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This paper will compare and contrast the life before the internet versus after the internet.

This paper will compare and contrast the life before the internet versus after the internet.

Comparison-Contrast Essay – 2130551

The use of internet has grown so much in the recent years. Up until the mid and almost late 90s, when the popularity of the internet had exploded, people were relying on traditional ways of getting things done. Currently, we turn to the internet in order to accomplish those same things however in a more modern way. This paper will compare and contrast the life before the internet versus after the internet.

The first example of how things have changed from life before the internet to life after the internet is how people communicate. Before the internet, the norm was writing letters to ones family and friends who live far away from them. People would often sit down with a pen and paper and put down what they wanted these people to know. They would then put the letter into an envelope, fix a stamp and put it into a mailbox. The letter would take days to be delivered depending on the exact location the letter was being delivered. Once the person got the letter, they would use the same procedure to reply. This means that it would take long before passing information from one person to the other. After the internet communication has become easy and fast. Today, one can sit down and type out an email with the information they want to send. Upon clicking the send button the email will reach whoever it is intended instantly. This means that information will be conveyed within a very short period of time. However, a similarity between writing letters before and emails now is that the same amount of time is used. Whether it took one to construct their thoughts in a letter for an hour, the same amount of time will be used by the person to express their thoughts using in an email (Forgarty, 2010).We can also say that conversations have changed from when there was no internet to now when people are using the internet. Conversations have also changed as technology has progressed it is not just by a mere shift from letters to emails. The difference can be termed more as upgrading. In the past, the only way one could hold a live conversation with someone else in a different location was through making a call over the phone. If someone wanted to inform their boss they were not going to report to work, they had the option of picking up the phone and calling them to covey this information. With the internet one has more options to use, in addition to a phone conversation one can use instant messengers through the computer to chat. There is also the development of skype, face me feature in some phones that enable people to make video calls.

When there was no internet, the only way we could get to learn about the events of the day was from newspapers and news. People often read news papers in the morning and rushed home in the evening to catch a glimpse of the news from their TV. By the time information reached people it was several hours old. However, with the internet people no longer rely on newspapers and evening news to be aware of what is going on. Today, people are able to get news at any time of the day from websites that relay news as it happens. This has led to the dissemination of information in real time. In fact, today we get to find out what is happening in the world easily as compared to the past (Camacho, 2010).

Students in this current internet era have an advantage over the students who went through school when there was no internet. In the past, if a student wanted to research for information on an assignment, they would have to go to the library. They would peruse through books, newspapers, magazines and other printed materials. With the internet, a student just needs to type some words or phrases and conduct a search over the internet. Just like that they have access to information at their fingertips unlike in the past. However, students are still tasked with the duty of ensuring that they pick only information that is relevant just as it was when there was no internet.

Overall, we can say that the world ahs gone through a change after the internet. Therefore we can say that life is a lot different when we compare when there was no internet and now that there is internet.

References

Forgarty, L. (2010). 4 Ways life Before the Internet was Better & 4 Ways It was worse. Retrieved September 18, 2014 from http://thestir.cafemom.com/technology/169607/4_ways_life_before_the Camacho, C. (2010). Life before the internet versus after. Retrieved September 18, 2014 from http://www.writing.com/main/view_item/item_id/1719838-Life-Before-the-Internet-Versus-After

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Once a company has an established flow of customer and is at the top of its growth curve

Once a company has an established flow of customer and is at the top of its growth curve

Company case

Name

Professor

Institution

Course

Date

Company case

1-Executive Summary:

Once a company has an established flow of customer and is at the top of its growth curve, they have to establish ways by which it can keep the leading position without burning out. One such company is pink, the company has had a successful operation since its inception, increased brand, and product line, maintained its customer base and has increased its geographical operations. However, what are the plans of the company with its new product line, pink, how, where and what are the prospects. The company sums all these is one sentence:” the Victoria brand is the power of the business” the company is having a field day with its marketing strategies, new products, teen,market, then there arises s scenario in which the company is accused of exploiting the seventh and tenth graders(teen and preteens)

2-Background & Statement of the

The use of teen pictures to market new products is attracting many attentions from marketing specialist, scholars as well as legal quarters. There are considerable dangers associated with the use of this marketing strategy, considering the fact that the company may lose its current customer base on market share just because of one wrong step. Corporate backlash may interfere with the company current positive projection and market capitalization. Gateway marketing strategy is also becoming a legal issue as there is a battle on the use of lingerie and teen to market entry level products.Problems Issues:

The problems include:

Leveling of market for the products mix

Increased regulation on the use of teens to market the company’s products

Increased competition from new market entrants

The use of childlike imagery to draw the interest of youth to their products

Sub problem

Sale to the young hip and fashionable customers is likely to be affected. Victoria secret pink, may not last long in the market if the current corporate backlash continues. While the current young, hip and fashionable market shares extremely attractive by all standards, it is likely to fall based on this. The only strategy the company can use is to move to a newer market that offers opportunities for growth while maintaining the current market but with modified business model. The company is also likely to experience improved Sales volume based on their 5 year projection; however, these are only achievable new business model.

3-SWOT

Strenthgs

The company has an established clothes line and presence in a number of markets and towns. One such place is the New York market. The company is also having an exceptionally stable capital base that it can use to operationalise its market sprees in other territories, for example, the company profitability index and is projected to make more than $10billion in five years time. The company also has a perfect market niche, which it can exploit to its advantage based on experience with the same customers. However, the newer products are also promising with the pink brand racking almost $900 on the first fiscal period.

Weaknesses

One of the main weaknesses the company has is the inability to produce new brands within a short time. The company has not diversified its products line in many years and is slow at diversifying. This also posits as a risk to the company. If the company can use its market, presence to influence the market position and roll out new product.

Threats

The company is at a terribly significant threat its current situation. There are many impending low suits, corporate fights, backlash based on its chosen marketing strategy. The use of teens to market its tweens is attracting many legal issues like the law suits for marketing tom the teen and preteens especially those eight graders. Other threats that the company is exposed to include the fact that the older market is leveling off, and the company has to be constantly in search of newer way of engaging these segments while and acquiring new customers. The retails segments are also likely to get competitive based on the industry attractiveness and market structure that allow free entry and exit into the market

Opportunities

The company has many opportunities from its new and old brands in the market. For example, the market segment for Teens products is quite large and unexploded. . The number of teenagers in the US is exceptionally high and increasing, these teens are wanted to spend more than $179billion, per annum. On the other hand, more than 60% of this population has jobs and money to spend. However, the amount of money spends on ten by parents and relatives are enormous. This money is spent on electronic, undergarments, pajama, toiletries as well as clothes. It is also beneficial to no6e that the company is also looking for growth, so the exploitation of this market segment offers the best opportunity form the company in its search from growth.

There is an extremely steep change in the status quo, as the clothes that were once worn indoor are becoming outdoor and casual, clothes like pajama, which the company deals in, is quickly becoming a casual wear and people are embracing it. Fashion has also changed, and the lounge wear is becoming more common with modern women. This also proposes a better market for the products of pinks

4-Analysis of Alternatives:

The main alternative that the company has is, to look determine a perfect balance of resources and revenue and use it to exploit the teen market before its get over competitive, introduce newel products and customer loyalty schemes to keep its current customer base. The company can also design a business model that it can implement in the new market that will provide both growth and profitability.

5-Recommendation(s):

Developing new business model targeting the youth past the teen, and preteen who are likely to make their own decision and not attract a lot of legal attention. Though this model is for the customer above 18 years, it will also attract the teen and the preteen as the model will appeal to both segments.

6-Implementation:

A perfect mix of marketing strategies and product placement promises a number of good than selling to the old customer, soon the company will have exhausted the market segment and the current target market and seek other markets, however, is the company ready to leverage its current buyer perception a loyalty to its advantage. The company has many opportunities in newer territories where backlash is not common and the market is in need of new product experience. The company can also leverage its positive image to drive sales and profits in new markets.

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LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

COMN 1401: Take-Home Final

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Question 1

Individuals who want to be well-informed citizens in today’s information-rich world must be able to assess the material they come across when surfing the Internet. A large part of the Civic Online Reasoning project is to bridge this information gap. The project can be termed as an educational endeavor that provides activities and tests, specially designed and developed to guide learners on how to evaluate the authenticity of online material. Developing civic online reasoning improves the individual’s capacity to seek for, assess, and authenticate political and social content while on the internet. As a global problem, Breakstone et al. (2019) note that students are unable to effectively discern the quality of information available to them through online platforms. The same findings are presented by McGrew et al. (2018) and Wineberg et al. (2019) who argue that students are bombarded with so much information and duped into believing fake information through well-designed websites and other online platforms such as blogs posing as educative channels to receive non-factual and inaccurate information. Materials from social media, blogs, websites, wikis, YouTube videos, and other sources of content are sometimes used in the learning process, yet, they are now key sources of fake news, misinformation, and disinformation, requiring that students apply evaluative skills as proposed in the civic online reasoning project to discern quality of information.

Civic online reasoning, source triangulation, and information literacy are key components of effective learning today that provides students and educators with the right direction and tools to better discern online content for quality and credibility. False information and distortion are a huge danger to people all around the globe, especially in developing countries. A number of studies have shown that people have difficulty distinguishing between truth and fiction, and between trustworthy information and false information. It is important for students and instructors to understand how to shift from weak information literacy approaches to professional fact-checking processes, according to McGrew et al. (2018). People have traditionally been drawn to the ease of having access to a single source of information because of its simplicity. However, one disadvantage of blindly trusting a single piece of evidence is that its content may be questionable and therefore must be double-checked before being accepted. It may be tough to detach from a questionable source that provides comforting information or reinforces current beliefs and attitudes. In this situation, comparisons and validation are quite beneficial in the process of learning. Rather than focusing on learning outcomes that are dependent on a single resource, Wineberg et al. (2019) found that educational investment should place a greater emphasis on the ability to recognize, evaluate, and get trustworthy information from a variety of resources via comparisons and verification. Source triangulation is a component of gaining Information Literacy that comprises learning to verify sources by doing research and comparing many sources in order to establish a true link between two or more sources. Because credibility changes based on the context, the term “credible” is essential to understanding quality of sources (McGrew et al., 2018). What is convincing in a corporate situation is not necessarily the same as what is believable within the confines of a critical studies, and vice versa.

The fact that authenticity often does not emerge from shared experiences is an important qualification. The existence of many major truths is concealed in sources, most of which have accessibility to the free market of ideas and some which are more rigid. The core strength in evaluating information richness by source triangulation is the knowledge that single resources are often readily refuted by alternate explanations. According to Wineberg et al. (2019), performing critical evaluations of many sources and looking for consistency among them might assist people in their efforts to identify meaningful commonalities across sources. It is also vital to find facts and opinions that may have been overlooked when just one source was considered. The goal is to assist individuals in identifying information issues while also teaching them how to take control of the content that is allowed into their thoughts and decision-making structures, as well as how to use information to improve performance.

In summary, source triangulation is merely one component of the greater information literacy training necessary for successfully navigating risky online information environments, which is why cautions about group think are equally significant as source triangulation and other quality assessment concepts. Despite the problems associated with actual commonality, information literacy practitioners and advocates continue to see source triangulation as a crucial strategy for supporting users in accessing the information necessary for democracy to function properly and effectively. It is the same principle that civic online reasoning applies in an effort to enhance information literacy. Therefore, source triangulation and civic online reasoning should be applied to provide better learning outcomes and to create a new generation of learners who are able to discern false information from a sea of information-rich internet sources. The overall aim is to ensure quality of information in learning.

Question 2

The dissemination of false information on the internet has far-reaching consequences for people’s daily lives off the internet. Despite the fact that the decentralization and participative character of electronic technology has helped in the diversifying of the knowledge and the dissemination process, it has also created an urgent need for the development of methods to evaluate the reliability of information (McGrew et al., 2018). Because of the unexpected growth in popularity of false news, such concerns of veracity in the media content have garnered a great deal of attention. The U.S. Presidential elections in 2016 is a landmark case that will be used in the future to mark a change in the way people perceive and interpret online sources of information. Information literacy and content moderation are two approaches that have been proposed to enable better information dissemination. As the transmission of false news grows, there is growing demand on sharing of content vis online platforms to engage and minimize its spread. However, intervening is met with charges of unfair censoring. The conflict involving fair moderating and suppression draws attention to two interconnected issues that occur when determining whether internet information is phony or authentic. To begin, the most difficult challenge is determining what sort of information is a concern that should be highlighted for attention. Uncertainty over whether it is practicable and technically conceivable to acquire and categorize examples of such material in an impartial way is a second challenge.

A likely drawback of information literacy and content moderation approaches is that they are likely to foster a new culture of free speech suppression if they are adopted as wider policies in institutions and governments. In terms of the issues that fact-checking is intended to address, there is, however, little uniformity among the many platforms and websites that provide fact-checking services (Breakstone et al., 2019). Fact-checking websites such as Snopes, for example, do not place as much emphasis on free expression as huge social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook do, according to the organization. Snopes, on the other hand, is devoted to uncovering erroneous information, whether it is the product of ignorance, misinformation, or just a misinterpretation of the facts as they are presented. Therefore, when it comes to fact-checking, Snopes looks at a far wider spectrum of material than social media sites such as Twitter and Facebook. Snopes deals with material that has the potential to be misleading to an audience in this context, regardless of whether the information was meant to be deceptive to an audience or was just inaccurate.

The inclusion and exclusion criteria are not clearly specified and are not followed when doing a critical examination of content moderation (Wineberg et al., 2019), as may be seen in the following example. As seen by Twitter and Facebook, social media platforms seek to encourage as much interaction from its users as possible while yet allowing for freedom of expression and speech. Facebook algorithms are less likely to flag information that isn’t factual, such as opinion articles, for being untrue as a consequence of this. Despite the fact that opinion pieces are often incorrect, this is fact is ignored. Those who spread false information or make unintended misstatements will be highlighted on Facebook. For its part, Twitter has a more focused strategy, notifying users when they post messages that it considers to be dangerous. Twitter posts that indicate concern about physical, psychological, or informational concerns fall under this category, among other things. Examples of informational hazards include misinformation or disinformation that poses a threat to public health or civic engagement, such as election information, which is a kind of misinformation or disinformation. However, it suffers from the same fault as the previous system: a poorly defined scope in terms of content management exclusion and inclusion criteria that makes it difficult to differentiate between them.

References

Breakstone, J., Smith, M. A. R. K., & Wineburg, S. (2019). Students’ Civic Online Reasoning. A National Portrait.

McGrew, S., Breakstone, J., Ortega, T., Smith, M., & Wineburg, S. (2018). Can students evaluate online sources? Learning from assessments of civic online reasoning. Theory & Research in Social Education, 46(2), 165-193.

Wineburg, S., & McGrew, S. (2019). Lateral reading and the nature of expertise: Reading less and learning more when evaluating digital information. Teachers College Record, 121(11), 1-40.

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Interpersonal Communication in Relationships

Interpersonal Communication in Relationships

Communication

Students Name

Institution of AffiliationDate

Interpersonal Communication in Relationships

Relationship three that represents romantic relationship or friend appears to be more interpersonal than the rest of the relations in that it scored higher in areas such as the degree of trust, encompasses unique communication rules and in the goals of communication in achieving a common objective. In this area, the scores were relatively higher with each question scoring scale three and above.

The relationship with less interpersonal skills is that of professional or academic relationship. In this type of relationship, most of the questions scored a lower scale that includes the use of psychological information to predict behavior response, the degree of trust as well as the application of unique communication rules.

In the first relationship involves a fellow student, the cultural background does not affect our response to messages as well as our communication. The reason is that we are in the same category and have the same objectives that we aim to fulfill. The communication with my fellow student, involve a professional environment and most of the communication is conducted in the classroom and therefore the communication more likely to be official due to the situation. In this kind of relationship, the content, as well as the choice of words, really matters as the relationship is academic and therefore calls for educational contents during communication. The use of official language, active listening as well as the maintenance of eye contact with the student helps improve our interpersonal communication as we are able to discuss real terminologies used in the academic context and at the same time try to convince on another through official language that aid in improving our grammar and negotiation skills.

The second relationship involves that of an immediate family or that of an extended family member, and to this case, I chose the relationship with my cousin. In this relationship, cultural background affects our communication and responses in that our perceptions influence us since we are raised in different contexts. The situation and environment do not affect our communication as this is a close family member, and we can talk at any time and at any place that is convenient for us. The content of communication for the relationship differ in place and surroundings in that various occasions such as family gatherings will attract a different communication than when we are alone. Besides, the content of the communication is limited or regulated by age. The use of non-official language, being a good listener, being a role model, showing empathy, as well as facial expressions and eye contact, will help in improving the interpersonal relationship.

The third relationship is that of friendship, and this is one of the relationships that people feel free to talk and communicate about anything. The cultural background does not affect our communication with my friend as we had the same ideologies and brought up in the same environment and therefore we almost have similar perspectives. The environment and situation as well do not influence communication except for some instances such in the presence of elders and kids. The content of our communication varies according to subjects or topics under discussion with most of the communication being casual. Some of the techniques that we would use to enhance our communication are the maintenance of our informal language, show empathy, be a good listener, maintain eye contacts and in overall creating a rapport for communication.

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the cold war was considered a state of political and military instability between the west

the cold war was considered a state of political and military instability between the west

Cold war

Name:

Course

Tutor

Date

Roughly dated between the years 1947 and 1991, the cold war was considered a state of political and military instability between the west (United States of America and its allies) and the east (Soviet Union and its allies) (Maus, 2003). The war arose after the end of the World War where both the United States and the Soviet Union formed an alliance to defeat the Nazi German; after the victory they were left as two politically and economically stable powers. The cold war rose as a result of the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States.

The war was characterised by indirect and psychological attacks between the two super powers with each hitting the others allies; both groups possessed highly destructive ammunition so both were mutually assured of destruction. Over the decades the three super powers fought for Germany with America’s then standing President Truman hoped that the Soviet Union would give up but until the 1980s Germany was divided into four occupation zones (Isbouts, 1999). Three were controlled by the west with the help of France and Great Britain while the Eastern side was controlled by Moscow communists.

The American government feared slow communism progression so it came up with a policy known as the containment policy. The main objective of the containment policy was to ensure that the Soviet Union operated only among its territory not beyond. This policy was developed by America’s Ambassador in the Soviet Union known as George Kennan. Another policy that was developed was the democracy policy which President Harry Truman came up with during a Congress meeting (Beacham, 2004). The policy advocated for democracy and it supported that the majorities’ opinion ruled over the minorities’. The democracy policy was America’s main strategy and objective as the Cold War developed over the years.

Apart from President Truman, other U.S.A presidents presided over the Cold War, President Harry Truman was the first President to take America through the Cold War and the Korean War, and he gave the order for an atomic bomb attack. In 1952 the United States citizens chose Dwight D. Eisenhower, a former military leader who safely drove the democratic world through the Cold War and he managed to make peace with Korea. He managed to steer America through eight years of peace and prosperity during the 20th century. In the cold war he had the opinion that the home was the strength of the country, dynamic conservatism was xhis economic approach in which conservative was aligned with money while freedom was aligned to human beings. Throughout his reign there was peace in the United States. President John F. Kennedy drove an unsuccessful CIA ship borne operation through the Cold War. President Richard Nixon tried to take control of the Cold War by trying to improve the relations between the United States and its two communist opponents, China and the Soviet Union. President Nixon’s Government took the advantage of drawing in China to be its ally in the process hoping that the Soviet Union would also join hands; as anticipated relations with the Soviet Union improved (Maus, 2003).

With each presidents approach, these approaches had an impact in the foreign policy between the U.S and other nations, this lead to a series of downfalls and improvements in the economy, with President Truman’s policy people were able to freely invest hence improving the economy and its ally nations were able to freely do trade. While Nixon also improved the countries international relations with the other super power Nations hence reducing destruction and nuclear war. President Eisenhower managed to steer the country through prosperity and peace for Eight years which lead to great improvement of the economy.

Protests against the Vietnam War lead to the coming up of Sit Ins which was made up of groups of Hippies around American Universities. Hippies though a minority became a huge influence in the American culture; in music, dress and lifestyle. They advocated for a life free from violence and the struggles of the modern life, they formed groups that promoted peace love and drugs. They formed groups that shared what they hard, all as one big family.

These were the impacts that the cold war had on the American people and the economy and through the years the Cold War could be concluded to be a brutal era in the world but one that lead to the development of different things that were advantageous to the economy and the people but to some extent such as the hippie culture, had a negative impact.

References:

Beacham, T. Gilmartin, B., Grobman, S, Ling, C., & Rhee, V. (Producers), Libretto, J. (Director). (2004). Let freedom ring: Moments from the civil rights movement, 1954-1965 [News program]. New York, NY: NBC Universal

Isbouts, J., & Johnson, B. D. (Writers), & Johnson, B. D. (Director). (1999). Superpowers collide [Television series episode]. In J. Florescu, J. Isbouts, & B. D. Johnson (Executive producers), Inside the Cold War with Sir David Frost. Los Angeles, CA: Porchlight Entertainment

Maus, D. C (2003). The Cold War. San Diego: Greenhaven Press.

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the cocacola company

the cocacola company

Coca-Cola Company

Student’s Name:

Instructor’s Name:

Course Name:

Course Number:

Institution:

Date:

Coca-Cola Company

The Coca-Cola Company is an American company with multiple branches worldwide making it a multinational beverage corporation, manufacturer, retailer and marketer of nonalcoholic beverage syrups and concentrates. Coca-Cola is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia and is famous for its product Coca-Cola which was introduced in 1886. Coca-Cola was introduced by a pharmacist John Smith Pembert in 1886. In 1889 the Coca-Cola formula was introduced by Asa Griggs Candler who later incorporated the company. Since 1889 Coca-Cola has operated a franchise business or distribution system. The company was incorporated on 5 September, 1919. This company is own licenses to market more than 500 brands on non-alcoholic beverages. These beverages include a variety of sparkling beverages, juices, drinks and enhanced waters. Along with the above brands, the company owns a market range of non-alcoholic sparkling brands of beverages which are the Coca-Cola itself, Fanta, diet coke and sprite. Coca-Cola is listed in NYSE and is part of DJIA, S&P 500 index. The reigning Coca-Cola chairman is Mr. Muhtar Kent. As at December 2013, Coca-Cola had a total of 130,600 employees. Coca-Cola is a multinational company with branches and sub-branches all over the world. Its segments are Eurasia and Africa, Latin America, Europe, North America, Pacific, Bottling investments and Corporate. The company is characterized with great achievements and success with the recent achievements being the acquisition of the Great Plains Coca-Cola Bottling Company in the Great Plains of the Unites States in December 30, 2011. It also acquired the remaining interest in Honest Tea, Inc, and Great Plains in the year ended December 31, 2011. CITATION Dab13 l 1033 (Dabbagh, 2013) Other achievements are the acquisition of the additional interests in Coca-Cola Central Japan Company in the central district of Japan in December 2011. Other acquisitions were in September 2012 when it acquired an estimated 50 % equity of Aujan Industries’ business of beverages. That was followed by the announcements of Sacramento Coca-Cola Bottling Company that it had been fully acquired by the company in January 2013 and from February 22, 2013 the company acquired interest in Fresh Trading Company Ltd. It also acquired the ownership interest in ZICO beverages LLC in November 2013.

Coca-Cola manufactures markets and sells the concentrates of beverages. These are also known as syrups, bases which include fountain syrups still beverages which are finished sparkling. There are also bottling partners who buy the concentrates for fountain beverages. Coca-Cola sells many sparkling beverages like juices drinks, juices, sport drinks, energy drinks, teas and coffee of ready to drink nature, and specific water products. These are always sold to the retailers and distributors, bottling partners, and wholesalers who the n are tasked with distributing them to the retailers. This is always done outside United States. In the US, the company sells the fountain syrups to fountain retailers after manufacturing them. These retailers may include restaurants and large convenient stores that are capable of producing beverages for immediate consumption out of the fountain syrups. It also sells to its bottling partners that are tasked with reselling the syrups to the retailers and also some authorized fountain Wholesalers. CITATION Dab13 l 1033 (Dabbagh, 2013)

In the Latin American countries like Brazil, the company, Coca-Cola manufactures markets and sells brands like Leao/ Matte Leao teas. It however does so in a joint venture with its bottling partners. The year 2011 saw the company increase its sales in the Latin American countries when it introduced a variety of Brands, Brand extensions, and Beverage products. Brands such as Frigos Sabores Caserao were introduces. In the Pacific Fanta which is a sparkling fruit flavored beverage was introduced especially in Malaysia and Singapore. In Vietnam there was an introduction of Real Leaf which was a green tea based beverage. There was also introduction of the three flavor variant of the Georgia Emerald Mountain Ready to drink coffee Beverage and Burn Intense in South Korea. Powerade was launched by the Europe group in Norway, Denmark, France, and Sweden. Other brands that were launched were Cappy pulpy in Turkey and Fanta Powder in India by the Eurasia Group. In the East African market the company launched soft drinks like Schweppes Novida, and Malta drink. There was also introduction of cappy fruit bite in Egypt and Schweppes Gold Malta drink in Ghana. With the introduction of this major brand across the world the company was able to make approximate sales of 26.7 billion unit cases for its products.

The core products of the company are sparkling beverages such as the famous Coca-Cola, Fanta, Sprite, diet coke, among others. The company waters are Dasani, ice dew, Ciel among others.

Coca-Cola Company is in direct competition with Pepsi Company Inc, Nestle, Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Groupe Danone, Uniliver and Kraft Foods among others. Pepsi Co is the company’s major competitor within the beverage and food space. Coca-Cola is an unmatched global leader in its industry with a total of 500 carbonated and non-carbonated beverages. It has a global bottling operations and distribution channels worldwide. Coca-Cola and Pepsi have for years been engaged in rivalry over the market share as well as brand recognition. Pepsi on the other hand has the following advantages and strengths over the Coca-Cola Company: it has a consistent track record of balanced revenue generation and reinvesting in brands it also enjoys strong brand recognition as it is the number two player in the global beverage industry and a global leader in Salty snacks. This can be seen by its ownership of the two wellness and health brands, the famous Tropicana and Gatorade. Another advantage that the company has over its rival the Coca-Cola is the ability to sell both snacks and beverages that are complements in the food category. Pepsi is a threat to the Coca-Cola because of its operation in Canada, Russia, Mexico, and the United Kingdom. It also has very strong and emerging markets of like India, and China. There is huge role in the company’s played by product innovation. This can be seen through the regular creation of flavors from the existing products as well as maintenance of robust pipeline of the products. However the company’s North American market has been showing sluggish results because of the rising costs of raw materials which hurt the company’s margins.

COCA-COLA BOTTLING CO. CONSOLIDATED

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

In Thousands (Except Share Data)

 

      Dec. 29,2013      Dec. 30,2012  

ASSETS   

Current assets:       Cash and cash equivalents    $ 11,761       $ 10,399   

Accounts receivable, trade, less allowance for doubtful accountsof $1,401 and $1,490, respectively      105,610         103,524   

Accounts receivable from The Coca-Cola Company      17,849         15,521   

Accounts receivable, other      15,136         12,876   

Inventories      61,987         65,924   

Prepaid expenses and other current assets      26,872         33,068   

                 

Total current assets      239,215         241,312   

                 

Property, plant and equipment, net      302,998         307,467   

Leased property under capital leases, net      48,981         54,150   

Other assets      58,560         53,801   

Franchise rights      520,672         520,672   

Goodwill      102,049         102,049   

Other identifiable intangible assets, net      3,681         4,023   

                 

Total assets    $ 1,276,156       $ 1,283,474  

COCA-COLA BOTTLING CO. CONSOLIDATED

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

 

     Dec. 29,2013     Dec. 30,2012  

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY   

Current liabilities:      Current portion of debt    $ 20,000      $ 20,000   

Current portion of obligations under capital leases      5,939        5,230   

Accounts payable, trade      43,579        51,651   

Accounts payable to The Coca-Cola Company      25,869        27,830   

Other accrued liabilities      77,622        75,113   

Accrued compensation      31,753        32,428   

Accrued interest payable      4,054        4,060   

                

Total current liabilities      208,816        216,312   

                

Deferred income taxes      153,408        140,965   

Pension and postretirement benefit obligations      90,599        140,719   

Other liabilities      125,791        118,303   

Obligations under capital leases      59,050        64,351   

Long-term debt      378,566        403,386   

                

Total liabilities      1,016,230        1,084,036   

                

Commitments and Contingencies (Note 13)      Equity:      Convertible Preferred Stock, $100.00 par value:Authorized-50,000 shares; Issued-None      Nonconvertible Preferred Stock, $100.00 par value:Authorized-50,000 shares; Issued-None      Preferred Stock, $.01 par value:Authorized-20,000,000 shares; Issued-None      Common Stock, $1.00 par value:Authorized-30,000,000 shares; Issued-10,203,821 shares      10,204        10,204   

Class B Common Stock, $1.00 par value:Authorized-10,000,000 shares; Issued-2,737,076 and 2,716,956 shares, respectively      2,735        2,715   

Class C Common Stock, $1.00 par value:Authorized-20,000,000 shares; Issued-None      Capital in excess of par value      108,942        107,681   

Retained earnings      188,869        170,439   

Accumulated other comprehensive loss      (58,176 )      (94,526 ) 

                

     252,574        196,513   

                

Less-Treasury stock, at cost:      Common Stock-3,062,374 shares      60,845        60,845   

Class B Common Stock-628,114 shares      409        409   

                

Total equity of Coca-Cola Bottling Co. Consolidated      191,320        135,259   

Non-controlling interest      68,606        64,179   

                

Total equity      259,926        199,438   

                

Total liabilities and equity    $ 1,276,156      $ 1,283,474   

Consolidated Balance Sheet

PepsiCo, Inc. and Subsidiaries

December 28, 2013 and December 29, 2012

(in millions except per share amounts)

  2013   2012 ASSETS      

Current Assets      

Cash and cash equivalents $ 9,375   $ 6,297 Short-term investments 303   322 Accounts and notes receivable, net 6,954   7,041 Inventories 3,409   3,581 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 2,162   1,479 Total Current Assets 22,203   18,720 Property, Plant and Equipment, net 18,575   19,136 Amortizable Intangible Assets, net 1,638   1,781 Goodwill 16,613   16,971 Other nonamortizable intangible assets 14,401   14,744 Nonamortizable Intangible Assets 31,014   31,715 Investments in Noncontrolled Affiliates 1,841   1,633 Other Assets 2,207   1,653 Total Assets $ 77,478   $ 74,638        

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY      

Current Liabilities      

Short-term obligations $ 5,306   $ 4,815 Accounts payable and other current liabilities 12,533   11,903 Income taxes payable —   371 Total Current Liabilities 17,839   17,089 Long-Term Debt Obligations 24,333   23,544 Other Liabilities 4,931   6,543 Deferred Income Taxes 5,986   5,063 Total Liabilities 53,089   52,239 Commitments and contingencies   Preferred Stock, no par value 41   41 Repurchased Preferred Stock (171 )   (164 )

PepsiCo Common Shareholders’ Equity      

Common stock, par value 12/3¢ per share (authorized 3,600 shares, issued, net of repurchased common stock at par value: 1,529 and 1,544 shares, respectively) 25   26 Capital in excess of par value 4,095   4,178 Retained earnings 46,420   43,158 Accumulated other comprehensive loss (5,127 )   (5,487 )

Repurchased common stock, in excess of par value (337 and 322 shares, respectively) (21,004 )   (19,458 )

Total PepsiCo Common Shareholders’ Equity 24,409   22,417 Noncontrolling interests 110   105 Total Equity 24,389   22,399 Total Liabilities and Equity $ 77,478   $ 74,638 (Penzkofer, 2013)

Bothe companies looks financially sound with good profit margins. Coca-Cola is showing much more improved margins than the Pepsi. However its revenues are showing decreasing trends which calls for action. The company should be more concerned in increasing its revenues and decreasing its debts. Pepsi on the other hand is showing decreasing liabilities which is a good gesture. Its revenues are also decreasing but at a very slight level and therefore acts as a wakeup call for the company to increase on its revenues. The total debts of Pepsi is decreasing and that

Given the above information and the recent management of Pepsi and Coca-Cola company, we can dig into the absolute performance of the companies. The following graphs can help explain the position of the Pepsi Co, inc. and Coca-Cola Company (McGowan,2014).

From the chat, we can clearly see that Coca-Cola’s performance outstrips the performance of Pepsi by over 30%. This performance is as a result of the investment community concern towards the change in Pepsi’s corporate strategy towards health, wellness awareness that is enthusiasm for the company and looks to be unfounded.( Zach Investment Research)

It is not something new unique that Pepsi has been on the rise and winning the war against Coca-Cola in the New York Stock Exchange. However individuals are still clinging towards Coca-Cola when purchasing. People think that there is something else entirely to Pepsi than to Cola. Pepsi has also gained customer loyalty with many seeing only Pepsi on the shelves. With a combination of Beverage and Snack business, Pepsi is definitely a force to closely watch.

Fortunately for PepsiCo, more than 40% of its incomes originated from salt not sugar based things. Snacks promoted under Frito-Lay brands represent more than 60% of American salty nibble utilization. The organization likewise has Good-For-You and Better-For-You portfolios with lower fat and expanded nourishment alternatives that incorporate a few Quaker brands sustenance for wellbeing clients. According to Yahoo finance, with return of about 19% not long from now, PepsiCo’s profits have bested Coca-Cola’s 9% year-to-date execution. At that point it was reported that restaurant network Buffalo Wild Wings has exchanged beverage suppliers from Coca-Cola to Pepsi, planning to profit from the letters’ ties with the National Football League and Major League Baseball.

According to the recent surveys and the market trend in beverage industry in north America and as local deals slip and shimmering refreshments neglect to develop, Coca-Cola knows it has an issue and has even thought of an answer. Yet as shares sink lower, speculators appear unconvinced the drink behemoth’s arrangement is sufficient.

The Coca-Cola Company reported $12 billion in second from last quarter income, level from the same period a year ago. Joined with deals decreases in the initial two quarters of the year the organization’s year-to-date income is down 2%. Net wage for the quarter came in at $2.1 billion, down an astounding 14% from a year ago. At 48 pennies, profit every offer were 6 pennies underneath the year earlier outcomes and 4 pennies short of Wall Street examiners’ accord gauge.

In light of difficulties at home and in key business lines Coca-Cola reported a development arrangement Tuesday morning. In a different proclamation CEO Muhtar Kent said, “We have investigated our advancement to date and understand that while the methods we laid out toward the start of the year are on the whole correct, the extension and pace of our activities must increment. Notwithstanding reporting an extended gainfulness program, we are streamlining our operations and further adjusting our motivation arrangements to convey against our development targets.”

The arrangement incorporates an improved working model with a more prominent concentrate on nearby markets, going for $3 billion in “annualized funds” every year by 2019 and additionally refranchising most organization claimed North American packaging domains before the end of 2017 and an a significant number of the remaining regions by 2020. The organization will likewise recharge its emphasis on showcasing and will include income as a metric in its motivator arrangement (yahoo finance)

In light of difficulties at home and in key business lines Coca-Cola reported a development arrangement Tuesday morning. In a different proclamation CEO Muhtar Kent said, “We have investigated our advancement to date and understand that while the methods we laid out toward the start of the year are on the whole correct, the extension and pace of our activities must increment. Notwithstanding reporting an extended gainfulness program, we are streamlining our operations and further adjusting our motivation arrangements to convey against our development targets.”

The arrangement incorporates an improved working model with a more prominent concentrate on nearby markets, going for $3 billion in “annualized funds” every year by 2019 and additionally refranchising most organization claimed North American packaging domains before the end of 2017 and an a significant number of the remaining regions by 2020. The organization will likewise recharge its emphasis on showcasing and will include income as a metric in its motivator arrangement.

The unit case volume went up 1% for the quarter. The volumes in North America declined with 1% even with the 1% growth of International volume in the quarter, volume. A 5% decrease in unit case volume in Europe was somewhat balanced by 5% development in Eurasia and Africa, making it clear that a great part of the organization’s battles lie in created markets. General still drink volume was up 2% in the quarter, tea contributed 4% and both water and caffeinated beverages volume on an upward shift 7%. Shimmering drink volume was level for the quarter (Healy 2012).

References

Zach Investment Research

Dabbagh, A., Heidary Moghadam, A., Naderi, S., & Hamdi, M. (2013). A study on the effect of coke particle size on the thermal profile of the sinters produced in Esfahan Steel Company (ESCO). Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 113(12), 941-945.

Penzkofer, A. (2007). The Market of Pepsi/PepsiCo. Berlin: GRIN Verlag.

McGowan, C. (2014). The Fundamentals of Financial Statement Analysis as Applied to the Coca-Cola Company. Business Expert Press.

Healy, P., & Palepu, K. (2012). Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning.

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Journal Entry Questions Fall 2020 – Spring 2021

Journal Entry Questions Fall 2020 – Spring 2021

CMST 2010 – Journal Entry Questions

Fall 2020 – Spring 2021

For each Journal Entry, you will choose a chapter theory and discuss this theory using ALL of the prompts below. You are expected to address each aspect of the prompts for full credit. Please look at the grading scale and examples sheet for more information. You can expect your response to be 3 paragraphs at a minimum.

Please identify WHICH chapter you have chosen for your Journal Entry. Failure to do so, will result in a half point deduction on your Journal Grade.

Define the theory from the chapter in your words. Do NOT quote from the book.

Give a personal Interpersonal Communication-based example or story of this theory in action. Focus on the communication between you are the relationship partner. Make sure to give me details so I can imagine what it would be like if I was there and watching your communication. Think about this as a script, dialogue can help.

Discuss how the theory helps to explain what happened in your story/example. Does the example follow what the theory suggests or does the example go against the theory?

Discuss how Culture and Gender influences Interpersonal Communication and how these issues work within your story.

Discuss how this story helps explain how communication helps us build and maintain interpersonal relationships.

Chapter 1

Discuss Communication Competence and what effect it has on our communication as we work to use interpersonal communication to build and maintain relationships.

Chapter 2

Discuss how we share our self through self-disclosure, using the Johari Window, including how the communication we use to share our relational self helps us build and maintain relationships.

Chapter 3

Discuss how we form impressions of others, including Gestalts and stereotypes. Explain what we can do to be more responsible using perceptions as we begin and maintain relationships.

Chapter 4

Discuss emotional challenges that influence the communication we use to build and maintain interpersonal relationships. Explain how we can communicate more effectively when these challenges come up in relationships.

Chapter 5

Discuss the cultural influences on communication and how knowledge of these influences helps you be more interculturally competence when communicating in relationships.

Chapter 6

Discuss the definition of gender and how gender influences communication. Explain what role gender plays in building and maintaining relationships.

Chapter 7

Discuss the 5 functions of listening and how improving our listening skills helps develop more competent communication as we build and maintain relationships.

Chapter 8

Discuss cooperative verbal communication and how to overcome the barriers to cooperative listening so that communication is more effective in building and maintaining relationships.

Chapter 9

Discuss the functions of nonverbal communication and explain how competent nonverbal communication helps to build and maintain relationships.

Chapter 10

Discuss the 5 ways to handle conflicts and what role communication plays in each way. Explain why the communication in conflict management is important when building and maintaining relationships.

Chapter 11

Discuss the different types romantic attraction and how communication plays a role in each attraction type. Explain how the communication during attraction has an effect on the building and maintaining of relationships.

Chapter 12

Discuss how we communicate in families and the family communication patterns. Explain how this communication helps to maintain and adapt family relationships over time.

Chapter 13

Discuss the types of friendships and how communication works in each type. Explain how we use communication to overcome the communication challenges in friendships.

Chapter 14

Discuss peer and mixed-status relationships in the workplace. Explain how we use communication to build and maintain these relationships and how we use communication to overcome workplace relationship challenges.

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Target AudienceDemographic Research

Target AudienceDemographic Research

Client Overview

The client, The Big Train, is a new sushi restaurant in Adelaide. The client is looking to create a website that will not only attract leads and prospects but also help in the management of new customers. The website will also serve as a distribution and promotion center to sell and market products and services. It will communicate the business provisions of The Big Train to leads and prospects. The website will let people find the client by creating an online presence. The client intends to use the website to engage the customer base, cultivate relationships, generate revenue, and possibly direct all prospects to the business.

The client majors as a sushi and wine restaurant, targeting people of all ages. The food and wine pairings will be the basis of the website, showcasing what the restaurant intends to offer to the people and market in Adelaide. The website will be a fundamental branding avenue. It will feature an attractive front page, menu page, a news page for news and events to be announced, a contact page and a photo gallery. Testimonials will also be provided with a tab specifically designed to show customer ratings, suggestions, and reviews.

Target Audience/Demographic Research

There are 40,879 people in Adelaide as per the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Census report of 2021. Of these, ABS (2021) reports that 49.6% are male and 50.4% are female. Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people make up 0.7% of the population. The median age is calculated to be 44 years. Regarding families in Adelaide, the average number of children per family for families with children is 1.9. On average, ABS (2021) found that the number of people per household is 2.7, with a median weekly income of $2,067 per household. Additionally, the ABS (2021) provides that more than 21.4% of the population in Adelaide have some form of tertiary level education and training. More than 79.1% of the people in Adelaide are Australian by birth (ABS, 2021).

One of the demographic factors that might have an effect on a business is income. In Adelaide, the median weekly personal income for people aged 15 years and above is $892, while weekly income for family and household are $2.416 and 22,067 respectively (ABS,2021). Products offered by The Big Train will often appeal to consumers in certain income brackets. For instance, working class individuals aged between 25 and 44 years earn more money and are more likely to be interested in luxury wines and fancy diners. On the other hand, those with lower wages are more price sensitive and, as a result, are more likely to prefer lower end restaurants. Less money is available for discretionary spending for those with lower wages. When deciding what to buy, they place a high priority on finding a good deal. As a result, The Big Train targets to reach individuals aged between 25-44. The idea behind this target market is tied to the company’s product offering that will require individuals with significant levels of disposable income. Traditional marketing tactics for increasing consumer spending concentrate on enticing consumers to purchase more of a product, generally by discovering new ways to utilize it.

Competitor Research

1. Sushi PlanetSushi Planet is a restaurant that provides premium Japanese-quality wining and dining. It is a worthy competitor to the Big Train. The website design of Sushi Planet features an elaborate home page that provides the fundamental offerings of the establishment. It has high quality images of the main dishes that give prospect customers an idea of what to expect, as shown in the images below. The design of the website is simple, yet communicates the who, where, why, and other important information about the Sushi Restaurant. The Sushi Restaurant has a mission statement in bold that serves as the key marketing idea with an aim to ensure that potential customers are fully aware of what the establishment is all about.

2. Gyoza GyozaAnother major competitor for The Big Train is Gyoza Gyoza, a restaurant that majors on Japanese culture and cuisine. Gyoza Gyoza is an established brand operating in several locations all over the world. Its presence in Adelaide SA is a confirmation of just how popular sushi and Japanese cuisines are demanded within Australia. Gyoza Gyoza has a very simple yet elegant website design. The front/home page features a simplistic food and drink menu complete with images of products and prices. Each clickable item then takes a prospective client to a dedicated page describing how the dish/wine is made and how it would appeal to the tastes of the customer. The drinks include traditional Japanese wines and non-alcoholic beverages. The website also focuses on the special Sake tasting event as a way to promote the business. Other notable features of the website include Gyoza Gyoza’s location, upcoming events and promotions, function venues, and sitemap.

References

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2021). Adelaide Hills: 2021 Census All persons QuickStats. Available at https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/LGA40120

Gyoza Gyoza. (2022). About US | Our Menu. Available at https://gyozagyoza.com.au/gyoza-menu/

The Sushi Restaurant. (2022). About Us. Available at https://www.sushiplanet.com.au/

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Terms from Roger’s Adventure with Attention

Terms from Roger’s Adventure with Attention

Chapter 4 – Attention

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Course Tittle

Professor’s Name

Date

Terms from Roger’s Adventure with Attention

Attention- It signifies the concentration of awareness on some occurrence to the elimination of other stimuli.

Selective attention- Selective attention denotes the capability to give more attention to a limited collection of all available sensual information. It involves focusing on a certain object in the surroundings for a certain period of time.

Distraction- signifies something that takes away attention from what an individual is supposed to be doing. 

Divided attention- it’s the brain’s ability to attend to two different stimuli at the same time and offer feedback to the many demands of the environment. 

Attentional capture- it’s the occurrence whereby attention is involuntarily directed towards a target stimuli depending on the characteristics of the stimuli.   

Visual scanning- signifies the ability to effectively, actively, and quickly search for information relevant to the surrounding. 

Attention as Information Processing

Broadbent’s Filter Model of Attention- Broadbent suggested that physical physiognomies of messages are used to pick one message for more processing and that all others are lost. It was the partakers’ responsibility to pay attention on the message in one ear, known as the attended ear, and to repeat what they were hearing out loud.

Dichotic listening- Signifies the auditory procedure that implicates listening with all ears; the process of giving a message to one ear and a different message to the other ear

Shadowing- its whereby a person repeats aloud message word for word at the same time that message is being presented normally while other stimuli are presented in the background.

Dichotic listening experiments showed that there is probably a lesser population sex dissimilarity in auditory and perceptual asymmetries and linguistic laterality.

Broadbent (1958) asserted that physical features of messages are used to pick a distinct message for more handling whereby all the other messages get lost. The next step is that info from all the stimuli provided at some particular instance gets in a limitless capacity sensual buffer. According to him, stimuli are filtered, or chosen to be sorted at an initial phase all through processing. A filter might be considered as the selector of appropriate info depending on rudimentary characteristics, for instance direction of stimuli, pitch, or color.

Modifying Broadbent’s Model: More Early Selection Models

Mornay and other researchers did a dichotic listening experiment whereby the participants were told to shadow the message offered to a single ear and to disregard the one given to another ear. When he presented the hearer’s designation to the unattended ear, nearly a third of the contestants sensed it. They detected their names although according to Broadbent’s model, the filter is supposed to let just one message to pass, depending on its physical features. Evidently, the individual’s name was not filtered out, and most significant it had been evaluated well to conclude its implication.

Treisman suggested a change of Broadbent’s model and recommended that selection happens in two phases, and she substituted Broadbent’s filter with an attenuator. The attenuator evaluates the entering message in form of (1) its linguistic – the way message collects into words or syllables; (2) its physical features – whether it is fast or slow, high-pitched or low-pitches; and (3) its meaning – how sequences of words generate important phrases. The attenuator signifies a procedure and is not recognized with an exact brain structure. Treisman’s perception that the info in the channel selected is the same as what Broadbent suggested, but in her attenuation model of attention, linguistic and implication can also be used to distinguish the messaged.

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Subsistence Strategies in Malaysia

Subsistence Strategies in Malaysia

CHAPTER 18: STIMULANT DRUGS

STUDENT NAME

INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION

Stimulants are often classified as substances usually drugs that affect the normal functioning of the body. Stimulant drugs catalyze the neuron messaging that speed up the reaction between the body and the brain. These drugs enhance the alertness and energy level of an individual (Gawin & Ellinwood Jr,1988). While these drugs were developed for medical purposes they are usually abused in various instances. At times these stimulant drugs are referred to as uppers as they increase levels of alertness and energy. The essay seeks to look into the prescription of stimulants such as Cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine and nicotine. How they affect the body and how the addictions can be treated.

Stimulant drugs are usually prescribed in the form of capsules and tablets that when abused are swallowed or even in liquid form are usually injected as others are crushed and snorted. Cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine and nicotine are among the most commonly abused drugs in the streets. These drugs make boosts the confidence of individuals making them more energetic and alert as they feel more awake (Gawin & Ellinwood Jr,1988). These drugs are legally prescribed such as amphetamines while some are illegal such as cocaine and nicotine. Whilst the illegal drugs are being injected, crashed to be snorted, swallowed and smoked, as the legally prescribed stimulant drugs are orally absorbed although their effects depend on the type of drugs used (Gawin & Ellinwood Jr,1988).

Amphetamines are mostly legal stimulant drugs prescribed by doctors in order to treat conditions such as the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD and the sleep disorder narcolepsy. The Parkinson disease has also used amphetamines stimulant as a form of treatment (Baroni & Castellanos,2015). Other forms of amphetamine are often sold and produced illegally such as crystal methamphetamine commonly referred to as ice. Caffeine also a form of a stimulant drug that was obtained from coffee arabica, cola, cocoa and tea. The amount of caffeine used is regulated by food regulation standing committee. Consumptions of a large amount of caffeine are taken it could amount to an overdose that one may be characterized by experiencing as tremor, nausea, high heart rate, confusion or even seizures (Baroni & Castellanos,2015).

Cocaine is a type of stimulant drug that is usually extracted from coca bush and processed through three different forms. That is the cocaine hydrochloride, free base and crack it is used as crack. This stimulant is usually snorted although it can be injected, rubbed and even added to drinks or food. Nicotine is commonly used in other substances such as cigarettes, tobaccos, cigars and even dry snuff that are obtained from leaves of the tobacco plant that usually contain nicotine. This stimulant is usually smoked (Munro, Marraccini & Oster,2017).

The common use of drugs is often advised to be carefully administered as no levels of drug use or abuse are safe as there is always a risk in the use of drugs. The effects of these stimulants affect individuals irregardless of their size, weight and health. The addition of an individual, how much is consumed and the strength of the stimulant. The affected individuals have affected show signs of mild stimulation, coughing on use of stimulated that can be smoked, confusion, seizures among other feelings of pleasures confidence and happiness (Munro, Marraccini & Oster,2017). The giving up on substances such nicotine causes the development of withdrawal symptoms such as cravings, irritability or even depression.

When taken in combination of alcohol stimulant used can be dangerous. They can not be allowed to be used by persons with depression, mental problem or even preexisting heart conditions. Continuous use of stimulants creates a dependence on them and tolerance with its effects. This dependence could be psychological or even physical. The individuals crave for the drugs as they become more addicted to them valuing them than the other life activities (Munro, Marraccini & Oster,2017). This urge with time often becomes more difficult to control and use them. Abstinence and initiation are recommended form of treating the overdependence on stimulants with modafinil medication being a promising treatment for abstinence of the treatment such as narcolepsy with propranolol shows promise for severe cocaine symptoms with considerations of possible relapse (Munro, Marraccini & Oster,2017).

References

Baroni, A., & Castellanos, F. X. (2015). Stimulants, cognition and ADHD. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 4, 109-114.

Gawin, F. H., & Ellinwood Jr, E. H. (1988). Cocaine and other stimulants. New England Journal of Medicine, 318(18), 1173-1182.

Munro, B. A., Weyandt, L. L., Marraccini, M. E., & Oster, D. R. (2017). The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, executive functioning and academic outcomes. Addictive behaviors, 65, 250-257.

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