routledge.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp%3Fsku%3D%26isbn%3D0700704574%26parent_id%3D%26pc%3D&usg=AFQjCNEiyuVGLLvdvT3gGCDNtEIW8cG4Hw&source=gbs_buy_r” Routledge. 1997. Print.

Greenhalgh, Susan. Just one child: science and policy in Deng’s China. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2008. Available online.

Li, Yu-ning. Chinese women through Chinese eyes. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. 2002. Print.

Ono, Kazuko, and Joshua A. Fogel. Chinese women in a century of revolution, 1850-1950. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. 2009.

Tao, Jie. Holding up half the sky: Chinese women past, present, and future. New York: Feminist Press at the City Univ. of New York. 2004. Print.

Using Class work to make Portfolio About Myself.

Name

Professor’s name

Course

Date

Using Class work to make Portfolio About Myself.

Initial question 1: What do I value most in life?

Initial Question 2: What is my career goal?

Initial Question 3: What am I most curious about?

While reading through the Cap Portfolio instructions, and resume, I reflected upon the approved portfolio items I choose from in the previous assignment. I came up with three questions as they easily make up my portfolio. While I feel I did a good job in writing the resume cover letter, and video-selfie tasks, I can polish and revise them a bit. The above three questions can easily tell about my portfolio. To answer the questions, I value family, friendships, honesty, and life itself most. Family is everything for me and I feel we should love our family a lot. Friendships are what keeps me going, especially in the face of problems. It is good to know there is someone to talk to and rely on during the worst times of life. My career goal is to use my knowledge, skills, and expertise for the betterment of society. I am most curious about the tomorrow and what the world has in store for us.

Culture of Adasi in Alaini

Culture/ Diversity of Adasi

During last few years many Adasi leaders, manager and scholars have shown enthusiastic interest in understanding the role and nature of the Adasi culture. One of the main causes for rise in interest is, to understand the Adasi culture was to understand how it affects the Adasi changes: for a time it was seen as secret obstacle to success. The understanding of the Adasi culture is to help understand Adasi life more, that’s why understanding the Adasi life is important because the Adasi culture has influence the Adasi performance.

The main aim of this essay is to provide, importance of understanding the Adasi culture, mission and vision of the Adasi along with its culture strategy. In addition, the essay will discuss in depth of the Adasi management function in culture and its effectiveness, the essay will also discuss the issues related with the case of Adasi and in last providing the recommendation to an Adasi. The information is mainly based on the secondary data such as, information from the internet, books and journal articles. The essay will first provide the background of the Adasi and then it will discuss how the Adasi deals with culture.What’s more, the paper will examine the essentialness of comprehension the Adasi society. It is extremely important to comprehend what is mean by Adasi society before examining the essentialness of society. The society of the Adasi alludes to the special setup of standards, qualities, convictions method for carrying on along these lines on that describe the way in which groups and people join to accomplish things (Fulop & Linstead, 2004 pg.99). As per Anthony (1994), the term society is applied and general idea that is utilized, to incorporate numerous parts of the Adasi. Accordingly, numerous explores have done, how society is vital to Adasi, to discover the connection between the Adasi viability and. As the societies exist inside all the Adasi, it bodes well that some Adasi has better society then other; in any case, as fruitful society is regularly thought, when the worker’s objectives are adjusted to the Adasi Goals

Further, looking to one of the component of society, that is Leadership. Leaders can push an influential impact on the society of their Adasi, particularly in the event that they are the authors In the event of Adasi Page is the originator of the organization and thus, they go about as a pioneer for the organization by part displaying, instructing, tutoring and showing the criteria for choice and prizes. Besides Management is characterized as “the capacity to create and well-spoken a dream without bounds for the Adasi or a unit of the Adasi, to persuade others to become tied up with that vision and to get it actualized” (Rice & Beamish, 2008).

Kotter contends that authority included three key abilities, for example, setting heading for the Adasi, adjusting the individuals to the bearing and inspiring and enabling individuals They have set the bearing by having a mission to make data available to the world, adjusting the representatives to the course by propelling and enabling workers. Adasi has made fruitful and innovative worker environment that is unmistakable indication of the society, by giving the Management s like exercise center, pool tables, back rub rooms, clothes washer, feature recreations and table tennis (Towers, 2006). Alongside these offices, organization additionally gives free nibble, for example, carrot, yogurt, new foods grown from the ground, sticky bears and Mums, it has likewise got legitimate cafeteria giving express. Thusly Adasi has gone past essential physical needs to their representatives, for example, money related consultant, specialists, dental practitioners and back rub advisor to get free from the anxiety of the work. Hence, the organization made an Adasi society that is of abnormal amounts of amiability. Moreover, looking towards the motivational issue that has been distinguished by a percentage of the creators, one of the issue is depicted, he accepts that inspiration is interfaced with society with the five wellsprings of inspiration, for example, mission, plan control, and offer of worth creation, learning and notoriety. Looking towards the hypothesis connection of inspiration to the society the workers has abnormal state of inspiration in the organization.

In the setting of the work environment, esteeming diversity means making a working environment that regards and incorporates contrasts, perceiving the extraordinary commitments that people with numerous sorts of contrasts can make, and making a work environment that amplifies the capability of all workers. Why is assorted qualities essential in the work environment? Diverse qualities in the work spot is vital as it brings individuals of distinctive races, religion, and society together in an environment in which they are all attempting to addition a destination. Much like in customary society, diversity in the work place has numerous profits and increase at more prominent else’s benefit. In a diverse work put there are numerous nationalities and races which when assembled can achieve a lot of people new thoughts and advancements into the business sector and the worldwide economy.

Assorted qualities helps in bringing about a noticeable improvement as more diverse individuals cooperate in place for the item to succeed. (For an item to be a true accomplishment there must be assorted qualities in the item itself, as well as in the workforce and advertising of it.) This in this way lets us know that even the workforce and showcasing of an item needs to be diverse with the goal it should be full of feeling in picking up overall deal and development. The way that the workforce being diverse specifically helps in making an item fruitful is that assorted individuals who helped in the assembling or advertising of the item are individuals from different societies, races or sex. They see things contrastingly if an organization enlists the same sort of individuals who have the same kind of experience and instruction and don’t know much about assorted qualities will all be in all likelihood comparable. In the event that u put in a diverse workforce you are more probable see contrasts which are great and every individual has his or her own specific method for seeing something. This is better that having a group of people with the same thoughts or taste.

Most organizations these days contract a diverse workforce consequently. They need to see a change in items, and thoughts. This is the reason diverse organizations that contract from around the globe paying little mind to anything have better thoughts and developments as there is a group of individuals who are altogether different structure each other cooperating. Youngsters these days are given employments in higher parts of Adasi in light of the fact that their commitments to organizations are significant.

Diverse qualities profits everybody in all parts of the employment the representative, organization, partners, and society by and large. There is no motivation behind why any business shouldn’t have a diverse workforce. Presently in the 21st century everything is going to be diverse nations all in all have enormous populaces of different races and it realizes change and social acknowledgement. Organizations will must be assorted so as to survive this time that we live in.Organizational communication

Communication within the organization has been known to have Adasi with worker fulfillment and additionally their profit. It is likewise perceived as the principle method for transmitting and molding society. Research has additionally observed that there is an unequivocal positive relationship between communication fulfillment and workers’ Adasi duty. High communication adequacy is interfaced to better monetary execution and Adasi strength (Internal communication viability improves end result results, diary of Adasi magnificence.

This gives a review of the components of corporate communication all the communication inside an Adasi, for example, managerial communication, authoritative communication and showcasing communication. Managerial communication. It is alluded that “supervisors communication with inner and outside target groups, to transmit authority and accomplish co-operation”. Management’s utilization of communication is concerned with creating an imparted vision of the organization inside the Adasi, making trust in the authoritative authority, starting and dealing with the change process, and engaging and rousing representatives.

This brings up that each Adasi independent of the size or object of business exercises has one sort of open, i.e. the inward open, representatives. The achievement of the Adasi to a great extent relies on upon this sort of people in general. The readiness of workers to attain goals, methodology, mission and vision of the Adasi impacts the preference of the Adasi. Andy Parsley in the article “Guide for representative engagement” states Communication is not pretty much advising individuals what you need them to do or are going to do to them – it is about honest to goodness two-route dialog with both representatives and the outside world.Leadership at Adasi

Leadership has huge effect on execution and society has interceding part between initiative styles and execution of the Adasi. Society contorts leadership – execution relationship. In this segment we analyze interface between leadership styles and execution, hierarchical society execution relationship and society Management styles relationship.

Past studies in regards to the improvement of human asset clarify the qualities of practices of initiative where it centers bigger on the relationship sort in the middle of leaders and adherents in an Adasi. Such connections happen in two differentiation structures called transformational and transactional leadership. Burns firstly created the both initiative styles in 1978 and this was stretched. Transformational leadership includes the capacity to rouse and inspire adherents. Research discoveries help the procedure based methodology to leadership. This methodology sets that an individual is affected by actuating interior helpers. A methodology based perspective of leadership includes the capacity to inspire supporters to act, perceiving that the capacity to effectively impact others is the substance of Management. Adasi in the United Arab Emirates are experiencing a period of progress. The Quality of their future relies on upon how well they react to developing substances in the bigger world past their divide.

Group Dynamics at Adasi

At the group level of examination, authoritative conduct includes the investigation of group progress, intra- and intergroup clash and attachment, leadership, power, standards, interpersonal communication, systems, and parts. At this level of investigation, authoritative conduct draws upon the sociological and socio-mental sciences. At the point when there are groups it is characteristically the first thing strike a chord is Management. Adasi can have numerous distinctive groups. At times they can be formal and evident commonly they are casual. These groups assumes an essential part in an Adasi as these groups can be dealt with as vitality cells, which think a few pockets of force. These purloins are vital to focus the accomplishment of Adasi. Then again this is the place authoritative legislative issues and Management comes in. The extent that Adasi are concerned most discriminating choices are originating from executive board. Case in point these choices can be sanction just by dominant part. To settle on choices successful and comes into play they need to get the backing of subordinates. As the exploration to Prof Robert Reich, he finds that ordinarily the subordinates don’t backing to the legitimate exactness of choices, yet they backing to the individual attributes or whatever other initiative qualities (Rudolf, 2009). 

There most the time subordinates location issues with hunches. This is the reason group conduct is so essential. In the event that Adasi can structure groups which doesn’t obey just to the premonition yet put some exertion to overcome mental resistances and go to some normal choices; such sort of Adasi improve all hands on deck. Richard exchanging, one nearby Adasi once utilized just board parts from two families. At the board they generally had this force battle. Yet in any case the board was presented with experts and the group began performs than at no other time. Since their group chiefs didn’t stop to their hunch. This gives how group practices can be best powerful to Adasi. In the event that an Adasi truly concentrate on these group practices they can turn them into their profits. Most the time casual group practices seen bringing negativities to the Adasi. At the same time successfully utilized these practices can be utilized for Adasi focal points.

References

Astier, C., Bonfort, Y., & Brunel, A. (1999). U.S. Patent No. 5,921,644. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Colloud, A., & Petre, J. M. (1998). U.S. Patent No. 5,713,480. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Rudolf, A. (2009). U.S. Patent No. 4,545,660. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Makenna Goodman’s article

Name

Professor’s name

Course

Date

Use of Pathos, Ethos, and Logos in Ever Wonder if You Could Kill What You Eat? We Did the Other Night

Introduction

Makenna Goodman’s article titled Ever Wonder if You Could Kill What You Eat? We Did the Other Night is about how killing the animals that people eat make them feel. The speaker notes that after watching farming animals get slaughtered in front of his eyes, he did not feel the urge to pat himself on his back. The article insists on the need to offer animals a good life even if humans facilitate their death in one way or another. This essay probes the use of ethos, pathos, and logos in the afore-mentioned article. Without a doubt, the article successfully employs ethos, pathos, and logos throughout the text.

Use of Pathos

To begin with, there is a successful use of pathos in Goodman’s article Ever Wonder if You Could Kill What You Eat? We Did the Other Night. On several occasions, the author has evoked the readers’ emotions to appeal to them. The author has connected to the emotions and senses of the readers. The main reason why the author does this is that she wants the readers to see beyond the food that they have. She wants them to wonder about the life the animals lived before it was killed and turned into a meal. For instance, the author talks about chicken killing at home in the third paragraph. She writes that “chicken killing at home is deep.” This way, she is appealing to the emotions of the reader and pushes into thinking whether it is ethical. The text notes that when it comes to the idea of taking away life at the homestead, people do not do it to show power other the animal. This prompts the readers into thinking beyond the chunk of meat they purchase at the supermarket. Goodman wants the readers to know that the meat does fall from the sky but rather comes from breathing and living being. In essence, although chicken killing is deep, it is necessary. Additionally, the author mentions Joel Salatin, at the front of the farming movement. Salatin is a supporter of home processing food methods (Goodman 03). To him, at-home food processing is the ultimate foundation of showing respect for animals. This shows that he has a deep connection for animals and in this manner, he urges the readers to buy-in to his ideologies. Goodman employs emotions to appeal to his readers.

Use of Ethos

Secondly, the author successfully employs ethos as a persuasive technique to appeal to the readers. Readers tend to associate the author’s character with their content. Readers will trust the content if the writer demonstrates that they are reliable. The article successfully employs ethos leaving the readers in a position to trust the content of the article. Worth noting, Makenna has had a successful career as an author over the years and is well-renowned for her writing prowess. Goodman has written essays, short fiction and literary criticism for international publication. These include the Harvard Review, New York Review of Books, Electric Literarture, the Los Angeles Review of Books, Catapult, and the Bomb. Additionally, she has appeared on interviews in various shows, including the Millions, Paris Review, the Rumpus, Guernica, Commonplace Podcast by Rachel Zucker, and EcoTheo. Worth noting, she is the brains behind the Shame, which was voted Harvard Review Favorite Book of 2020. The book was also named Literary Hub Recommended Read, a White Review Recommended Read, a Boston.com Book Club Pick, and Bustle Most Anticipated Book. The successful author is also an educator of literature and writing and has taught at graduate and high school levels in various institutions including the Center for Fiction based in Brooklyn, New York. Being this successful means that she is not only good at what she does but also a reliable professional. Throughout her career, she has never had any ethical issue which means that the readers can trust her works as reliable. Another reason why ethos are employed successfully in this article is that the publisher; Chelsea Green Publishing is also a reknowned American publishing organization. The fact that it specializes in publishing texts to do with organic farming, sustainable living, integrative health, and progressive politics means that they work with reliable professionals that can be trusted. Publishing Goodman’s content means that they have conducted research and find her thoughts valuable which speaks to her ethics. This shows those ethos are used successfully in the article.

Use of Logos

Thirdly, the author of the article also employs logos as a persuasive tool to push her agenda. Logos have to do with logic, and Goodman uses facts and figures to persuade the readers. For instance, in the first paragraph, Goodman narrates that she had fourteen people for dinner the previous night who all wanted chicken. In this context, the number of people is an indication of the emotional joy and turmoil that comes with having family around. Goodman says that there was plenty of activity with people running around, enjoying farm life and looking forward to balanced meals. It shows people’s thoughts as far as killing what we eat is concerned. It was an opportunity for Goodman to understand other people’s thoughts on at-home processing foods. The author also uses logos when she says that the joy of having many people around is that no one sits around without pitching in. This is true because people always help with tasks around. The use of logos is effective in showing the need to know the backstory of animals.

Conclusion

In closing, Goodman employs various tools of persuasion including, pathos, logos, and ethos, in her article Ever Wonder if You Could Kill What You Eat? We Did the Other Night. Pathos are effective in appealing to the readers’ emotions. It makes them want to know a backstory of the animal’s life. The ethos speaks to the credibility and reliability of the author and logos use facts and figures to push across their message. Without a doubt, the author is successful in employing them as tools of persuasion throughout the text.

Works Cited

Goodman, M. “Ever Wonder if You Could Kill What You Eat? We Did the Other Night.” Alternet.org, 28 Aug. 2009, www.alternet.org/2009/08/ever_wonder_if_you_could_kill_what_you_eat_we_did_the_other_night/.

Culture in Saudi Arabia

Name:

Professor’s Name:

Course:

Date:

Culture in Saudi Arabia

From a general perspective, culture is the cumulative deposit of aspects like experience, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, religion, values, meanings, roles, concepts and possessions amongst others that are acquired by a relatively large group of people and passed on through generations individually or through groups depending on the specificity of people. The adopted behavior and way of life from the initial ancestors is learned and with accumulation of experience it is subsequently passed on socially and acts as a symbolic means of communication.

In some instances, culture may be shared between two or more groups in that they have some beliefs, religion or values in common. This would also act as a bridge connecting the particular groups involved because it makes them think something must have caused them to have the same opinion or stand about certain cultural aspects. Religion for example gives a more vivid picture and explanation for shared culture. Religion is the belief of a link between humanity and the spiritual world. In Saudi Arabia the official religion is Islam and the Kingdom’s law obliges every citizen to be Muslim. Freedom of religion does not exist in Saudi Arabia and practice of any other religion is highly prohibited. For this reason they have a group of religion “police” who enforce the restriction of public or private practice of any other religion in their country. The Islam religion is known to be practiced in very many other countries including Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sudan among others. This means that the religion aspect in the culture of Saudi Arabia is also shared by other countries’ cultures as well. The facet of shared cultures may act as a thread linking the countries or groups back to either one origin or ancestry in some cases.

In Saudi Arabia, both men and women are directly dictated by their customs and religion to dress conservatively. In the case of Saudi men, thobes which are traditional dresses are won despite the social status or the job occupation of an individual. Other than the thobe being appropriate for the hot climate in Saudi, it also expresses equality among them. Saudi women on the other hand wear cloaks called abayah and are mostly black. They then cover their hair using a scarf and a veil that fully covers their face except for the eyes. They are supposed to dress like this in public and around people who are not their close relatives. As for teenagers they should not wear tight jeans or any clothes showing parts of their bodies. Foreigners are also indebted to abide by local customs especially in public areas. In the 1980s the Kingdom banned movie theatres to prevent immorality and westernization. However the ban is currently in the process for liberalizing to allow for development of their cinema however certain television shows, films and DVDs are prohibited. An exception is given if they have censored scenes with immorality or directly offending the government or the royal family.

Even with the Saudis being well informed in the Arab and Muslim world, the government does not recognize freedom of the press and publicizing ones opinion. Any stories or speeches given in public should not contradict the Islam traditional values or the Saudi government rule. It should also not directly offend the officials of government or the royal family in particularly. Political parties and labor unions are prohibited in Saudi Arabia. However informal discussions on the public policies are not deemed illegal, they are not promoted and action is taken to participants if they endorse disloyalty or immorality. Creation of a Consultative Council by the government has allowed for the existence of certain societies but they have considerably little ability to manipulate or change the policies up held by the government. The national dance in Saudi Arabia is known as Al Ardha and the sword dance is founded on their ancient traditions. It is a rhythmic blend of drum beats, chants and men dancing using the swords they carry to create an entertaining movement. Another prominent form of music is the samri in which poetry is performed through a song and people dance to it.

The absorption of one culture into another group of people or a country at large is known as culture learned. This could be because the culture is of significance in the lives of the country that is absorbing it. An example of culture learned in Saudi Arabia would be cinema. In the past, it was banned completely from publicity in their country. They believed it did more bad than good and lead to high measures of immorality. However, something later on changed their opinion and they decided to reconsider and ease up by allowing cinema but with certain restrictions. This clearly explains that even after their perception of cinema, with time they learned on how to allow its publicity while limiting what they feared which spreading immorality is.

Saudi Arabia is considered as one of the countries with a very unique culture because it has upheld their initial beliefs to this moment without allowing for deviation from them. This portrays an image that they respect their culture and even with its spread through every generation they do not change any aspect of it but consider it the normal way of life.

Trouble at Tessei

Name

Professor’s name

Course

Date

Trouble at Tessei

Terubo Yabe, the newly appointed Director and General Manager of Tessei is tasked with reviving the 669-person subsidiary of East Japan Railway company which cleans bullet trains. The leaders have made multiple attempts to fix Tessei’s managerial control and monitoring problems, but none has been successful. Yabe seeks to adopt a new creative approach to address the problem.

Some of the critical challenges facing Tessei include customer complaints, employee recruitment and high turnover, and operational mistakes. Customer complaints are caused by the high expectations that Shinkanshen passengers have of Tessei Company. Worth noting, the customers received high-standards services such as perfectly clean spaces which were well-coordinated in seven minutes. Besides these, the clients expected that they would get the forgotten items on the train, which was impossible. Additionally, the customers complained about unkempt bathrooms on the train. The 7 minute standards order put the employees under pressure, yet most of them were above the age of 40, inexperienced or new. This makes it difficult for them to do the cleaning in a standardized yet rushed manner. The time was barely enough to clean all the available coaches. The result of this is that it led to frustrations and lack of motivation among employees, which explains the high turnover rates.

As regards operational mistakes, Tessei was forced to come up with ways to reduce costs as much as possible. The expenses were weighing in on them, and if they failed to take action, they would have been out of business. To do this, they resulted in reduced use of soap in the cleaning process. The issue de-motivated the employees significantly and they ended up leaving the company. Whenever employees tend to leave an organization at high rates, it weighs in on their human resources. Some tasks end up not being completed because of the shortfall of workers. If the issue is not addressed hastily, it can permanently affect the company, leading to closure. Managers also feel the effect because they experience a shortfall of manpower in their respective departments.

Culture in Business

Name:

Institution:

Course:

Tutor:

Date:

Culture in Business

Introduction

The ability of a business venture to succeed in its operations in the current diversified environment is depended on its capacity to mainstream the concept of culture in its operations. Since culture incorporates the interplay of various factors pertaining to vocation, language, philosophy, geography and the social aspects pertaining to biological traits of an individual, they directly influence not only values but also the attitudes that are assumed by given individual. A sustainable business venture that is characterized by public approval and consistent performance with respect to profitability certainly incorporates all these concerns in its operations.

It is widely agreed that culture plays an integral role in connecting individuals as well as defining their unique identities. Thus through cultural competitiveness and sensitivity, corporate entities have the ability to initiate and maintain viable relationships in the market. This paper provides an explicit analysis of Australian Woolworth’s limited Company in light of its culture. In particular, it details how the company incorporates the component of biological traits related to culture in manufacturing, distributing and promoting its products to consumers.

Woolworths Limited ventures in extensive retailing in Australia as well as New Zealand. Currently, it is rated the larges food retailer, take away liquor retailer and hotel as well as Poker Machine operator in Australia. Notably, its operations have diverse implications on the welfare of the consumers. It is for this reason that it embeds the concepts of age, race, gender, sexual orientation as well as ethnicity in its consumer directed operations. With respect to age, the company sources it employees from the mature age bracket. In his research, Schein (2009) indicted that this age bracket in Australia is the most underutilized. Further, the company uses a friendly job application process that is reflective of the unique needs of this population (Grant, 2010).

With respect to promotion of products, the company employs strategies that are friendly and acceptable across all ages. During manufacturing of liquor, Penrith (2006) indicates that the company includes vital information regarding the implication of consumption to persons in all age groups. This is also adopted for other products such as cloths and general merchandise. This ensures that decisions undertaken are objective and based on informed thought. Most importantly, their facilities and services in stores and supermarkets address the holistic needs of persons form diverse age groups.

Seemingly, the extensive nature of the company implies that it serves a multi racial population across the country. Likewise, the company ensures that the needs of this population are addressed accordingly. In this regard, alternative information in various languages regarding the use of their product is provided for. In this regard, Schein (2004) appreciates that language differences are characteristic of racial diversity. Furthermore, employment opportunities tend to be open to person from different races. According to Taylor (2005), qualifications and competence, rather than racial orientation is included in the recruitment criteria. Likewise, the company addresses aspects relating to gender in different ways.

To begin with, Block (2009) ascertains that its work force comprises of a significant 55% of women. This ensures that particular concerns of female clients are incorporated in the decision making process. Further, the company undertakes frequent market researches to determine emerging concerns of different genders. Promotion strategies such as advertising refrain from capturing the female gender as being normative. In essence, Geetz (1997) and Kotter (1992) contend that the aspect of gender equality during the distribution and promotion of products is given priority. Also, promotion strategies that the company adopts are reflective of the language and values that are assumed by specific genders. A classic illustration of this pertains to the elimination of an aggressive tone and offensive terms when promoting products used by women (Martin, 2001).

With regard to ethnicity, Australian consumer base is multi ethnic in nature due to immigration. Current practices that seek to address relative concerns include the company’s respect and appreciation of persons from different ethnicities. This is apparent in its workforce that comprises of multiethnic individuals (Cameron & Quinn, 2005; Peterson, 2004). Besides ensuring that the languages employed in promotion and explanation of use of products reflects these, the company has taken practical measures to support various ethnic initiatives. For example, Company data according to Harvard Business Press (2002) shows that the company supports different Catholic learning institutions in the regions that they are located.

By integrating the code of respect for persons of all ethnicities in its company values, Woolworths has succeeded in implementing this aspect in the conduct of its employees. Also, the ethnic needs of the diverse consumer base have been addressed by the company through providing a wide range of products. In this regard, Usunier and Lee (2005) cite that different ethnicities consume varied types of food and related products. For example, the Muslims do not eat pork and Catholics do not eat meat during the period of lent of their religious calendar. The company addresses these concerns by providing respective ethnic groups with a wide range of alternatives products at affordable competitive prices.

Also worth acknowledging is the fact that the Australian client base is characterized by different health needs. The International Business Publications (2004) ascertains that it constitutes the disabled, the deaf and those affected with terminal illnesses. Woolworths has also taken different measures to provide for the needs of these populations. For instance, part of its employees has learnt sign language and can communicate with the deaf with ease (North & Toews, 1998). Moreover, they offer guides services within their stores to help the blind and other disabled personalities. Most importantly, they provide a wide range of products for this segment of the population. Equally important has been the ability of the company to cater for the needs of the gay, lesbians, trans-gendered and bisexual personalities. This according to Thomas and Inkson (2004) is reflected in their attitudes during interaction with these individuals.

Conclusion

Culture is an important aspect that sustainable business ventures incorporate in their operations. As it has come out form the study, Woolworths has successfully incorporated relative concerns in its operations. Indeed, aspects of gender, age, race, health, ethnicity and sexual orientation have been accorded utmost priority. Promotion strategies such as advertising are not only effective but also culturally sensitive. By providing a wide range of products, Woolworths ensures that it offers the client a variety of products and services from which they can choose from. This cultural competitiveness can be used to explain why the company is successful and very stable.

References

Block, R. (2009). Corporate Australia: Histories in Sound in the Oral History Collection in the State Library of New South Wales. The Oral Association of Australia Journal, 31, 21-29.

Cameron, K. & Quinn, R. (2005). Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture: Based on Competing Values Framework. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

Geetz, C. (1997). The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.

Grant, R. (2010). Contemporary Strategy Analysis: Text & Cases. London: John Wiley & Sons.

Harvard Business Press. (2002). Harvard Business Review on Culture and Change. Harvard: Harvard Business Press.

International Business Publications (2004). Australia Business Intelligent Report. London: International Business Publications

Kotter, J. (1992). Corporate Culture and Performance. New York: The Free Press.

Martin, J. (2001). Organizational Culture: Mapping the Terrain. New York: Sage Publications.

North, P. & Toews, B. (1998). Succeed in Business: Australia. Singapore: Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company.

Penrith, D. (2006). Starting a Business in Australia. USA: Vacation

Peterson, B. (2004). Cultural Intelligence: A Guide to Working with People from other Cultures. USA: Intercultural Press.

Schein, E. (2004). Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

Schein, E. (2009). The Corporate Culture Survival Guide. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

Taylor, C. (2005). Walking the Talk. USA: Random House Business Books.

Thomas, D. & Inkson, K. (2004). Cultural Intelligence: People Skills for Global Business. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Usunier, J. & Lee, J. (2005). Marketing Across Cultures. London: Prentice Hall.

Jennie Gerhardt

Name

Professor’s name

Course

Date

The Unjust Treatment of Characters in Jennie Gerhardt

Introduction

Jennie Gerhardt is a novel authored by Theodore Dreiser that was first published in 1911. Dreiser tells a tale of an unhappy woman from the working class who faces and accepts various adversities in life. Circumstances force her into becoming the mistress of two powerful and wealthy men to help her family get out of the impoverished conditions.

Thesis statement: This text is an analysis of the unjust treatment of the characters in Theodore Dreiser’s novel Jennie Gerhardt including Jennie Gerhardt, Wilhelmina Vesta, and Mrs. Gerhardt, and William Gerhardt.

Body Paragraph 1-Jennie Gerhardt

Gets romantically involved with Senator George Brander

Brander dies of heart attack leaving her pregnant

Gets involved with Lester, but his family oppose their relationship

Her daughter dies tragically from typhoid fever.

Body Paragraph 2-Vesta

An illegitimate daughter

Her father dies tragically from heart attack

Jennie hides her existence from Lester

Dies of typhoid

Body Paragraph 3-Jennie’s mother (Mrs. Gerhardt)

Hardworking yet poor

Works as a maid with Jennie

Body Paragraph 4-William Gerhardt

His children besides Jennie abandon him

Hardworking glass blower but still poor

Dies of old age in the care of Jenny

Conclusion

Thesis restatement: Jenny Gerhardt, Wilhelmina Vesta, Mrs. Gerhardt, and William Gerhardt are some of the characters that go through unjust treatment in Theodore Dreiser’s novel Jennie Gerhardt.

Culture High Culture

Name:

Course:

Tutor:

Date:

Culture: High Culture

Introduction

The term culture has several meanings that are attached to it. There are however, three basic usages of this term: first is the high culture, which involves the a societies taste in humanities, social etiquette and fine arts; secondly, culture could be considered to be a pattern that is integrated in the knowledge of human beings, their beliefs and behavior that mostly depends on the thoughts, practices and the lessons the society provides; and finally, culture could be considered to entail the values, attitudes, practices and goals that characterize a given, community, society or organizational group (Muller, A. (2005).

The focus therefore is on how distinctly several people around the world are represented. Culture is therefore the way people live. It is manifested in numerous concepts such as literature, music, sculpture and paintings, film and theater and the lifestyles of the people. The aspect of culture that this paper deals with is the one that evolved in the nineteenth century, that is the refinement or betterment of an individual mostly through education and eventually the satisfaction of his ideals and aspirations as an individual and wholesomely as a nation, what is commonly known as the High Culture. It should be understood from the onset that high culture is not necessarily elitist. Over the years it has found its way into the general populace and other classes of people to whom it was impossible to be accessed.

Just like so many cultural concepts cross the societal demarcations and blend or enter into different classes, so has this concept done. As a consequence, this paper discusses not only the development of this aspect of our lives and cultures but also the influence other aspects of the society and the nation have had on it and thereby changed, developed or improved it.

High Culture

This is a term that is used in several academic ways and discourses most commonly to describe a set of products that are an aspect of a given culture, especially the arts, that are considered with high regard by a given cultural group. It is what would be referred to as the elitist culture of the intelligentsia or the aristocracy and is the complete opposite of popular or low culture, the one for the masses. It should however be noted that this does not mean that these two categories are always in conflict.

This concept was introduced by Mathew Arnold in his book Culture and Anarchy (1869) where he stated that to understand culture is to know what is best that has been thought and said in the world. He thus saw it as a pointer for political and moral good, a view that has remained widely uncontested by several other views over time. This concept is considered as a necessary and fundamental aspect of any complete culture while in America it is mostly associated with literature.

Much of this concept is usually associated with what is sometimes referred to as High Art. Other than literature, high art includes visual arts, music, performing arts which have now evolved to include cinema and other forms of art that derive from these ones. Most of these products are associated with the wealthy urban based societies whose sophistication marked the civilizations of the years passed. The Western understanding of what is high culture may be tied to the Renaissance and the years that followed, however, this is not entirely the case as there are several other places where the conditions that contributed to this aspect existed in other times and places such as ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, India, Persia and several other Middle Eastern regions at different times and eras.

In order to understand this cultural concept, it would be good to divorce it from the ideas and ideologies of elitism. This is because there are times it is more pronounced in the wider and general public than it is in the very much educated bourgeoisie to whom the culture is highly connected. Take for example the move by most countries to establish concert halls and museums that would be accessible to the public in general. Moreover, personalities such as Leon Trotsky of Russia, Lord Reith of Britain, and several others from America and the western world as a whole have really opened up the several elements of what was previously a characteristic of the elite such as classical music, fine art and literary classics.

High Culture and Modernism

Access to higher education has spread this culture to several other groups and made high art and ultimately high culture an aspect and an objective of academia. Liberal arts in institutions of higher learning have promoted this cultural concept of the elite and made it accessible to the general populace even though there are times there have been attempts to divorce this concept of art from the cultural concept with which it has always been associated with over the years. For example in Europe, governments have tried to reduce the costs of accessing and experiencing this concept by funding operas and museums; establishing ballet companies, public broadcasters and orchestras or giving them subsidies. This is regardless of the fact that sometimes it is not the mass market that is intended for the benefits that arise.

This cultural concept has provided political platforms for nationalists like Ernest Renan, a political theorist who perceived it as a fundamental component of establishing a national identity. Gellner in his book Nations and Nationalism (1983) describe this concept as “…a literate codified culture that permits context free communication.”

All in all, this concept of high culture has managed to maintain its distinct characteristics from the broader influences of the society by separating “taste” which is associated with appreciation of fine food, etiquette and military service and honor. It still maintains the codes that the society and cultures that are dominantly practicing it and have over the years that are not always accessible to the masses or people considered to belong to a class that is lower.

Reference

Muller, A. (2005). Concepts of Culture: Art, Politics, and Society. Calgary: University of Calgary Press

Arnold, M. (1869). Culture and Anarchy: An Essay in Political and Social Criticism. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

Gellner, E. (2006). Nations and Nationalism. 2nd Ed., Malden: Wiley-Blackwell

The Connection between White Supremacy and Class in the United States

Name

Professor’s name

Course

Date

The Connection between White Supremacy and Class in the United States

White supremacy refers to the ideas and beliefs that purport that white people or individuals that have natural white skin are superior over other human racial groups. In a contemporary context, the white supremacist term is employed in describing the groups that espouse fascist or racist doctrines. Noteworthy, supremacist groups are been known to use violence to attain their goals. The race is the notion that the human species is categorized into unique groups based on behavioral and physical differences. Essentially, race is any human social groups that can be categorized according to perceived similarities in physical traits. Class refers to a group of people that have the same socioeconomic status. In the United States, the white supremacy doctrine was taken for granted by social and political leaders from the 19th to mid-20th century. This essay discusses the connection between white supremacy and class in the United States.

Various events, laws and people exacerbated the racial and class divisions that existed in the early American period. One such event was the civil rights movement that advocated for social justice for people of color in the 1950s and 1960s. While the Civil War got rid of slavery, it did not put an end to unequal treatment and discrimination of people of color. Black people continued to face the devastating effects of racism, particularly in the South. By mid-20th century, people of color had endured violence and prejudice against them (Bateman, Ira, and John, 24). Black Americans alongside numerous white Americans mobilized and an unprecedented fight pushing for equality that lasted two decades.

Jim Crow laws also contributed to class and racial divisions in the early American Period. People of color had made some progress in their equality agenda after the constitution granted people of color equal protection as white people. The 15th Amendment to the constitution of 1870 gave Black Americans the right to vote. Still numerous white supremacists, moreso those in the South, were not happy that the people they once enslaved had similar rights as them (M. Beliso‐De Jesús, and Jemima, 65). They, therefore, came up with Jim Crow laws to erase the progress made during Reconstruction and keep them segregated from their white counterparts. The laws were put in place in the South towards the end of the 19th century. The Jim Crow laws ensured that people of color and white people used different public facilities. The laws also ensured that people of color could not live in the same towns or attend the same schools as their white counterparts. Furthermore, Jim Crow laws criminalized interracial marriage and made it impossible for people of color to vote without passing the voter literacy test. Despite Jim Crow laws not being adopted in the northern states, people of color experienced discrimination in their jobs or in accessing education or in attempting to purchase a house (Roediger, 42). To make the issue worse, the laws passed in some states continued to limit the voting rights of people of color. The segregation brought about by the Jim Crow laws gained ground in 1896 after the Supreme Court ruled in the Plessy v. Ferguson case that it was possible for facilities for white and black people to be separate but equal.

Undoubtedly, capitalism plays and continues to play a huge role in the development of social and class divisions in America. Individuals such as Ella Myers, J. Phillip Thompson, and Michael Dawson agree that capitalism was inextricably linked to class formation, the emergence of a separate white and black proletariat and segregation of labor markets (Liu, 349). W. E. Dubois argued that the white proletariat benefited from psychic wage and the antiblackness of the capitalist social order. Du bois’ argued that racial capitalism gave a limited democracy for white workers that were white. He posited that there are both irrational and rational aspects of white supremacy and both aspects can cause violence against black bodies. This is enough evidence that during the Jim Crow era, the relationship of people of color towards capitalism was of exploitation and property expropriation and relations.

Without a doubt, gender played an important role in white supremacy and class segregation in early America. This is because white women have been a part of the notion of white supremacy from the beginning. White women have made investments into white supremacy for a long time and they invest in this notion more than the country itself. This points to their hand in slavery economy. Although white women are viewed by historians as being bystanders to slavery brutalities, they were rather active participants. Prior to the civil war, white women had little political and economic power with the exception they could buy and sell slaves (Feagin, Hernan and Pinar 16). They used slavery as a way of increasing their wealth which was not possible to transfer to their husbands in marriage. In essence, slavery provided white women with autonomy, agency, and freedom they could not have without it, which is why they were deeply invested. Worth noting as white women never gave up on white supremacy, a matter of fact, they doubled down.

In most cases, white supremacy and racial and class divisions tend to benefit one group over the other and in most cases, white people tend to be favored than their colored counterparts. By definition, white supremacy is meant to favor white races as they are viewed as being superior to all other races. Worth noting, that white people do not have to be white supremacists to benefit from white supremacy ideologies, but yet it still shapes American society.

Works Cited

Bateman, David A., Ira Katznelson, and John S. Lapinski. Southern nation: Congress and white supremacy after reconstruction. Vol. 158. Princeton University Press, 2018.

Feagin, Joe R., Hernan Vera, and Pinar Batur. White racism: The basics. Routledge, 2020.

Liu, William Ming. “White male power and privilege: The relationship between White supremacy and social class.” Journal of Counseling Psychology 64.4 (2017): 349.

M. Beliso‐De Jesús, Aisha, and Jemima Pierre. “Anthropology of white supremacy.” American anthropologist 122.1 (2020): 65-75.

Roediger, David R. “The wages of whiteness: Race and the making of the American working class.” Class: The Anthology (2017): 41-55.