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Sociolinguistic aspects of the code switching between English-Urdu bilingual online communications.

Sociolinguistic aspects of the code switching between English-Urdu bilingual online communications.

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u 1) INTRODUCTION PAGEREF _Toc385367405 h 31.1PURPOSE OF THE STUDY PAGEREF _Toc385367406 h 51.2 AIM OF THE RESEARCH PAGEREF _Toc385367407 h 61.3 CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE PAGEREF _Toc385367408 h 61.4 RATIONALE FOR THE CHOSEN TOPIC PAGEREF _Toc385367409 h 71.5 RESEARCH PROBLEM PAGEREF _Toc385367410 h 81.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS PAGEREF _Toc385367411 h 82) Literature Review PAGEREF _Toc385367412 h 93) Research Methodology PAGEREF _Toc385367413 h 133.0 Introduction PAGEREF _Toc385367414 h 133.1. Participants PAGEREF _Toc385367415 h 143.2. Data collection PAGEREF _Toc385367416 h 153.3. Data analysis PAGEREF _Toc385367417 h 163.4 Research instrument PAGEREF _Toc385367418 h 163.4.1 Linguistic features PAGEREF _Toc385367419 h 173.4.2 Functions and Reasons PAGEREF _Toc385367420 h 174) FINDINGS & ANALYSIS PAGEREF _Toc385367421 h 185) CONCLUSION PAGEREF _Toc385367529 h 305.0 INTRODUCTION PAGEREF _Toc385367530 h 305.1 Linking with Objectives PAGEREF _Toc385367531 h 305.2 Recommendations PAGEREF _Toc385367532 h 325.3 LIMITATIONS PAGEREF _Toc385367533 h 325.4 SCOPE OF FUTURE RESEARCH PAGEREF _Toc385367534 h 33References PAGEREF _Toc385367535 h 34

1) INTRODUCTIONThis topic is about Bilinguals and Bilingualism that has gain popularity over social sites over internet like TWITTER and FACEBOOK. Facebook is the most loved and popular social networking site today and with persons having knowledge of multiple languages, this study is about how they use their bilingual knowledge while any kind of informal chatting over online. There are several definitions as for the term Bilingualism. Some describes it as if someone simply using more than 1 language at a time is called a bilingual and is called bilingualism, where other as for some other researchers they say bilingualism is more about individuality; and individual bilingualism and this particular mainly focuses on individual command and accuracy over that particular and specific language and fluency in each written, oral, speaking and listening skills. Code switching is another important aspect of this topic as code switching is a frequent adaptation by bilinguals while having a chat on FACEBOOK (Arias and Casanova,(1993). Multilingual communication is now practiced all over the world because of its advantages as this actually is very helpful in every way possible this makes conversations much easier for persons as they don’t need to feel hesitated as they are free to talk either way they want. Educational requirement made it more popular due to this has an effective impact as on concerning parties. Talk about mass communication this has its special advantages in this criteria. As the topic we are talking about here is Bilingualism and this is in any way is a form of communication. Mass communication explains or gives us the way to communicate with the mass that is the people around and to talk properly and clearly we need to have a proper communication skill which includes a good sound knowledge of the related language and a strong hold and command over writing, speech, and listening skill over that language. Migration is another aspect that adds another dimension to this topic here that is migrating people needs to learn the language of that particular place or country they have migrated to, and they need to learn it properly as migration means that the migrated person has completely left and come to the current place from some other place permanently (Bautista,1980). And as of the importance of the being a bilingual at the place they have migrated to gives them fluency over language and so as fluency over everything they want to spread their hands to, being a bilingual in that new place can help someone drastically as they can adjust as the situation demands and at the right place. Trigger words such as lexical transfers, proper nouns and bilingual homophones, play a very important role in code switching between two languages. A trigger word is a word that initiates a process or course of action, if explained this means while in a conversation this kind of word initiates a course of action or this can start another set of course of action as in they will help initiating a new conversation. Code Switching is another aspect of Bilingual practice that effect the conversation in a big way, code switching means using more than one language at a period of time. This might appear while persons having knowledge of more than one languages converse with each other. They can either use code switching in one sentence or this might occur in more than one sentence. Sociolinguistic perspective of code switching is about the social factors such as the context, setting, role of the speaker etc. To go a little more vast way, bilingualism is while persons having knowledge of more than one language converse with each other is called bilingualism. However bilingualism is a more complex linguistic behavior dealing with three dimensions of psychological, social or cultural aspect (Centeno, Anderson, and Obler, 2007). Computer medicated communication is an expanded form as of the brief form is Computer medicated discourse; is majorly and solely concentrated upon the widely connected computer and their conversations. If explained, CMD (Computer Medicated Discourse) refers to communication carried out by sending and receiving messages via widely networked computers. The main focus of this process is concerned with the languages used throughout the conversation of the term CMC is normally and nature wise a texted based and people who desire to communicate can do it by transmitting messages through chatting, emailing. In present scenario a real time chat is more reliable and preferred using different social networking sites available over internet. As of code switching there are two types of code switching available, one deals with code switching over sentences, it is said to be the more simpler and easy form of code switching and do not demand any high level of proficiency in language. Another type of code switching is Intrasentential code switching, it is code switching within the same sentence, it means codes can be switched with the same sentence as we speak of, this form of code switching is said to be the more tough and needs more elaborating style and complexity and thus requires more proficiency and more strong hold over language (David, 2009). Studies say the first form of code switching is more in practice and the second type is less as the second type needs more strong hold and proficiency over language and the first one doesn’t demand any such proficiency and strong hold over language. Although there are a few restrictions as of while switching codes, studies say this restrictions results in a better and clearer communication. Those restrictions are free morpheme constraint, this restriction restricts from using codes in between any words or at the end of any sentence. The second restriction is Equivalence constraint; this restricts and tells to watch for the grammatical errors as “code switching should not violate the grammatical structure of both languages. There are several prominent aspects as of code switching in bilingual blogs are discussed as “socio pragmatic functions of oral code switching are also present in code switching in written discourse. Secondly, Code switching in bilingual blogs is used as an effective communicative tool of writing. Thirdly, code switching is used to reflect upon one’s culture as much as one’s linguistic background. Another aspect is Code switching and Cmd. Studies say linguistic properties, modes/variables and the social meanings attached to CMD (Computer medicated discourse) (Dorman, 1991). To be a little more descriptive Code switching and CMD could go hand in hand, studies show as social meanings, linguistic properties could as well be attached to CMD (computer medicated discourse), CMD can be in the form of synchronous real time chat, where both parties the receiver and the sender needs to be online as to do the real time chat messaging. . This study focused on online tandem learning, key features of text-based online social interactions and how students switched codes during the process of learning. The findings of this research also revealed that most of the switches were triggered due to lexical needs while working on the assigned projects due to some other reasons that might as well be online real time conferences.

1.1PURPOSE OF THE STUDYThis over all study is all about Urdu speakers communicate over internet and social networking sites like FACEBOOK and TWITTER. Data were examined for the following features as how much does this code switching occurs while people spent their time over online, what kind of linguistic features are there and what does this code switching serve for URDU bilingual speakers does their communication. The purpose for conducting this research is to study the code switching between Urdu and English bilinguals through online communication(Francis, Bork and Carstens,1979). Code switching is something that occurs very often while they communicate over very popular social networking sites as FACEBOOK nowadays. The general idea as for practicing this Code switching mostly is because it makes things way easy for people as CODE SWITCHING (switching to different languages as per your requirement or convenience) is you do when you want things to go in your way, people often does this for keeping things private. So the main purpose for this study is to find out if things are convenient for one.

1.2 AIM OF THE RESEARCHThe purpose of the study or the Aim of the research is almost the same in either way but things are a little different as for the AIM OF THE RESEARCH aims at remedies or way out for the same as well. Talk about remedies or the way out, there are not much; as code switching during conversation over internet are to make things or the conversations go easy, so as for remedies there is no need for the this. So the aim or this study is to look for code switching between URDU and ENHGLISH bilinguals through online communications. The question that might arise during the process of researching about code switching could be all about the prominent linguistic features of code switching in an online communication process between Urdu and English bilingual speakers. And this might as well be there if what could be the common reasons and functions for Urdu-English bilingual’s speakers to code switch when communicating via online networking sites. This is quite obvious that two people having common language knowledge would definitely use their common language in between while communicating, for example: Faiz and Fatima they both know Urdu and starts off their conversation over Facebook with Urdu language as that is their mother tongue, but while in process they might switch to English or some other language they might know.

1.3 CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGEBilingualism contributes to society in many prospects. Bilingual education has been practiced in many forms, in many countries, for thousands of years. Defined broadly, it can mean any use of two languages in school – by teachers or students or both – for a variety of social and pedagogical purposes. In today’s period of demographic transformation bilingual education means something more specific. It refers to approaches in the classroom that use the native languages of English language learner (Goldstein, 2004). If questioned that “How does this Bilingual education work” the answer to this would be; in different ways because during the process numerous program models are used. These are often classified as transitional development, or two way bilingual educations depending on the programs methods and goals. As discussed before code switching occurs during the process when a speaker changes his/her language and alternates between two or more languages or language varieties, in the context of single conversation and Multilingualism is speakers of more than one language sometimes use elements of multiple languages when conversing with each other. So by now we all know how this actually contribute to knowledge, to go on a little brief note, participants in communication over social networking sites does need to know more than one language for code switching as this code switching needs to be done by them only, meaning code switching needs more than one language in process.

1.4 RATIONALE FOR THE CHOSEN TOPICThe general idea of Rationale could be said as a set of reasons or a logical basis for a course of action or belief. To go on a brief note about being rationale for the chosen topic could consist of the reasons supporting the Code switching during the process of communicating with each other. Communication needs words that you might throw to express your views or thinking that needs and communication needs both parties to be literate and well equipped with the same language, to have a proper and healthy communication. Talk about being on logical base and set of reasons, most of us think the same I suppose, as to be in touch with our own people and the communication might even include some business proposals or it could be anything. If observed a common argument against bilingual education has always been in scene that is if anyone have succeeded without it; this has happened. It has been observed as well that code switching in classroom and any other kind of communication process is quite a common occurrence. The practice of code switching is often considered as a low prestige form, poor language skills or not so good command over the language and a result of incomplete mastery of those two languages. In spite of the negative perceptions of code switching it observed as a purpose oriented activity. There is a lack of Pakistani English language teachers as to how, when and to what extent they actually can code switch.

1.5 RESEARCH PROBLEM

The Problem that might only be one as far as this study can go that is how to collect data and research properties. The only solution to this problem could be “SURVEY METHOD”. Surveys are of two kind; Sampling survey and Census Survey. Sampling survey is one its kind. This methodology says to collect data in a sampling method that is choosing some samples from any selected universe; here universe refers to any selected group of participants. To go a little broad way the whole sampling method says “ First choose a group of participants then choose the topic to be surveyed about and then choose some participants as for the purpose of collecting data”. This sampling method has its advantages and disadvantages as well. To go with advantages sampling method is easier and less time consuming process, we talk about time here as because time is important in every process. The disadvantages with this process is the data collected could be less accurate, as there’s information but that is not a complete one, as the result will include only a percentage of the whole universe not the all of it. The other method is Census survey method, this methodology says to collect data from each and every aspect of the universe. The advantage of this method could easily be the accuracy, as here the information is collected from each and every participant, so the disadvantages of this method will be: this will definitely be lengthy and secondly this will be time taking and money consuming also. But since this is the most accurate process, thus will only be the choice for collecting data. And so will be the problem for the research as well.

1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONSQuestions related to code switching in bilingual communication will and always should be related to the same. Since this report is all about code switching and the reasons behind it, the questions should be quoted with the same context. We have been talking about communication over social sites like FACEBOOK and TWITTER and many others, so we can make the best of it, as social sites are nowadays affecting majorly the common people’s life, they love spending hour after hour over these social networking sites. What we can do to make the best out of it is we can make some questions asking about the same, samples for this question could be:

Name:

Age:

Sex:

For how long have you been using FACEBOOK? :

How long do you spent over FACEBOOK a day? :

What language do you use while chatting? :

How many languages do you speak? :

While answering these questions, we can only assume that people would answer them correctly, and then only would get to know the real data of the whole survey we’ve been conducting so far.

2) Literature ReviewHere we are discussing about the code switching and the bilingual method of communication. We are developing a thesis and the main objective of this thesis is to expand the views from the perspective of code switching and bilingual languages. So to carry on the process of the thesis, we need to have the proper idea and the clear view about what we are trying to evaluate. So it is needed to expand the whole idea about the subject chosen and by that to have the proper sense about the topic. In today’s world the technology is much advanced and over the top than before and everything seems to be in the doorstep of people. People find themselves so much superior by using the world of technologies. Needless to say that science has its big time contribution on this one as it always had its impact from the ancient ages as human develops themselves to be the most superior and intelligent species of them all. Human invented their inventions one after another to find the satisfaction and comfort in their work, according to their needs. This need and hunger of invention of human makes the science to the better development and the achievement today. It has achieved its unique level as the days passed by. But the topic of out thesis project is not the development of the modern science but some of the elements of modern science. Today’s modern science has its effect on the mankind as the biggest example of that are the social networking sites. It was introduced few years back as one more blessings of the technological science. Social networking is term i.e. as web based internet site that connect the people from North Pole to South Pole by just sitting on their home and just using the internet. So this strong invention earns the praises from all over the world and the effects were spread like a wildfire to the entire universe. People started getting themselves involved into this single thing and day by day the spending of time increased as people find it interesting to communicate with the unknown persons. The popularity of social network increased day by day since then and it had never looked back from that time. One of the most popular sites amongst the social network website is called Facebook. We all literally introduced with the name from earlier. The most popular social network website which has its millions of users all over the world (the most by any social network), was first invented by Mark Zuckerberg and his fellow members. So the main purpose of the social network site is the communication. The number of people communicate through a social network is its primary base. Human invented the method of communication to their favor, to build the relation with the fellow followers. From creating some sorts of sounds to use it as their medium of communication to the invention of different types of languages to help the communication to the better level, all are done by the human to make effective communications and to further the possibility of connecting with each other. So one of the most talked and revolutionary method is to introduce the social networking as the blessing. So this research is the effective effort to study about these things that are described in detail above. The effort is to study the bilingualism and code switching method to do the effective communication over the most popular social network websites. The bilingualism is the term that is the component of using two languages subsequently, probably seen in the social network sites when people communicate with each others. In our case we will take the example of using Hindi-Urdu bilinguals to do the effective communication. Now in case of bilingual for an example suppose two unknown person meet themselves over the facebook and started talking in Urdu as it became the primary language of their communication. But as the conversation goes on they came to know each other a bit further and they suddenly found out that both of them knew Hindi also. So they started to communicate with each other in Hindi also. So this typical thing is the instance of bilingualism (Kachman, 1991). It is a weird kind of thing as not much theory is presented by the researchers onto the topic of code switching. Also it is weird as the researchers can’t find or figure out the possible way or ways on how it comes into effect between two of individuals. Extensive researches are done in the following order to grab some possible way but nothing much is derived about the code switching. But I think there is still some great deal of study can be conducted over the matter to find out how the effective code switching have its impacts on facilitating the communication between two individuals over the social networking website. We selected facebook as the medium of study and the centering element to discuss about the review since; facebook is the most popular social network site of the world. Some of the main aspect of the study is to find out the procedure on how the process of code switching takes place and develops itself to do the effective communication between to individuals. This shape of structure of the effective code switching and the implication it will do in the near future are the purpose of study by generating some questions and trying to find the possible answer to that. So to do that session of question and answer we need to approach some of the participants i.e. some common people who are not much in quantity and are selected ones by us to help sort out the solutions that we are looking for. The participants are chosen by us according to some criteria they belong and the criteria should be in the age gap of 20 years to 35 years, they should know two languages like Urdu and English and they are settled for at least 5 years in an English speaking country. The questions that are to be asked are simple and all about some basic query about the facebook and the online chatting. The methods applied for the approach was the qualitative approach and that approach is dedicated along with the semi-structural interviews and some discussions if needed along with the group. So by applying the procedures and to emerge out into the result is one of the key perspectives of the thesis project and to ascertain the design of the research. This design will help to sort out and determine whether this code switching or the idea of bilingualism together is supporting to build the strong connection and the bond between the people or not. As the purpose of doing any thesis is to help the mankind with its good effects, that’s why we have choose some unique subject that is never been taken and researched before. This unique kind of thesis is all about some hard works, dedications and the proper skills to decide what type of data to be collected and the quality and the quantity of data need to represent the question of the research. So in the literature point of view of this project we need to discuss about the effective running of the project and decide whether it is going on the right path or not with the proper sense of literature to distribute. Also have to make sure that the whole theory of the project is understandable to all the readers.

So the two terms that come in discussing this literature review. In this aspect and till now the two terms come, known as the Code Switching and Bilingualism so far. We decide to put some sense on each of the matter to disclose the topic further and to support the literature review to help it proceed further. So the first thing comes first as we will discuss about the code switching now. So the code switching is that fundamental method which develops to be the main architect behind any communication where two bilingual individuals having their conversation and there is the presence of two different or multiple languages into their single line of conversation or utterance. Our research is all about expressing the views and finding the knowledge by doing the social and structural study behind the code switching behavior. The sociological structure includes the following things and entirely based on the conversation of the speakers, the role of an individual speaker, context and the settings. On the other hand, there is also the presence of structural aspect where the perfection of the utterance is reflected by rectifying the grammatical influence of the sentences. This study will represent the sociological aspect basically when it has to deal with the reflection of the speakers or the individuals who are speaking the bilingual of Urdu and Hindi via some online researches and online chatting. So the main aspect of code switching is depending on its structural aspect presenting the view. There are many researches are involved in the related term know as the code switching as we have learned earlier. So depending on the other studies we have developed our different point of view and we basically saw that this part of researches and the entire work on the code switching is divided into three parts like linguistic, sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic. As per the types suggest, sociolinguistic is all about the social influences that it brings with, where psycholinguistic always deals with the entire system where the bilinguals have their impacts on the linguistic method.

Now that we have the idea of the code switching, why not we have the clear view about the bilingualism? The bilingualism is a kind of art that is focusing on the skills and study of the individual of the group of individuals who are able to speak or write two different languages or can communicate with other persons in other than his own language without changing the meaning of the sentences. They are able to give the similar information without changing the meaning whether it is written or spoken. Another part that we have found through the research is that the bilingualism is a behavior that is full of linguistic complex and it has its multi dimensional aspect as well. This includes the social, cultural and psychological aspect of the whole thing. But again during the creation of the project we have study the variety of things and as we come across the multiple opinions of the other researchers we come to know that the there are multiple opinions that are given by them on bilingualism. One other thing that we also come to know that the simpler definition that they used is the sociological definition, and it is lot more simple than the other definitions like psychological definition. As per the sociological definition, the art of using two or multiple language alternatively is the bilingualism and the person who is able to do that with his skill alternatively is called the bilingual. The bilingual method is always attached with the code switching method and there we can see the multiple differences in the form of code switching. The two mostly observed code switching is the intra- sentential switching and the other is inter-sentential switching. These are the primary difference and the types of code switching, where the intra- sentential occurs into a sentence and the inter-sentential occurs between the sentences. This bilingual is totally situated or developed with the base of education. Due to the development of science and the increasing facility people are getting their chances to express themselves fully and also get their chances to educate highly. This expansion of education brings them the knowledge of knowing not only the bilingual but also the multilingualism. Also there are migrations and the technological advantages over mass communications. The extension of education result in the huge changes in the social environment throughout the world and this change is so much responsible for the literature aspect of the bilingualism. Some of the researchers done their researches on this background and to thoroughly execute their research they even learn and study about the bilingual also. Some of them according to our findings study about the English French speeches to their respective communities to learn about the method of conversation and the process of running the bilingualism to help their researches go further.

3) Research Methodology3.0 IntroductionThis particular research paper is the methodology paper that would discus in details the methods and approaches that were adopted for completing the research process. Besides illustrating the different measures and methods that were available for research this chapter would also illustrate the methods that the researcher chooses for this particular research work (Koenig, 1975). Each and every research is conducted in a number of stages and thus follows a specific procedure. And the success of any research depends on the procedure adopted by the researcher for this research .The chapter of research methodology would describe in details the methods that are available for research and the methods chosen by the researcher for this research along with the justification if choosing that method. Therefore, in this particular chapter we will get the information and the details of the Participants, Data collection, Data Analysis, and Research instrument.

3.1. ParticipantsThe four citizens of Pakistan, who aged between 22 to 27 years, are selected as participants. The selected participants of Pakistan can speak Urdu as well as English; therefore they are highly educated and have a permanent resident in the English countries since past three years. Some of the descriptions of the participants are discussed below:-

Linguistic background – the citizens of Pakistan selected as participants are native speakers of Urdu. Every selected participants is a non-native speaker of English, who residents in an English country from the past three years. The selected participants of Pakistan are confident and expert in speaking or writing English language because English plays a vital role in the society of Pakistan. Though English is an official language of Pakistan it also reflects on the symbol of status, fashion and modernism. From the nursery standard the children of Pakistan starts learning English language. In the various states of Pakistan it is much common for all the citizens of Pakistan to converse in English.

Gender – the various citizen of Pakistan who is selected as participants are female. The female participant is a result of using the ease sample of research participants which does not consist high amount of population.

Occupational and Educational Background- among the four selected participants, three participants had a degree of Masters Level and at present they are working in the firms and a bank whereas one participant is in a process of completing her master degree.

Age group- the selected participants of Pakistan are aged between 24 to 26 years. Out of four participants, two of the participants are 25 years old whereas, the rest two are 24 and 26 years old.

Participants Age Gender Location/ Origin Occupation Degrees

1 25 F Idaho/Pakistan Software Engineer Masters

2 24 F Ontario/Pakistan Banking Masters

3 26 F London/Pakistan MBA student Masters

4 25 F Idaho/Pakistan Human Resource Masters

Facebook users- Facebook is a social networking website. By this social networking site the friends as well as the members of the family can stay connected. Therefore, Facebook messenger, which is called as a way of instant messaging, is the element that is normally used for the resea

Sociologists perceive society in dissimilar ways

Social Institutions

Author’s name

Institutional Affiliation

AbstractSociologists perceive society in dissimilar ways. Some perceive the world fundamentally as an ongoing and stable entity. Sociologists are impressed with the fortitude of family, and other diverse social institutions. Some sociologists perceive society in relation to numerous factions in conflict, contending for inadequate resources. Other sociologists consider the most intriguing facets of the social world are the daily, regular interactions between individuals that are often taken for granted. Others lay focus on how disparities founded on gender are the outcomes of social, biology, cultural and historical factors. The most widely employed theories by sociologists include the conflict, functionalist, and interactionist, perspectives (Cohen, 2005).

Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Abstract PAGEREF _Toc315525339 h 2Introduction PAGEREF _Toc315525340 h 3Sociological Theories PAGEREF _Toc315525341 h 4The Family PAGEREF _Toc315525342 h 4Functionalism PAGEREF _Toc315525343 h 5How Functionalism Applies To the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525344 h 5How Functionalism Affects the Views of the Individual Who Is Part of the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525345 h 5How Functionalism Affects the Approach to Social Change in the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525346 h 5Within the Family How Does Functionalism Theory Affect the Views of Society? PAGEREF _Toc315525347 h 6Conflict PAGEREF _Toc315525348 h 6How the Conflict Theory Applies To the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525349 h 6How the Conflict Theory Affects the Views of the Individual Who Is Part of the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525350 h 6How the Conflict Theory Affects the Approach to Social Change in the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525351 h 7Within the Family How Does the Conflict Theory Affect the Views of Society? PAGEREF _Toc315525352 h 7Interactionism PAGEREF _Toc315525353 h 7How the Interactionism Theory Applies To the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525354 h 8How Interactionism Affects the Views of the Individual Who Is Part of the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525355 h 8How Interactionism Affects the Approach to Social Change in the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525356 h 8Within the Family How Does Interactionism Affect the Views of Society? PAGEREF _Toc315525357 h 8Similarities and Differences of the Three Theories PAGEREF _Toc315525358 h 9Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc315525359 h 10References PAGEREF _Toc315525360 h 10

Social Institutions

Family

IntroductionSocial theories provide unambiguous understanding of the bigger social picture in an individual’s life. The social theories help in understanding how individuals relate with each other in the society and the consequences of human behavior. The sociology of the family is characterized with a wide range of issues. All these issues affect an individual or the community at large. Some of these issues include abuse of drugs, domestic violence and divorce. Other issues include juvenile delinquency and teenage pregnancies (Adams, 2010). Family sociology helps to understand the structure of the family. This is in the perspective of an institution and the role it plays in the society in various sociological perspectives. This paper posits to evaluate the impact the Sociological theories, of Conflict, Functionalism, and Interactionism have on the social institution of the family.

Sociological TheoriesSociologists create theories to explain different social phenomenon. A theory is an anticipated relationship linking two or more conceptions. Sociological theory may be described as a set of interconnected ideas that facilitate for the systematization of information in relation to the social world. This information is then utilized to elucidate the social world as well as provide projections concerning the impending occurrences in the social world (Cohen, 2005).

The FamilyThe family is the smallest structure in the society. The family is also the most all-encompassing and inclusive agent in relation to socialization. A family comprises of in excess of one person and ends up making a group of people. Though the family tends to be small, various guidelines govern all functions that occur in the group (Adams, 2010). The guidelines create various behaviors within the group. These behaviors help to distinguish a family with the rest of the groups in society.

FunctionalismFunctionalism is fundamentally a structuralist theory. This means that it perceives social structure as more significant than individuals. Functionalists perceive society as held together through cohesion, or social consensus, whereby, family members agree upon, and collaborate to accomplish, what is most appropriate for society in general (Cohen, 2005).

How Functionalism Applies To the FamilyThe theory of functionalism helps to understand the roles that each member of the family ought to perform in order to maintain a strong relationship (Vissing, 2011). These roles also help in making sure that all the family members act and perform according to the set norms in the society. Functionalism helps in examining the effects that a family causes to the whole society.

How Functionalism Affects the Views of the Individual Who Is Part of the FamilyThis particular theory also helps to examine effects it causes to each individual in the family union. These means that functionalist helps to socialize every family member with the activities around in order to benefit both individually and society (Cohen, 2005).

How Functionalism Affects the Approach to Social Change in the FamilyFunctionalism theory affects the approach of social change in the fact that, government or state provides various needs to the family. That help, keeps the government running and after all, it benefits from payment of taxes (Adams, 2010). For example, the government provides education to the children and eventually the family is eligible to pay taxes to the authorities in order to keep the government running as required. This is how family approach to social change in the society as explained by functionalism theory.

Within the Family How Does Functionalism Theory Affect the Views of Society?This particular theory also affects the views of the society in the sense that when everything goes well in the family, various parts of society are able to attain stability and attain a high level of productivity (Adams, 2010). For example, when there is financial recession, most families tend to tighten their budget and this affects the whole society. In regard to its downside, functionalism is highly criticized for disregarding the depressing functions of an occurrence such as separation and divorce. 

ConflictThe conflict theory seeks to explain social structure and changes in it by alleging that actors follow their respective interests in conflict with other people in accordance with their resources for societal organization. The conflict theory expands the Marxist investigation of class conflicts, although it is disconnected from any ideological obligation to socialism. The theory of conflict broadly examines the manner in which families are deal with the occurrence of differences and change within the institution (Vissing, 2011).

How the Conflict Theory Applies To the FamilyThis particular theory defines that it is possible to curb the occurrence of conflicts in the family. The only requirements are that members are able to identify the source of conflict are who ought to hold power in the family (Cohen, 2005).

How the Conflict Theory Affects the Views of the Individual Who Is Part of the FamilyConflict theory apply to sociology of the family in the sense that it helps to make sure members of the family are able to solve their own differences and relate well with other members of the society. The theory affects views of various individuals in the family in the sense that every one has their role in the reconciliation process whenever conflict occurs (Adams, 2010).

How the Conflict Theory Affects the Approach to Social Change in the FamilyConflict theory tries to show how various members of the family struggle for power and disagree in a number of issues. The theory explains that all this conflicts occur because of the need to compete for available resources and power. The theme also explains that the occurrence of conflict in the family and the society is normal and inevitable. However, the problem related with conflict is the increase in its damaging levels that contribute towards making splits and separation in the family. Conflict theory also states that damaging levels that result after disagreements might result in to divorce and unresolved anger (Vissing, 2011).

Within the Family How Does the Conflict Theory Affect the Views of Society?Conflict theory affects the views of the society in the sense that it helps people to understand one another and offer respect hence encouraging human growth and development. Contemporary conflict theorists come across social conflict between every group, including the family, whereby there is potential for disparity. Conflict theorists posit that that disparities in families lead to conflicting agendas and values, and eventual competition amongst family members. This continuous competition amongst family members forms the foundation for the ever-transforming nature of the society in general. Critics of the theory point to its excessively negative analysis of society (Schlomer et al, 2011). InteractionismThe symbolic interactionist theory, also referred to as symbolic interactionism, persuade sociologists to reflect on the symbols as well as details of daily life. The sociologists in this regard focus on the implication of symbols, and how individuals interact with one another (Cohen, 2005).

How the Interactionism Theory Applies To the FamilyThis theory states that it is only through the social behaviors that the family can be able to transform and help the society to come together. Segregation may be witnessed in the family at even at the society levels (Nunes, & Dupas, 2011). This is because not everybody is happy with what others are able to perform. Therefore, this theory defines that family members are able to develop means of understanding through social interaction.

How Interactionism Affects the Views of the Individual Who Is Part of the FamilyThis theory affects views of every member in the family on the actuality that each family member develops their own sense of interaction therefore being able to socialize with other members of the society (Nunes, & Dupas, 2011).

How Interactionism Affects the Approach to Social Change in the FamilyThe theory’s approach to the social change is found in the sense that after people interact, change is created in either positive or negative way that affects the whole society (Vissing, 2011). For example, one of the established positive changes that occur because of this theory is motivation.

Within the Family How Does Interactionism Affect the Views of Society?The theory affects various views of the society in the sense that interactions help to build understanding in family relations and therefore people are able to participate in society welfare (Cohen, 2005).

Similarities and Differences of the Three TheoriesThe similarities of all the theories are that they help in understanding how the family ought to present itself in the society. Unlike the functionalists who preserve the status quo, evade social change, and suppose people work together to achieve social order, the conflict theorists, on the other hand, dispute the status quo, promote social change, and believe that powerful and rich people compel social order on the weak and the poor. The differences of the theories are that they tend to disagree on various circumstances on power sharing between family members and in the society (Cohen, 2005).

The table1 below depicts a comparison between the three sociological theories in relation to their respective view of society, view of the individual, view of the social order, view of social change, and examples.

Table 1. Comparison of the Three Sociological Theories

View Conflict Functionalist Interactionist

The society Characterized by struggle and tension between groups. Well integrated, and stable. Dynamic in manipulating daily social interactions

Social order Maintained through coercion and force. Maintained through consensus and cooperation. Maintained by collective understanding of daily behavior.

The individual Individuals are shaped by coercion, authority, and power.

Individuals are socialized to execute societal functions. Individuals influence symbols and generate their social worlds by means of interaction.

Social

change Change occurs always and may bear positive consequences. Reinforcing, and predictable. Represented in individuals’ social status and their interactions with others.

Example Laws strengthen the positions of the people in power. Public punishments strengthen social order. Individuals obey laws or defy them based on individual past experience.

(Cohen, 2005).

ConclusionFamily sociology facilitates the understanding of the structure of the family as an autonomous institution and its role in the society in diverse sociological perspectives. The above three illustrated theories helps to show that family is a union that plays a key fundamental role in the well-being of the society. Therefore, family as a unit is eligible to make social change in a negative, or positive way. Managing the family helps in strengthening every aspect of the society. ReferencesAdams, B. N. (2010). Themes and Threads of Family Theories: A Brief History. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 41(4), 499-505.

Cohen, P. (2005). Global Sociology. N.Y: New York U.P.

Nunes, M., & Dupas, G. (2011). Independence of Children with Down syndrome: The Experiences of Families. Revista Latino-Americana De Enfermagem (RLAE), 19(4), 985-993.

Schlomer, G. L., Del Giudice, M., & Ellis, B. J. (2011). Parent–Offspring Conflict Theory: An Evolutionary Framework for Understanding Conflict within Human Families. Psychological Review, 118(3), 496-521.

Vissing, Y. (2011). Introduction to Sociology. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education.

Simulation technique used to facilitate strategic planning

Simulation technique used to facilitate strategic planning

Presented by

Institution

Introduction

Coevolutionary gaming is one of the simulation tools used in facilitating strategic planning in businesses today. Most global companies employ this tool in developing strategies that make them fair ahead of their competitors and enjoy the global competitive advantages. The coevolutionary gaming tool finds much use on the defense industry. The military used it in planning their war attaching techniques because it gives a clear analysis of what the enemies might be planning. On the business context, the tool is used in decision making process whereby concrete decisions are made concerning a market entry strategy both for local and global markets (Harris & Bullock, 2002). The following analysis shows how coevolutionary gaming can facilitate group decision making, and the main limitations for this tool.

Defining the problem

Cares and Miskel justified how coevolutionary gaming tool could be used in facilitating group decision making process when the group is faced with complex scenarios. The tool assists in developing plans that not only cater for the present situation, but also look at the future strategies. The coevolutionary gaming theory calls for decision makers to take every plan into consideration irrespective of the amount of impact they have in an organization. Moreover, coevolutionary gaming theory enables training of decision makers from zero-knowledge without any biases on decision strategy terms. In addition, the decisions made through the theory are sensible and adapted to the current business environment. On the other hand, coevolutionary gaming tool facilitates decision making by basing its arguments on the available data and maintain the status quo where possible outcomes are considered. Coevolutionary gaming theory still facilitates communication process in group decision making since it avoids conflicting of ideas and thought, but encourages cooperation between teams (Cares and Miskel, 2007).

Analyzing the cause

Coevolutionary gaming is a highly effective simulation tool in designing business strategies. The tool has significant effects on crucial aspects of group decision making strategies like communication and critical thinking. With the current business environment, organization managers have a duty to come up with crucial decisions on how to carryout their business operations. There is a challenge on the high growth rate of the business environment due to globalization the advancement of technology. Coevolutionary gaming technique contributes to the settling of disputes between decision makers because it provides an opportunity for understanding between parties. In addition, the tool eradicates biases among groups with a common goal.

Effects on communication

Communication is a major aspect in all business decision making processes. Perfect communication between the group decision makers results into a perfect strategic plan that makes an organization progress in front of the competitors. Communication is very essential in the military in order for various teams to know the location of their enemies. The military has successfully used the coevolutionary tool in managing their attacks, which has shown particularly appealing results. By using the JoHari Window, coevolutionary gaming technique affects group communication by accessing and improving group relationship. The tool gives room for groups to create awareness between different sectors and communicate on the necessary recommendations that bring proper understanding among groups (Steward, Davies & Dick, 1999).

Through the JoHari Window, various groups present their findings and receive comments from their fellows encouraging cooperation and togetherness. In addition, coevolutionary gaming technique employs various communication theories and models that organizations require in addressing various issues affecting their performance. Many gadgets are employed today that facilitate communication between people and the coevolutionary gaming technique uses these gadgets in communicating new ideas and approaches to group members. A group makes use of the JoHari window in increasing opportunities for future growth by opening new routes of decision making strategies.

With the help of coevolutionary gaming tool, the Window allows groups to communicate between open areas and unknown areas. In addition, the groups still get to discover what lies on the blind areas and hidden areas. By discovering all these aspects, the groups come up with business innovations that enable them to decide on the best move. Figure 1 shows the JoHari Window model and its parts. The JoHari Window creates an understanding between various groups in discovering new ideas and sharing of information from one quadrant to the other (Steward, Davies & Dick, 1999).

Figure 1: The JoHari Window model

 Impact on group decision biases such as risky/cautious shift and groupthink

Coevolutionary gaming simulation technique makes use of complex calculations the determines the best approach a group should take for the benefit of the organization. Carrying out a business involves many risks that decision makers should try and avoid. The coevolutionary gaming technique navigates from the initial failures to success giving managers an opportunity to explore in the global market. In addition, the theory conforms with the idea of taking the third move first because the world is growing at an alarming rate and managers should focus on future marketing strategies that will have a significant impact to the economy. Moreover, coevolutionary gaming tool creates an environment brings together group members who only focuses on the future success of a business, and never look at individual gains. The tool represents the learners knowledge in a neutral network where by decision making mechanism is aided by one voice recognition (Cares and Miskel, 2007).

Proposed solution

Coevolutionary gaming technique facilitates group decision making processes, though it has many limitations. First, the technique is exceedingly complex, and only professionals are able to put it into practice. This limits the ability of small sized organizations to employ the technique due to its high cost. Managers from one nation should work together in making strategies that place their organizations in the international markets. On the other hand, coevolutionary gaming method does not provide room for mistakes that occurs while coming up with the best strategy to make. The tool should have a window that gives specific recommendations for the possible outcomes in case one takes the third step first. Since the technique only allows managers to omit two steps and concentrate on the third, it fails in analyzing situations that might occur in case the real resources, and forecasted brands fail in the future market. This call for a backup plan that employs the first and second step in line with the third step.

Conclusion

Information Technology governance models require an aspect of strategic management in regard to the economic costs of decisions involved. Strategic planning systematically evaluates a business in an effort of defining the long-term and short-term objectives, identifying goals and locating resources necessary to achieve these strategies. Most organizations make use of various simulation techniques required in facilitating their strategic plans taking into consideration the present business competition and the advancing technology. Business simulations are rapidly evolving, since they form the fundamental tools for developing perfect strategies that encourage growth and development in today’s business organizations. The advancement in information technology has led into many innovations that have replaced traditional approaches to strategic planning (Marshall & McKay, 2004).

References

Cares, J. & Miskel, J. (2007). Take Your Third Move First. Harvard Business Review, Vol.

85(3), pp. 20-21.

Harris, D. & Bullock, S. (2002). Enhancing game theory with coevolutionary simulation model

of honesty signaling. Informants Research institute. Retrieved from:

http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/261462/1/10.1.1.8.9759.pdf

Marshall, P. & McKay, J. (2004). Strategic it planning, evaluation and benefits

Management: the basis for effective it governance. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 11(2), pp. 25-26

Steward, H., Davies, A. & Dick, B. (1999). The Johari Window and the Dark Side of

Organisations. Southern Cross University.

SECURITY EVALUATION

SECURITY EVALUATION

by (Name)

The Name of the Class (Course)

Professor (Tutor)

The Name of the School (University)

The City and State where it is located

The Date

Planning Contingency

Contingency Planning

A contingency plan is a course of action developed to enable organizations to respond mainly to a risk that may or may fail to occur in the future (Maurer, Clark and B., 2015). In information security, contingency planning is the measures put in place to recover information in technological systems during or after a system disruption or an emergency that impacts an information system. A well-developed plan ensures a company minimizes losses that may occur due to information loss, allows a company to remain competitive and also minimizes disruptions and panic that may occur. The measures may include activities such as relocation of information systems, having back-ups on separate systems and recovery using different types of equipment or manual means (Freire and Padilla, 2019). Risks are bound to occur in an entity; hence organizations and individuals need to ensure that the information stored in devices is safe and can be recovered whenever an emergency occurs. A contingency plan is an alternative information system security plan that protects the company before information risks occur.

Personal Situation and Risks

Information storage in technological equipment and gadgets are usually at risk of loss if not well-managed and lacking methods to keep the data safe. Due to technological development, technological appliances have increased and improved. Therefore, for information processing and storage, I use a laptop. A laptop works the same way as a computer. It allows data input, processes. It gives information output, which can also be stored in the same device. Hence most of the work I do is stored on the laptop. Also, since communication with people is essential, I have a smartphone that allows me to communicate, and through it am still able to store data of documents, people’s contacts and information and also connect through social media apps stored in the smartphone. The two data storage methods store a lot of personal information that is helpful in the future and in providing evidence and reference whenever I require some past information.

Besides, I also use hard drives and flash disk to store other relevant information, since the mobile phones and laptops storage size is usually smaller. Therefore, these tools are used to back up information that is on the laptops and mobile phones to avoid loss of information whenever they get destroyed, or I lose them. Besides, the many activities and operations at times limit me from carrying all my storage devices. Thus, to ensure that I can access information from any place, at any time and through any other device, I store my information through email and google drives. Whenever I send emails to any individual, it is easy to access the information from any other device provided I log in using my details. This action as well happens for information stored in google drives as I can get them wherever I am and at any time. Emails are more convenient for me due to the easy accessibility of data stored.

Cyber attacks are one of the risks that profoundly affect technological devices for data storage. Cyber attacks lead to the loss of valuable and sensitive information of an individual. Malware is a type of cyberattack that occurs when an information system is corrupted, and data were stolen. It occurs in devices such as laptops and mobile phones. Also, phishing is an act that involves an attack on email by tricking the email recipient into providing confidential information or downloading malware through a hyperlink provided to the recipient through a message. Phishing may also happen through impersonation of another individual hence get information from owners. Data breaches are also a challenge to technological devices. Personal information can quickly get to the public through malicious ways for crimes or malicious theft.

Normative model

The normative model was constructed based on the devices applied by the user and the features they have. The devices have characteristics that either limit the risk of information or expose the user to losing data stored. Laptops, mobile phones, cloud data storage, use of portable devices have a risk to the destruction of information when exposed to many individuals. Therefore, in applying the controls, the possible risks were determined for the devices that may lead to information loss. These include access by individuals through theft or physical destruction, the security of contacts, classification and labeling for easy identification and safety of the tools. Since the risk that mostly affects personal devices and information stored in them is cyberattacks, techniques for security involves privacy and safety of login information, restriction to access and personalization of access rights. The controls were chosen link to the risks that may occur to the information stored in the personal devices.

After identification of the risk and control policy involves, The normative model is applied in the evaluation of the system. The controls provide the necessary actions to avoid loss of information; hence its application into the user’s gadgets leads to a finding on the security control of the user information. It involves a reactive analysis to evaluate the current condition of information stored as well as the risk of accessibility. Second, the information is assessed to find its importance through classification according to importance. The security of information should be according to the importance it holds to the user and the risk of other people wishing to have the same information. Third, an analysis is conducted to find ways to either develop the existing security policy or to find a new way to store and secure information in the devices. Also, the model involves the limitations analysis, where the challenges of the existing technology are analyzed, as well as the methods that may be used. The limitation analysis identifies the best technique for application to safeguard personal information.

Summary of the tasks undertaken

Steps in Reviewing

The information system review involved a series of steps that led to the finding. These steps include, first, a situation assessment. This step is an analysis of the current conditions of the user, including the consumers of the information stored, the usefulness of the data and the risks involved in the various storage methods. The analysis made validates the options to be used and allows the selection of a technique that fits the user and al other beneficiaries of the information. Second, is the information needs assessment, where the user identifies how the information is essential to them and the number of people it is bound to serve. Also, the goal of the user is identified. Through this information, an appropriate storage mechanism can easily be identified based on the importance of the information. Susceptible information is stored in highly secure situations compared to the other information of the user. The storage difference depends on the level of security for a particular technique.

Exploration of the information is the step following the assessment of information. Through this step, the information sources are analyzed and the means of sharing them with any other parties. This process is the identification of the medium appropriate for sharing information. After identification of the methods and information limitation analysis is conducted to determine the risks that can occur using any of the methods of data storage. It determines the gaps that exist for information stored and the risks that may lead to data loss or disruption. These gaps then lead to a generation of a technique that would help to prevent or reduce the risk in which the information is exposed. Based on the understanding of existing methods, the importance of information and the risks, a recommendation is made on the best method to use or action to take to ensure the safety of the personal information.

The steps were taken in consideration of the control policies according to the ISO 27002 model. The tests were based on the requirements of the model on the essential aspects required in providing a secure platform for information storage. The evidence used was the methodologies applied by the user, and the storage methods projected risks. Also, the history of information loss through device theft and interceptions were considered in finding more risks involved in the storage of information using the specific devices. For example, laptops and mobile phones are prone to system failures and viruses that may lead to system crash hence causing information loss that is difficult to restore. The tools used involved activity reviewing and non-automated means analysis of the devices. It is based on observational techniques on the devices and conditions of data storage. The user information is also useful in reviewing the information system.

Findings review and recommendations for improvement

The review of the information system devices proved to have strengths in some of the controls and required improvement in factors such as restriction to access to privilege rights. The strengths include:

Media handling

According to AS 27002 standard 8.3.3, media containing information should be protected and handled with care during transportation. The portable media used are the laptops, mobile phones, hard disks and flash disks gadgets. The review found that the handling of these devices is appropriate, with specific equipment for carriage purposes and an environment that ensures the safety of devices. Physical safety has been provided through having a laptop bag to prevent breakage when it falls and secure place of storage of the device. Also, mobile phones and other storage devices have storage equipment that ensures the safety of information in it that may be caused by physical damage. Since physical security has been guaranteed, the devices require information security due to technical system improvement. Also in AS 27002 8.2.2 requires labeling of information according to the classification scheme. Most of the information stored in the devices have been labeled based on the information it carries. It is easier to trace a document within a pile of folders created by the use of the labeling made for the documents.

The requirement of Access Control

A restriction has been made in most of the devices reviewed through passwords that secure the information. The devices can only be accessed through passwords, by which a user has to know before acquiring any information from them. There is also a mandatory access policy where the user has total power over the management of the device controls and any controls that need to be set. Also, in 12.4.2, the policy requires the protection of login information, which the user has developed well. The login information includes passwords that are encrypted and not easy to find. This strategy prevents other individuals from acceding the information in the devices unless they know the log information. However, the information is stored well and protected from being access by unauthorized individuals—a security system on access secure information against external risks that may occur. The restrictions on access control ensure integrity to access control rules where persona information requires to be shared by several people benefiting from the same information.

Information security in mobile devices

The user has failed to develop a security system that ensures the protection of data in the devices. In the standard 27002 articles 6, the controls require maintenance of appropriate contacts or relevant authority and a policy supporting security measures implemented. In the review, it was determined that the user shares devices with other individuals hence increasing the risk of losing information. Also, the contacts of authorities are not well kept. A riskier activity that may lead to cyber-attack is the connection to public wi-fi, which does not allow control and management by the user. The risk may compromise information stored in the connected devices as it is open to external access. This risk can be prevented through the implementation of a home connection, with the full managerial ability of the user. It limits access by external sources who wish to get information through malicious methods. It also guarantees safe usage during messaging and information sharing on various platforms.

Reflection on the methodology or review approach

The information system is integrated into an environment with hardware, software and humans, which represents the technical, nontechnical and user functions (Falih, 2018). The three parties have the responsibility to ensure the information stored is secure and cannot be easily accessed by external individuals. The hardware and software are controlled by the user; hence they have to find methods to keep the information safe. Therefore, in personal information security, it is the responsibility of the user to develop strategies that ensure information is secure. The issues to be addressed involving devices for information storage are proper to use, access and approval of usage, users rights and privileges and access to information (Implementing an Information Security Review: TechWeb: Boston University, 2020). The usage of various information storage methods requires a strategy for each device’s security using the user’s privileges and the importance of information. However, each system has to integrate with the features of a device to make it beneficial.

Personal information is not protected a lot compared to organizational information. The review shows a lack of most of the measures mentioned in AS 27002- 2015, except for the few most common ones. Passwords are one strategy most applied by individuals in finding safety for information stored and prevent external access. However, personal information also requires the best practices to allow secure data, as stated in the standards for system security. For example, back up of personal data is one of the essential information processing responsibilities based on the assumption that every system can crash at a point (Henkoğlu and Ucak, 2016). Therefore, with the knowledge, the back-up system should guarantee the safety of the information. The controls give a guideline that helps to strategize methodologies that work for a particular device.

A security policy should state the security need as well as the circumstances under which the need should be met (Computers at risk, 1991). With the application of the AS 27002 standards in review, the controls provide the requirements for a proper security system. Through the standards, I was able to find the need for information security and how the risks could occur. Having cyber-attacks as the main risk affecting devices for personal information, it defines the need to have a security system that protects the data. Identifying the individual’s devices shows the circumstances under which the risks may occur, leading to a loss of information. When a user enters personal information into a web or device, they acknowledge the sites for collection of data. Therefore, giving the need to secure any information stored in them for future restoration.

A review of system security reviews based on the application of AS 27002 leads to the development of strategies that help in securing data. The standards provide control for users to analyze and evaluate their information system to ensure it has the characteristics and features that contribute to the safety of information stored in the devices. Also, other than the identification of the risk, a strategy can be developed to improve the information storage system. The standards can also be applied in securing personal information stored in devices as well as the cloud.

Appendix I – Normative Model

Control Comments about evaluation Tests Recommendation

The policies for information security should be reviewed at planned intervals or if significant changes occur to ensure their continuing suitability, adequacy, and effectiveness. Policies for information security are not reviewed at all.

Access control policy was applied, but the access requests are not structured, which does not guarantee information security.

Passwords have been set for most of the information system gadgets. Develop an access control policy that reviews information security policies in access. Frequently review information security policies to ensure suitability and effectiveness.

6.1.3 Appropriate contacts with relevant authorities should be maintained Formal contacts are not supported. Information on contacts is not synchronized with devices.

Mobile devices policy was adopted to ensure limited access to devices by other individuals.

Appropriate contact sare stored in the cloud and device. External access to appropriate contacts reviewed and security evaluated. Develop a defense in depth with physical, technical and policy controls.

6.2.1 A policy and supporting security measures should be adopted to manage the risks introduced by using mobile devices. Mobile devices are, at times, shared with individuals.

The BYOD approach was implemented to evaluate the limit on handling by external parties.

Mobile devices are not well stored and not secure.

Mobile gadgets are connected to fee wi-fi, which may compromise information. A check on Connections with external wi-fi and accessibility to external individuals. Limit access of devices by family members and other parties

8.2.1 Information should be classified in terms of legal requirements, value, critically, and sensitivity to unauthorized disclosure or modification. Information is all mixed up in the various devices.

The classification scheme model was adopted to evaluate division n classification of data in the devices.

No classifications made as information are stored in devices and cloud, all together. Finding a classification for data separating legal and sensitive information. Develop a classification scheme to store information appropriately.

8.2.2 An appropriate set of procedures for information labeling should be developed and implemented in accordance with information classification scheme adopted by the org Information is labeled depending on its content.

Confidentiality level approach was used where confidential information is labeled aside from public knowledge.

Some information labeling is not clear and easily forgotten unless confirmed. Checking information label, how it is labeled and confidentiality kept Create an appropriate confidentiality level technique for labeling information.

8.3.3 Media containing information should be protected against unauthorized access, misuse or corruption during transportation Transportation of the media devices is appropriate, and packaging ensures physical safety.

Physical protection techniques of packaging in a carriage was adopted, hence guaranteeing physical security.

Security in transportation is also guaranteed. Reliable Transport and packaging Implement appropriate gadget storage for all media devices storing data.

9.1.1 An access control policy should be established documented and reviewed, based on business and information security requirement Devices have passwords to limit access.

Mandatory access policy is adopted where the owner gains full management of the devices and information in them. Checks on who needs to know about information stored, who needs to use the information, and how much they can get access. Implementation of a Formal procedure and defined responsibility of access to devices should be developed.

9.2.2. A formal user Access provisioning process should be implemented to assign or revoke access rights for all user types of toll systems and control User access provisioning is not developed except for google drives.

Provisioning and revoking policies are not applied; hence most information can be accessed.

Notification on other individuals’ access is not developed. Authorization of the owner of the information system and verification of access. Implement access to revoking and provisioning strategy.

9.2.3. The allocation of and use of privileged access rights should be restricted and controlled No restriction to access of privilege rights.

System administration technique restriction to limiting access to privileged access control. Control of privilege access rights such as deleting information. Implement information asset inventory and a system that prevents accessibility to privilege access.

9.2.5 Asset owners should review users access rights at regular intervals Access right of the owner is not reviewed.

An Audit of the systems not implemented by the owner hence no knowledge of the breach of access.

User access rights may be accessed by other individuals without prior knowledge. Authorization for privilege access rights. Review own access rights at individual and broader systems change.

12.3.1 Back-up copies of information, software, and system images should be taken and tested regularly in accordance with the agreed back-up policy. There exists an informal back-up strategy to store information.

Back up, tests have been implemented to ensure the restoration of the data whenever it is required.

However, monitoring of the back-ups is not implemented. Monitoring and recording of back-ups, the safety of back-up devices Design back up policy for file recovery.

12.4.2 Logging facilities and log information should be protected against tampering and unauthorized access Log in information is present for all the devices.

A unique identification policy is applied for the creation of a password for login into devices.

One specific password is adopted for use for almost all the technological devices owned. Presence of login facility and information, storage of information. Provide a secure and tamper free storage of log in information to devices, apps and any storage method.

18.1.4 Privacy and protection of identifiable information should be ensured as required by relevant legislation and Regulation where applicable Information are not protected by any policies. Access is easily granted through password.

Personally, identifiable protection technique has not been applied in the protection of information in the devices. Accessibility to personal information in the devices. Adopt privacy techniques to safeguard information.

13.1.1 Networks should be managed and controlled to protect the information in system and application The network not protected as the user has no control over its use.

Connects to public wi-fi provided hence cannot control or protect information that may be accessed through the system.

There is a high risk of information loss. Network connections used for devices. Implement your own network for use and avoid public Wi-fi.

13.2.1 Formal transfer policies, procedures, and controls should be in place to protect the transfer of information, through the use of all types of communication facilities. User is aware of risks that might occur in transfer policies.

Classification of information allows priorities in transfer policies.

Some communication facilities do not guarantee information protection.

Evaluation of the confidentiality integrity and safety controls for information transfer was conducted. Implement restrictions to interceptions, copying, or destruction of information.

13.2.3 Information involved in electronic messaging shod be appropriately protected Uses apps for communications and emails to send messages.

Encryption has been implemented for some information being sent hence cannot be accessed by the public. Check on devices and applications used for communication.

Determining the presence of encryption of information in the devices.

Adopt sharing information through encrypted systems in devices.

References

1991. Computers at risk. D.C .: National Academy Press

Bu.edu.2020. Implementing An Information Security Review: Techweb. Boston University. [Online] Available at https://www.bu.edu/tech/about/security-resources/bestpractice/infosec-review/

Falih, F., 2018. A Review Study Of Information System. International Journal of Computer Applications, 179(18), pp.15-19

Freire, F. and Padilla, V., 2019. A Contingency Plan Framework for Cyber-Attacks. Journal of Information Systems Engineering & Management, 4(2).

Henkoglu, T. and Ucak, N., 2016. Information Security And the Protection of Personal Data in Universities. International Journal of Business and Management Invention. 5(1)

Maurer, J., Clark, B. and B., Y., 2015. SOHO: Information Security Awareness in the Aspect of Contingency Planning. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 6(10).

Standards Australia 2015, AS ISO/IEC 27002:2015 Information technology – Security techniques – Code of practice for information security controls, Standards Australia International, Sydney.

Sources of secondary data

Secondary data

Name

Institution

Course

Date

There are quite limited resources available for research and evaluation in non-profit and public sectors. Among these limited resources are funds, time, and knowledge. Due to these limitations it becomes difficult to create primary data for research and hence one is forced to carry out research and evaluation with secondary data. Secondary data is data previously collected by another researcher at a different time.

Researchers can obtain secondary data from quantitative and qualitative research strands. There are different types of secondary data that can be used in the evaluation of the program, policy or problem. Sources of secondary data from a quantitative research strand include external sources such as published sources. Public agencies gather data from crime rates, vital statistics, governmental budgets, census data and scores from educational testing and avail the data to researchers. Government agencies carry out studies on various public issues, and the information is published (Johnson, 2014). They release government statistics such as population censuses, family expenditure surveys, social surveys, import, and export statistics.

Another secondary source of data is syndicated data that is data that is sold by research firms. There are research firms that carry out research and after they get the information they sell it to other researchers. Another secondary source is data from national and international institutions (United Nations, n.d.). These institutions avail data on business economic reviews, journals and articles, and university research reports. Secondary data can also be obtained from online sources. Researchers can carry out research on the problem, policy or program and public the information on articles, journals that they make available online.

Sources of secondary data from a qualitative research strand include interviews. Researchers can try to get a person-to-person response on previously prepared questions that are aimed at obtaining in-depth information on an individual’s experiences. Interviews are also aimed at finding out more information on surveys or questionnaires. Interviews can be conducted on the key officials that can assist in the verification of the interpretation of a particular researcher. The interviews can also help in exploring issues that might have been left out in a written form and hence provide context. Another secondary data source is observation that involves accurate on-site observation of the operations of a particular program. It includes observing the activities that go on, discussions, processes, and results that can be observed. Researchers can observe different things like the patterns of land use in the country, friendliness within waiting rooms in public agencies, quality of housing or even the road conditions (Bureau of Labor Statistics, n.d.). Observation can be carried out in either a structured or semi-structured format. For a structured observation, there are specific checklists that contain check boxes that make it possible to count things precisely. On the other hand, in semi-structured observations, the researcher makes notes on whatever is of interest to them, unusual things or typical things. Researchers can also carry out a detailed observation of research-related documents and records to obtain information.

Secondary data sources have a great impact on the evaluation of the problem, policy or problem. First, these sources of data make useful information available that is necessary for carrying out an evaluation. With secondary data, there is a lot of background work that has been conducted by different researchers and hence there is a lot of information such as case studies and literature reviews (Johnson, 2014). This background information makes it easy to undertake an evaluation of the program, policy or problem.

Due to the amount of background work conducted, secondary data has a high degree of reliability and validity. A researcher using secondary data does not need to re-examine the data before use. Reliability and validity makes the process of evaluation easy and fast since there is no need for re-examining data. The re-use of qualitative data provides a good opportunity of studying raw materials of the past in order to get an insight of theoretical and methodological purposes. Less time is required to collect secondary data and hence making the evaluation process fast. Secondary data also plays a significant role in the exploratory phase of any research whenever the task been carried out defines a research problem and also to come up with a hypothesis. Gathering and analysis of secondary data helps in improving how a researcher understands the problem.

References

Johnson, G. (2014). Research methods for public administrators (3rd ed.). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Chapter 7, “Data Collection I: Available Data and Observation” (pp. 97–111)

Bureau of Labor Statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved June 7, 2014, from www.bls.gov 

United Nations. (n.d.). Official documents and bibliographic databases. Retrieved June 7, 2014, fromhttp://www.un.org/en/databases/ 

Scholarly discussion Black Lives Matter and Body-Worn Cameras.

Scholarly discussion: Black Lives Matter and Body-Worn Cameras.

There is an absolute need for police reforms in the United States. Reported cases of the violence the police use on black men, women, people with no documentation, the disabled, queer and Trans is a definite example of how black lives are continuously disvalued in the United States. Statistics demonstrate that black people are more than twice as likely as white people to be killed by police officers. Placing of body worn cameras on police officers have been suggested by the community stakeholders and criminal justice leaders. BWC have improved police courtesy as well as improving the perception of citizen on police transparency and their lawfulness (Braga, 2017). The article highlights the importance of body worn cameras , because BWC function by recording every police encounter with the public and hence a good number of individuals champion the installation of BWC on police officers to curb the use of violence against people of color.

In the article, “The benefits of body worn Cameras: new findings from the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department”, Anthony Braga et. al (2017) categorically denotes the importance, the significance and the positive implications of the utilization of body-worn cameras as a solution to police brutality. He indicates that, Body-worn cameras are beneficial as they play a major role in boosting police accountability. The installation of body worn cameras will make it possible for the general public to see how police officers interact with community members, while undertaking their tasks during their duty shifts and hence there will be transparency and the actions of the police officers will definitely be available to the scrutiny of the general public as well as the individuals in the criminal justice system. The author goes ahead to explain the direct correlation between body-worn cameras and police accountability. The body- worn cameras will ensure that the police account for their actions at all times. Accountability is certainly an important feature of the American police department and accountability also fosters lawfulness and legitimacy which play a great role in ensuring that the police department achieves its goal of ensuring law and order is kept in the community.

Braga, (2017) therefore, identifies that body worn cameras will ensure that the police officers are at all times cautious of their actions and in return serve the members of the community with fairness and with responsibility as they deserve. It is also indicated that, body worn cameras will ensure that the civilians and the police officers are protected. From the study, it is clear that after the use of Body-worn cameras the reports on the use of force and violence by the police on members of the public reduced and it was contributed by the fact that, the interactions of the police and the members of the public are captured and recorded. To add to that, the body-worn cameras will also help to protect the police officers from being accused falsely and also from misconduct and any form of abuse towards them. CITATION Ant171 l 1033 (Anthony Braga, James R Coldren, William Sousa, Denise Rodriguez, Omer Alper, 2017)In conclusion Braga, (2017), highlights that body worn cameras will reduce the confrontational situations between police officers and some members of the community. The discussion indicates that when police officers wore body- cameras they reduce the force the used while executing their duties as well as the force used by the respondents by 50%. Also, the recorded footage can be used as hard-video evidence and that it will lead to obtaining accurate victim statements and the right witnesses. In instances where allegations are made the footage from body worn cameras will show the actual occurrences that took place and in return body-worn cameras protect the citizens and the police from unnecessary harm and the use of force.

In the article, “White Coats for Black Lives: Responding to racism and police brutality,” Dorothy Charlse , Kathryn Himmelsten, Walker Keena and Nicholas Baried (2015), the medical professionals join hands with other citizens to protest against racial injustice and police brutality on black- Americans. The main concern raised in the article is the non-indictment of the officers that are responsible for the death of black- Americans in police custody. The white Coats for Black Lives indicate, that as a community that is highly vested in the lives and well-being of the population, medicine is also not immune to the menace which is racial injustice. Racism in the criminal justice system which is the predisposing factor to police brutality, damages the health and the lives of people of color and that there is need to address it as a public health crisis. The medical professionals also define the act as death by legal intervention. The article, applies the well thought through interventions that will help reduce and even eliminate police brutality. In their account, one of the concrete measures to be taken by policy makers is the introduction and utilization of body worn cameras as an intervention to bring to an end police brutality. There is a definite need for stringent and comprehensive measures that will ensure the police are accountable and that the carry out their duties and tasks without discrimination. The recommendation that police officers should use body cameras is supported by the evidence that body cameras have the ability to, and will provide concrete evidence in terms of audio and video recordings of the violent confrontations and incidences. The article therefore demonstrates that body-worn cameras will lead to impartiality and fairness, and in instances where the brutality of the police resulted to death of the victims then the recording from the BWC will give the dead a voice. Transparency and accountability between the police officers and the community will also be increased. There is evidence that the wearing of body cameras reduce the complaints of the community by close to 88% as well as the reported drop in the use of police force by about 66%.

Dorothy Charlse et al, (2015), show that it is also important for the policy makers to formulate guidelines that will promote the effectiveness and the efficient use of body cameras. The laws to be put in place will include the individuals to control the body cameras, how the cameras will be activated and how they will be used. The team sheds light that the success of the body cameras as a strategy to address racial injustice will give the desired results if they are controlled by a third party. The death of black males by legal intervention is still a calamity that the health professionals term as a means where the law enforcement department is hindering the success of black-Americans on other issues such as the mental and the physical health of the population.CITATION Dor l 1033 (Dorothy Charlse, 2015).

Vanessa Williamson et al, (2018), define what the movement Black Lives matter means. It is certainly an organization of people that protest against the death of black people caused by police brutality. The Black Lives Matter activists play a very critical role in organizing the protest that draws the attention of the public as well as the responsible leaders and agencies to the death of black individuals at the hands of the people that ought to protect them, that is, the police officers. The article also sheds light on the broader issues that police brutality on black people stems from. There is an extensive discussion and mention of the broader issues which include police violence and the existence of policies that do not favor a particular race as well as other racial inequalities in health, economic and political power and social matters. CITATION Van181 l 1033 (Vanessa Williamson, 2018).

In the article there is a great advocacy for policy changes. Vanessa, (2018) dictates that it is necessary for the police department to utilize body cameras as well as the independent special prosecutors and that there should be a great transparency in the policies that govern the criminal justice departments. The article demonstrate that there is a dire need for the appropriate measures to be put in place to curb police brutality in localities where the population of there is a high black population. Law enforcement agencies should be given the appropriate training building the capacity around the utilization of body cameras for maximum benefits and which will translate to safe communities and a country that its environment is conducive for each and every individual to safely live in and go about their businesses regardless of their race and skin color. It is also definite that the support from the political sphere of the country is important as it will ensure that the appropriate polices are enacted such as the use of body cameras and that the entire population will live peacefully and satisfied and also feel that the government and the system values their lives.

Pellow, (2016), in the article “Toward a Critical Environmental Justice studies: Black Lives Matter as an Environmental justice Challenge,” demonstrate that the BLM is a social movement that seeks to plead for the grievances of the black people, and most importantly on issues around police brutality. The movement was formed in 2012 after the death of George Zimmerman in Florida. There is also a great correlation between racism and flawed economic, political, social and legal system in the United States. Reforms and the transformation of the system is one that everyone should pay close attention to. The BLM movement also advocates for the inclusion of black Americans in decision making and it will lead to the adoption of important strategies that will protect the lives of the minorities. The strategy being mentioned in this case is the utilization of Body-worn cameras. The black live matter movement challenges the state sanctioned violence. CITATION Dav161 l 1033 (Pellow, 2016).

Monica Anderson, (2018) in the article, “Analysis of Black Lives Matter and other Twitter hashtags related to social and political issues,” identifies that the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter has been on twitter for a long time and also the volume of messages tied to that hashtag on twitter indicate that it is a matter that affects the lives of people and disrupt their normal functioning. The hashtag has been used to respond to real life problems and events and most importantly police brutality. There is a clear indication that the hashtag is tied to political issues and it is used by activist to bring the entire population to terms with what is happening. Some of the issues addressed by the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter include; fatal police-related encounters. The names of those that have lost their lives in police custody are mentioned and justice is sought using the social media platform.CITATION Mon181 l 1033 (Anderson, 2018). The tweets on the hashtag also mentions specific acts of violence used by the law enforcement officers on unarmed black men. The intent of the mention of such is to ensure that the general public understand the mechanisms that some law enforcement personnel that is unlawful and they should speak against such.

Monica Anderson, (2018) reflects that important messages and insights are passed across social media under the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter. She mentions that, the topic on police and law enforcement certainly comes up and the discussion runs around the police enforcement actions and the recommendations that should be considered in order to save the lives of black- people. When the measures to curb police brutality are mentioned, the mounting of body- worn cameras on the police is highlighted. It is also mentions that a lot of information on race and police enforcement take up a good percentage of the tweets on #BlackLivesMatter. In this age where there is a lot of activity on social media and a good number of individuals also participate there the information and the grievances being addressed will get to the right authorities, with the hope that they will act on them appropriately leading to a safe country where every single person is proud to be part of.

Black Lives Matter is an on-going campaign that seeks to address the challenges being faced by black people. The interventions that they advocate for the most is body-worn cameras as highlighted in the articles there is a feeling that the cameras will reap greater success in the fight against police brutality and racial discrimination.

REFERENCES.

BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Anderson, M., Toor, S., Rainie, L., Smith, A., Anderson, M., Toor, S., & Smith, A. (2018). 2. An analysis of# BlackLivesMatter and other Twitter hashtags related to political or social issues. Pew Research Center.

Braga, A. A., Coldren, J. R., Sousa, W. H., Rodriguez, D., & Alper, O. (2017). The benefits of body-worn cameras: New findings from a randomized controlled trial at the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department. Arlington, VA: CNA Analysis & Solutions.

Charles, D., Himmelstein, K., Keenan, W., Barcelo, N., & White Coats for Black Lives National Working Group. (2015). White coats for black lives: medical students responding to racism and police brutality. Journal of urban health, 92(6), 1007-1010.

Pellow, D. N. (2016). Toward a critical environmental justice studies: Black Lives Matter as an environmental justice challenge. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 13(2), 221-236.

Williamson, V., Trump, K. S., & Einstein, K. L. (2018). Black lives matter: evidence that police-caused deaths predict protest activity. Perspectives on Politics, 16(2), 400-415.

Risks Management in Global Trade in Tourism Services

Risks management

Author’s name

Institutional AffiliationTable of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Risks Management in Global Trade in Tourism Services PAGEREF _Toc321145894 h 2Introduction PAGEREF _Toc321145895 h 2Hypotheses PAGEREF _Toc321145896 h 3Aims and Objectives PAGEREF _Toc321145897 h 3Literature Review PAGEREF _Toc321145898 h 4How the Government Helps Banks in Mitigating Risks in Tourism PAGEREF _Toc321145899 h 5Risks Non-Attributable To Negligence or Errors PAGEREF _Toc321145900 h 6Risks Attributable to Negligence or Errors PAGEREF _Toc321145901 h 7Security Protection of International Tourists by Judicial Apparatus PAGEREF _Toc321145902 h 7Insurance System in Tourist Protection PAGEREF _Toc321145903 h 8Research Methodology PAGEREF _Toc321145904 h 9Ethical Considerations PAGEREF _Toc321145905 h 9References PAGEREF _Toc321145906 h 10

Risks Management in Global Trade in Tourism ServicesIntroductionTourism status globally makes it increasingly vulnerable to disloyal treatment of the diverse providers in the tourist industry and against the unpredicted events. Risks management in the tourism industry is as a result of compliance to of several multilateral, bilateral, regional, or international treaties concerning the protection of tourist demanders on the global markets. Risks management has become, and remains, a vital constituent of the way every business operates in the tourism industry. There are manifold prospects for risks to develop into disasters or disruption events, across this industry (Michael & Cioccio, 2008). Security issues, natural catastrophes like cyclones and outbreaks of contagious diseases are examples of risks which might have a significant impact on this industry. Risk management planning is predominantly important in facilitating the different players in the tourism industry to respond, as well as adapt to unforeseen occurrences. Risk management in the context of tourism refers to planning as well as implementation of various processes directed towards managing the adverse consequences of disasters and crises on tourism. It as well addresses tourism’s prospects for improvement in procedures and systems (Robert, 2009). This paper addresses the concern of risk management in and how the industry implements the different procedures and systems in order to mitigate the risks associated with tourism.

HypothesesWhat is the role of risks management, and to what extent does risks management influence service delivery in the tourism industry? How does the tourism industry implement this, bearing in mind that, many players within the industry have failed in the quest of the same?

Aims and ObjectivesThis dissertation proposal aims at exploring the risks management associated with global trade, in tourism services. The objective is to:

Provide an overview of the risks management associated with global trade, in tourism services.

Show how the government helps banks in mitigating risks in tourism.

Explain the various types of risk scenarios in the tourism industry.

Utilize secondary research in exploring the risks management associated with global trade, in tourism services.

Provide a conclusive understanding of the problem as well as the different mitigation approaches such insurance systems and judicial apparatus.

Literature ReviewIn the event that tourism demand is generated at the tourist’s location of residence, defined by socio-political, economic, and ethnical characteristics of a regional or national territory, the tourism consumption, in general, is made within the tourism offer basins. This would be prior to, during, subsequent to the displacement, in addition to at the place of destination (Lawton & Weaver, 2003). Irrespective of the character of the service or product which the tourists decide to purchase, the consumers bear some essential rights. These fundamental rights include:

The right to information, including unreliable marketing, labeling or detrimental practices, so as to organize of all the essential information in making purchase decisions.

The right to decide from a variety of services or products at the prices created by the competition.

The right to be listened to, meaning the opportunity of expressing dissatisfactions in relation to the services or products purchased, but also the purchasing conditions.

The right to protection and security, in order to be certain that the services or products they purchase are not injurious, and do not present hazards for the consumers (Borge, 2005).

In 1985, the United Nations (UN) approved principles concerning the protection of clientele. The objective of these principles was to implementation a model for member-states of the UN in regard to the fulfilling suitable consumers’ protection (Dritsakis, 2010). This was in order to establish superior standard regulations for the providers or producers, and also for distributors to encourage the international cooperation concerning clientele protection. This was envisioned to contribute to the satisfaction of the needs of consumers or customers of a company that engages in tourism (Dirggers, 2009).

How the Government Helps Banks in Mitigating Risks in TourismThe tourism industry is fundamentally vulnerable to a diversity of risks that may be natural, or man made, widespread, and isolated. The tourism industry has in recent years developed several risk management policies in order to mitigate the impact of possible risks. The industry enters into partnerships and commercial joint arrangements with a variety of industry players including the banking industry (Laiming, 2001). Several studies show that the tourism industry experiences diverse complexities in accessing adequate capital to initiate new ventures or in expand the existing ones (George, 2009). In this context, government would want to regulate the provision of its support, particularly the contingent liabilities generated through these support mechanisms. For instance, by means of government guarantees of the obligations related to grantor payment or repayment of debt. The governments would seek equilibrium between the risks it would incur in support of infrastructure investment as well as fiscal prudence (Alire, 2004). In striking this balance, it helps the government in making careful decisions concerning when it would provide public-finances support and regulate the government liabilities that originate from such public-finances support, while being aggressive in promoting infrastructure investment in the tourism industry (Chang & Lee, 2007).Risks Non-Attributable To Negligence or ErrorsThis chapter includes category risks, which originate from, the ignorance of risks or dangers owed to human or natural hazards that are not under the power of travel organizers or travel agents. Nevertheless, the existence of these category risks might negatively influence security or welfare of the tourists (Mawby, 2007). These risks might be generated by contagious diseases, social revolt, workplace conflicts, and major events such as earthquakes, criminal, or terrorism acts. It is also appropriate to include any eventual occurrences which can be created in the course of displacement to tourist destinations or in the period of the stay (Lundberg, 2006).

Occasionally, travel agencies lack sufficient information or do not have the opportunity to notify their clients, who might take precautions prior to travel to reduce such depressing effects attributable to the lack of adequate information (Fortson, 2000). Consequently, the tourist requires accurate and up-to-date information concerning the travel. This would assist in that, by acquiring the information regarding the travel conditions, the tourist may decide if they would wish to avoid the destination or route or maintain the intent to travel. The tourist may protect himself against such eventual risks (Robert, 2009).The inevitable risks, which are outside the control of the travel agencies, might also bear negative consequences regarding the possessions that the tourist carries with them. In such state of affairs, the law of contracts stipulates that the contractors are free from any responsibility (Churchill, 2008). The lack of sufficient information and reasonable judicial knowledge of the tourists makes the travel organizer or agent to agree to such contracts, even though the buyer is disarmed under such risks (Grabowski, 2003). These are the risks which are brought about by his displacement to a tourism destination, which proves to be, at the purchasing moment of the tourist services or products, a comparatively known, risky destination (Chang & Lee, 2007).

Risks Attributable to Negligence or ErrorsThis chapter includes category risks, which result or, are derived from the involuntary or voluntary actions of the travel agents or tourism providers, which are considered as a consequence of their responsibility. From the perspective of consumers or demanders in tourism, the procurement of tourist services packages signifies a financial effort (Gin & Cossens, 2008). In this financial effort does not guarantee the expected contentment as a result of inappropriate performance, it might compromise consumption of the tourist services packages in the period of the holiday. The damages brought about involuntarily by the travel agency, might be the outcome of a lack of preventative measures, by not adhering to the norms or regulations, or even as a result of professional incompetence on the part of the travel agencies (Kerzner, 2006).

In so doing, the tour agency or operator is material accountable, irrespective of the precautionary norms that may have been applied for defining the responsibilities of the organizer towards the tourist (Carter, 2000). This also imposes the tourist with a comparable obligation. Therefore, the responsibility arbitrates even for the easiest culpability. The tourist may be held responsible for his irrational, or rational actions, whose results represent a risk for the tour organizers or for the provider of the tourism services that is the object of the transactions (Gunn, 2004).

Security Protection of International Tourists by Judicial ApparatusWhile the obligation to demonstrate proof of identity is perceived as a check on a persons’ freedom of movement, a passport constitutes a method of identification that is universally recognized (Enders, 2007). The significance of the passport as a valid identification document is established by the authorities in standardizing its structure and content (Davis & Weinberg, 2000). This is in order to conform to international techniques in simplifying the record of the person’s identity. The risk of theft or loss of the passport is proportional to its significance, and consular institutions are skilled in facilitating the issuance of some provisional identification documents (Berno & Moore, 2005).

Insurance System in Tourist ProtectionInsurance is fundamentally a financial mechanism that facilitates one entity to transfer the risk of potential losses to a second entity, the insurance provider. The insurance provider must be willing to accept this risk for a predetermined duration of time in exchange of imbursement of premiums (Paisley, 2007). These transfers involve risk assessment, and risk pricing. Risk assessment involves the evaluation of risks so that they can be acknowledged and priced. While risk pricing, on the other hand, involves assigning of a monetary value on the risks (Brawner, 2003). Insurance helps in restoring the security of a policy holder following a distress. If designed well, insurance generates inducements for the policy holders to diminish risky behavior (John, 2003). Insurance as a mechanism in risk management runs high in negotiations concerning global climate change under the patronage of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). In reality, insurance is among the policy apparatus for adaptation stipulated in key UNFCCC resolutions (Jorgensen, 2011).

Tourist insurance is a policy measure in tourism services that are adopted as a way of providing protection to the insured people from risks that would threaten them in order to grant security (Smith, 2003). As a result of the differing interests among the signatory entities in an insurance contract, namely, the tourists, the insurers, and the brokers, as well as the necessity of extension, in every country, regarding the practice of tourist insurance, the World Trade Organization (WTO) committee of experts decided to incorporate, in the attributions of civic authorities, the negotiation concerning tourist insurances with private insurance institutions. The promotion of tourist insurance to national levels on reasonable tariffs must comply with some conditions (Jorgensen, 2011).

Research MethodologyIt is essential to note that this research will be principally based on the utilization of secondary research as the primary research methodology. The quantitative analysis of data collected from the secondary sources will be the principal method utilized in the secondary research. Data will be compiled from identified materials or sources academic and business journals and books that focus on risk management in the tourism industry. Such sources of information are regularly precise and not manipulative as would be the case with qualitative research (Ellis, 2000). In qualitative research information is distorted or manipulated easily. The study, as has been cited in the aims and objectives section, will seek to explore and establish the risks management associated with global trade in tourism services, and to demonstrate the pivotal role played by risks management in global trade, in tourism services. Secondary research refers to the compilation and employment of available data (Glaser & Strauss 1967). In the context of this research study, the main secondary data sources will be: books, business and academic journals relating to risk management in the tourism industry. The data acquired from the secondary sources will be mainly be utilized for the development of the literature review section of the dissertation proposal. This will assist in supplementing a decisive understanding of the issue that this dissertation explores.

Ethical ConsiderationsAll research findings realized will be handled in the highest degree of prudence and in regard to ethics. None of the sources shall be linked with any definite observation, and neither shall any observation be correlated without clear reference to the source.

Summary and Conclusion

Tourists’ global status makes them increasingly vulnerable in relation to the disloyal conduct of the diverse providers in the tourist services, as well as against the unexpected occurrences. According to WTO estimations, Europe will continue until 2020 as the region that would generate the highest number of tourists. At the international perspective, it was established that, in the future, the tourist consumer’s protection insurance will focus on structured tourist arrangements, as well as on standards that must be appreciated by the expedition organizers, and by tourist services packages providers. In regard to client’s dissatisfaction in relation to the services provided by the expedition organizer, the WTO developed an extremely strict regulation with the intention of protecting the consumers. In the event that the discontent is subjective, meaning communication deficiencies, staff behavior and attitude, the liability is transferred from the tour-operator, and laid on the services provider. In the event of solving of the consumer’s grievances, it recommends an arbitration method, rather than the court of law.

ReferencesAlire, C. (2004). Disaster Planning & Recovery Handbook. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Berno, T. & Moore, K. (2005). Relationships between Tourism & Crime, Visions in Business & Leisure, 7(1). 9.

Borge, H. (2005). The Manuscript of Risks. New York: Wiley.

Brawner, L. (2003). Insurance & Risk Management, Public Library Quarterly, 13(1). 5.

Carter, S. (2000). Tourists & Travelers Social Construction of Asia & Africa as Risky Destinations, Tourism management, 15(2), 23.

Chang, C. & Lee, L. (2007). Economic Growth & Tourism Development: A Clearer Look at Panels, Journal of Tourism Management, 29(5). 80.

Churchill, C. (2008). Protecting the Tourist: Micro-insurance Compendium. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Davis, P. & Weinberg, L. (2000). Introduction to Political Terrorism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Dirggers, P. (2009). Risks Management in Tourism Programs, Colorado Libraries, 21(1). 3.

Dritsakis, M. (2010). Tourism as a Long-Term Factor of Economic Growth: An Empirical

Analysis of Greece. Tourism Economics, 11(2). 5.

Ellis, R. (2000). A Rejoinder to Crime & War on Tourism, Visions in Business & Leisure, 4(2). 2.

Enders, T. (2007). An Econometric Study of the Impact of Terrorism on Tourism, Kyklos, 5(6). 9.

Fortson, J. (2000). Disaster Planning: Managing Financial Risks. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

George, R. (2009). Management of Tourism in South Africa. London: Thames & Hudson.

Gin, S. & Cossens, J. (2011). Tourism & AIDS: Destination Choice & Perceived Risk of HIV Infection, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 4(2).6.

Glaser, & Strauss, A. (1967). Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine.

Grabowski, H. (2003). Tourism & Health: Risks, Research & Responses. London: Pinter.

Gunn, S. (2004). Tourism Planning: Fundamentals, Cases, & Concepts. Washington, D.C: Taylor & Francis.

John, C. (2003). Managing Risks & Decisions in Key Projects. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Jorgensen, S. (2011). Social Risks Management: A Theoretical Framework for Social Protection. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Kerzner, H. (2006). Project Management: Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, &Controlling. New York: Wiley.

Laiming, J. (2001). Insurance: Minimizing Loss & Managing Risk. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Lawton, L. & Weaver, D. (2003). Risks Management in Tourism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Lundberg, D. (2006). The Tourism Business. Boston: CBI Publishing.

Mawby, R. (2007). Tourist Victimization & Fear of Crime on Vacation Festival. Tourism Management, 22(4), 17.

Michael, D. & Cioccio, L. (2008). Tourist Destinations: Tourism Disaster Management Agenda. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Paisley, S. (2007). What Insurance Companies are Hiding, Disaster Recovery Journal, 9(5).7.

Robert, E. (2009). Introduction to Risks Management, New York: University of New York Press.Smith, S. (2003). Insurance Planning, Journal of History News, 48(1).18.

Richard Rodriguez-Interview

Richard Rodriguez-Interview Reflection

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

Richard Rodriguez-Interview Reflection

Richard Rodriguez is a Mexican-American author who has benefited from affirmative action granting him an opportunity to learn. As a child, he was fascinated by books and would read at every chance he got. He attended Sacramento in California, and at the time, he only knew 50 English works. He eventually finishes his university education by studying in the quiet reading room of the British Museum. The main focus of the chapter and the presentation interview is to describe his distressing journey as a minority student who pays academic success and social assimilation with painful alienation from his parents, culture, and past. In the presentation, Rodriguez explains to listeners the high cost of becoming successful in middle-class America. Rodriguez reminisces his journey through education and the significance in his life. He asserts that his success in life was because education changed and separated him from the life he lived before becoming a student. Rodriguez sees himself as the perfect scholarship boy, as described by Richard Hoggart in his book The Uses of Literacy (Rodriguez, 1982). Like the scholarship boy, Rodriguez said that he was the type of student who memorized information in the books to maintain good grades without necessarily developing an opinion. He was denied his past because he had to maintain two different phases while at school and home. Rodriguez says that he encountered nostalgia from his past. While education widened the gulf between his parents and him, it made him care and be willing to write about. The reason why Rodriguez is an author today is because of education.

In the presentation, Rodriguez touches on matters of minority, cultural minority, language, family influence, and education because he wanted to show the audience how his factors helped transform him from a shy and isolated young boy to the man he is today. His life changed when he adapted to the American culture. For the first time, he was not conflicted, and he chose another culture over his Mexican culture. He quickly noticed that there was a demand for well-educated people within the American culture. As a result, he formed an opinion that his family was holding him back and preventing him from getting the education he so much craved for. Rodriguez talked about culture in his speech to show listeners that in order to be successful, he had to separate himself from the family as their actions as the reasons why they were not successful in his eyes. He strongly held that his Mexican culture would only drive him towards financial devastation and failure, issues that are looked down upon in American society. He wanted to show that he had to learn a new culture by himself using books as a guide and education at a very tender age. Although he denies being a minority, it is clear that his Hispanic roots made him a minority. Language and family influence are important factors as they shaped him into the man he is too. His mother had a high school degree, and his father came to the United States to chase a career as an engineer that did not materialize. His parents’ English was poor and as such, they could not help Rodriguez with his studies. At one point, his father tried to help with solving math problems, but he could not get past the instructions. Rodriguez was angry that his parents were not capable teachers leading him to turn to his teachers and not his parents role models.

In my opinion, American society remains one of the most diverse cultures in the world. It has people from all kinds of ethnic backgrounds. Like Rodriguez, I agree that Americans do not speak English but rather speak American. With so many ethnicities, including African American, Hispanic, Native American, Latino, Asian-American, among others, it is difficult to say which language Americans speak. People tend to mix language, and all people incorporate some black American slang, Spanish, and even German in their language. It is high time that people do away with the minority terminology because we are all Americans at the end of the day.

References

Rodriguez, R. (1982). The hunger of memory: The education of Richard Rodriguez (Reprinted 1983). New York: Bantam.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jz2wLvK9p9Q “Books and Learning”