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Subsistence Strategies in Malaysia

Subsistence Strategies in Malaysia

CHAPTER 18: STIMULANT DRUGS

STUDENT NAME

INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION

Stimulants are often classified as substances usually drugs that affect the normal functioning of the body. Stimulant drugs catalyze the neuron messaging that speed up the reaction between the body and the brain. These drugs enhance the alertness and energy level of an individual (Gawin & Ellinwood Jr,1988). While these drugs were developed for medical purposes they are usually abused in various instances. At times these stimulant drugs are referred to as uppers as they increase levels of alertness and energy. The essay seeks to look into the prescription of stimulants such as Cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine and nicotine. How they affect the body and how the addictions can be treated.

Stimulant drugs are usually prescribed in the form of capsules and tablets that when abused are swallowed or even in liquid form are usually injected as others are crushed and snorted. Cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine and nicotine are among the most commonly abused drugs in the streets. These drugs make boosts the confidence of individuals making them more energetic and alert as they feel more awake (Gawin & Ellinwood Jr,1988). These drugs are legally prescribed such as amphetamines while some are illegal such as cocaine and nicotine. Whilst the illegal drugs are being injected, crashed to be snorted, swallowed and smoked, as the legally prescribed stimulant drugs are orally absorbed although their effects depend on the type of drugs used (Gawin & Ellinwood Jr,1988).

Amphetamines are mostly legal stimulant drugs prescribed by doctors in order to treat conditions such as the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD and the sleep disorder narcolepsy. The Parkinson disease has also used amphetamines stimulant as a form of treatment (Baroni & Castellanos,2015). Other forms of amphetamine are often sold and produced illegally such as crystal methamphetamine commonly referred to as ice. Caffeine also a form of a stimulant drug that was obtained from coffee arabica, cola, cocoa and tea. The amount of caffeine used is regulated by food regulation standing committee. Consumptions of a large amount of caffeine are taken it could amount to an overdose that one may be characterized by experiencing as tremor, nausea, high heart rate, confusion or even seizures (Baroni & Castellanos,2015).

Cocaine is a type of stimulant drug that is usually extracted from coca bush and processed through three different forms. That is the cocaine hydrochloride, free base and crack it is used as crack. This stimulant is usually snorted although it can be injected, rubbed and even added to drinks or food. Nicotine is commonly used in other substances such as cigarettes, tobaccos, cigars and even dry snuff that are obtained from leaves of the tobacco plant that usually contain nicotine. This stimulant is usually smoked (Munro, Marraccini & Oster,2017).

The common use of drugs is often advised to be carefully administered as no levels of drug use or abuse are safe as there is always a risk in the use of drugs. The effects of these stimulants affect individuals irregardless of their size, weight and health. The addition of an individual, how much is consumed and the strength of the stimulant. The affected individuals have affected show signs of mild stimulation, coughing on use of stimulated that can be smoked, confusion, seizures among other feelings of pleasures confidence and happiness (Munro, Marraccini & Oster,2017). The giving up on substances such nicotine causes the development of withdrawal symptoms such as cravings, irritability or even depression.

When taken in combination of alcohol stimulant used can be dangerous. They can not be allowed to be used by persons with depression, mental problem or even preexisting heart conditions. Continuous use of stimulants creates a dependence on them and tolerance with its effects. This dependence could be psychological or even physical. The individuals crave for the drugs as they become more addicted to them valuing them than the other life activities (Munro, Marraccini & Oster,2017). This urge with time often becomes more difficult to control and use them. Abstinence and initiation are recommended form of treating the overdependence on stimulants with modafinil medication being a promising treatment for abstinence of the treatment such as narcolepsy with propranolol shows promise for severe cocaine symptoms with considerations of possible relapse (Munro, Marraccini & Oster,2017).

References

Baroni, A., & Castellanos, F. X. (2015). Stimulants, cognition and ADHD. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 4, 109-114.

Gawin, F. H., & Ellinwood Jr, E. H. (1988). Cocaine and other stimulants. New England Journal of Medicine, 318(18), 1173-1182.

Munro, B. A., Weyandt, L. L., Marraccini, M. E., & Oster, D. R. (2017). The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, executive functioning and academic outcomes. Addictive behaviors, 65, 250-257.

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SOC CH 17-18 Short Response

SOC CH 17-18 Short Response

Chapter 17

Social conflict (power elite) best describes the US political institution. According to conflict theory, the continual class struggle that exists in society as a result of unequal resource distribution is the primary focus of study. By highlighting the causes and consequences of the class struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat, Karl Marx is credited with advancing this theory in the nineteenth century. As a result of the injustices faced by populations living inside unequal class structures, there is continual conflict throughout society. Thus, there is a constant conflict between the bourgeoisie class, which dominates the economy at its highest levels, and the working class or proletariat class. Consequently, according to conflict theory, the uneven distribution of resources is maintained by intellectual coercion, in which the bourgeoisie coerces the proletariat into accepting the current situation. As a result, conflict theory is largely concerned with this battle between classes. Specifically, it explains how resource scarcity causes class differences in a society, and how this separation is sustained by control and force rather than consensus and compliance, rather than consensus and compliance. In order to retain their positions of wealth and power, according to conflict theory, persons in positions of wealth and power resort to whatever measures required, most notably oppressing the poor and weak. This is the way the US society functions. For example, the education and health systems in the US point to the differences between social classes, with better systems for the upper social classes leading to social stratification.

Chapter 18

The US government intervenes to offer some direct benefits. For example, the regulation of the interest rate through adjustment of the costs of borrowing money directly means that I pay lower interest rates to all forms of borrowing. More directly, I can benefit through government intervention to offer free education. Additionally, strategic planning on infrastructure means that I have better access to necessities such as internet, better connectivity, and other vital elements that intervention enables.

From the video, the state of the establishment, the management, and a lack of fire preparedness can be said to have aggravated the Triangle Fire. The lack of a no-smoking policy inside the company allowed a company worker to smoke without regard to the dangers therein. The management is responsible for having a locked-door policy without regard for emergencies. Lack of fire preparedness also meant that there was chaos during the fire. Some of the consequences for work and labor as a result of the tragedy is that factories need to have evacuation plans, adequate fire plans, and sprinkler systems. The resultant effects were shorter work hours, unionization, safety reforms, and legislation that improved the lives of workers.

In my opinion, this tragedy is a lesson on poor social policies. The fact that the matter dragged for that long is a testament to the plight of the weak and poor in the society. Had the same happened to upper social class members, the response would have been quicker. Social conflict looks at such matters that relate to resource distribution.

Peer Response

I see your reasoning on structural functionalism as the best perspective describing the US political institutions to be elaborate. However, the description on white people not going to jail for criminal acts is a bit overstretched. While there are institutional racism citations, the functions within the nation are stable and based on precedence. That said, your personal description of the Triangle fire is eye opening and a point of reference in the future. The incident, indeed, led to effective legislations that have defined worker protection today and the role of unions.

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Name of paper will go here

Name of paper will go here

center182880Please be sure you delete the tutor boxes before you submit

4000020000Please be sure you delete the tutor boxes before you submit

-400050137160This is a basic APA style title page that you can utilize to help with formatting. This does not count towards page count!

020000This is a basic APA style title page that you can utilize to help with formatting. This does not count towards page count!

-411480310515For help with APA style formatting check out:

 https://classroom.galencollege.edu/courses/3484299/modules/items/8255557800For help with APA style formatting check out:

 https://classroom.galencollege.edu/courses/3484299/modules/items/82555578Name of paper will go here

Students Name

Professors Name

Name of Course/College

-361950315595Utilize Times New Roman with a 12pt Font! No exceptions!

Margins need to be 1” all around, do not alter them.

00Utilize Times New Roman with a 12pt Font! No exceptions!

Margins need to be 1” all around, do not alter them.

Introduction:

All good papers begin with an introductory paragraph. You will introduce your organism by name and basic information.

1590675144145Be sure that in-text citations follow APA guidelines.

00Be sure that in-text citations follow APA guidelines.

Description of the Microorganism :

Write a paragraph or so describing your organism. Please be sure to include the type of organism (bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoa, helminth, etc), morphology (shape, arrangement, colony morphology if applicable), description of structure (gram result, type of nucleic acid or virion structure, spore type, etc if applicable) and also the type of microscope and/or stain you would use to view the organism. Please use proper scientific terminology and good grammar and sentence structure throughout this project.

Virulence Factors:

Include a paragraph on the virulence factors the pathogen has and how they affect the host. Please enhance this with detailed explanations of the virulence factors and how they affect the host as you gain a better understanding of them throughout the semester.

Immunity:

Which defenses protect us from infection by this bacterium? Include information about specific barriers or cells. Does this pathogen induce a specific type of immune response (example: delayed-type hypersensitivity)? If so, which one(s)?

Infectious disease information:

What condition(s) or infectious diseases does it cause? Which tissues or organs are affected, and how are they affected (for example, chronic TB is characterized by lung tubercles)? Describe the complications that can result if the infection is left untreated. Are these acute, chronic, or latent infections? What organ system(s) does it infect? Is it an opportunistic pathogen? If so, where is it normally found in the body?

Epidemiology:

Draw and label an original diagram on how this organism is transmitted. Make sure you include the reservoirs of infection, and vectors in involved in transmission, the type of transmission and the portals of entry and exit.

Prevention:

Is there a childhood vaccine against this microbe? Name the vaccine. If so, when is it administered (the recommended schedule, including boosters)? If the vaccine is not recommended during childhood, which at-risk group should get the vaccine, and when? Describe the type of vaccine and how it works. If there is no vaccine available, list at least three measures that can be implemented to prevent transmission of this infection.

Treatment:

What Chemotherapeutic agents are recommended? Mechanism of action for these chemotherapeutic agents. Why this agent is efficacious against this organism? Additional therapeutic agents or practices if any. This could include supportive care.

Clinical Relevance:

Are there any Multi-Drug Resistant strains of this microorganism? If so, name the strain(s). Is this strain a known healthcare-associated pathogen? Which persons/procedures within a clinical or healthcare-assisted settings are particularly at risk? Which antibiotics are used against the MDR strains? Be specific.

Conclusion:

Wrap everything up. A good academic research paper should bring everything full circle with a solid conclusion.

References:

This final reference page needs to include any and all references, at least 4, you utilized to find information about your particular organism. Remember, the information needs to come from academic/scholarly resources. https://scholar.google.com/ is a great search engine to help you find academic resources. Sites such as Wikipedia are great to use as a reference/starting point to locate good articles; however, they cannot be used as a primary source of information.

***Tip: If you find information in Wikipedia, scroll down to the bottom of the page, you can usually find academic articles that authors have utilized to complete the information. Most of the time you can simply click on that article for a direct link, or simply search for the name of the article in our Library Database to find a complete text.

***Be sure that your in-text citations are accurate and follow APA formatting, again utilize the Purdue Owl website to help with that.

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ReadyMades Essay

ReadyMades Essay

Cathlyn Baptiste

Professor LavittArt Appreciation 6-34253

2 April 2022

ReadyMades Essay

Readymade is described as an everyday object selected and designated as art, which came from French artist Marcel Duchamp. Duchamp, who was born in 1887 and died in 1968, started his career as a painter. Throughout his career, he created many pieces of art: paintings and sculptures. He always remained true to himself and only created what he wanted to create. The first piece of readymade art was made in 1913, the Bicycle Wheel, a wheel mounted on a stool. This piece was in protest against the vast importance of the works of art. The piece was deemed a “readymade assisted” because Duchamp combined two separate objects instead of one element. Duchamp went on to make “pure readymades” by creating art consisting of single elements; Bottle Rack, made in 1914 and the most popular known readymade, the porcelain urinal, Fountain, made in 1917 (Gaiger, 76).

Artist Duchamp and his readymade art were welcomed by the artists who created the Dada movement from 1916 to the 1920s. Dada is described as the nihilistic and anti-aesthetic movements in art that became popular in primarily Zurich, Switzerland, New York City, Belin, Germany, and Paris in the early 20th century (Gaiger, 76). Dada did not have an actual artistic style. It promoted group collaborations, spontaneous work and just an overall chance—many Dadaists created collages and object construction pieces rather than paintings and sculptures. Dada became very popular in New York City, mainly because the anti-art movement gave those who could not get work when the economy was terrible a way to express themselves.

Readymades play a significant part in art today because it has opened the door to a new outlook on creations. Almost anything can be deemed and looked at as art in today’s world. Putting objects and different elements together to make something large or small has added another genre to art. In my own personal opinion, if I was ever to be an artist, I think it would be easier for me to create readymade art instead of painting or making sculptures. I can’t paint or draw to save my life. Each readymade plays a significant value in art because it adds a different way to look at something put together.

When I see readymades, I understand the idea behind it. You can literally see a chair, a table or even a trash can and think of a different way to use it. Then after you reconstruct it or modify it, you get a completely different outlook on something. When someone looks at an object that has been altered like that, they get to see something from another perspective literally. This was one reason why Duchamp would have been one of the best readymade artists of all time; he had an idea for everything. Duchamp created sculptures from an old bicycle wheel, cutlery and even coat racks (Gaiger, 76). He transformed those into sculptures that he would call readymades.

There are many different practices and ways to make a readymade, but the most common is putting together things found around the house like an old chair, a table or even junk found in the dumpster. Duchamp created his theory on what made a “readymade”. He stated that everything has already been made except for us, so we can take an object and create something out of it. He would find objects and make them into art pieces or sculptures that he would call readymades because they were made by hand or their creator. After he first came up with this theory, the world was opened to many more ways to create art.

Duchamp found the everyday objects around him and created a new way for us to look at them. He chose ordinary things that we might see on a daily basis. For example, in 1917, he took a baby bottle and simply turned it upside down so that it would be no longer seen as what it was originally made for but now seen as an art piece. Duchamp would use everyday items to create pieces of art. He did not make anything that was extremely difficult and artistic, but the simple act of turning an ordinary object upside down made it into something extraordinary.

When Duchamp first found out about this new theory, he was shocked because he thought it was ridiculous, but after a while, he began to accept that anyone could make art from ordinary stuff around them. This led him to start taking art classes at the School of Fine Arts and attracted the attention of Marcel Duchamp’s friends Pablo Picasso and Jean Dubuffet (Gaiger, 76). After Duchamp began to exhibit his art, people wondered how he could create such strange pieces of art. In the end, he decided that it was not important how it was done but rather the product; the readymade.

In conclusion, before Duchamp made readymades, only things like paintings and sculptures could be considered fine art. The creation of readymades opened up a whole new world for artists to explore many different kinds of art and to broaden their horizons in creating new things. With the creation of this new type of art, artists began to wonder what else they could do with objects already created by someone else besides making them into something else.

Works Cited

“The $150,000 Banana” YouTube, uploaded by The Art Assignment, 3 January 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=so8sB25IL4o“The Case for Conceptual Art” YouTube, uploaded by The Art Assignment, 26 July 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHLs76HLon4

Gaiger, Jason. “Interpreting the readymade: Marcel Duchamp’s Bottlerack.” Frameworks for Modern Art (2003): 57-104.

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Rhetorical Analysis Webbing for PBS’ “Sinking Cities Miami”

Rhetorical Analysis Webbing for PBS’ “Sinking Cities Miami”

Catalina RoaENC 1102 8AM

Professor Terneus

January 25, 2021

Rhetorical Analysis Webbing for PBS’ “Sinking Cities: Miami”

A webbing helps organize your thoughts on a text and any evidence you want to use to back your thesis. Please answer the following questions to complete this webbing and kickstart your essay.

How did watching “Sinking Cites: Miami” change/affect the way you think about climate change in our city? (3-4 sentences)

They video helped me understand better what is going on in Miami right now, and what will happen in the future if we, as a community do not start to help our city.

It also changes my way of seeing things even more because the video showed me that every day, we are one step closer to Miami starting to disappear, and right now, no one is prepared for that.

Identify four different pieces of evidence from the documentary that support your view on climate change. Evidence can be quotes, screenshots, or descriptions of sounds from “Sinking Cities.” Ethos: “We were thinking of water surge of, I don’t know, 20, 30 feet, which means, I mean, it’s a whole house. It’s gone, I was prepared for the worst”.Logos: “60 percent of Miami is living paycheck to paycheck, and fully 66 percent of the city rents. They don’t own their houses”.

Pathos: “…but I never realized how you could wake up in the morning like this and find water at the doorstep of your house”.

Kairos: “By 2030, its expected that they will see about 50 tidal floods a year, and by 2045 about 250 times a year”.

Argue/describe how these pieces of evidence represent a certain rhetorical appeal and support your view on climate change. Ethos: This part of the conversation represents Ethos because she was talking about her experience with the past hurricane. Logos: This part represents Logos because It is talking about a certain situation in Miami but showing the exact numbers, in this case, the percentage.

Pathos: This part represents Pathos because it emphasizes the emotions, frustration and sadness that the person feels every time she sees the water raising up more and more.

Kairos: This part is Kairos because it is talking about a sequence of time in years of what will happen in the future.

Generate a sample thesis for your essay by completing this sentence.

After watching “Sinking Cities: Miami,” I now see climate change as a huge problematic due to the documentary’s use of appeals such as the see level raises, the hard times that a majority of the population is having, and the huge increase of floods every year.

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Sinking Our Home

Sinking Our Home

Catalina RoaDr. José Sebastián Terneus

ENC 1102 February 1, 2021

Sinking Our Home

Miami, our home, is known for being the best place to go on vacations, the place where you can find everything you can imagine to have fun with your friends or family, but it is also known as the sinking city that will not stop until it is gone; yes, that is the place you are calling home. Climate change is changing our life every day and it is not going to stop unless we, as a community start working together to safe first, our city, but the same time, safe the world. “Sinking cities: Miami” is a documentary that help us open the eyes in what is happening right now. The video shows actual facts, images and data that demonstrate that climate change is happening.

To begin with, the documentary helped me inform myself better about what is really happening in Miami by the facts and explications of people like Astrid Caldas, a senior climate scientist. She states that “by 2030, it is expected that they will see about 50 tidal floods a year”. I was impressed after seeing that part of the videos where she said that because I could not imagine any more floods in the city besides the ones we have already. With this information she makes me understand that our life is changing every day, and that it will get worse, it will not stop until we have consciousness about what is happening. After watching the documentary, I feel that I can explain better to other people the information I received of how everything is changing around us.

“Sinking cities” also reveal how some population of the Miami community have been struggling not only with the weather changes but with how to survive the life in Miami, emphasizing on how expensive is, and how they have been living paycheck by paycheck for years. Furthermore, this same community is being affected by the people that want them to move from the places they live in because of the floods. “…and now they’re trying to take it away after all these years when they didn’t want because the place, they love so much is going to be underwater”, this is a little part of what Valencia Gunder said in the video, where she is trying to explain how the community of liberty City have been defending their home from people that are trying to take it to “replace” the parts from Miami that are sinking. Therefore, it means that we as a community prefers to take the home of others to have ours but not to be aware of what we are generating.

This documentary shows that climate change is something serious, making a huge emphasize here in Miami, and that if we do not stop avoiding it, we are going to regret it faster than we all think. Now, after making a great reflection, I feel worried about what is going to happen to Miami, to the place we all enjoy, and that if we do not find a solution, we are going to lose everything that one day we called home. To conclude, I feel the responsibility to start sharing what I learned, I want to start making a change to our city.

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LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

COMN 1401: Take-Home Final

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Question 1

Individuals who want to be well-informed citizens in today’s information-rich world must be able to assess the material they come across when surfing the Internet. A large part of the Civic Online Reasoning project is to bridge this information gap. The project can be termed as an educational endeavor that provides activities and tests, specially designed and developed to guide learners on how to evaluate the authenticity of online material. Developing civic online reasoning improves the individual’s capacity to seek for, assess, and authenticate political and social content while on the internet. As a global problem, Breakstone et al. (2019) note that students are unable to effectively discern the quality of information available to them through online platforms. The same findings are presented by McGrew et al. (2018) and Wineberg et al. (2019) who argue that students are bombarded with so much information and duped into believing fake information through well-designed websites and other online platforms such as blogs posing as educative channels to receive non-factual and inaccurate information. Materials from social media, blogs, websites, wikis, YouTube videos, and other sources of content are sometimes used in the learning process, yet, they are now key sources of fake news, misinformation, and disinformation, requiring that students apply evaluative skills as proposed in the civic online reasoning project to discern quality of information.

Civic online reasoning, source triangulation, and information literacy are key components of effective learning today that provides students and educators with the right direction and tools to better discern online content for quality and credibility. False information and distortion are a huge danger to people all around the globe, especially in developing countries. A number of studies have shown that people have difficulty distinguishing between truth and fiction, and between trustworthy information and false information. It is important for students and instructors to understand how to shift from weak information literacy approaches to professional fact-checking processes, according to McGrew et al. (2018). People have traditionally been drawn to the ease of having access to a single source of information because of its simplicity. However, one disadvantage of blindly trusting a single piece of evidence is that its content may be questionable and therefore must be double-checked before being accepted. It may be tough to detach from a questionable source that provides comforting information or reinforces current beliefs and attitudes. In this situation, comparisons and validation are quite beneficial in the process of learning. Rather than focusing on learning outcomes that are dependent on a single resource, Wineberg et al. (2019) found that educational investment should place a greater emphasis on the ability to recognize, evaluate, and get trustworthy information from a variety of resources via comparisons and verification. Source triangulation is a component of gaining Information Literacy that comprises learning to verify sources by doing research and comparing many sources in order to establish a true link between two or more sources. Because credibility changes based on the context, the term “credible” is essential to understanding quality of sources (McGrew et al., 2018). What is convincing in a corporate situation is not necessarily the same as what is believable within the confines of a critical studies, and vice versa.

The fact that authenticity often does not emerge from shared experiences is an important qualification. The existence of many major truths is concealed in sources, most of which have accessibility to the free market of ideas and some which are more rigid. The core strength in evaluating information richness by source triangulation is the knowledge that single resources are often readily refuted by alternate explanations. According to Wineberg et al. (2019), performing critical evaluations of many sources and looking for consistency among them might assist people in their efforts to identify meaningful commonalities across sources. It is also vital to find facts and opinions that may have been overlooked when just one source was considered. The goal is to assist individuals in identifying information issues while also teaching them how to take control of the content that is allowed into their thoughts and decision-making structures, as well as how to use information to improve performance.

In summary, source triangulation is merely one component of the greater information literacy training necessary for successfully navigating risky online information environments, which is why cautions about group think are equally significant as source triangulation and other quality assessment concepts. Despite the problems associated with actual commonality, information literacy practitioners and advocates continue to see source triangulation as a crucial strategy for supporting users in accessing the information necessary for democracy to function properly and effectively. It is the same principle that civic online reasoning applies in an effort to enhance information literacy. Therefore, source triangulation and civic online reasoning should be applied to provide better learning outcomes and to create a new generation of learners who are able to discern false information from a sea of information-rich internet sources. The overall aim is to ensure quality of information in learning.

Question 2

The dissemination of false information on the internet has far-reaching consequences for people’s daily lives off the internet. Despite the fact that the decentralization and participative character of electronic technology has helped in the diversifying of the knowledge and the dissemination process, it has also created an urgent need for the development of methods to evaluate the reliability of information (McGrew et al., 2018). Because of the unexpected growth in popularity of false news, such concerns of veracity in the media content have garnered a great deal of attention. The U.S. Presidential elections in 2016 is a landmark case that will be used in the future to mark a change in the way people perceive and interpret online sources of information. Information literacy and content moderation are two approaches that have been proposed to enable better information dissemination. As the transmission of false news grows, there is growing demand on sharing of content vis online platforms to engage and minimize its spread. However, intervening is met with charges of unfair censoring. The conflict involving fair moderating and suppression draws attention to two interconnected issues that occur when determining whether internet information is phony or authentic. To begin, the most difficult challenge is determining what sort of information is a concern that should be highlighted for attention. Uncertainty over whether it is practicable and technically conceivable to acquire and categorize examples of such material in an impartial way is a second challenge.

A likely drawback of information literacy and content moderation approaches is that they are likely to foster a new culture of free speech suppression if they are adopted as wider policies in institutions and governments. In terms of the issues that fact-checking is intended to address, there is, however, little uniformity among the many platforms and websites that provide fact-checking services (Breakstone et al., 2019). Fact-checking websites such as Snopes, for example, do not place as much emphasis on free expression as huge social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook do, according to the organization. Snopes, on the other hand, is devoted to uncovering erroneous information, whether it is the product of ignorance, misinformation, or just a misinterpretation of the facts as they are presented. Therefore, when it comes to fact-checking, Snopes looks at a far wider spectrum of material than social media sites such as Twitter and Facebook. Snopes deals with material that has the potential to be misleading to an audience in this context, regardless of whether the information was meant to be deceptive to an audience or was just inaccurate.

The inclusion and exclusion criteria are not clearly specified and are not followed when doing a critical examination of content moderation (Wineberg et al., 2019), as may be seen in the following example. As seen by Twitter and Facebook, social media platforms seek to encourage as much interaction from its users as possible while yet allowing for freedom of expression and speech. Facebook algorithms are less likely to flag information that isn’t factual, such as opinion articles, for being untrue as a consequence of this. Despite the fact that opinion pieces are often incorrect, this is fact is ignored. Those who spread false information or make unintended misstatements will be highlighted on Facebook. For its part, Twitter has a more focused strategy, notifying users when they post messages that it considers to be dangerous. Twitter posts that indicate concern about physical, psychological, or informational concerns fall under this category, among other things. Examples of informational hazards include misinformation or disinformation that poses a threat to public health or civic engagement, such as election information, which is a kind of misinformation or disinformation. However, it suffers from the same fault as the previous system: a poorly defined scope in terms of content management exclusion and inclusion criteria that makes it difficult to differentiate between them.

References

Breakstone, J., Smith, M. A. R. K., & Wineburg, S. (2019). Students’ Civic Online Reasoning. A National Portrait.

McGrew, S., Breakstone, J., Ortega, T., Smith, M., & Wineburg, S. (2018). Can students evaluate online sources? Learning from assessments of civic online reasoning. Theory & Research in Social Education, 46(2), 165-193.

Wineburg, S., & McGrew, S. (2019). Lateral reading and the nature of expertise: Reading less and learning more when evaluating digital information. Teachers College Record, 121(11), 1-40.

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Interpersonal Communication in Relationships

Interpersonal Communication in Relationships

Communication

Students Name

Institution of AffiliationDate

Interpersonal Communication in Relationships

Relationship three that represents romantic relationship or friend appears to be more interpersonal than the rest of the relations in that it scored higher in areas such as the degree of trust, encompasses unique communication rules and in the goals of communication in achieving a common objective. In this area, the scores were relatively higher with each question scoring scale three and above.

The relationship with less interpersonal skills is that of professional or academic relationship. In this type of relationship, most of the questions scored a lower scale that includes the use of psychological information to predict behavior response, the degree of trust as well as the application of unique communication rules.

In the first relationship involves a fellow student, the cultural background does not affect our response to messages as well as our communication. The reason is that we are in the same category and have the same objectives that we aim to fulfill. The communication with my fellow student, involve a professional environment and most of the communication is conducted in the classroom and therefore the communication more likely to be official due to the situation. In this kind of relationship, the content, as well as the choice of words, really matters as the relationship is academic and therefore calls for educational contents during communication. The use of official language, active listening as well as the maintenance of eye contact with the student helps improve our interpersonal communication as we are able to discuss real terminologies used in the academic context and at the same time try to convince on another through official language that aid in improving our grammar and negotiation skills.

The second relationship involves that of an immediate family or that of an extended family member, and to this case, I chose the relationship with my cousin. In this relationship, cultural background affects our communication and responses in that our perceptions influence us since we are raised in different contexts. The situation and environment do not affect our communication as this is a close family member, and we can talk at any time and at any place that is convenient for us. The content of communication for the relationship differ in place and surroundings in that various occasions such as family gatherings will attract a different communication than when we are alone. Besides, the content of the communication is limited or regulated by age. The use of non-official language, being a good listener, being a role model, showing empathy, as well as facial expressions and eye contact, will help in improving the interpersonal relationship.

The third relationship is that of friendship, and this is one of the relationships that people feel free to talk and communicate about anything. The cultural background does not affect our communication with my friend as we had the same ideologies and brought up in the same environment and therefore we almost have similar perspectives. The environment and situation as well do not influence communication except for some instances such in the presence of elders and kids. The content of our communication varies according to subjects or topics under discussion with most of the communication being casual. Some of the techniques that we would use to enhance our communication are the maintenance of our informal language, show empathy, be a good listener, maintain eye contacts and in overall creating a rapport for communication.

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the cold war was considered a state of political and military instability between the west

the cold war was considered a state of political and military instability between the west

Cold war

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Roughly dated between the years 1947 and 1991, the cold war was considered a state of political and military instability between the west (United States of America and its allies) and the east (Soviet Union and its allies) (Maus, 2003). The war arose after the end of the World War where both the United States and the Soviet Union formed an alliance to defeat the Nazi German; after the victory they were left as two politically and economically stable powers. The cold war rose as a result of the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States.

The war was characterised by indirect and psychological attacks between the two super powers with each hitting the others allies; both groups possessed highly destructive ammunition so both were mutually assured of destruction. Over the decades the three super powers fought for Germany with America’s then standing President Truman hoped that the Soviet Union would give up but until the 1980s Germany was divided into four occupation zones (Isbouts, 1999). Three were controlled by the west with the help of France and Great Britain while the Eastern side was controlled by Moscow communists.

The American government feared slow communism progression so it came up with a policy known as the containment policy. The main objective of the containment policy was to ensure that the Soviet Union operated only among its territory not beyond. This policy was developed by America’s Ambassador in the Soviet Union known as George Kennan. Another policy that was developed was the democracy policy which President Harry Truman came up with during a Congress meeting (Beacham, 2004). The policy advocated for democracy and it supported that the majorities’ opinion ruled over the minorities’. The democracy policy was America’s main strategy and objective as the Cold War developed over the years.

Apart from President Truman, other U.S.A presidents presided over the Cold War, President Harry Truman was the first President to take America through the Cold War and the Korean War, and he gave the order for an atomic bomb attack. In 1952 the United States citizens chose Dwight D. Eisenhower, a former military leader who safely drove the democratic world through the Cold War and he managed to make peace with Korea. He managed to steer America through eight years of peace and prosperity during the 20th century. In the cold war he had the opinion that the home was the strength of the country, dynamic conservatism was xhis economic approach in which conservative was aligned with money while freedom was aligned to human beings. Throughout his reign there was peace in the United States. President John F. Kennedy drove an unsuccessful CIA ship borne operation through the Cold War. President Richard Nixon tried to take control of the Cold War by trying to improve the relations between the United States and its two communist opponents, China and the Soviet Union. President Nixon’s Government took the advantage of drawing in China to be its ally in the process hoping that the Soviet Union would also join hands; as anticipated relations with the Soviet Union improved (Maus, 2003).

With each presidents approach, these approaches had an impact in the foreign policy between the U.S and other nations, this lead to a series of downfalls and improvements in the economy, with President Truman’s policy people were able to freely invest hence improving the economy and its ally nations were able to freely do trade. While Nixon also improved the countries international relations with the other super power Nations hence reducing destruction and nuclear war. President Eisenhower managed to steer the country through prosperity and peace for Eight years which lead to great improvement of the economy.

Protests against the Vietnam War lead to the coming up of Sit Ins which was made up of groups of Hippies around American Universities. Hippies though a minority became a huge influence in the American culture; in music, dress and lifestyle. They advocated for a life free from violence and the struggles of the modern life, they formed groups that promoted peace love and drugs. They formed groups that shared what they hard, all as one big family.

These were the impacts that the cold war had on the American people and the economy and through the years the Cold War could be concluded to be a brutal era in the world but one that lead to the development of different things that were advantageous to the economy and the people but to some extent such as the hippie culture, had a negative impact.

References:

Beacham, T. Gilmartin, B., Grobman, S, Ling, C., & Rhee, V. (Producers), Libretto, J. (Director). (2004). Let freedom ring: Moments from the civil rights movement, 1954-1965 [News program]. New York, NY: NBC Universal

Isbouts, J., & Johnson, B. D. (Writers), & Johnson, B. D. (Director). (1999). Superpowers collide [Television series episode]. In J. Florescu, J. Isbouts, & B. D. Johnson (Executive producers), Inside the Cold War with Sir David Frost. Los Angeles, CA: Porchlight Entertainment

Maus, D. C (2003). The Cold War. San Diego: Greenhaven Press.

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the cocacola company

the cocacola company

Coca-Cola Company

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Coca-Cola Company

The Coca-Cola Company is an American company with multiple branches worldwide making it a multinational beverage corporation, manufacturer, retailer and marketer of nonalcoholic beverage syrups and concentrates. Coca-Cola is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia and is famous for its product Coca-Cola which was introduced in 1886. Coca-Cola was introduced by a pharmacist John Smith Pembert in 1886. In 1889 the Coca-Cola formula was introduced by Asa Griggs Candler who later incorporated the company. Since 1889 Coca-Cola has operated a franchise business or distribution system. The company was incorporated on 5 September, 1919. This company is own licenses to market more than 500 brands on non-alcoholic beverages. These beverages include a variety of sparkling beverages, juices, drinks and enhanced waters. Along with the above brands, the company owns a market range of non-alcoholic sparkling brands of beverages which are the Coca-Cola itself, Fanta, diet coke and sprite. Coca-Cola is listed in NYSE and is part of DJIA, S&P 500 index. The reigning Coca-Cola chairman is Mr. Muhtar Kent. As at December 2013, Coca-Cola had a total of 130,600 employees. Coca-Cola is a multinational company with branches and sub-branches all over the world. Its segments are Eurasia and Africa, Latin America, Europe, North America, Pacific, Bottling investments and Corporate. The company is characterized with great achievements and success with the recent achievements being the acquisition of the Great Plains Coca-Cola Bottling Company in the Great Plains of the Unites States in December 30, 2011. It also acquired the remaining interest in Honest Tea, Inc, and Great Plains in the year ended December 31, 2011. CITATION Dab13 l 1033 (Dabbagh, 2013) Other achievements are the acquisition of the additional interests in Coca-Cola Central Japan Company in the central district of Japan in December 2011. Other acquisitions were in September 2012 when it acquired an estimated 50 % equity of Aujan Industries’ business of beverages. That was followed by the announcements of Sacramento Coca-Cola Bottling Company that it had been fully acquired by the company in January 2013 and from February 22, 2013 the company acquired interest in Fresh Trading Company Ltd. It also acquired the ownership interest in ZICO beverages LLC in November 2013.

Coca-Cola manufactures markets and sells the concentrates of beverages. These are also known as syrups, bases which include fountain syrups still beverages which are finished sparkling. There are also bottling partners who buy the concentrates for fountain beverages. Coca-Cola sells many sparkling beverages like juices drinks, juices, sport drinks, energy drinks, teas and coffee of ready to drink nature, and specific water products. These are always sold to the retailers and distributors, bottling partners, and wholesalers who the n are tasked with distributing them to the retailers. This is always done outside United States. In the US, the company sells the fountain syrups to fountain retailers after manufacturing them. These retailers may include restaurants and large convenient stores that are capable of producing beverages for immediate consumption out of the fountain syrups. It also sells to its bottling partners that are tasked with reselling the syrups to the retailers and also some authorized fountain Wholesalers. CITATION Dab13 l 1033 (Dabbagh, 2013)

In the Latin American countries like Brazil, the company, Coca-Cola manufactures markets and sells brands like Leao/ Matte Leao teas. It however does so in a joint venture with its bottling partners. The year 2011 saw the company increase its sales in the Latin American countries when it introduced a variety of Brands, Brand extensions, and Beverage products. Brands such as Frigos Sabores Caserao were introduces. In the Pacific Fanta which is a sparkling fruit flavored beverage was introduced especially in Malaysia and Singapore. In Vietnam there was an introduction of Real Leaf which was a green tea based beverage. There was also introduction of the three flavor variant of the Georgia Emerald Mountain Ready to drink coffee Beverage and Burn Intense in South Korea. Powerade was launched by the Europe group in Norway, Denmark, France, and Sweden. Other brands that were launched were Cappy pulpy in Turkey and Fanta Powder in India by the Eurasia Group. In the East African market the company launched soft drinks like Schweppes Novida, and Malta drink. There was also introduction of cappy fruit bite in Egypt and Schweppes Gold Malta drink in Ghana. With the introduction of this major brand across the world the company was able to make approximate sales of 26.7 billion unit cases for its products.

The core products of the company are sparkling beverages such as the famous Coca-Cola, Fanta, Sprite, diet coke, among others. The company waters are Dasani, ice dew, Ciel among others.

Coca-Cola Company is in direct competition with Pepsi Company Inc, Nestle, Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Groupe Danone, Uniliver and Kraft Foods among others. Pepsi Co is the company’s major competitor within the beverage and food space. Coca-Cola is an unmatched global leader in its industry with a total of 500 carbonated and non-carbonated beverages. It has a global bottling operations and distribution channels worldwide. Coca-Cola and Pepsi have for years been engaged in rivalry over the market share as well as brand recognition. Pepsi on the other hand has the following advantages and strengths over the Coca-Cola Company: it has a consistent track record of balanced revenue generation and reinvesting in brands it also enjoys strong brand recognition as it is the number two player in the global beverage industry and a global leader in Salty snacks. This can be seen by its ownership of the two wellness and health brands, the famous Tropicana and Gatorade. Another advantage that the company has over its rival the Coca-Cola is the ability to sell both snacks and beverages that are complements in the food category. Pepsi is a threat to the Coca-Cola because of its operation in Canada, Russia, Mexico, and the United Kingdom. It also has very strong and emerging markets of like India, and China. There is huge role in the company’s played by product innovation. This can be seen through the regular creation of flavors from the existing products as well as maintenance of robust pipeline of the products. However the company’s North American market has been showing sluggish results because of the rising costs of raw materials which hurt the company’s margins.

COCA-COLA BOTTLING CO. CONSOLIDATED

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

In Thousands (Except Share Data)

 

      Dec. 29,2013      Dec. 30,2012  

ASSETS   

Current assets:       Cash and cash equivalents    $ 11,761       $ 10,399   

Accounts receivable, trade, less allowance for doubtful accountsof $1,401 and $1,490, respectively      105,610         103,524   

Accounts receivable from The Coca-Cola Company      17,849         15,521   

Accounts receivable, other      15,136         12,876   

Inventories      61,987         65,924   

Prepaid expenses and other current assets      26,872         33,068   

                 

Total current assets      239,215         241,312   

                 

Property, plant and equipment, net      302,998         307,467   

Leased property under capital leases, net      48,981         54,150   

Other assets      58,560         53,801   

Franchise rights      520,672         520,672   

Goodwill      102,049         102,049   

Other identifiable intangible assets, net      3,681         4,023   

                 

Total assets    $ 1,276,156       $ 1,283,474  

COCA-COLA BOTTLING CO. CONSOLIDATED

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

 

     Dec. 29,2013     Dec. 30,2012  

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY   

Current liabilities:      Current portion of debt    $ 20,000      $ 20,000   

Current portion of obligations under capital leases      5,939        5,230   

Accounts payable, trade      43,579        51,651   

Accounts payable to The Coca-Cola Company      25,869        27,830   

Other accrued liabilities      77,622        75,113   

Accrued compensation      31,753        32,428   

Accrued interest payable      4,054        4,060   

                

Total current liabilities      208,816        216,312   

                

Deferred income taxes      153,408        140,965   

Pension and postretirement benefit obligations      90,599        140,719   

Other liabilities      125,791        118,303   

Obligations under capital leases      59,050        64,351   

Long-term debt      378,566        403,386   

                

Total liabilities      1,016,230        1,084,036   

                

Commitments and Contingencies (Note 13)      Equity:      Convertible Preferred Stock, $100.00 par value:Authorized-50,000 shares; Issued-None      Nonconvertible Preferred Stock, $100.00 par value:Authorized-50,000 shares; Issued-None      Preferred Stock, $.01 par value:Authorized-20,000,000 shares; Issued-None      Common Stock, $1.00 par value:Authorized-30,000,000 shares; Issued-10,203,821 shares      10,204        10,204   

Class B Common Stock, $1.00 par value:Authorized-10,000,000 shares; Issued-2,737,076 and 2,716,956 shares, respectively      2,735        2,715   

Class C Common Stock, $1.00 par value:Authorized-20,000,000 shares; Issued-None      Capital in excess of par value      108,942        107,681   

Retained earnings      188,869        170,439   

Accumulated other comprehensive loss      (58,176 )      (94,526 ) 

                

     252,574        196,513   

                

Less-Treasury stock, at cost:      Common Stock-3,062,374 shares      60,845        60,845   

Class B Common Stock-628,114 shares      409        409   

                

Total equity of Coca-Cola Bottling Co. Consolidated      191,320        135,259   

Non-controlling interest      68,606        64,179   

                

Total equity      259,926        199,438   

                

Total liabilities and equity    $ 1,276,156      $ 1,283,474   

Consolidated Balance Sheet

PepsiCo, Inc. and Subsidiaries

December 28, 2013 and December 29, 2012

(in millions except per share amounts)

  2013   2012 ASSETS      

Current Assets      

Cash and cash equivalents $ 9,375   $ 6,297 Short-term investments 303   322 Accounts and notes receivable, net 6,954   7,041 Inventories 3,409   3,581 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 2,162   1,479 Total Current Assets 22,203   18,720 Property, Plant and Equipment, net 18,575   19,136 Amortizable Intangible Assets, net 1,638   1,781 Goodwill 16,613   16,971 Other nonamortizable intangible assets 14,401   14,744 Nonamortizable Intangible Assets 31,014   31,715 Investments in Noncontrolled Affiliates 1,841   1,633 Other Assets 2,207   1,653 Total Assets $ 77,478   $ 74,638        

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY      

Current Liabilities      

Short-term obligations $ 5,306   $ 4,815 Accounts payable and other current liabilities 12,533   11,903 Income taxes payable —   371 Total Current Liabilities 17,839   17,089 Long-Term Debt Obligations 24,333   23,544 Other Liabilities 4,931   6,543 Deferred Income Taxes 5,986   5,063 Total Liabilities 53,089   52,239 Commitments and contingencies   Preferred Stock, no par value 41   41 Repurchased Preferred Stock (171 )   (164 )

PepsiCo Common Shareholders’ Equity      

Common stock, par value 12/3¢ per share (authorized 3,600 shares, issued, net of repurchased common stock at par value: 1,529 and 1,544 shares, respectively) 25   26 Capital in excess of par value 4,095   4,178 Retained earnings 46,420   43,158 Accumulated other comprehensive loss (5,127 )   (5,487 )

Repurchased common stock, in excess of par value (337 and 322 shares, respectively) (21,004 )   (19,458 )

Total PepsiCo Common Shareholders’ Equity 24,409   22,417 Noncontrolling interests 110   105 Total Equity 24,389   22,399 Total Liabilities and Equity $ 77,478   $ 74,638 (Penzkofer, 2013)

Bothe companies looks financially sound with good profit margins. Coca-Cola is showing much more improved margins than the Pepsi. However its revenues are showing decreasing trends which calls for action. The company should be more concerned in increasing its revenues and decreasing its debts. Pepsi on the other hand is showing decreasing liabilities which is a good gesture. Its revenues are also decreasing but at a very slight level and therefore acts as a wakeup call for the company to increase on its revenues. The total debts of Pepsi is decreasing and that

Given the above information and the recent management of Pepsi and Coca-Cola company, we can dig into the absolute performance of the companies. The following graphs can help explain the position of the Pepsi Co, inc. and Coca-Cola Company (McGowan,2014).

From the chat, we can clearly see that Coca-Cola’s performance outstrips the performance of Pepsi by over 30%. This performance is as a result of the investment community concern towards the change in Pepsi’s corporate strategy towards health, wellness awareness that is enthusiasm for the company and looks to be unfounded.( Zach Investment Research)

It is not something new unique that Pepsi has been on the rise and winning the war against Coca-Cola in the New York Stock Exchange. However individuals are still clinging towards Coca-Cola when purchasing. People think that there is something else entirely to Pepsi than to Cola. Pepsi has also gained customer loyalty with many seeing only Pepsi on the shelves. With a combination of Beverage and Snack business, Pepsi is definitely a force to closely watch.

Fortunately for PepsiCo, more than 40% of its incomes originated from salt not sugar based things. Snacks promoted under Frito-Lay brands represent more than 60% of American salty nibble utilization. The organization likewise has Good-For-You and Better-For-You portfolios with lower fat and expanded nourishment alternatives that incorporate a few Quaker brands sustenance for wellbeing clients. According to Yahoo finance, with return of about 19% not long from now, PepsiCo’s profits have bested Coca-Cola’s 9% year-to-date execution. At that point it was reported that restaurant network Buffalo Wild Wings has exchanged beverage suppliers from Coca-Cola to Pepsi, planning to profit from the letters’ ties with the National Football League and Major League Baseball.

According to the recent surveys and the market trend in beverage industry in north America and as local deals slip and shimmering refreshments neglect to develop, Coca-Cola knows it has an issue and has even thought of an answer. Yet as shares sink lower, speculators appear unconvinced the drink behemoth’s arrangement is sufficient.

The Coca-Cola Company reported $12 billion in second from last quarter income, level from the same period a year ago. Joined with deals decreases in the initial two quarters of the year the organization’s year-to-date income is down 2%. Net wage for the quarter came in at $2.1 billion, down an astounding 14% from a year ago. At 48 pennies, profit every offer were 6 pennies underneath the year earlier outcomes and 4 pennies short of Wall Street examiners’ accord gauge.

In light of difficulties at home and in key business lines Coca-Cola reported a development arrangement Tuesday morning. In a different proclamation CEO Muhtar Kent said, “We have investigated our advancement to date and understand that while the methods we laid out toward the start of the year are on the whole correct, the extension and pace of our activities must increment. Notwithstanding reporting an extended gainfulness program, we are streamlining our operations and further adjusting our motivation arrangements to convey against our development targets.”

The arrangement incorporates an improved working model with a more prominent concentrate on nearby markets, going for $3 billion in “annualized funds” every year by 2019 and additionally refranchising most organization claimed North American packaging domains before the end of 2017 and an a significant number of the remaining regions by 2020. The organization will likewise recharge its emphasis on showcasing and will include income as a metric in its motivator arrangement (yahoo finance)

In light of difficulties at home and in key business lines Coca-Cola reported a development arrangement Tuesday morning. In a different proclamation CEO Muhtar Kent said, “We have investigated our advancement to date and understand that while the methods we laid out toward the start of the year are on the whole correct, the extension and pace of our activities must increment. Notwithstanding reporting an extended gainfulness program, we are streamlining our operations and further adjusting our motivation arrangements to convey against our development targets.”

The arrangement incorporates an improved working model with a more prominent concentrate on nearby markets, going for $3 billion in “annualized funds” every year by 2019 and additionally refranchising most organization claimed North American packaging domains before the end of 2017 and an a significant number of the remaining regions by 2020. The organization will likewise recharge its emphasis on showcasing and will include income as a metric in its motivator arrangement.

The unit case volume went up 1% for the quarter. The volumes in North America declined with 1% even with the 1% growth of International volume in the quarter, volume. A 5% decrease in unit case volume in Europe was somewhat balanced by 5% development in Eurasia and Africa, making it clear that a great part of the organization’s battles lie in created markets. General still drink volume was up 2% in the quarter, tea contributed 4% and both water and caffeinated beverages volume on an upward shift 7%. Shimmering drink volume was level for the quarter (Healy 2012).

References

Zach Investment Research

Dabbagh, A., Heidary Moghadam, A., Naderi, S., & Hamdi, M. (2013). A study on the effect of coke particle size on the thermal profile of the sinters produced in Esfahan Steel Company (ESCO). Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 113(12), 941-945.

Penzkofer, A. (2007). The Market of Pepsi/PepsiCo. Berlin: GRIN Verlag.

McGowan, C. (2014). The Fundamentals of Financial Statement Analysis as Applied to the Coca-Cola Company. Business Expert Press.

Healy, P., & Palepu, K. (2012). Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning.

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