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Speech Pathology.

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Abstract.

Speech pathology or speech language therapy, speech-language pathology and many other terms are all definitions of this special profession dealing with communication and swallowing disorders that cannot be amended using medical or surgical methods. Language has many components, including phonology, pragmatics and morphology, all influencing the way and effectiveness of how we communicate with society. Certain disorders have been demonstrated to hamper this from efficiently happening hence the need for specialized intervention. In providing their assistance to families, support groups and the society as whole, speech pathologists mainly handle cases on an individual basis that vary from person to person in terms of complexity and severity. Service is provided based on the best and most current clinical observations, as well as the patients’ own preferences and values. As the primary providers of professional care for all communication and swallowing disorders, speech pathologists are autonomous in their practice. However as is the norm with most professions that base their activity on the human body and its function, these professionals usually collaborate with clinical professionals for the management of a variety of disorders that shoe a bearing to speech and swallowing disorders. In the scope of this paper, we shall attempt to delve into a wide albeit shallow view of speech pathology, both as a profession and as a practice. It is hoped that by the end a largely generalized but complete knowledge of speech pathology shall be at hand.

Introduction.Speech pathologists have been termed as professionals that deal with both communication and swallowing disorders. In the course of their practice, they are expected to carry out their work in a systematic manner so that the results are realized in an effective manner. In keeping with the spirit, we shall look at this practice in a similar fashion to ensure a good grasp of its fundamentals as well as obtain a good perspective through a look at historical perspectives alongside current trends and issues. In doing this, we shall look at professional roles and activities, as well as look into some examples of common disorders. These roles are;

1. Clinical services and collaborations.

2. Prevention and advocacy.

3. Practice settings and ethical issues.

4. Historical practices and current trends.

Professional roles and activities. Some common disorders.Frattali(1999) describes impairment as “specific speech, language, swallowing or cognitive deficits” (p. 32) effectively capturing the very essence of speech pathology therein. In addressing their patients, speech therapists, as speech pathologists are sometimes referred to as, many disorders are encountered. These have been broadly encompassed into seven major categories depending on their causes. These are: disorders of the speech sound production including; articulation, apraxia, dysarthria, ataxia and dyskinesia. Resonance disorders include; hyper nasality, hypo nasality, cul-de-sac resonance and mixed resonance. Voice disorders include; phonation quality, pitch, loudness and respiration. Fluency may be affected by stuttering and cluttering.

In disorders caused by problems with speech voice production, apraxia is the most common. This has been explained termed by Wertz (in Helm-Estabrooks &Holland, 1998) as “a neurogenic speech disorder resulting from sensorimotor impairment of the capacity to program and execute in coordinated and normally timed sequences, the positioning of the speech musculature for the volitional production of speech sounds with loss of impairment of phonological rules not being adequate to explain the observed pattern of deviant speech” (Helm-Estabrooks &Holland, 1998, p. 12). Apraxia can be oral, affecting the patient’s ability to manipulate his/her jaw, lips or tongue. It can also be acquired as a result of stroke, tumor or head head trauma. Suggestions for therapy include working on large muscle groups by training them to refine movement (Vinson, 2001, p. 105.

Resonance disorders are most commonly caused by cleft palates, but sub mucous cleft palates cause this to occur mostly in children. Childhood apraxia, as well as enlarged adenoids also causes resonance disorders. VPDs, or velopharyngeal disorders are resonance disorders resulting from an inconsistent closure of the opening between the nose and mouth. During observation, resonance disorders are diagnosed through a variety of methods which vary from talking to the patient to assess articulation, standardized testing, nasometry and nasal endoscopy. All these are methods of identifying some of the most common resonance disorders such as hyper nasality. Treatment may involve the speech pathologist training the patient, mostly children, to use their velopharyngeal valve and tongue correctly in closing/opening either the mouth/nose cavity, or his/her recommendation for surgery in cases of cleft palates and velopharyngeal dysfunction.

Voice disorders are characterized by a distinct variation in quality of sound produced as a result of various causes depending on the specific disorder. Hoarseness is one of the most common, itself caused by a myriad of things; polyps, Nodules, vocal cord cysts, cancer of the vocal cords, granuloma, vocal cord scarring and vocal cord paralysis. Apart from those requiring surgical intervention, speech therapists are able to treat most of them using a mix of techniques varying from posture during telephone calls to proper use of your voice as well as avoiding misuse of the same.

Fluency disorders are caused by inappropriate interactions between the patient’s motor skills and his/her language skills. Stuttering is a common problem especially in children under the age of five. It is characterized by prolongation of syllables, inability to complete them and the use of interjections. Facial grimacing and avoidance of eye contact are other signs that accompany this disorder. Speech pathologists usually treat stuttering using desensitization to create awareness of oncoming stutter moments, speech modification using control strategies as well as structured activities aimed at building confidence and self esteem – important for this process. Samples of sentences given to investigate stutter should be analyzed for rate of speech according to Shipley & McAfee (1992).

Clinical services.Speech pathologists provide various clinical services that go into ensuring patients are assisted in reverting to or joining normal communication patterns and processes. After gathering data, speech pathologists assist in the process of guiding their patients in making decisions regarding what services to seek and their effectiveness. In addition, making service delivery decisions is a major task they are tasked with as things like the need for admission, location and discharge need to be made. Finally, as concerns this issue of service delivery, they aid in establishing the context in which therapy is to be administered. It can be done in school, at home, via tele-practice or at a specialized institution.

Speech pathologists screen individuals for hearing loss or middle ear pathology. This is done in collaboration with other professional to identify risk cases, infants and neonates as well as adults and children. Screening methods utilized include; pure-tone air conduction methods such as otoscopic inspection, otoacoustic emission screening and screening tympanometry. More specifically, instrumentation at the speech pathologist’s disposal includes; videofluoroscopy, electromyography, nasendoscopy, stroboscopy, nasometry, computer technology and endoscopy. Herein, data is collected, observed and compares with parameters set for communication and swallowing as well as other upper aerodigestive functions.

After screening, speech therapists provide individuals with hearing loss as well as other communication disorders with auditory training, speech therapy and language intervention. This is especially important for children with cochlear implants and listening amplification devices which should also be checked for normal function, volume and battery voltage. This comes hand in hand with selecting, fitting and training on proper use of adaptive and/or prosthetic devices for communication and swallowing, such as electrolarynges and speaking valves. It should be however noted that hearing aids are not the domain of speech pathologists as the ASHA (2004) points out.

Finally, speech therapists are tasked with the duty of assessing and addressing behavior that may influence communication as well as swallowing. This encompasses forums to discuss and demonstrate proper sitting in class, at home and office, as well as swallowing safety for all age groups. In addition to this form of proactive action, the provision of modification services to enhance human communication from the current transgender or professional perspectives lies squarely on speech pathologists. Sex changes therapy as well as professional modification, especially in an entertainment set up all requires the services of speech therapists.

Prevention and Advocacy. If people, especially children according to Tubelle (2008), develop or already have speech or language development disorders, they are observed to face certain difficulties in life’s many fields. This is why the prevention of such is of paramount importance. Providing early identification as well as intervention services has been demonstrated to aid in their prevention and increase in severity. The provision of adequate social- psychological environments at an early age has been discussed by Langmeier & Mateichek (1984) as contributory factors in development of communication and language disorders. Speech pathologist need to impress upon young parents on the need for providing such to their children.

Speech pathologist just like many other welfare professionals encourage healthy lifestyles as these have a wide spread and long lasting impact on the quality of life we lead. It has been proven that doing this can help prevent some communication disorders as well as swallowing issues human face in the course of life. Smoking offers a good example of a lifestyle that leads to a communication disorder as the smoke has been shown to lead to hoarseness and pitch changes. Wearing helmets and seatbelts can also reduce the chances of sustaining trauma to the head, a leading cause of apraxia among many other disorders.. Regular exercise should also enable the musculature develop, especially in young children, as Miltina(2005) shows by advocating for morning exercises in front of mirrors to assist the tongue and associated tissues develop properly.

Keeping away from injurious circumstances can help prevent individuals from sustaining injury to their ears. Children are especially prone to hearing damage given the fragility of their ear tissue. In addition, abuse harm, either physical or verbal can have large impacts on a person’s communication or aero-digestive system. It is important for parents, friends and family members to be able to identify signs of abuse in order to address them with the help of speech therapists since these have been proven to be underlying causes of speech and communication disorders.

The impact of culture on communication should be systematically eroded as some cultures implicitly encourage communication behavior that might lead to disorders. Vinson (2001) illustrates how the Native American individual is less likely to answer a rhetorical or leading question as this is considered an insult to elders (p. 314). This poses grave danger to children who need to understand the importance of questioning things as this is an avenue to learning. Carolina Piedmont culture also exhibits a shunning of answering questions as this is widely regarded to be a sign of being in trouble.

Some diseases have the potential to harm an individual’s capacity to communicate or swallow properly. Logemann(1998) described this as varying from child to child but generally “ children may exhibit oral reflexive behaviors ; inability to hold material in a cohesive bolus, especially if the material is being masticated; and/or disorganized lingual movements that do not contribute to a smooth peristaltic action of the tongue in moving the material posteriorly” (p. 324). Illnesses such as cerebral malaria and meningitis are quite harmful to a person’s executive function and brain function. Cerebral palsy affects the ability to swallow and control jaw muscles which predisposes the victim to communication as well as swallowing problems. Speech therapists encourage the prevention of contracting these illnesses to avoid developing communication problems.

A relationship between feeding and speech development has been long thought to exist and was recently proven. Individuals that lack the motor skills practice gained from eating have been noted to have lower intelligence since their speech is impaired as they grow. Pinder & Fogerty (1999) noted that children with good eating habits and development exhibited higher speech and communication skills since the act of eating exercised their oral motor skills. This had been demonstrated earlier by Evans-Morris & Klein (1989) who noted that “children with problems developing their motor skills for eating exhibited problematic development in forming intelligible speech”. To avoid this, children and invalid adults should be encouraged to feed themselves in order to develop the motor skills necessary for feeding, as well developing those for speech and communication.

Practice settings and ethical issues.

Professional setting for the speech therapist may vary from place to place depending on region and training. But the main areas where these professionals can operate from include; public and private schools, universities and their counseling centres, correctional institutions, corporate and industrial setting, private settings, early childhood centres, kindergartens and daycare centres as well as in various government set ups. However, the main settings we might find them are in hospital and medical care settings, so that they work in tandem with other professionals in a multi-discipline environment.

Speech pathologists are very much aware of the responsibility they have to their clients and society. This includes a wide variety of people from different backgrounds, sharing differing beliefs and holding onto different values. Students, focus groups, patients, family and friends as well as total strangers form this cleint base. This necessitates the need for a code of conduct and ethics which they are to use in order for their respective interests to be protected.

Should there be a violation of such ethics and professional standards, an effort at informal resolution should be made. If this is not possible, the violations should be reported to appropriate boards of ethics and tentative action followed. Failure to report any violation constitutes a violation itself in addition to endangering the execution of speech therapy by undermining its integrity in professionalism. Examples of ethical dilemmas that may face a speech pathologist working for example in the field of palliative care include: the decision whether or not oral intake should be replaced with enteric feeding as exemplified by Kinlaw (2005). Another dilemma would be making the deciding on a speech pathology intervention strategy when the person with palliative needs and their spouses, family and friends have contrasting wishes regarding treatment according to Tulsky (2005) ‘s example. Also, deciding if speech pathology and therapy is appropriate if clients administered with temporary care can be invited to participate in research activities/processes as shown by Riley & Ross (2005.

Historical practices and current trends.Historically, speech pathology as a profession and practice is traceable to the early Mesopotamian and Sumerian ages, but on a strictly scientific basis, it traces its roots to the 18th century works of men like Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin Rush and Jean Jacques Rousseau. These scientists might not have known it at the time, but the analysis of apoplexy – as stroke was known then and effects of paralysis on child socialization formed the most concrete foundation for speech pathology. These gave way to the early 20th century works of Samule Potter, Edward Wheeler and Sara Stinchfield., the first person in America to receive a PhD in speech pathology.

Early practice by these pioneers involved more of practice driven approaches to remedying speech and communication disorders, using sound bombardment, sound imitation and sequencing. This demonstrated a bias towards sound articulation rather than striking a balance between sound and motor skills, as is shown by Sinchfield-Hawk in 1938. However, more modern methods of assisting those suffering from these deficits were forwarded much later in the likes of Manolson’s(1992) social attunement principles, Bruner’s (1997) social reciprocity theory as well as Pound et al(2000) s’ work on aphasia.

Conclusion.It is evident how debilitating the lack of a good ability to communicate is to the human being, him being a social creature with high intelligence. Speech pathology has been with us for a very long time, during which is has evolved from hepatoscopy – the inspection of patient’s livers for signs of demonic traits in the ancient times, to an thoroughly systematic and documented scientific profession that seeks to restore one of man’s core needs, that of effective and efficient communication. In trying to research on the same, we have come across a good range of language and speech disorder examples and how they are generally managed, peeked into how best to avoid the occurrence of these serious conditions as well as raised a few ethical issues that an average practitioner might encounter. Finally, we had a short look at the history of speech pathology, historical practice and current trends. It is hoped that this research paper will leave a firm grasp of what speech pathology entails, as well as a general description and perspective in the practice, its challenges, competence and all issues relating to its practice.

References. Ball, M., & Damico, J. (2007). Clinical considerations. Clinical Aphasiology: Future Directions (p. 275). London: Routledge.

Byung, S., Duchan, J., & Pound, C. (2013). The Aphasia Therapy File, Volume 2. New Jersey: Psychology Press.

Irwin, D. (2007). Professionalism. Ethics for Speech-language Pathologists and Audiologists: An Illustrative Casebook (p. 156). Oklahoma: Cengage Learning.

Vinson, B. (2001). Counseling. Essentials for Speech-language Pathologists (p. 47). Miami: Cengage Learning.

Helm-Estabrooks, N. & Holland, A. L. (1998). The power of one: Every aphasia treatment case is a case study. In: N. Helm-Estabrooks and A. L. Holland (Eds). Approaches to the Treatment of Aphasia. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group.  http://isbndb.com/d/book/approaches_to_treatment_of_aphasia/prices.html?t=1303754416

Cooper, P., & Stein, A. (2013). Mangament of infant feeding. Childhood Feeding Problems and Adolescent Eating Disorders (p. 1984). Massachussets: Routledge.

Beech, J., Harding, L., & Hilton-Johns, D. (1993). Assessments in Speech and Language Therapy NFER Assessment Library Routledge-NFER assessment library. Reading: CUP Archive.

Shippley, K., & McAfee, J. (2009). Assessment in Speech-language Pathology: A Resource Manual. London: Cengage Learning.

Murdoch, B. (2009). Speech and Language Disorders Associated with Subcortical Pathology. Melbourne: John Wiley & Sons.

Stinchfield-Hawk, S. (1950). Speech therapy for the physically handicapped. Boston: Stanford University Press.

Learning Diary

Learning Diary

Skills for business

Tutor: Keeshon

HOCHUN/WONG (Henry)

CEG08109970

2407 words

This learning diary is presented by a student who studying undergraduate Foundation Program in on campus London and therefore preparing for university. It is an essay show of what the student has learned in the completed sections of his or her undergraduate course. The preparation for the learning diary is for purpose of reflection can help the student to assess and assess his or her experience throughout the course. The framework of introspective diary is periodic, which helps to review students’ learning habits repeatedly. The objective of this learning diary is to understand what has been learned in the last two terms and the areas the student should focus on to improve his or her learning experiences before graduating from oncampus London. A diary helps in learning from the past through things that were either done correctly or wrongly and carefully planning. Therefore, this reflective diary is a description of the presentation, the CSR essay and the exams.

Section 1

Presentation Skills (Marketing Mix Presentation)

Description and Feelings

The presentation that was focusing on the marketing mix with the example of Cathay Pacific Airways business class section. The presentation was excellent, and feel high level of confidence from the presenter. The details of the presentation required that the student should research the marketing mix on a specific company and specific item or service of interest. It meant carrying out secondary research analysis on the information provided on Cathay Pacific Airways that help in the development of the presentation. The main challenge experienced in the research was getting the information related to Cathay Pacific Airway’s marketing mix. But, the available content is straightforward and contains a description of the company’s marketing mix. During the presentation process, curiosity and the desire to find new information about the company are part of the experience This process is very important for developing English learning skills and knowledge. The long process of conducting research and creating presentation slide is feel boring. Opposite to the expectation is the fact that the presentation was not similar to that of a company creating a new product or service. Therefore, it helped in the development of the feeling that the research was easier than expected.

Reflection (Evaluation and Analysis)

The presentation on the marketing mix clearly presented its four main features, the history of the company and what the company is doing. It is the part of the presentation that was Very good, so I have more deep understanding of the company. A significant limitation of this presentation is that it does summarize bad time control as an aspect of the marketing mix. This shows that the research was only conducted on some small and important side of the company. Missing such important details leads to insufficient conclusions on the subject under study. During the research, paying close attention to those sides which related to the company’s core values is a major strength. Additionally, the primary research conducted with a questionnaire was part of the marketing mix presentation. A significant disadvantage of the presentation is the lack of a detailed description of the company’s marketing mix. Each side of the marketing mix is presented briefly without a description. However, the overall experience in the process of conducting the research and presentation have a major impact on knowledge development throughout the course. The acquired research-based knowledge will be applied in conducting research-based projects. Additionally, because the company is one of the leading air transportation providers across the world, it has acquired a lot of knowledge about the company.

An example of poor performance is the overlap between the questionnaire and the Secondary research. It does not clearly distinguish between the results of the questionnaire survey and secondary research. The presentation also fail to provide a detailed explanation of the findings of the research methods. In presenting a research report on the findings, it is important to give a clear guideline that gives the reader an opportunity for easy analysis (Pennington 2013, p. 97). Relevant titles and subtitles must be used to distinguish the content of each research method. In order to improve this, review how to use various methods and methods to display the research results. Additionally, comments on existing literature that can guide research and skills development help keep reports relevant. Also, more research will be conducted on the best presentation skills that will aid in developing better presentation. Therefore, the entire research project and presentation will help in generating useful experience for future study in the university. It will be a great help in the process of undertaking university studies that mainly entails conducting research projects and essay. Although there still some mistakes in the presentation, but the outlined improvements will still improve the quality of future research project presentations.

Section 2

Argumentation and Academic Essay Writing (CSR Essay)

Description and Feelings

CSR essay is kind of a research project base on example of multiple companies. The theme of this article is “Corporate Social Responsibility” and is used by different leading companies. During the given period, it is also written using the required number of words. Therefore, to reach the required level of the paper, it needs to be highly valued. The main challenge encountered in the process of conducting research is the lack of understanding of the concept of corporate social responsibility and related concepts. Therefore, it increases the need for more research to promote a more general understanding of CSR issues. However, the existing literature provides a simple understanding of the concept. With the development and enhancement of subject knowledge, the process is also full of satisfaction. The most flattering aspect of writing this article is its contribution to subject knowledge. It also applies simple and understandable concepts. The most incredible thing about writing this article is the frustrating process of citing CSR strategies of different companies. Regarding the development of the paper, it is expected that the paper does not have to follow any type of format. Contrary to expectations, the paper follows a specific format. Curious to learn more about the format of the paper.

Reflection (Evaluation and Analysis)

This article contains corporate social responsibility reports for such as company as Virgin Atlantic, Starbucks, McDonald’s, Disney-Mickey Mouse and Friends book. Presenting images related to the organization’s CSR issues is considered excellent. However, this article does not provide detailed information on how these companies implement their CSR and their effectiveness. This article is considered very brief and provides limited information on the subject. The advantage of essay writing is absolute understanding of the topic. After conducting research to collect knowledge on the topic of CSR, the information obtained is very useful for the development of CSR by the relevant organizations. The disadvantage is that the scope of the requirements of this article is limited, and it is impossible to describe the CSR strategies of related companies in depth. The process of researching and identifying CSR issues related to the different companies being studied is both exhausting and time-consuming. This means opening the official websites of these organizations to get first-hand information about CSR issues. Although the website provides CSR information for the organization, the information is usually short and does not provide a detailed view of the entire topic. The examples of issues related to corporate social responsibility presented in the paper are wrong and disrupt the necessary development and structure of the paper. After introducing the corporate social responsibility of these companies, these examples should appear at the end of this article.

The general structure of the essay was unorganized evident in the presentation of images without giving a relevant explanation. Thus, it fails to direct the reader into what the essay presents about the topic. Essay writing involves following a predetermined structure that helps in the analysis and evaluation (Kılıç, Genç and Bada 2016, p. 108). Thus, a good presentation of an essay implies a good organization in the structure and development of the ideas being addressed. In the presentation of an essay that gives an overview of the topic, images are suitable, but it does enable the writer to gain a good understanding of the topic. Therefore, the use of images should be accompanied by relevant explanations that provide the reader with an in-depth understanding of the topic. To achieve significant improvements in what was not done well entails numerous tasks ranging from conducting online research and the use of library materials that guide on essay writing and presentation. Additionally, the search for information using relevant websites such as Harvard business reviews and official news websites is significant in acquiring information on issues related to well-known companies across the globe. It is also necessary to focus on the areas that were conducted well and focus on ways for further improvement. It entails conducting more research on the company’s most recent images related to their CSR issues and strategies. The overall experience acquired in the process of researching and writing this essay is fundamental in conducting more essays, both in the undergraduate and postgraduate studies. The technique of presenting while giving relevant and detailed information is a basic technique that helps in writing most course-work activities.

Section 3

Exam Preparation and Exam Taking Skills

Description and Feelings

Was carefully prepare before all the exam take place in the center or online. Most students feel worried and scared about the exam coming up and the process of exam preparation. However, the completion of the exams outstanding a feeling of contentment for having prepared well for the exams. It is a little difficult to solve the problem based on the calculation of statistical data. However, the theoretical part of these issues is straightforward and self-explanatory. Understanding the requirements of the question is a key element to find out the correct answer. The most likable thing about preparing and handling exams is that it brings more knowledge and understanding than you learn from a tutor. And the most unlikable thing is you only have limited preparation time. Therefore, it is important to review everything which might content inside the exam paper carefully. The exams came out contrary to the expectations of being difficult to answer, and turned out simple and hence resulting in profound happiness

Reflection (Evaluation and Analysis)

Explanations and descriptions are considered as most important part of excellent performance of the exam. Fully prepare the model of the learning content in the course, which helps to achieve excellent results on theoretical issues. However, I think that the skills of using special formulas to calculate are poor. Personal power to learn and master theoretical concepts helps to perform well on statements-based problems. However, poor skills to understand and master technical statements, especially those related to calculations, resulting in very poor test results in this section. The process of preparing and conducting an exam is very useful because it requires us careful personal learning and analysis, which helps to collect important knowledge from what we learn from tutor. This experience also challenges people to conduct more personal research and broaden the areas they rarely understand. Individual studies provided a self-efficient framework that can accommodate the required learning opportunities and plan (Yeager et al 2014, p. 559). This also reduces the tendency to rely on the course tutor to provide all the answers needed for student questions. Also, forming discussion groups, whether they are physical groups or online groups, can help improve exam and learning performance by sharing knowledge and exchanging ideas of what we learn from oncampus as some time teacher might provide information of the exam which we did not fully understand.

It is possible to enhance the understanding of different models by conducting more research and developing research questions, thereby further improving outstanding performance such as theoretical issues. By reviewing the content of classroom teaching, learning and performance skills can be improved. Exam preparation and the overall learning experience of the exam help to predict the future needs of the course work. It gives the impression that in order to complete the good grades of the course, more individual learning is needed. Sometimes, students think that the details provided by some classrooms are not worth modifying because they seem to be irrelevant to the course requirements. This is wrong because all aspects of the course are likely to be tested in the exam. It is also important to pay attention to the details provided by the tutor. These details may be small and will help the overall performance of the exam. Worried about failing the exam, people have to study harder in order to be fully prepared to solve the exam problems. This experience will help future university studies, because more time will be allocated to individual studies, which greatly contributes to the scores during the exam. Students are always encouraged to use library materials and online content on research topics. It can not only make people have enough understanding of the subject, but also improve the overall academic performance. In addition, exam preparation techniques such as commenting and developing content summaries are important for knowledge development in future learning.

In summary, reflective writing requires reflection based on the results of the process and the evaluation process. Reflective learning is essential because it provides directions for learning experiences and areas that require significant improvement. Some people say, “Experience is the best teacher,” and individuals will learn from past experience. These experiences can help them pay more attention on the right and wrong, and adjust on this base. This reflective dairy product provides a fair and impartial assessment of the assessment conducted this semester. Therefore, it outlines the achievements and failures encountered during the learning and examination process.

Reference List

Kılıç, M., Genç, B. and Bada, E., 2016, Topical structure in argumentative essays of EFL learners and implications for writing classes. Dell ve Dilbilimi Çalışmaları Dergisi, 12(2), pp.107-116.

Pennington, M.C., 2013. Electronic media in second language writing: An overview of tools and research findings. In New perspectives on CALL for second language classrooms (pp. 81-104). Routledge.

Yeager, D.S., Henderson, M.D., Paunesku, D., Walton, G.M., D’Mello, S., Spitzer, B.J. and Duckworth, A.L., 2014. Boring but important: A self-transcendent purpose for learning fosters academic self-regulation. Journal of personality and social psychology, 107(4), p.559.

LYNDA I OKEKE BENJAMIN

April 11, 2021

Atlanta Georgia.

Dear Recruiter, Please accept my enthusiastic application for the available nursing position in your facility. I am an ambitious Registered Nurse who delivers patient care with compassion, ensures patient dignity, handles conflict efficiently, and demonstrates sound decision-making while working under high pressure. I have extensive knowledge of nursing research and infection control standards, as well as a passion for learning and growing professionally within a dynamic healthcare environment like the one your facility offers.

As a professional Nephrology Nurse with years of nursing experience, I have extensive experience providing patients with dialysis care services. I am skilled in measuring and recording statistics, performing patient observations, setting up machinery, and other duties that ensure the compassionate, high-quality delivery of outpatient dialysis services. I have worked with a variety of patient conditions and different vascular accesses. I have a strong understanding of the abilities and interests of patients in the chronic renal environment.

Over the course of my clinical experience working in an intensive care unit has allowed me to further hone my ability to efficiently navigate a fast-paced environment. Through my dedication to positive patient outcomes, I have delivered successful results in a range of care objectives, and maintained both personal and professional integrity. I am confident that my detailed-oriented approach, my work ethic, and my interpersonal communication skills would make me a strong asset to your healthcare team.

I have enclosed my resume, and anticipate hearing from you. Thank you so much for your time and consideration.Sincerely,

Lynda Okeke Benjamin RN

Phone: (404)200-2524

Email: atoznonnies@gmail.comLYNDA I OKEKE BENJAMIN2540129210025401292100

7051 Hillcrest Chase Lane | Austell, GA 30168 | (404)200-2524 | e: atoznonnies@gmail.com

RESUME OBJECTIVE

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As a registered Nurse with knowledge, experience, and enthusiasm, my primary goal is to apply strong organizational and clinical skills in delivering care that surpasses expectations. I pursue excellent results while building trust and credibility with managers and colleagues. My aim is to obtain a position as Registered Nurse so that I can further develop my nursing abilities, and in so doing, ensure organization growth and high performance.

EDUCATION

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Halifax Health, Intensive Care Unit – Daytona, FL

Preceptorship (180 clinical hours)

June 10, 2019 – September 2019

Anderson University – Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Jan 2020 – May 2021

Keiser University – Associate of Science in Nursing

May 2017 – December 2019

Metro Medical Institute Atlanta – Diploma in Renal Dialysis Technology (CCHT, BONET)

December 2, 2013 – August 23, 2014

Covenant CNA School – Diploma in Certified Nursing Assistant Patient Care Program (CNA)

Georgia Health Partnership

April 23, 2013 – December 20, 2013

Cobb Medical Institute – Current CPR, First AID and BLS (Basic Life Support) Certification

American Heart Association

March 23rd 2016

University of Nigeria, Enugu – Bachelor of Science in Economics & Psychology (Second Class Upper, 2:1)

September 2007 – August 2011

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EMPLOYMENT HISTORY

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DaVita Dialysis Jan 18th, 2019 – Present

Float Charge Nurse/ Registered Nurse II

Cobb District ( Austell, Douglasville, Smyrna )

Full-Time

Manages the clinical unit activities in the Dialysis Center in order to provide quality patient care.

Assures quality patient care. Utilizes established quality care indicators as basis for identification of opportunities to improve care.

Assess patient needs, respond to dialysis treatments, and communicate concerns to rounding physician. Implement changes in patient care/treatment as directed.

Directs Patient Care Technician’s provision of safe and effective delivery of acute and chronic hemodialysis therapy to patients in compliance with standards outlined in the facility policy procedure manuals, as well as regulations set forth by the corporation, state, and federal agencies.

Delegates tasks to all direct patient care staff including but not limited to LVN/LPNs, Patient Care Technicians, and Dialysis Assistants.

Routinely monitors patient care staff for appropriate techniques and adherence to facility’s policy and procedures.

Anchor

Hospital Feb 2nd, 2020 – Present

Floor Nurse/ Registered Nurse II

PRN

•Performs ongoing, systematic collection and analysis of patient data pre – during – post treatment for assigned patients and documents in the patient medical record, adjusts or modifies the treatment plan as indicated and notifies inpatient program manager, appropriately credentialed physician, patient’s primary nurse and others as may be indicated

•Assess patient needs in line with their response to mental health treatments, alongside communicating concerns to rounding physician. Implement changes in patient care/treatment as directed and necessary.

•Performs the implementation, administration, monitoring, and documentation of patient’s response to prescribed psychotropic medications, including appropriate notification of adverse reactions to physician and appropriate blood supplier.

Ross Memorial Hospital 2nd Feb. 2019 – Jan 2nd 2021

Nursing Supervisor (PRN)

Long term care/Rehab

Kennesaw GA

Responsible for managing staff, overseeing patient care and ensuring adherence to established policies and procedures.

Providing hands-on care to patients, but primarily oversees the patient care provided by shift nurses.

Cared for the needs of the elderly patients.

Ensures that the care the nurses provide to their patients is appropriate and comprehensive, and that staff-patient interactions are handled the right way.

Helped to recruit and train new personnel.

Provided medical care, speech and occupational therapy.

Managed more than twelve LPN and approximately fifteen CNA’s under my shift care.

DaVita Dialysis Sept 19, 2012 – September 2017

FLOAT Patient Care Technician (CCHT, BONENT)

Cobb District, Duluth District, Hall County District, Volusia County, Seminole County

Performed duties of a Dialysis Patient Care Technician, including dialyzer reprocessing, equipment maintenance and repair, water treatment monitoring, participation in quality improvement, vascular access monitoring, and direct patient care.

Performed roles of a Hemodialysis Technician, providing direct primary care for patients undergoing dialysis treatments.

Worked closely with, and under the direct supervision of, Registered Nurses as a cooperative member of the patient care team.

Performed, document, and oversee repair and maintenance activities on water treatment equipment, dialysis equipment, ancillary equipment, test equipment, and the physical plant for assigned areas/facilities, as recommended by the manufacturer and in compliance with DaVita Clinical/Technical Services policies and procedures, industry standards and local, state and federal regulatory requirements.

MEMBERSHIPS

12701254001270125400

Honor’s society of Nursing , 2021

Vascular Access Manager, 2017 till date (DaVita, Inc.)

Chronic Dialysis Preceptor, 2016 till date (DaVita, Inc.)

Infection Control Manager, 2016 (DaVita Dialysis Clinic)

HONORS AND ACTIVITIES

12701254001270125400

Alpha Alpha Pi Sigma Chapter Honor Student 2021

Dean’s List, Keiser University 2018

Water Log Champion 2015

Best Talented Student 2006

Similarities and differences between Rand six step model and Leppitt seven step model

CHANGE MANAGEMENT

Name:

Institutional affiliation:

Date:

Similarities and differences between Rand’s six step model and Leppitt’s seven step model

The first similarity between these two models of change management is their treatment of urgency. Rand’s model emphasizes the need for urgency in step one by pointing out the need to act in the present while Leppitt’s model does the same in step three. Herein, Leppitt poses the question of when the right time to act is stimulating the parties involved to think in terms of urgency (Kearney-Nunnery, 2012). In addition, both models insist on research into the problem area that has necessitated change with a view to identifying the problem areas. This is an important step as outlined in step two of both Rand and Leppitt’s model. Finally, from a similarities perspective, both models call for follow up action after change is initiated to make sure the process was successful.

Differences between Rand’s six-step model and Leppitt’s seven-step model start of in the number of steps each model recommends for effective change to occur. Rand uses six steps while Leppitt uses seven. In addition, change through Leppitt’s model takes more time to work as compared to that effected through Rand’s model. This is mainly caused by the fact that Leppitt’s model works only for organizations whose workers are ready for change (Cameron & Green, 2012). The most crucial difference between these models is their application in terms of organizational structure. Rand’s six-step model is fairly straightforward and does not depend on the nature of the organization executing change. On the other hand, Leppitt’s model is more elaborate and effects more structures within the organization during execution.

Organizations that suffer from the complexities of complexity in their structure and operation would benefit more from Leppitt’s seven-step model as it outlines in detail the best approach to managing change in organizations. Those that are small and simpler in terms of organizational structure should settle for Rand’s model. In addition, and depending on the exact objectives of change, Leppitt’s model provides a better opportunity at success in adopting change in instances where resources management and timeliness of the process of change are critical. This is best exemplified in buy-offs and mergers. Vision statements and strategic plans

Vision statements provide the organization with a bearing on which to concentrate all organizational resources and effort in order to succeed. Varma et al. (2008) states “that the organization’s vision statement needs to be aligned with its strategic plans so that the two guide all a firm’s efforts towards achieving success” (pg. 47). However, some organizations are not prudent in lining up both vision statement and strategic plans leading in discrepancies between the organization’s actual achievement and its original targets.

The first way this can be avoided is using performance reviews. As part of performance management processes, these procedures seek to analyze the position of an organization’s performance in relation to that set out in its strategic or annual plans. In case of any problems, remedial action is adopted. The same can be applied to this sensitive issue of strategic goals and vision statements. Midway into the organization’s operational period, an analysis of its achievements and trends and subsequent comparison of the same with its vision statement could identify any issues. Afterward, remedial action could be designed and applied to the cases in point.

Secondly, since the vision statements form the main guideline for the organization’s workers towards success, the same could be extrapolated for use in optimizing the organization’s strategic plans. Most vision statements rely on mobilizing the organization’s workers to use its resources to achieve certain objectives meaning that with enough incentives, this could easily be married into the organization’s strategic plan for both short and long-run planning purposes.

References

Cameron, E., & Green, M. (2012). The underpinning theory. In Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change (p. 125 ). London: Kogan Page.

Kearney-Nunnery, R. (2012). Critical abilities in Professionalism. In Advancing Your Career: Concepts of Professional Nursing (p. 125). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.

Varma, A., Budhwar, P. S., & DeNisi, A. S. (2008). Motivation and performance management. In Performance management systems: A global perspective (p. 47). Abingdon [England: Routledge.

No other figure in history has played a bigger part in opening the West to Buddhism than the eminent Zen author, D.T. Suzuki

Zen

No other figure in history has played a bigger part in opening the West to Buddhism than the eminent Zen author, D.T. Suzuki. One of the world’s leading authorities on Zen Buddhism, Suzuki authored more than a hundred popular and scholarly works on the subject. A brilliant and intuitive scholar, Dr. Suzuki communicated his insights in a lucid and energetic fashion.

Diasetz Teitaro Suzuki was born in Japan in 1870, received his philosophical training as a Buddhist disciple at the great Zen monastery at Kamakura, and was a distinguished professor of Buddhist philosophy at Otani University, in Kyoto, Japan. Dr. Suzuki dedicated his life to the study of Zen Buddhism and to the interpretation and effective communication of its philosophy and concepts to the Western reader. He passed away in 1966.

In An Introduction to Zen Buddhism, one of his most popular and respected works, Suzuki explains concepts and terminology such as satori, zazen, and koans, as well as the various elements of this philosophy. But while Mr. Suzuki takes nothing for granted concerning the reader’s understanding of the fundamentals, he does not give a merely rudimentary overview. All of his insights, particularly regarding the elements of the unconscious mind and the relation of Zen philosophy to traditional Western philosophy, go far beyond other philosophical and religious sources for their penetrating clarity and timeless wisdom.

What is most important about D.T. Suzuki’s work, however—and what comes across so powerfully in this book, is his unparalleled ability to communicate the experiential aspect of Zen. The intensity here with which Zen philosophy comes to life is without parallel in the entire canon of Buddhist literature. Suzuki stands apart from all other Zen Buddhist teachers and writers before or since mainly because of his exceptional ability to eloquently capture in words the seemingly inexpressible essence of Zen. Where so many other men have failed, he has succeeded, and succeeded brilliantly. Suzuki was a master at teaching by example and anecdote, and this book is a good example of that technique.

As he describes so well in An Introduction to Zen Buddhism, Suzuki’s own realization of who he really was, his grasping of the fundamental principle of existence, came when he was only twenty-six years old. He had been studying Zen for some years but without much success, and was increasingly demoralized by his failure to reach the enlightenment he so fervently sought. Then, in 1896, he was selected by his renowned teacher, Soyen Shaku, to go to North America to help translate the classic text, the Tao Te Ching, into English. (Suzuki 54)

The pressure of his imminent departure turned out to be what was needed. Suzuki realized that the Zen retreat scheduled for just before he was due to leave Japan might be his very last opportunity, in the immediate future at least, of solving the koan he was working on. Determined to solve the puzzle, he redoubled his efforts and threw all his energies into one final attempt to reach an understanding of the concept that had thus far eluded him.

Up until then he had been conscious of the koan in his mind. But to be conscious of Mu is to be separate from it. Towards the end of his stay at the Zen retreat, on about the fifth day, he ceased to be conscious of Mu and understood that he was one with Mu, and identified with Mu, so that there was no longer the separateness implied by being conscious of Mu.

Suzuki explains in the book that this was samadhi, but that samadhi is not enough. One must come out of that state, be awakened from it, and that awakening is wisdom. That moment of coming out of the samadhi and seeing it for what it is—that is satori. He relates that his first thought as he was awakened from that state of deep samadhi by the sound of a small hand bell being struck, was that he finally understood the concept at long last.

Suzuki teaches in An Introduction to Zen Buddhism, that when penetrating deep down into the center of one’s own being one finds a nameless transparency, an awake space filled by all the world, from one’s own thoughts and feelings and body to all of the stars in the heavens. This still, spacious nothingness is the heart of everyone’s being. Thus to find this nothingness is to see that one is fundamentally united with all beings. At root there is only one—the One. (Suzuki 96)

Furthermore, to the Zen Buddhist, awakening to the One is primarily a matter of actual seeing, of bare attention, rather than intellectual understanding—vital as understanding is. This seeing is not yet another state of mind that comes and goes. It is awake No-mind, the foundational ground of being that underlies everything and is the source of all states of mind, including samadhi. The contents of mind come and go in No-mind.

But what Mr. Suzuki strives to make very clear in his book is that seeing who you really are does not mean that you now know what everyone is thinking, or what is going to happen next year. You don’t necessarily develop any special intellectual powers, which can be both confusing and a distraction. Realization is in fact simpler and more available than this. What is given in the present moment, given not to a separate person but arising within the edgeless space of awareness, is seen and understood by a Zen Buddhist to be enough for that particular moment. (Suzuki 145)

But Suzuki cautions that one glimpse of one’s true nature is not enough. We need to stabilize awareness. In other words, we need to continue attending to who we really are, for our nature is already and always stable. Awakening more deeply to our fundamental steadiness, we realize we have never really been rooted in any other place at all. Deepening this awareness involves all of our energies, yet at the same time it is simply being natural.

Growing into adulthood, we became profoundly identified with our self-image. The discovery that this image is not our fundamental nature takes time to get used to. But this is in fact a letting go rather than an accumulation of more information. We come to realize, again and again, that there is at root nothing to achieve, nowhere to go, nothing to be. We are reminded instead by Suzuki that in Zen, each individual is an absolute entity, and as such that person is related to all other individuals; and that this nexus of infinite interrelationships between everyone and everything is made possible in the realm of Emptiness because they all find they are existing there as individual realities. (Suzuki 151)

Also, as we keep reawakening to our ‘Original Face’, as Zen puts it, which is present in the very midst of our busy lives, we discover that this is a natural and effective way of living. Though we discover there is nothing to do at center, and no one there to do it, we find to our amazement that plenty of activity is issuing forth from this inactivity, this stillness, this absence.

Suzuki, in his concise and assuring style, convinces us through a number of insightful examples, that gradually, each in our own way, we can discover that living from the Source, which often feels like living from Not-knowing, has an uncanny wisdom about it. It can be trusted. Others have experienced this revelation, and so can we.

One interesting highlight of An Introduction to Zen Buddhism, is when Suzuki relates that his lay Buddhist name, ‘Daisetsu’, means ‘Great Simplicity’. In later years, however, Suzuki joked that it really meant ‘Great Stupidity’. But this isn’t only a joke, it has a deeper and more profound meaning as well. It is similar to the idea of the holy fool.

It is what the English philosopher Douglas Harding calls ‘alert idiocy’. To grasp the fundamental principle of existence one must ultimately recognize and understand that deep down one knows nothing, yet paradoxically this nothingness is in fact the infinitely wise, loving, and dynamic source of all things.

D.T. Suzuki lived to the ripe old age of 96. He was well-known for his dedicated industriousness, right up to the end of his life, and for his deep-rooted warmth and optimism. One of his favorite teachings was to remember what a frail thing life was, and this being so, to consider everyday of your life your last and dedicate it to the fulfillment of your obligations. Never let the thought of a long life seize upon you, for then you are apt to indulge in all kinds of dissipation, and end your days in dire disgrace.

Having read Mr. Suzuki’s book I have the highest regard for his intellect and his warm humanity, which come through on every page. While trying to read and understand all that he is saying is difficult for someone unfamiliar with Zen Buddhism, the progress I made while reading his words was amazing to me. He has taken an intricate subject and somehow made it decipherable and understandable to anyone who is willing to devote some time and concentration to the task. The man was a gifted communicator indeed.

As a religious philosopher he stands second to none in the Twentieth Century, and has left behind a fine legacy of work for future generations to read and contemplate.

Bibliography:

Source:

Suzuki, D.T. An Introduction to Zen Buddhism. Los Angeles: Grove Press, 1991.

Van Goghs Starry Night, Vincent Van Gogh and his Starry Night

Van Gogh’s Starry Night, Vincent Van Gogh and his “Starry Night”

A world-famous Dutch painter Vincent Van Gogh created various wonderful paintings that are extremely precious and well-known today. That is why it is difficult to believe that he was a poor, unknown painter, and his contemporaries didn’t really like his works. Only after Van Gogh’s death did his paintings get the recognition and appreciation by artists and specialists that they deserve. He has been called one of the best painters of all the times and a true genuine. In 1889, Van Gogh painted The Starry Night, oil on canvas, which is considered his most famous painting and one of the most significant art masterpieces of the 19th century.

Painting has always been the reflection of a painter’s vision, his own style and skills; all these factors were influenced by the epoch, events, country’s traditions and an environment in which an artist created his masterpieces. Vincent Van Gogh’s life was not long: he committed suicide at the age of 47, though he managed to depict truly unforgettable images in his paintings. He left school at the age of fifteen, to pursue his dream of being an artist. In 1869, he got a position at the art dealers, Goupil and Co. in The Hague, through his uncle, and worked with them until he was dismissed from the London office in 1873. He worked as a schoolmaster in England (1876), before training for the ministry at Amsterdam University (1877). After he failed to get a post in the Church, he went to live as an independent missionary among the Borinage miners. He then traveled to Paris (1886) and lived with his brother, Theo. (Artchive, 1). Van Gogh received some training from his cousin, but he was mostly a self-taught artist.

For about ten years Van Gogh created numerous paintings, however he sold only one picture during his lifetime. So, it’s no wonder that he suffered a lot of hardships, including psychological problems. As a result, he voluntarily went into to a mental hospital, where he lived almost until his death in and where he created one of his best works – The Starry Night. There was no patron for this work of art, however he did paint a similar one for Emile Bernard, in 1888. Even though Van Gogh only worked as an artist for 10 years, he managed to paint more than 600 paintings and 1000 drawings (Crispino, 2001). He was a strange person, with unusual behaviour and loneliness, but he was a great artist, a person who could love and reveal this love for people in his paintings. He broke off from the traditional romanticism and religious ideas’, and turned to the depiction of various natural elements in an unusual manner.

Van Gogh scarcely thought of his Starry Night as an exceptional painting, but critics and artists consider it to be one of his most significant works. He later wrote, ‘exaggerations in terms of composition’ with lines ‘warped as in old woodcuts’. Van Gogh was referring to the somewhat primitive, coarse illustrations in the household edition of the works of Dickens rather than to the carefully executed wood engravings in contemporary magazines (Artchive 2). The Starry Night has been the basis for poems, fiction and even for the famous song “Starry, Starry Night” by Don McLean. In one part, the song describes it as: “Colors changing hue, morning field of amber grain, Weathered faces lined in pain, Are soothed beneath the artist’s loving hand”. In fact, astronomers evaluated this picture and found out that it greatly resembled the real sky, in addition, they were able to define that The Starry Night was created in the town Auvers-sur-Oise (France). They were also able to reveal the exact date when Van Gogh painted it – June 16, 1889, after 7 p.m. For modern specialists it is still a mystery how Van Gogh was able to show whirling cosmic energy in the night sky so many years ago, when nothing was really known about this energy. He was able to uncover what was hidden deep in the universe, which is one reason why this picture is so treasured.

The Starry Night was created in a complex period of Van Gogh’s life, and he wrote very little about it to his brother. However, it is known that he long dreamt of creating such a picture, depicting a bright night with a whirling sky and beautiful stars. During the painting, the actions and behaviour of Van Gogh were severe and eccentric, therefore, the emotional power of this picture is greater than his other paintings (Kendall, 1998). The Starry Night in particular was an attempt by Van Gogh to create a masterpiece on a par with the very stylized work of Gauguin and Bernard. He was more determined than ever to prove himself the equal of his fellow artists, and he did. The picture has caused many debates over the years. Some specialists point at the existence of eleven stars in the picture, although this point is usually contradicted by others, it possesses some truth. It is possible that while creating The Starry Night, Van Gogh applied the story of Joseph (Old Testament), this can be seen after a careful observation of some parts of the composition (Kendall, 1998). Whatever the history of painting, it remains one of the best art works of Vincent Van Gogh. He captured the unique moments – the moments of beauty that combines a profound meaning and the artist’s vision of everything that occurred around him.

So, what are the peculiarities of Vincent Van Gogh’s painting that makes it different and outstanding from his other works? The first particular feature is the style of the painting – The Starry Night is the work of an artist’s imagination and that is why, contours of houses and stars are vague rather than clear. It is not just the depiction of the village at night. The shining sky full of sparkling stars looks so energetic and lively in comparison with a calm and lifeless village. The stars, the sky and the cypress (that is represented in the foreground) symbolize the transition from life to death, death being like a trip to the stars. It is, of course, a real night, but with imaginative elements – Van Gogh embodied his dreams, his understanding of life and death. Vincent Van Gogh thought that the imaginative features added special charm and mystery to his painting – in this way he was going to prove to himself that he was worth being called an artist. The mixture of graphic style and religious implications, it raises unusual associations and powerful emotions.

Another peculiar and important fact is that this picture was created from memory, in the asylum at Saint-Remy. Vincent preferred to paint his canvases in the fresh air (Pickvance, 1986). This fact can explain why the painting is penetrated with so much powerful emotional strength, unlike many other canvases of Van Gogh. The stars resemble fireworks, and against a background of the moving night, they seem alive, they seem to be vulnerable and passionate, making them extremely eye-catching. Such unique painting creates a beauty that is impossible to convey through concrete description, of a traditional portrayal of nature.

In the foreground of The Starry Night Van Gogh creates a village and hills that are done in the same colors as the sky that are violent, spiralling and revolving. The whole painting is characterised by the use of such whirling brushstrokes, which is why The Starry Night is so captivating. The painterly brush work contributes to the complexity of the composition. As a result, the whirling sky looks so powerful that the village and other elements of the painting appear to be less vivid, implying that nature controls everything.The Starry Night proves that brushstrokes and created elements hand in hand, and they should be regarded as an essential tool in handling the attitude of Vincent Van Gogh towards the environment. Using different technical and compositional methods, Van Gogh managed to reveal his attitude towards the universe. The Starry Night is a combination of bright and dark colors, this is done specifically by Van Gogh to point at black/dark sides of life; these colors are full of intensity and unusual richness (Jordan & Greenberg, 2001). In this painting Van Gogh managed to visually reflect the changes of good and bad, it is done so truthfully that everyone can feel them. The painter creates an unusual setting that is seen through small, almost invisible details. This painting is full of some deep emotions, contributing to the complexity of Van Gogh’s vision and thoughts. The severe lights of some parts are contrasted with tender, soft colours of the night, of the stars, and especially of the sky. In fact, some elements of The Starry Night are pictured in the most extreme forms, forms that do not exist in nature, but this reflects one’s perception of the environment. This picture unites both beauty and reality, and yet it also covers some mysterious elements and visions.

As shown in this essay, The Starry Night by Van Gogh really is one of the greatest masterpieces of all times. At the least, it is one of the most intriguing paintings I have ever seen. The history of its creation, its unique features and deep emotions is why this painting is so valuable today. Through magnificent artistic elements Van Gogh uncovers the deepest mechanisms of the environment; they allow not to speak openly, but instead to lift the veil of secrecy towards important natural beauties that people do not always see. In general, the whole composition reveals the unity of all components. Every element is closely connected with another, and if one was taken away, the unity of the picture would be destroyed.

Bibliography:

Works Cited

Crispino, E. Vincent van Gogh. Peter Bedrick Books, 2001.

Jordan, S. & Greenberg, J. Vincent Van Gogh. Delacorte Books, August 14, 2001.

Kendall, R. Van Gogh’s Van Goghs. Harry N. Abrams, October 1, 1998.

Pickvance, R. Van Gogh in Saint Remy and Auvers. Metropolitan Museum of Art. October 1986.

The Artchive. http://www.artchive.com/artchive/V/van_gogh/starry_night_text.jpg.html

United Flight 232

United Flight 232

Aircraft accidents are a tragic thing however many people may argue that all are avoidable. When considering that all are avoidable, one must always remember there is an element that is in all accidents, Humans. Humans are involved in every aspect of flight such as, design, maintenance and as mentioned earlier piloted by. As long as humans are in 100% control of an airplane there will be accidents. However, a good side to an accident is it is thoroughly investigated and researched by the NTSB. (National Transportation and Safety Board). From a majority of the accidents, something can benefit aviation in general such as re-design, increased/specialized training, or as in this situation, re-evaluating current limitations to a safer level.

The focus of my project is going to be on a particular accident that took place on July 19, 1989 when a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 (Ref fig 1) aircraft crashed in Sioux City, Iowa. Not only the accident and why it happened but to delve into the root cause of the accident, the failure of the number two engine and why it happened. This particular type of aircraft, at the time of the accident, had been in production for about 18 years. The United Airlines jet was bound for Chicago when the tail-mounted engine a GE CF6-50C (ref figure 4) failed and managed to escape the engine containment case and severed the aircrafts main hydraulic lines. Without hydraulics, the aircraft wouldn’t be able to maneuver and landing would be another difficult task. This meant trouble for United Airlines flight 232 with 285 passengers and 11 crew- members on board.

On July 19,1989 a United Airlines DC-10-10 passenger plane took off Stapleton International Airport in Denver Colorado. The plane was scheduled to make a quick stop in Chicago, Illinois and then continue on to Philadelphia, PA. After an uneventful hour of flight a loud thump was heard, followed by a violent shaking of the aircraft. The flight crew observed the tail-mounted engine was not operating. While performing an engine shutdown procedure, the crew noticed that the fuel lever wouldn’t move to the closed position. They also observed that the hydraulic fluid quantities were all at zero. When the co-pilot tried to maneuver airplane it confirmed the loss of fluid when the airplane did not respond to his commands. The crew then radioed to the air traffic controller that they needed emergency assistance to the nearest airport. Sioux City Iowa was found to be the almost straight-ahead so it was chosen. After the captain briefed the passengers of the up-coming trials, a United Airlines DC-10 pilot instructor asked if he could be of any assistance. The captain asked him to see if there was any damage that he could see. The instructor found that the flight controls on the wings weren’t moving and that the horizontal stabilizer had damage to the left and right side. The horizontal stabilizer is the part of the aircraft that controls elevation and what is known as yaw. (Right and left turning) Without hydraulics the crew was limited on how to control the aircraft so the instructor pilot recommended the use of engine power to maneuver the airplane. The idea appeared to work when tried and being that all other options were few, the crew adopted this plan of action.

When flight 232 was about eight miles from the airport they lowered the landing gear. To their dismay they learned from the air traffic controller that they were lined up on a runway that was closed for repairs. The captain elected to stay on course because of the difficulty to turn the airplane. The air traffic controller said that the runway was 3000 feet shorter but they shouldn’t have any trouble landing due to the repairs. During the final approach the flight crew felt they were on course to make the landing. However they were a little faster than normal, due to not being able to lower the proper flight controls known as the flaps and slats. These two controls allow the airplane to sustain lift and fly at a lower speed. At about a hundred feet above the ground, the pilot reported that the nose dipped considerably and the right wing dropped also. Both pilots called for a reduction of power but the instructor pilot said that he needed to continue using the engine power to try and control the decent.

The airplanes right wing tip was the first to touch the runway, followed by the right main landing gear. Eyewitness accounts said the airplane ignited and cart wheeled upon impact. Figure 1 shows the final resting places of the different aircraft parts. In all, 111 people died. Amazingly, the remaining 155 people escaped with recoverable injuries.

The National Transportation and Safety Board (NTSB) now needed to understand why the accident occurred. Since the tail section was the potential cause of the crash, they transported the tail section parts to a nearby hangar and began to reconstruction of the tail. Once the tail section was completed this puzzle was starting to piece together. The left side of the horizontal stabilizer showed no damage that could have cause the crash. (See figure 2-3) However, the right side was a different story. The right side of the stabilizer indicated that approximately seventy pieces of metal had pierced through the skin. When aircraft engines are designed, the design engineers know they must be able to contain a sizable failure. The CF6-50 has what is called a containment case. (Ref figure 4) Like its name, is designed to contain an engine during failure. However, the engine involved in the Sioux City crash exceeded its design capabilities. When the tail mounted engine failed, metal debris violated the containment case and destroyed the number two hydraulic system lines. Metal debris also extended into the aircraft skin and severed the number 1 and 3 hydraulic system lines. Remember, this aircraft has three independent hydraulic systems. In this case, all three systems were damaged.

An uncontained failure was not something that was new to the aviation industry in 1989. In fact, there have been 14 uncontained failures since 1970. That doesn’t say too much when the jet engine was first introduced into commercial aviation in the 1960’s. One of the uncontained failures happened on November 3, 1973. A DC-10, powered by GE CF6-6 engines, had an uncontained failure on one of the wing engines. The fan disk struck a cabin window and a passenger was ejected from the aircraft and the aircraft subsequently decompressed. The fan disk had only 274 flight hours which is remarkable low, since the recommended life on a GE CF6-6 fan disk is 18,000 flight hours. It to say the least, uncontained failures aren’t something new to the aviation industry.

The next phase of the investigation was now focused on why the engine failed. It was known that number two engine had failed but there was a problem. The investigation team couldn’t find the front section of the engine, particular the fan disk. (Ref fig 5) It wasn’t until three months later in a cornfield in Alta, Iowa, the fan disk was found. Reference figure 6 which shows the fan disk and the reconstructed blades attached. The NTSB had now narrowed there root cause to the Stage 1 fan disk. They new that this had cause the uncontained failure, buy why? After evaluation of the pieces of the fan disk, it appeared that a flaw was present in the titanium which was probably had been there since it was originally forged. First, it must be understood that there are three primary steps in manufacturing of titanium alloy fan disks, such as the one on the GE engine. The processes are material processing (making the material) forging (forming the material to a particular shape) and final machining (taking the part to specified measurements.) (Ref figure 7) Titanium alloys are known for their strength and light weight which makes them ideal for use in aircraft engines. However, during the forging process three major types of melt related abnormities occur: Hard Alpha inclusions, high density inclusions and segregation. After extension evaluation of the stage 1 fan disk it was determined that the disk had a “hard alpha inclusion” which in lamens terms is an area of the disk had an enriched are of nitrogen or oxygen. Hard Alpha inclusions have melting point significantly higher than the normal remaining structure does. To help prevent these kinds of inclusions, a process known as triple melt is done. The material is heated to a temperature much higher than required, usually three times to ensure all inclusions are gone. Obviously something went wrong in the forging process of the material of the fan disk. This area, if not corrected, will become very brittle. When a brittle area is continually placed in high pressure situations, will eventually crack or break apart, as did the fan disk in this crash. Typically, records of the manufacturing process are not detailed enough to tell investigators enough about how it happened. The records only record the serial number. When a records search was done at General Electric Aircraft Engines on the fan disk serial number, there was a problem.

The fan disk involved in the accident was listed as S/N MPO 000385. GE records showed two different stories for MPO000385. One of the serial numbers was shown as to have been rejected for abnormalities in the disk. A paper trail shows that the part was set aside and eventually sent to a third party for evaluation and was eventually discarded by GE in November of 1972. GE maintains that the disk was discarded however no record of a credit to GE from the original material vendor existed. The second serial number shows a completely serviceable disk and that is was installed on an engine in January 1972.

Regardless of how the faulty material managed to get passed GE, the Fan disk was subsequently tested at several shop visits by what is known as NDT or Non Destructive Testing. (Ref figure 8) When the engine comes in for heavy maintenance, all life limited parts are tested using a variant of NDT. NDT testing is very important because oftentimes defects are not visible with the naked eye and to make the defects cracks) visible, NDT is required. To better understand how cracks can propagate, you must first understand how the forces are exhibited on them. When disks are rotated at high speed, a centrifugal force produces a stress that results in a strain or growth of the disk. If stressed within in its elastic region, the disk material returns to its natural form when the stress is removed. If the stress was of a sufficient magnitude, a small portion of the tensile strength is lost and the material will eventually fatigue and a crack initiates, propagates, and ultimately burst.

There are many variants of NDT but a process that is known as Florescent Penatrant Inspection is commonly used on LLP’s. (Life limited Parts) The part is dispensed in a florescent fluid and then placed under a ultra-violet light. If a surface or sub surface crack exists, it would be visible. Much of the effort in NDT has gone towards identifying when and where cracks have developed in rotating hardware. In a jet engine, rotating parts are inspected at regular intervals. Another form of NDT crack detection is a process known as eddy current testing. Eddy current testing is a better (safer) process than FPI due to the fact that eddy current can protrude through the entire part unlike FPI which can only do the surface and sub-surface testing. The major drawback to eddy current testing is the testing equipment can only be for a specific or localized area unlike FPI, which doesn’t require special testing equipment.

Finally, something had to be done to assure this type of situation would not happen again. The NTSB determined that United Airlines “had failed in giving adequate consideration to human factors which resulted in the failure to detect the crack.” McDonnell Douglas was asked to come up with a hydraulic system safeguard, given the same circumstances that total hydraulic system depletion wouldn’t occur. McDonnell Douglas designed two new safety guards: One, an electrically operated shutoff valve that would close if fluid levels dropped below a preset limit in the main hydraulic system, also known as a hydraulic fuse. Two, a sensor to detect the fluid loss that would trigger a light in the flight deck alerting the crew of the actuation of the valve. Looking at this accident from a distance it shows many remarkable things. The way the crew pulled together to come up with a plan of how they were going to land is absolutely remarkable. However, there is more to this story if one looks closer. To examine the flight crews’ actions would be unfair. In fact, the exact scenario was given to pilots in a DC-10 simulator and not one of them could come close to landing the airplane.

As a result of the research and analysis conducted, the following conclusions were developed. First, if General Electric would have caught the flawed material, none of this would have ever happened. GE should have had safe guards to not allow this type of

”quality escape” to occur. Next, is the United Airlines maintenance facility According to the analysis done on the disk, at the time of the last inspection, a crack would have been visible approximately one half of an inch in length. The inspector should have found the crack. Had he done so, the stage 1 fan disk would have not been deemed serviceable. To make sure that the disk had truly be tested using FPI, a chemical analysis was done on the disk. The disk showed residue of the penatrant, which leads one to believe it truly was tested. Finally, McDonnell Douglas should have installed the hydraulic fuses when the aircraft was initially made. An after thought is sometimes not good enough. The possibility of this type of failure was somewhere around a million to one but it happened. However, design engineers cannot predict every mechanical failure possible. If they put extra parts in for possible failures, then the aircraft would have a lot more parts, which means more maintenance and ultimately more cost to the customer.

Bibliography:

REFERENCES

NTSB. [No date] United Airlines Flt 232 McDonnell Douglas D-10-10 Sioux Gateway Airport Sioux City Iowa. Available: [online] http://amelia.db.erau.edu/reports/ntsb/aar/AAR90-06.pdf [08/15/03]

Religoustolerance.org [no date] Apa Format (American Psychological Association) Available: [online] www.religioustolerance.org/int_cita.htm [8/15/03]

Thomas Hart Benton American Regionalist

Thomas Hart Benton American RegionalistThroughout out the history of mankind, art has played an important part in the every day lives of people. Art is everywhere around us. It is in the paper that we read the children’s books we grew up with, and on the billboard s we pass on the side of the road. Art has the ability to inspire us and lead us. It’s in the magazines we look at, the pictures that we hang on our wall, and even in the video games we play on the computer. It can change our attitude on a subject and has the ability to give us a whole new perspective on life. It has the ability to bring past events to life and bring outdoor scenes into our living rooms. The 1930’s saw the rise of the American Regionalist movement. At the heart of this movement was Thomas Hart Benton. During his career he painted over 75 paintings not including stationary murals from before his death in 1975.During his career he was also known as the enemy of modernism . Thomas Benton Hart’s artwork captures the lives of early twentieth century Americans with a striking reality.

To better understand the work of Thomas Hart Benton we must first learn about his life from the beginning. Thomas Hart Benton was born in Neosho Missouri in 1889; born in the post-civil war era, Benton saw significant change in his lifetime. Born to a middle class family, Benton had many jobs throughout his lifetime. Named after his great uncle; Missouri’s first state senator, Benton was instantly surrounded by the political scene, which would become the subject of a great many of his works. His father, a prominent man, was an U.S. attorney and Representative from 1896 to1904 -. His education began at the Western Military Academy in Altm Illinois, where he learned such sports as Fly Weight Boxing . At the young age of sixteen Benton began his education in the arts at the Institute of Chicago. Three years later at nineteen Benton headed for Paris to begin studies at the Academie Julian. This concluded Benton’s formal artistic education, around the year 1926 Benton began to emerge with his mature style of art; including his commitment to American Regionalism. Benton spent much of his early career in New York City, where in 1912 he set up his first studio at 65th and Broadway. While in his New York City studio Benton supported himself by earning seven dollars a day painting movie queens , as well as his first job cartooning for the Joplin American . This early struggle gave Benton a first hand view of the harsh lifestyle a poor American faced trying to move up in an industrializing world. During the summer of 1917 Benton got his first respectable job as the director of the Peoples Gallery in New York City.

While doing this he began teaching at the Chelsea Neighborhood Association, where he would eventually meet his wife. His work at these was interrupted by a call to service in the United States Navy for World War Two . His service there would later lead to his contributing twenty-five works to the Abbot collection of naval art . Benton served in the Norfolk Naval base in Virginia. His experiences there are those he would include in his works, such as shipbuilding and hard physical labor. After his service abroad and time spent on some of his more famous works, and teaching at the University of Mo (1935-1941) and later at the age of forty-eight released his autobiography An Artist In America in 1937. During the 1950’s Benton spent the majority of his time interpreting the history of America from his point of view, to eventually conclude his work with a series of murals known rightfully as The History of America. To conclude his lifetime career and contributions to art, in 1963 Benton was inducted to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in New York City . He later received the Jennie Sesnan Medal of New York Architecture League as well as the Wanamaker’s Purchase Prize.

Benton became a founder of American Regionalism as he began to release art from the dry viewpoint of the academy and the “still life” restrictions of the studio. American Regionalism refers to the work of a group of rural artists, mostly from the Midwest, who came to prominence in the 1930’s. Not being part of any other present movement, regionalists often had a realistic or ideal style. What they shared amongst themselves, an anti-modernist style and a fondness for depicting everyday life . As Benton was once known to say “Art should be a living thing which has meaning for the public in general. ” he believed that art was meant to communicate a message or reality, and not become just another picture on the wall. Benton, along with other notable artists such as Grant Wood, John Curry, and William Groper turned towards realism during the 1920’s and 30’s. In Time magazine’s first color issue, on December 24th, 1924 Benton, Grant and Curry were hailed as modernists, proclaiming that the United States no longer had to look to Europe for modern regional art . This is ironic, however, because in later life Benton became known as the enemy of modernism.

The main purpose of Benton’s works is to capture the way of life experienced by American settler. As Benton was once known to say, “Art should be a living thing, which has meaning for the public in general. ” He believed that art was meant to communicate a message or reality, and not become another picture on the wall. The majority of his subject is Westward expansion. Since Benton was surrounded by this from his birth, he brings a first hand view of this to all generations following him. His subjects are ordinary people doing ordinary things. His painting subject however was not limited to just this, mainly do to the fact that he shunned matter of monetary value or picturesque interest . He was more interested in the real lives of people. He collaborated on over twenty-five paintings commemorating naval service, and shipbuilding. In addition to this he spent a small amount of time expressing his Marxist views and concepts through his art. At the time of his political involvement he was a card carrying communist who allowed secret meetings to be held at his house . When contributing his paintings to the naval art galleries Benton wished to convey just what it was to be in the navy. His paintings describe with great detail the hardships and difficult tasks entailed in the job. The hardships are displayed through men rushing enemy lines, coming up hostile beaches, and climbing cargo nets.

The difficulties of the jobs are portrayed through scenes of shipbuilding, mooring of boats. All this is pronounced by the only two full color paintings of the set. The triumphant launching of completed boats, after significant work contributions from all parties involved. This work was done with Georges Schriber in 1943 on the American Submarine Dorado . Benton’s greatest theme of westward expansion frames the average American of the early twentieth century. Benton spent the majority of his lifetime interpreting the history of American expansion through painting and mural painting . The most significant of his murals can still be found on the side of the Truman library depicting the decades from 1817 to 1847. Benton is best known, however, for his paintings of westward expansion. When the individual tries to picture this in their mind, they think of the classic buggy heading west through the plains, horses pulling carriages laden with the goods of the family, or the typical plains family working the field. This is exactly what Benton captures in his work. Benton’s main goal in painting was to capture the livelyhood of the American expansion westward throughout the plains. His paintings display the everyday encounters from person to person, and the work and hardships that they faced day in and day out. This is done from a very candid and realistic viewpoint that is trademark to Benton.

Throughout his lifetime career in art, Benton has used number of different medium to express his ideas. Benton was absolutely fascinated by watercolor and its applications . Often times he found himself returning to this after experimenting with alternatives. Some of his other experimentation has ranged to include lithography and clay works . Benton was also known for his use of Egg Temper, and oil based paints . These gave him an alternative medium when he got board with his “same old thing”. When moving from these to return to a more intimate form of easel painting, Benton was know to use both egg tempera as well as oils. When applying these types of paints he most commonly used a board or canvas to paint on. Another form of paint used by Benton is Distemper . This mixture of water and colored powder provided him paint with a glossier base. At the height of his career, Benton painted several large murals, ranging over ten feet in height and twenty feet long . Four of these murals were done from the period of 1930 to 1935, which were the equivalent of 7000sq. feet of canvas . These are most definitely his decisive works, in which his political points were stressed.

The style of Thomas Benton Hart separates him from all other artists. He has a wide variety of trademarks that distinguish his works from others even to the most inexperienced of viewers. Most notably of these is his use of elongated figures. Often times the subjects of his pictures would fill the work from top to bottom. This made them the focus of the viewer and allowed Benton to further punctuate the point he intended the work to stress. Benton’s use of elongated figures allows him to add shadowing to a variety of new angles created by the twisting of the human body. Benton’s shadowing becomes even more intense when he switches his works to solely black and white. His disproportion in landscapes, and rolling scenes allow him to capture the massive open spaces of the American Plains during the early twentieth century; being the subject of many of his works. When closely examined, Benton’s works depicting westward expansion have swirled clouds in the background. While these swirled clouds lead the eye in a circular pattern they draw the viewer into the image as a whole, and better convey the feeling of spaciousness Benton intended. This can be considered a trademark of his paintings. If the viewer takes a close look at the expressions of the subjects in the majority of Benton’s works it is not uncommon to find a lack of significant facial features. This however is balanced out by immense detail in the surroundings and scenery. Benton seems to stress the idea of the painting as a whole over the idea the individuals’ importance. This is quite true of Benton and his motives as he wished to capture the time period as a whole, and not just through the individual. Benton’s paintings and murals often appear to tell a story as well. He will often use scenes from folklore, tales passed on from generation to generation, and even the occasional storybook scene.

Thomas Hart Benton has done a number of works for both the navy and depicting the westward expansion of the early Twentieth Century American. The Crash (Appendix A) is perhaps the defining work in his set of westward expansion paintings. The Crash is Benton at his best, using each of his unique styles to capture the essence of the moment when a wagon is about to collide with a derailing train near a cornfield in what appears to be the Great American Plains. There is a single white horse pulling a less than decadent wagon, driven by what appears to be a father and son. A woman all in white is falling off the back of the wagon as they impact. A typical Benton painting puts great detail into the surroundings and significantly less into the human subjects. Each aspect of the painting perfectly captures the ideas of Westward expansion. The corn stalks in the fore ground represent the staple crop of the Great Plains as well as the wheat grain growing in the background. If one looks closely at the train tracks the broken wooden post appears to symbolize a mail post, which was the typical means of communication for the era. The wagon is traveling along a rutted dirt road, lined by a barbed wire and post fence, typical of the Western frontier. Lastly, Benton’s typical rolling blue sky with stark white clouds is contrasted by thick black smoke belching from the train featured in the picture. This shows how the industrialization was poisoning a clean crisp country, and helped Benton to express his disgust for cities and industrialization. Benton was a big supported of down home goodness, and old country folklore, things expanding into this territory and creating great change were looked down upon by him. Benton’s works come from two main categories. The second of these being from his contributions to the Abbot Laboratories collection of United States Navy art. His service in the navy during World War One and his experience in the political scene from his family provided him the experiences and subject matter he would need to create twenty-five masterpieces.

Cutting the line (appendix B) is about the release of a completed ship from the harbor for the first time. Although it does not include the same bright colors and blue skies or his Westward expansion works. His use of the rolling skies and wave, coupled with the dark skies capture the moment perfectly. He captures a true slice of American life during the era. The time period was just after war’s grim reality was discovered through world war one, and nearing the dawn of world war two. The nation was enthralled in military buildup and Benton captures this enthrallment perfectly. Despite the stormy day, bystanders have shown up on the beach to watch the launching of the ship. Thomas Hart Benton was a truly incredible artist. He captured not only his period in time with striking accuracy, but he was able to impart a piece of himself in the past. By grasping difficult concepts and mastering his skills in artistry, Benton was able to provide the present with the spirit of the past. He was a man of his era, and expanded art in a way similar to those who expanded the nation westward.

Bibliography:

Matthew Baigell, The American Scene. (New York: Praeger Publishers Inc. 1974.) 90

Wilma Yeo, and Helen Cook. Maverick with a Paintbrush (New York: Doubleday and Company Inc. 1977.) 23.

Yeo 24.

Yeo 54

Thomas Hart Benton, National Gallery of Art, (http://www.nga.gov/cgi-bin/pbio?2300) n. pag.

Wilma Sandy, Thomas Hart Benton, Kansas City Library (http://www.kclibrary.org/sc/bio/benton.html) n.pag Yeo 25.

Yeo 35.

Baigell 90.

Baigell 92.

Thomas Hart Benton n. pag.

Thomas Hart Benton n. pag.

Yeo 53

Yeo 54.

Sandy n. pag.

Beradi 5

Thomas Hart Benton n. pag.

Yeo 107

Sandy n. pag Allistar Duncan, American Art Deco. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. 1986.

Yeo 81

Marianne Beradi, Thomas Hart Benton, (http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/2aa/2aa573.html) n. pag.

Yeo 81

Baigell 90

Independence and Opening of the West, Truman Presidential Museum and Library (http://trumanlibrary.org/teacher/benton.html) n. pag.

Sandy n. pag.

Yeo 100

The American Scene, Sheldon (http://sheldon.unl.edu/HTML/ARTIST/Benton_TH/AS.html) n. pag.

Beradi 2

Beradi 2

Yeo 50

Beradi 1

Beradi 3

INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABILITY

INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABILITY

SUBJECT:

TUTOR:

DATE:

Production basically refers to the creation of resources. However there are resources that occur naturally and would only wait for consumption. Such resources include the natural resources like the natural forests, rivers, lakes among other. However, there are also manmade resources that do create that will eventually be ready for use. These include the agricultural resources, industries among other resources. (Slattery, 2008)

Consumption on the other hand refers to the uses of these resources. These resources that do occur naturally or manmade are to be used and it is this process that we refer to as consumption.

Sometimes it is a bit technical to give an accurate definition of what habits are. The term habits looks ambiguous and I do believe that there are no habits that are universal to the human beings production and consumption. So for my case, I will bank on the hope that habits can as well refer to the way a person may decide to make a living.

There are various modes that people can use in the production and consumption. One of these modes is through industrial capitalism. Generally, people work for money in order to make a living. This money that we spent our time and energy for is again reverted to buying goods and services that we use for our daily use. These are the basic wants of every human being. You find that by using money or rather any currency there is involvement of a medium of exchange unlike some modes like agriculture where we may not need a medium of exchange. However we find that it is not easy to sustain industrial capitalism basing on the fact it has its base on the economic growth which is not definite and resources which can also exhaust. Critically looking at this, it is not easy to be certain that tomorrow there will be food to fully satisfy the demand of the people in the world. There are several things that determine the industrial capitalism thus making it not easy to predict its sustainability.

Secondly, there are places where the main way to go is through pastoralism. This means that their way of making a life is through their cattle. They get the products of their animals such as meat, milk and even eggs and feed on them. In production unlike the industrial capitalism that we have just discussed, there is less energy spent in production. However, they have to strategize in order to produce better. By being strategic, I mean that these people have to take care of their cattle by looking for green pastures for them, looking for drinking water for them and for those with domestic birds have to find a way of giving their birds of food. This type of production may also not necessarily be sustainable for it will basically depend on the availability of land to feed and to domesticating their animals. (Slattery, 2008)

In terms of consumption, the pastoralists find it very difficult in that there is double consumption. By saying that there is double consumption, I mean that the products as well as the pastoralists themselves do feed. The animals do depend on the greens and at the same time their owners depend on them for food and on the vegetables as well. So it can still be wise to deduce that there is energy spent by the products and at the same time, the process of acquiring needs energy. Here, the production mode is clearly coming to be domestication of these animals while the means of consumptions turn to be milking, herding, butchering and also the distribution and eating of this food. (Regmi, 2001)

In concluding this paper, I would like to point out some of the ways that can be taken to maintain the sustainability of these ways of production. The major mitigation measures that can be taken include keeping the population of the world in check in order to reduce the pressure on the resources.

Secondly, the number of cattle that is kept by these pastolaists should also be checked to reduce there effects on the limited resources. Apart from these, there the world population can try out better ways of production that will see the recycling the used resources. Through recycling the resources will be used fully. This what innovation can bring the world.

Bibliography

Slattery C. M. (2008) Contemporary Environmental Issues. Kendall/Hunt Hublishing Company, Texas, U.S.A.

Regmi, A. (ed) (2001).Changing Structure of Global Food Consumption Eve Publishers, Michigan

STEM learning (2)

HYPERLINK “https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/26/business/global-economy-oecd-forecast.html” https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/26/business/global-economy-oecd-forecast.html

According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the war between Ukraine and Russia has resulted to great impacts on the global economy. Economies around the globe are expected to slow down more than expected according to a new forecast from the OECD. The world economy is slowing down at an alarming rate according to a new forecast from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The organization released the updated forecast on November 29th, 2015, which predicts that developing economies will contract more than anticipated in 2016 and especially 2018 with only Asia set to avoid this fate slightly in 2017.

According to analysts that spoke with Reuters, countries including Brazil and Argentina could contract by 0.4% over the next three years because of these economic impacts of Ukraine-Russia war. Additionally, China’s GDP growth will also decrease due to financial deleveraging policy applied by authorities.

According to this article Europe is the most vulnerable region where numerous countries face the threat of recession. The most affected countries will be Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, Italy and Spain. In total, the European economy is expected to contract by 0.2% in 2016.

According to this article each year the OECD releases a forecast for the world economy based on its members’ current economic policies and domestic fiscal circumstances. The OECD expects this year’s global growth of 3.3% to decline to 2.9% in 2017. The decline is also due to slower growth in euro area countries and a negative outlook for North America and Japan owing to troubles related with emerging markets.

High price of food and energy have led to increased inflation causing the slowdown of the world economy. The OECD expects the consumer prices to increase by 1.6% this year and next. The OECD also expects unemployment rates to rise around the world, especially in Greece and Portugal where people are expected to become unemployed due to financial crisis and austerity measures.