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Investigating the Impact of Romantic Relationships on Academic Performance of High School Students

Investigating the Impact of Romantic Relationships on Academic Performance of High School Students

General Research Question

1. What is the relationship between romantic relationships and the academic performance of high school students?

Specific Research Questions

1. What is the impact of romantic relationships on the student’s motivation to study?

2. What is the impact of romantic relationships on student time management?

3. Is there a significant difference in the academic performance of female and male students in a romantic relationship?

Hypothesis

H0: There is a significant relationship between being in a romantic relationship and student motivation to study.

H1: There is no significant relationship between being in a romantic relationship and student motivation to study.

H0: There is a significant relationship between being in a romantic relationship and student time management.

H1: There is no significant relationship between being in a romantic relationship and student time management.

H0: There is a significant difference in the academic performance of female and male students in a romantic relationship.

H1: There is no significant difference in the academic performance of female and male students in a romantic relationship.

Investigating the Ethical Concerns Associated with Corporate

Investigating the Ethical Concerns Associated with Corporate Finance and How to Manage them

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INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Investors all over the world are becoming more interested in ethical finance. Research reveals that the growth of ethical or Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) continues to outperform that of traditional investment techniques (Chelawat & Trivedi, 2013). For instance, at the beginning of 2010, SRI assets surpassed $3 trillion, an increment of roughly 34% in five years, compared to barely 3% for traditionally managed assets. Also, SRI assets increased by 13% during the recession, compared to 1% for traditional, professionally managed assets (Chelawat & Trivedi, 2013). The author further adds that a growing number of investment consultants and analysts acknowledge the significance of ethics and integrate them into investment decision-making. Marantika et al. (2020) further reveal financial decisions impact company value in corporate finance, and they are influenced by corporate manager decisions about the uptake, distribution, and allocation of financial resources, all while remaining under the control of corporate governance. Thus, corporate finance has become more important in terms of business valuation, which has a positive impact on the generation of value. Notably, corporate finance refers to the financial decisions made by corporate executives to improve the effectiveness of the company’s financial management (Marantika et al., 2020).

Research reveals that the underdeveloped nature of banking systems and financial markets of many nations (mainly in frontier and emerging markets) has led to alternative investment financing options, such as microfinance firms (Sahut et al., 2018). To serve this niche, some of the major international banks have partnered with providers of local microcredit to demonstrate their commitment to social development and make a profit. Banks are progressively rethinking their actions and requirements to finance projects and businesses in developing nations. In times of economic crises, investment funds tied to social commitment goals demonstrate more consistency in their benefits than funds whose main goal is profit, as Gangi and Trotta (2015) point out. According to Sahut et al. (2018), this implies that the economic and moral values associated with ethics provide balance and solidity to corporate finance during profit-seeking in the markets. Despite this fact, to the best of my knowledge, researchers have focused very little effort on investigating the ethical concerns in corporate finance. This study aims to fill this research gap by investigating the ethical concerns in corporate finance and defining ways to manage them so that corporate finance can continue enjoying the benefits of ethics in the financial industry.

Statement of the Problem

According to the literature review, ethical finance and socially responsible investing research have been focused on a few areas. While certain significant topics, such as the financial performance of ethical funds and indices, have gotten sufficient attention from scholars, many others require more investigation (Chelawat & Trivedi, 2013). One of these areas is ethical issues associated with corporate finance. Sahut et al. (2018) reveal that an in-depth investigation of the topic of ethical finance and governance is particularly pertinent owing to the increasing number and severity of corporate fraud episodes. The WorldCom, Lehman Brothers, and Enron scandals have served to undermine investors’ and public confidence. On a different note, Melé et al. (2017) urge that we must retain the future before it is too late by reversing the financialization procedure and ensuring that finance sector operates in the interest of human dignity. To achieve this, this study aims to uncover the ethical concerns associated with corporate finance.

Research Aims and Objectives

Following the recent financial crises and its ramifications, it has become more important than ever to consider the relationship between finance and accounting, means of integrating ethics and efficacy, and how to empower and to motivate finance practitioners to commit to fairness, to justice, and increased understanding, as well as to enhance their integrity (Melé et al., 2017). The primary goal of this study is to uncover ethical concerns prevalent in corporate finance and define how they can be managed. The following specific objectives will guide the study to achieve this goal.

To determine how ethics affect corporate financial performance.

To determine ethical concerns in corporate finance.

To define ways of managing ethical concerns associated with corporate finance.

Research Questions

The following research questions have been formulated from the research aims and objectives to guide the study.

What are the effects of ethics on corporate financial performance?

What are the ethical concerns in corporate finance?

How can ethical concerns associated with corporate finance be managed?

LITERATURE REVIEW

This section covers the literature review related to the topic under study. The goal of this section is to provide the reader as well as the researcher with a comprehensive understanding of the research topic. The section covers the concept of corporate finance and ethics. It further discusses ethics in finance.

Corporate Finance

Corporate finance is an important aspect of any company in today’s economic world. It is the department in charge of how firms and organizations manage their funding sources, accounting, capital structuring, and investment decisions. Corporate finance encompasses a wide variety of activities, ranging from capital investment decisions to investment banking. For instance, it is concerned with increasing shareholders’ value through financial planning, dividend distribution, and other tactics (Ethics in Corporate Finance, 2022). They are also in charge of taxation and capital investments. Furthermore, the department regulates managers’ behavior to improve the worth of the firm to shareholders without being motivated by self-interest. It also provides analyses and methods for allocating financial resources.

Ethics and Corporate Ethics

Ethics refers to a person’s collection of moral principles. The role of ethics is to determine what is wrong and what is right. It’s also known as a code of conduct, which most individuals do not want to break. Ethics exist to assist us and provide advice for our actions that have an impact on others (Ethics in Corporate Finance, 2022). Morals, standards, and values are all important aspects of ethics. People will act unethically if they quit following their own morals, which might result in adverse effects such as job loss, jail time, large fines, or reputational damage. Eisses (2017) defines corporate ethics as the sense of ethical content in an organization’s procedures and practices by its members.

If a behavior does not conform to a high standard or if it is morally wrong, it is termed unethical. A perfect example of unethical behavior in a business is insider trading. Businesses must ensure that their employees embrace honesty, fairness, and respect to avoid this. Even if governments and regulators use legislative reform to prevent misconduct, it is still not enough to ensure that a company is totally ethical. This is the main reason why businesses must build an ethical framework and a culture of integrity. Firms require a well-developed set of ethical guidelines to assist in analyzing decisions and their potential conduct from an ethical perspective. Since ethical issues in corporate finance have been largely ignored by scholars, it is important to uncover the unethical issues in this sector. These issues can serve as a guide for developing a set of ethical guidelines to assist in analyzing decisions and potential conduct of financial institutions from an ethical perspective.

Ethics in Finance

Research reveals that accounting and finance are technical tools with a close connection to ethics (Melé et al., 2017). The South African divestment movement is an excellent example of how ethics ties in with corporate finance. When South Africam(SA) was under the segregationist apartheid system in the mid-1980s, American university students attacked American companies doing business in SA in an attempt to overthrow it. Divestment campaign’s participants lobbied their own institutions to divest from those corporations. The plan was to destabilize South Africa’s finances to the point that it would be forced to change, and the strategy was a success. Over 200 American companies had divested from SA by 1990, taking approximately $1 billion worth of investment from the nation’s economy. Those businesses had clearly received the message from the student-led university divestment and chose to conduct business elsewhere. The corporations’ activities represented an ethical use of financial capital, even though their motivation was purely financial. There are now publicly available lists of companies that exemplify SRI. Companies with strong environmental policies, social responsibility, and governance are more likely to be included on the list (Ethics in Corporate Finance, 2022).

While explaining the relationship between corporate finance and ethics, Melé et al. (2017) urge that accounting and finance cannot work without, and trust cannot be achieved without ethics. Ethics in finance is also built on a culture of integrity. Notably, ethics covers actions, anticipated repercussions, and people participating in any human activity, with or without their virtues (Melé et al., 2017). In the field of finance, the definition of ethics relates to the proper use of money, whether it is one’s own or someone else’s money. Christen (2022) further urge that dealing with a company’s financial resources entails a lot of risks and decision-making, which presents many opportunities for unethical practices. Government and regulator regulatory improvements are insufficient to ensure that a corporation is entirely ethical; therefore, firms require a created set of standards to analyze actions and evaluate prospective conduct from an ethical standpoint (Christen, 2022). In order to establish such a set of standards in corporate finance, it is vital to understand the most prevalent unethical practices in this sector. This study will uncover the ethical issues associated with corporate finance.

Investors, customers, and the general public have been known to reject and boycott businesses that violate ethical standards. However, businesses that adhere to ethical standards reap substantial financial rewards. Therefore, individuals involved in corporate finance in the contemporary world must have a strong basis in ethics (Ethics in Corporate Finance, 2022). Ethics in finance is associated with various benefits, including assisting in avoiding legal issues, maintaining a good reputation with customers and high consumer confidence, minimizing financial risks, and allowing an organization to enjoy a positive corporate culture and a motivated and dedicated ethical workforce. Ethics also allow financial institutions to understand their social license to operate and promote social responsibility (The Importance of Ethics in Finance, 2022).

METHODOLOGYIntroduction

This section includes an outline of the research methods employed in this study. Various concepts are covered, including research design, search method, and data gathering and analysis procedures.

Research Design

In this research, I employed a literature-based approach. Newman and Gough (2020) reveal that literature analysis is used to construct arguments based on what a researcher already knows and does not know about a subject. To determine how ethics affect corporate financial performance, the ethical concerns in corporate finance, and determine ways of managing ethical concerns associated with corporate finance, I used a meta-analysis and full systematic literature review. A systematic literature review is a research strategy for identifying and critically evaluating relevant research and gathering and analyzing data from previous studies (Snyder, 2019). On the other hand, a meta-analysis entails merging results from several researchers to compare and emphasize links, patterns, and conflicts that emerge in the context of various studies on the same topic (Snyder, 2019).

Search Strategy and Selection Criteria

I used recognized databases such as EbscoHost, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Sage publications, and Science Direct to select the most relevant publications for review. Several search phrases were used to find relevant data sources. “Effects of ethics on corporate financial performance,” “corporate finance and ethics,” “managing ethical issues in corporate finance,” and “ethical issues and corporate finance” are among them. I also refined the search results using Boolean operators such as NOT, AND, OR, and truncation and wildcard techniques. Also, I used an ancestry search to locate potential sources. This entailed keeping track of all relevant footnotes and cited references and incorporating them in the review. To discover relevant and reliable sources of data, I devised a set of exclusion and inclusion criteria.

Based on the inclusion criterion, I only reviewed articles on corporate finance and ethics. I reviewed studies published in the last ten years to ensure that only the most up-to-date material was included in the report. Also, I only included publications written in English to ensure that the data sources were understood. In my analysis, I only included peer-reviewed and scholarly journal papers. Furthermore, I only considered papers that were published in full text and had free access. This was done to ensure that full information regarding the study under consideration was readily available. All studies that did not match the criterion for inclusion were excluded.

After preliminary screening, I retrieved all of the studies that were deemed relevant and trustworthy for this research. I prepared a data extraction sheet, which included publication information as well as study parameters such as sample size, location, design, and results. The risk of bias for the papers selected for review was established by focusing on methodological issues such as the research design’s adequacy.

Data Analysis Procedure

I performed a thematic and content analysis of the secondary data to address the three research questions. I started data analysis by performing thematic analysis to amass evidence from the different sources and generate themes. I then performed content analysis to critically analyze the generated themes. The findings are resented in the next section.

RESEARCH FINDINGSIntroduction

The goal of this research was three-fold. First, the study aimed to determine the ethical concerns in corporate finance. Secondly, this study sought to determine how ethics affect corporate financial performance. Lastly, the study sought to uncover practical ways of managing ethical concerns associated with corporate finance. This section presents the study findings. The research questions guided the presentation of findings.

RQ1: What are the effects of ethics on corporate financial performance?

One of the effects of ethics on corporate financial performance is the validation of return on investments. Usually, corporate finance relies on venture capital funding and the reinvestments of own capital, which requires ethical conduct. As such, ethics helps keep accurate records of the long-term success of corporate finance. By keeping the records, the corporate finance can announce the returns, which are the products of the fraudulent accounting that may lead to issues that rises to ultimate hurt on the performance (Kim & Li, 2021). Therefore, ethical practices help corporate finance avoid negative financial results and legal challenges upon discovering unethical conduct. As a result, the company can prove the consistency of the return on investments by focusing on the effective operation by limiting the distractions of the negative public perception and bad press that may hurt the business.

Ethics also assists in improving the employee’s morale. In the corporate finance department, employees prefer working where they get treated with dignity, fairness, and respect. When corporate finance uses a high standard of business conduct, employees will work with the perception of moral and ethical treatment (Landi & Sciarelli, 2018). In return, the employees accord the customers utmost respect while delivering the services. As such, the customer’s loyalty gets generated, leading to the achievement of more market share, thereby creating business success.

Ethics also assist in minimizing financial risks. The ethics in corporate finance minimizes the financial risk since the financial managers and operator works with integrity and moral uprightness as defined by the ethical values. Also, ethics enables the controllers to develop accounting procedures principled in a particular dimension characterized by the internal control for credibility (Landi & Sciarelli, 2018). Therefore, the financial controller behaves ethically in both the professional ad private life leading to the minimization of financial risks like thefts and miscalculations. Furthermore, through ethical conduct, the worker understands the social license that operates and promotes social responsibility in the management of finance documentation.

RQ2: What are the ethical concerns in corporate finance?

One of the most common ethical issues in finance is insider trading. Insider trading entails the purchase or sale of stocks and securities based on information that has been shared but is not publicly available (Ethics in Corporate Finance, 2022). An insider is typically someone in a business management position of a corporate entity or an individual with whom they share information for their personal gain. Insider trading in corporate finance is motivated by the opportunity of making a large profit using information not yet made public. Such information provides the trader with a significant competitive advantage over other traders in the same security.

Another ethical concern in corporate finance is fraud. Melé et al. (2017) claim that frauds have been reported in corporate finance, with the most commonly reported causes being ineffective corporate governance and control mechanisms, inefficient boards, accounting irregularities, distorted incentive schemes, auditor failures, dysfunctional behavior of managers, and a lack of a sound ethical tone at the top.

Another ethical issue in corporate finance is a lack of professionalism. In corporate finance, it is expected that professionalism complies with all applicable regulations without misinterpretation and misconduct (Bagry, 2022). All dealings/transactions should be conducted with transparency and integrity. Financial managers must also operate in the best interests of their clients and employers when conflicts of interest arise. Another aspect of your job is to protect your own and your employer’s reputation. Some argue that the risk of embarrassment and reputational damage is enough to deter financial executives from acting unethically. According to industry experts, more regulation is required since financial ethics cannot overcome temptation (Bagry, 2022).

Other ethical issues in corporate finance include cheating clients about their trading profits, misuse of customers’ funds for personal gain, corruption and larceny, unauthorized translations, and mispricing customer trades.

RQ3: How can ethical concerns associated with corporate finance be managed?

One way to manage the ethical concerns associated with corporate finance is by adhering to the ethics codified in corporate finance. A significant number of American Companies and financial markets have adopted ethical codes, which are usually issued by regulatory authorities such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which is one of the leading securities industry regulators. This agency is in charge of enforcing federal laws and regulations that govern the ethical behavior of organizations and individuals in the securities sector. Furthermore, a number of firms have established their own ethics departments to self-regulate their financial behavior.

Another way of managing ethical concerns is through the promotion of good management. Melé et al. (2017) urge that most unethical decisions and financial scandals have taken place due to pressure to achieve immediate results. According to the author, such decisions could be avoided with effective management.

Another way of managing ethical issues in corporate finance is by promoting professionalism. Lail et al. (2015) urge that even though reforms should be the first step in restoring financial reporting systems, virtuous professionalism is required to restore corporate finance.

Another way to manage ethical issues in corporate finance is by imposing legal liability on professionals. According to Alzola (2016), among the causes of increasing corporate scandals and recent financial crises is the inability of professional gatekeepers to detect and disrupt corporate misbehavior. Alzola (2016) further urges that the solution to this problem is imposing legal liability on professionals.

CONLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONConclusion

The first goal of this study was to determine the effects of ethics on corporate financial performance. Findings revealed that ethical practices help corporate finance avoid negative financial results and legal challenges upon discovering unethical conduct. As a result, the company can prove the consistency of the return on investments by focusing on the effective operation by limiting the distractions of the negative public perception and bad press that may hurt the business. Also, findings revealed that ethics assists in improving the employee’s morale and assist in minimizing financial risks.

Another goal of the study was to identify the ethical concerns in corporate finance. Among the identified ethical issues is insider trading. This is the purchase or sale of stocks and securities based on information that has been shared but is not publicly available. Fraud is another ethical issue in corporate finance. Other ethical issues identified include lack of professionalism, cheating clients about their trading profits, misuse of customers’ funds for personal gain, corruption and larceny, unauthorized translations, and mispricing customer trades.

Lastly, this study sought to uncover practical ways of managing ethical issues in corporate finance. One way to manage the ethical concerns associated with corporate finance is by adhering to the ethics codified in corporate finance. Other ways of managing ethical concerns are through the promotion of good management and imposing legal liability on professionals.

Limitations of the Study

There were a few drawbacks to this study. To begin with, the study was restricted to the use of secondary data, preventing the researcher from obtaining primary data to supplement the findings from the secondary data. Besides, the fact that the researcher was responsible for data extraction, processing, and interpretation, increased the risk of researcher’s bias. However, to deal with this limitation, the researcher cited all the materials from which data were extracted.

Recommendations

Corporate finance should adhere to the ethics codified in corporate finance, practice good management, promote professionalism, and impose legal liability on professionals. Since this study has focused on ethical issues in corporate finance and how to manage them, future scholars should explore guidelines to assist corporate finance in analyzing decisions and their potential conduct from an ethical perspective.

References

Alzola, M. (2017). Beware of the watchdog: Rethinking the normative justification of gatekeeper liability. Journal of business ethics, 140(4), 705-721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3460-3Chelawat, C. A., & Trivedi, I. V. (2013). Ethical finance: Trends and emerging issues for research. International Journal of Business Ethics in Developing Economies, 2, 2.

Chelawat, C. A., & Trivedi, I. V. (2013). Ethical finance: Trends and emerging issues for research. International Journal of Business Ethics in Developing Economies, 2, 2.

Christen, T. (2022). Corporate Finance in relation to Ethics. Retrieved 18 April 2022, from https://www.gestiopolis.com/corporate-finance-in-relation-to-ethics/.

Eisses, M. T. (2017). The effect of corporate ethics on corporate financial performance focussing on internal stakeholders.

Ethics in Corporate Finance | UT Permian Basin Online. The University of Texas Permian Basin | UTPB. (2022). Retrieved 18 April 2022, from https://online.utpb.edu/about-us/articles/business/ethics-in-corporate-finance/.

Gangi, F., & Trotta, C. (2015). The ethical finance as a response to the financial crises: An empirical survey of European SRFs performance. Journal of Management & Governance, 19(2), 371-394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-013-9264-7Kim, S., & Li, Z. F. (2021). Understanding the impact of ESG practices in corporate finance. Sustainability, 13(7), 3746. https://www.mdpi.com/1050564Lail, B., MacGregor, J., Marcum, J., & Stuebs, M. (2017). Virtuous professionalism in accountants to avoid fraud and to restore financial reporting. Journal of business ethics, 140(4), 687-704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2875-yLandi, G., & Sciarelli, M. (2018). Towards a more ethical market: the impact of ESG rating on corporate financial performance. Social Responsibility Journal. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/SRJ-11-2017-0254/full/htmlMarantika, A., Rathod, H. S., Chauhan, R., Putri, L. T., & Maseleno, A. (2020). Ethics in Finance, Financial Globalization, and Stakeholder Responsibility: New Concept of Corporate Finance. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(01), 1556-1563.

Melé, D., Rosanas, J. M., & Fontrodona, J. (2017). Ethics in finance and accounting: Editorial introduction. Journal of Business Ethics, 140(4), 609-613.

Newman, M., & Gough, D. (2020). Systematic reviews in educational research: Methodology, perspectives, and application. Systematic reviews in educational research, pp.3-22.

Sahut, J. M., Saadi, S., Switzer, L., & Teulon, F. (2018). Ethical finance and governance. Journal of Applied Accounting Research.

Sifah, D. (2009). Ethics: An essential prerequisite of the financial system. Finance Bien Commun, (1), 46-57.

Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of business research, 104, pp.333-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039The Importance of Ethics in Finance | Build a Culture of Business Integrity. Kelley School of Business Executive Education. (2022). Retrieved 18 April 2022, from https://execed.kelley.iu.edu/the-importance-of-ethics-in-finance/.

Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)

Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)

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Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)

The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan is a group of militias from Uzbekistan and thus can clearly understand where their name came from. The group can be dated back to 1998 and has been an active cell group since then. The group had actually been in existence before 1998, but before then they were not really organized and consisted of a couple of different groups each having a different name. The group was formed to overthrow the government that was in power then as the government was said to be pro-communist and was headed by President Karimov (Abdullaev, 2011). The group was formed by Thir Yuldashev who an Islamic Ideologue in collaboration with Juma Namangani was who was a former Soviet trooper. They felt it was time to overthrow the government and establish an Islamic state governed by sharia laws.

In 1999, the group conducted several attacks in Tashkent which was the capital of Uzbekistan as a way to destabilize the government and assassinate president Karimov. Karimov responded by becoming tougher on Muslim individuals especially to the conservant Muslims that stayed in Fergana valley. This, however, had adverse effects. More people joined the IMU and became stronger. From then they were able to conduct successful attacks. These raids impacted central Asia, and there was international pressure to expel IMU from their already established base. Russians flew Namangani and his soldiers to Afghanistan, Karimov saw this as a betrayal as he though the Russians were helping IMU. The group created a close affiliation with Taliban and Al-Qaida which are also notorious terrorist groups known for carrying out attacks especially in the US (Zen, 2016). While in Afghanistan and with permission from Taliban to operate, they set up their offices and training camps and started recruiting people. By 200, IMU had the number of people, equipment ranging from sniper rifles to night-vision goggles. Transport had also been improved as bin-laden ad provided them with helicopters.

With the right amount of people and fighters, Namangani conducted an attack in Batken in Kyrgyzstan and some northern parts of Tashkent. They also kidnaped 4 US mountain climbers and held them hostage in exchange for ransom from the US government. This angered the US government and was declared as a foreign terrorist organization. Ties between IMU and Taliban became even stronger that Namangani was said to be the deputy defense minister of Taliban Government. They even provided soldiers to Taliban during the campaign on Masoud.

After the 911 attacks in the US that are considered the deadliest attacks, the US government decided to invade Afghanistan and try to quash the terrorist cells especially Al-Qaida and Taliban. The IMU training camps were largely destroyed and most of their soldiers killed. Namangani, their leader was also killed during this period by a US airstrike. They retreated to tribal areas of Pakistan and laid low for a while. They, however, continued recruitment to try and build the organization up again. The Uzbek ethnic religion was mostly the members if the group but when their recruitment base expanded to Afghanistan, Tajikistan and other parts of Central Asia other ethnic groups joined (Carlisle, 1995). Their leaders now even came from other groups such as Kyrgyz who was a military commander in Abbas Mansur, Abu Zar al-Burmi who was a Pakistani. Other commanders included Usman Ghazi, Abu Usman Adil, and Tahir Yuldashev. In 2010, Abu Usman Adil became the new leader following the death of Tahir Yuldashev. Adil was however killed in 2012 in a drone strike by the US military. He was replaced by his deputy Usman Ganzi who was killed in 2015, their current leader is not yet known.

There are several systems that were used by the Arabs and Muslims in recruitment of youth to join IMU. They used to offer dirhams to individuals who attended Friday prayers in the mosque. It is in the mosque that they taught radical ideas. These radical ideas included telling the youth of how they will be rewarded with nine virgins if they killed non-Muslims or participated in the holy war. They also kept blaming the US government for their troubles such as the death of children and women due to the airstrikes. These preaching were enough to stir hatred among the youths, and most were ready to dedicate their lives to the holy war. The mosque is the most notorious location where the recruitment of youths take place. They use the religion to justify their acts, and many fall victims to this. They believe that if they die fighting this war, they will be heavily rewarded. Their media has also been another form of recruitment through the spread of the propaganda. It is known as Jundallah Studio and aside from airing their content they produced audio, newsletters to help draw more people to the group (Moore, 2007).

Just like all other terrorist groups, IMU needs to money to carry out their day to day operations. Their common source is the money paid by residents in the territories they control which can be considered as the tax we pay our governments. They also engage in criminal activities such as smuggling of drugs and selling them to get money (Wayback, 2012). They have also obtained funding from well-established groups such as Al-Qaida and Taliban. Irfan Demirtas was arrested due to the links that he was aiding the IMU in raising funds through fundraising. He was an Irish/US citizen who used his western influence to source money for the group

There are several attacks that IMU have taken acknowledgment of (The Investigative Project on Terrorism, 2010). In 2004, they were accused of the Tashkent bombing leaving 47 people dead and a dozen injured. In 2006, they attacked supporters of Tajik’s President Imomali. In 2011, they were blamed for the attack in Toloqan. In 2012, they took responsibility for the bombing of Peshawar Airport, 2014; they attacked Jinnah International Airport in Pakistan killing 39 people. They have not been involved in most international attacks although it is said that they helped Al-Qaida conduct the 9/11 attack on the US soil. They have played a great role in attacks in Pakistan, Uzbekistan, and Afghanistan.

In a nutshell, Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan played a major role in attacks especially locally and just helped groups like al-Qaida to conduct international attacks. They were able to run the organization smoothly and recruit quite some individuals into the group. With the right amount of personnel and armor, they were a feared group for quite a while. The US invasion of Afghanistan may have marked its slow extinction and eventually it’s extinction. With the death of their leaders and the leadership wrangles, the group became divided, and the attack from Taliban was almost thee final blow. The group may be regrouping again under new leadership and is trying to take control of various regions in Uzbekistan although with the war by US and Uzbekistan government against them it may be hard.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Abdullaev, E. (2011, July 16). Islam Sng. Retrieved from Islam Sng: http://www.islamsng.com/uzb/dialogue/2101

Carlisle, D. (1995). Geopolitics and Ethnic Problrs of Uzbekistan and it’s Neighbouts. In Muslim Eurasia: Conflicting Legacies, 71-103.

Moore, C. (2007). Combating Terrorism in Russia and Uzbekistan. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 1-19.

The Investigative Project on Terrorism. (2010, March 4). The Investigative Project on Terrorism. Retrieved from The Investigative Project on Terrorism: https://www.investigativeproject.org/profile/133/islamic-movement-of-uzbekistan-imu

Wayback, M. (2012, June 18). Eurasia Critic. Retrieved from Eurasia Critic: http://www.eurasiacritic.com/articles/drug-trafficking-uzbekistan

Zenn, J. (2016). The IMU is extinct: what next for Central Asia’s jihadis? The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst.

Is Wal-Mart good or bad for the economy

Is Wal-Mart good or bad for the economy?

There is a great amount of debate on this topic due to Wal-Mart’s huge nationwide impact. The two main thoughts on this argument are that Walmart destroys local businesses due to low cost products, and underpaid employees. The counter argument is that Wal-Mart supplies cheap user friendly goods to low income families, and supplies countless numbers of jobs. The debate is fueled by Walmart’s growing presence in the grocery store arena, and those that believe that Wal-Mart is too much of a monopoly and it’s destroying local economies.

Those that argue Wal-Mart has a negative impact on the economy complain that Wal-Mart’s low prices force other companies to go bankrupt because they cannot compete. They argue that Wal-Mart imports much of its goods from other countries and this makes it too difficult for the average mom and pop store to compete with them. They further argue that the jobs Wal-Mart gives are underpaid, and they are creating more and more jobs oversees rather than here in America. Those that do not think Wal-Mart is good for the economy believe that it is too difficult to compete with them, and its forcing quality out the door. They believe that Wal-Mart is an all for profit business that maximizes their profits by destroying American jobs.

Those that argue Wal-Mart has a positive impact due so because they believe that Wal-Mart’s cheaper product allow for families to save money on goods that would cost them more if they were to go to any other store. They would further argue that the jobs Wal-Mart creates are far more than the jobs that Wal-Mart outsources to other countries. Those that are in favor of Wal-Mart most frequently support American ingenuity and the business model behind Wal-Mart. It seems that more of the support for Wal-Mart is given by those that support a good business model rather than the quality of goods.

Is there consideration supporting

Is there consideration supporting Talla’s promise to Dementas? Dementas v. Estate of Tallas

Talla’s promise to Dementas lacked consideration. Dementas actions towards Talla were actions of kindness or action of friendship. Thus Dementas did not expect to be paid for those acts. The courts found out that there was no evidence of consideration. However, it is a moral issue; the estate has adequate resources to comply with the wishes of Talla’s. At the time Dementas was offering his services, he was not looking forward to be compensated since they were actions of kindness. On recognizing this, Talla wanted to leave a gift for Dementas in his passing. It was unfortunate that Talla died before he could include Dementas in his will as an heir to his state.

Is the Death Penalty Effective to Punish Capital Offenses

Is the Death Penalty Effective to Punish Capital Offenses?

Since the independence of the United States, its both federal and state governments have punished a significant percentage of arbitrarily-chosen execution with the ultimate death sanction. Over 14,000 individuals have fallen victims of capital punishment since colonial times. As at the 1930s, approximately 150 individuals were viciously executed every year. These practices could not go unnoticed for long as the general public outrage, civil rights activists, and legal challenges led to the waning of the methods. By 1967, the death penalty had virtually brought to a stop in America, waiting for the court decisions of several case files. A significant number of American demographic hold that capital punishment inherently goes against the constitution ban concerning cruelty and unusual punishment. On such, the state should not be subject to killing its citizens in the name of seeking justice. That merely is re-offending. This paper critically looks at the effectiveness of the death penalty as well as the justifications towards its ban.

Is it Wrong or Good to Believe God Exists

Is it Wrong or Good to Believe God Exists?

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Is it Wrong or Good to Believe God Exists?

The theme of God’s existence has been discussed far and widely since time immemorial. Many people argue that God exists while others say that God does not exist. Each of these arguments has impacts in the spiritual life of the people involved. In all these scenarios, everybody is ready to offer facts to support their arguments. This essay entails some of the reasons to believe that God exists and that it is good to believe in God’s existence.

Arguments Supporting God’s Existence

The Ontological Argument: This argument originates from Archbishop of Canterbury who describes the argument to support God’s existence. He considers God to be the greatest is to be conceived and justifies that if there is nothing human beings can conceive to be greater than God is. Anything that can be conceived in mind must exist in reality and therefore just as God exists in mind, so he does exist in reality. To drive the point home, Anselm uses the analogy of the painting work and the paint. He asks which of the two is great, and obviously, it is the painting. He concludes to say, “Just as the painting exists not only exists in mind but in reality, so does God CITATION Cri17 l 1033 (Apologist, 2017).

Cosmological Argument: This argument brings in the concept of the Bing Bang theory which Aquinas uses to pin down the scientists. Yes, the scientists claim that they do not believe in the creation theory but rather the Bing Bang theory, but they forget that they did not provide explanations for the powers that were behind the theory. What we can deduce is that the forces behind the theory were so powerful, eternal, and metaphysical. So to say, the force that was behind the theory mimicked the same qualities of God. Further argues that in the world there is motion, and the mover of the motion cannot be moved as well. So for the motion to take place, the first thing is that the mover must be unmoved and this mover is God.

The Moral Argument: Close to all human beings have the sense to know what is wrong and what is right. In as much as people would like to oppose the truth, there is an internal feeling that gives a sense of what is moral. Any normal human being will frown there are various human atrocities like rape and murder. Just as a law of nature, all normal human being have the norm of reciprocity where humans feel to pay back to those who gave to them. Any sound human being would value generosity, love, appreciation, kindness among other good traits. Atheists will argue that human beings behave so because that is how we evolved and that communities which had such traits were successful compared to those who opposed values. Their argument has failed as communities like Boko Haram have not failed despite their opposition CITATION Cri17 l 1033 (Apologist, 2017). The atheists’ evolutionary arguments as well fail because not all animals have the same morals as human beings, yet they consider human beings to be animals. Craig then puts it clearly that there is an infinite, eternal mind in an unknown place, who is the source of our reasoning capability and that it God. If God was not existing, then objective moral values could not be heard of, but since the moral values exist, God also exists.

Christianity has survived all the Substantial odds: The world has had may Kings and rulers of the land consisting of great women and men since time immemorial. But among all these rulers, only one leader has reigned, still rains and will forever reign; that is the Jewish carpenter by the name Jesus Christ who was born in a humble background. Jesus’ case is a unique one as compared to cases where others rulers ruled their kingdoms. Jesus was a king who did not have the resources that a normal King should have. He was a very humble king as he made friends with people from humble backgrounds as he did with his disciples. When Jesus sent his disciples to go and make disciples and baptizes them in the name of the Trinity, most of them saw it impossible to convince people, but with God nothing is impossible. At the end of the mission, many people got saved and baptized manifesting the great people of God CITATION Cri17 l 1033 (Apologist, 2017). This argument can be backed up with the increasing number of Christians in the world despite its humble beginning. It has beaten all odds and risen to the point that it is the world’s top religion all this manifesting the Power of God.

Embarrassing Testimony: In most cases, authors of different books would not love to include embarrassing testimonies in their books just to sell to their followers easily. Even though there are numerous examples in the Bible that support embarrassing testimony like Peter denying Jesus in Mark 14:66-72. There is the story of a demon-possessed man in Mark 3:22 and there is an account of a prostitute who uses her hair to clean the feet of Jesus which some might group as sexuality. Women were also not considered in the society during those days and were given very fewer privileges CITATION Cri17 l 1033 (Apologist, 2017). The Jewish who wrote the bible were so honest in their writings and included the accounts of all the embarrassing testimonies that most writers do not love to include in their writings. The availability of these testimonies in the bible makes it be one of the books with sincere authors hence raising its validity.

Extra-Biblical Testimony: Atheists are funny in a sense that they require extra-biblical evidence to believe in God’s existence as if the Biblical evidence is not enough to convince them. They do not put into account that the New Testament and the whole Bible had numerous writers who often at times wrote about the same instances in the bible. Unlike books written by independent authors, they cannot be trusted since nobody is there to site the same facts they wrote. For the case of the Bible, it is a historical text that links to each other and what authenticates its content is how different writers, in different times, and different venues write about the same content. It is witnessed by the gospel writers who wrote most of the accounts that took place in a way that there was no contradiction.

Early Christian Bravery: One of the brave Christians is Paul who began the mission as Saul and persecuted Christians until he met Jesus on his way to Damascus. He got converted and started preaching the good acts of God in his life. He is a good writer of the books in New Testament that amount to almost 13 books CITATION Cri17 l 1033 (Apologist, 2017). He did not leave serving God; he endured many beatings, and torture in the prisons until Nero in Rome beheaded him. James too was a brave man of God even though he wanted to stop Jesus from ministering until he witnessed Jesus rise from the dead. He later became a writer of the book of James in the Bible. Peter too who denied Jesus three times later became a strong Christian and wrote the Book of 1st and 2nd Peter. All these were brave men of God among others who served God diligently even though they were murdered.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Apologist, C. (2017). 10 Good Reasons to Believe God Exists: A Response to “10 Poor Reasons to Believe God Exists” by Mr. Oz Atheist. Christian Apologist, https://christian-apologist.com/2017/04/22/10-good-reasons-to-believe-god-exists-a-response-to-10-poor-reasons-to-believe-god-exists-by-mr-oz-atheist/.

Author, A. t. (2018). Why Should I Believe God Exists? BeThinking, https://www.bethinking.org/god/why-should-i-believe-god-exists.

Is Intelligence One or Many Abilities

Is Intelligence One or Many Abilities?

Intelligence is one of the most talked about abilities in a given society. However, its definition and description are not entirely standard. Some define it as the capacity to learn quickly or to understand concepts. Others view it as the ability to deal with trying and new situations with relative ease compared to other people. In the traditional definition of intelligence, Drigas and Papoutsi (2018) term intelligence as the ability to reason and a skilled use of logic to learn, understand concepts, and maneuver difficult situations. Sometimes, intelligence may be measured and determined through objective criteria such as tests and life stages. From these definitions alone, it is clear that intelligence includes a myriad of abilities. It denotes the ability to be an all-rounded individual, one with the ability to interpret different situations and to analyze where to apply a variety of skills. It includes a range of different skills, talents, aptitudes, abilities and the overall capability to apply these variants with the right combination wherever applicable. For example, an intelligent person in a classroom setting may not be one who scores very well in one subject and fails in others but rather one who is able to meet the minimum requirements in almost every area of examination including co-curricular activities and socialization. In this example, intelligence looks at various elements, including skills, comprehensive capacity, understanding concepts, people skills, and application of all these in a real life setting. Even the ability to apply certain knowledge in order to manipulate an environment requires that one is skillful in more than one area and with many abilities. Therefore, intelligence is an amalgamation of different mental abilities that can be summarized to include problem-solving, planning, logic, and reasoning encompassing associative memory, numerical abilities, perceptual speed, spatial visualization, word fluency, verbal comprehension and different combinations of these abilities.

References

Drigas, A. S., & Papoutsi, C. (2018). A new layered model on emotional intelligence. Behavioral Sciences, 8(5), 45.

What are the Developmental Tasks of Childhood?

Developmental tasks represent the broad indicators or “jobs” within childhood that an individual needs to accomplish in every stage for a child to learn and gain life skills at the required (appropriate) times. According to McElroy et al. (2018) the tasks of a given stage does not necessarily need to be complete or fully mastered before one can begin the jobs that mark the next stage. Nonetheless, the sooner a task is mastered the easier it is for a child to tackle the next stage’s tasks. Throughout childhood, a child will go on working on a majority of tasks despite having one stage that has a more prominent task. There are tasks of infants through 18 months, 18 months old to 3 years, 4 and 5 year old tasks, 6 years through 11years old, and tasks of 12 year olds to 18 years. In the first task, the child is expected to trust their environment, believe that their needs are important, feel loved, establish a bond with caregivers, and explore the world. For 18 months and 3 year olds, they are expected to become more independent, see themselves as separate from the caregivers, own things, continue to explore the world, and begin to identify feelings. 4 and 5 year olds learn planning and executing in a task, continue to explore and be part of their world, learn about power and how to use it, learn that behavior has consequences, and gain socially appropriate behavior. For 6 year olds to 11 years, the tasks include mastering trying tasks, following rules and accepting them, gaining responsibility, gaining a variety of new skills such as social skills, selecting role models, continuing to learn about the world, increasing independence, enhancing reasoning ability, and becoming cooperative. For 12 through 18 years old, the tasks include establishing individual identity, separation of emotional attachment with parents, experimenting with values and deciding what to adopt, learning relations with opposite sex, and renegotiating relationships with other family members.

References

McElroy, E., Belsky, J., Carragher, N., Fearon, P., & Patalay, P. (2018). Developmental stability of general and specific factors of psychopathology from early childhood to adolescence: dynamic mutualism or p‐differentiation?. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(6), 667-675.

Is Inclusive Growth a Valid Approach to Promoting More Equitable Urban Economies

Is Inclusive Growth a Valid Approach to Promoting More Equitable Urban Economies

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Introduction

Inclusive growth is an economic approach to the development of an economy, which focuses on improving the living standards of all citizens, and ensure that people in diverse social groups benefit from the country’s economic prosperity. Lee & Sissons (2016) note that the approach is inclusive in the sense that it leaves no citizen behind as a nation or economy grows positively, ensuring that there is equitable distribution of benefits as a country develops. This economic approach is relevant in the high-income countries, and emerging economies, which are experiencing high levels of income inequalities between the wealthy and poor populations (Van Niekerk, 2020). The income inequality has affected the other non-income outcomes such as access to quality education, heath, and employment opportunities, which have negatively affected people in the lower social demographics ability to growth, and experience a positive overall well-being. In addition to that, the existing inequality in income, and growth opportunities will eventually undermine the overall economic growth prospects of a country in the long-term. This means that there is the need to address the multi-dimensional negative impacts of income inequality, and its non-income outcomes to promote a sense of sustainable economic growth. One of the best approach is for a country to utilize the inclusive growth approach. To assess, if this approach is effective in promoting a sense of equitable urban economies, the researcher will conduct a study on the imbalance in the Chinese North and South regions proving that, indeed, inclusive growth is a valid approach to the promotion of more equitable urban economies.

Inclusive Growth

The concept of inclusive growth is growing in popularity as ore countries adopt it as a core principle in their development agendas. According to Bakker & Messerli (2017), the concept provides a win-win allure where a more prosperous society and economy is promised to all participants. The concept is primarily based on a more equitable society model. The proactive strategy was employed to ensure growth as an inclusive element that brought forth reductions in overall inequalities and an increase in the living standards of people. Stemming from the developing nations, Ngepah (2017) notes that the concept was quickly adopted in the developed nations too. By definition, the OECD (2014) defines inclusive growth as any form of economic growth that generates opportunities to every segment of the population while distributing the dividends of an increased prosperity. The definition of prosperity is in both monetary as well as no-monetary terms that should be distributed fairly across different societies in a nation. Therefore, inclusive growth must encompass an emphasis on opportunities and outcomes setting is apart from traditional narrow inclusion approaches.

In poverty reduction attempts, growth remains to be one of the most important components. However, Lee (2019) introduces a fact that redistributive growth has better chances of being effective as compared to a distribution neutral growth approach. It is important to understand that poor people also need access to the benefits of positive growth. Inclusive growth represents a pro-poor growth strategy of developing an economy where the benefits of any positive change in the economy are shared within every income group, ensuring that all participating agents see and understand societal and economic change. For example, the growth of a rural setup to an urban area must include elements that would make the residents realize that there is positive change, including an upgrade of local roads, better housing, and other social benefits. In China, inclusive growth and the general approach of sharing benefits has been more effective than elsewhere in the world. This effectiveness has been attained through creation of an entrepreneurial environment that attracts new organizations and favors local communities, ensuring that people have access to jobs and that they are able to earn wages through relaxed policies on job creation, and the protection of local companies against the global giants.

Economic Growth of China

Over the past three decades, China has experienced a rapid expansion in its economy, which has contributed to the improvement of the living standards of the people in the country. The average annual GDP growth during this period has been 10% (OECD, 2014). The improved economic growth has not only contributed to an improvement in the living standards of people, but has overall contributed to China being considered as an upper middle-income country.

As the country’s economy matured, its overall GDP growth has slowed down significantly. For instance, in 2007, the country’s GDP growth was reported as 14.2%. In 2018, the country’s economic growth was reported at 6.6%, and in 2019, it was 6.1%. According to the International Monetary Fund, by 2024, the country’s GDP is expected to fall to 5.5%. In the future, China’s growth prospects will be affected by the global economic landscape, which will be characterized by increased trade, and foreign investment integration (You, 2020). An important point to consider is that, China is currently facing increased competition from other emerging-market economies such as Brazil to attract investors, the country will have to consider alternative economic policies that will promote a sense of sustainable development in the country.

China’s rapid GDP growth, did not contribute to an increase in the overall house-hold disposable income. In particular, there was a significant drop in the disposable income in the country, by approximately 9% between 1997 to 2008. The contributing factors to this drop were reforms in the State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs), which focused on raising the labor productivity of these organizations by reducing the surplus labor in these institutions (You, 2020). There was also the relaxation of the requirement that migrants from rural areas need to carry their documentation, and this contributed to a decrease in the overall risk of deportation. The workers from the rural areas were willing to be paid wages, which were considered to be considerably low by the urban standards, as they were significantly higher to what they would have earned in their respective rural areas. The result of this was a drop in the income of employees, especially in the low-skilled jobs, and overall household disposable income in a majority of families. This has contributed to the income inequality challenge that is currently experienced in China.

The opening up of the Chinese economy also contributed to a disparity in income between members of different social classes. The opening-up of the economy contributed to a significant change in the prices of goods, and compensation for labor, which increased inequality in income, especially in the urban areas (Heshmati et al., 2019). The wages increased significantly for the people in the well-paying, while it was only marginal for the low-income earners. It contributed to an increase in the income gap between the rich and the power in the society.

Inclusive Growth Trends in China

Inclusive growth is an economic policy, where there is a combination of increased prosperity, and better sharing of the economic benefits among all the social groups in a country. There are different approaches that are used to foster inclusive growth. One of the approaches that is utilized is emphasize productive employment (Heshmati et al., 2019). In this case, economic growth leads to an increase in the employment opportunities for citizens of different social classes, and ensures that people are employed to jobs that meet their skills, knowledge and expected pay (OECD, 2014). The second approach that is utilized to achieve inclusive growth is the pro-poor re-distribution. It focuses on improving the income gains for the low-income people, and improving the quality and accessibility of education, health, and jobs.

China’s approach towards achieving inclusive growth has contributed towards the need to ensure that there is a spread of benefits of economic growth across people of different social classes, and in different regions of the country (urban and rural areas). According to the Chinese government, they intend to ensure that all people have equal access to the available development opportunities (You, 2020). The government is also implementing a system, which guarantees social equity with an increase in the focus to promote fairness in the rights, opportunities, and distribution of wealth (Lin et al., 2008). There is also the need to remove the obstacles threat have in the past prevented the citizens from participating in economic development initiatives (Wang, 2015). To achieve the aspect that is promoted by inclusive growth, there is the need to provide full employment, and the development of a social security system that is able to cover the rural and urban residents.

Comparisons of the Northern and Southern China

The terms, “North,” and “South” in China from an economic perspective do not only refer to geographical regions, but refer to the development differences in economic prosperity. The terms are borrowed from international politics where the wealthy and developed countries are collectively referred as the North, while the poorer and developing countries are referred to as the South. However, in China, Southern China is the one that is experiencing economic prosperity in comparison to the Northern China. Graph 1 shows the widening North-South economic gap in this country.

The illustration of graph 1, clearly shows that over the past 26 years, North China has performed poorly than the South China from an economic perspective (Zhang & Woo, 2021). Another observation that was made was that, in the first twenty years, the economic gap between the two regions was constant, but from 2018 to 2020 it increased significantly. In fact, according to the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2020, Beijing was the only Northern city that was ranked among the country’s top 10 largest cities from an economic perspective (Yang, 2020). This is an indication of the widening economic gap between the north and the southern regions of the country.

The reason that has contributed to the widening economic gap between the north and the south is brought about by a difference in the economic structures.

The north’s economy is mainly comprised of state-owned enterprises (SE)) in the heavy industries. On the other hand, the bulk of the economy in the southern region comprises of the export-oriented private sector (Harrada, 2020). In the northern region, there is a strong emphasis on manufacturing, and the industries have mainly remained the same in terms of what they produce as they were in the 20th century. This means that in some of the manufacturing plants, the demand of their products has lowered. There has also been an increase in the production costs as is the case of products such as steel (Yang, 2020). In addition to that, the central government of China has imposed strict environmental protection policies and measures, which limit greenhouse gas emissions, and this has ultimately increased the operation costs of the heavy industries in the northern region of the country.

A majority of the northern cities are experiencing a decline in the economy because in the past, they relied on various natural resources such as coal, ore and oil resources. These natural resources are increasingly becoming depleted, and this has also affected the SOEs. They are unable to acquire the resources that they rely on to produce various products at a cheap cost (Yang, 2020). The depletion of these resources also means that there has been a reduction in overall production, reducing its revenues, and overall employment opportunities for the people in the region (Wang, 2020). The industries cannot offer many employment opportunities as they did in the past, reducing the number of people that are currently employed in the region.

A majority of companies in the south have mainly focused on innovation efforts. The demand, and market for their products has significantly increases, as they are producing goods and services that meet and satisfy the fast-changing needs for their consumers (Zeping et al., 2020). It means that, for most of these companies, they have a ready market for their products. The innovation capability of these companies has contributed to an improvement in their overall competitiveness, and contributed to some of these companies such as Huawei able to access a bigger share of the market i.e. they sell their products in other countries, other than China.

The business environment in the Southern region is considered to be more favorable than is the case in the Northern region. The Northern region is characterized as a planned economy. The reason for this is that, a majority of the people in this region prefer to work in a secure and guaranteed job with an SOE (Zeping et al., 2020). They are highly unlikely to engage in entrepreneurship because they will not have a guaranteed income (LI & GUAN, 2018). In the Southern region, a majority of people work in the entrepreneurship sector. With a flexible income, they are able to engage in diverse income generating ventures, and this is likely to increase their overall income, and disposable household income.

Impact of Inclusive Growth on Improving the Economy of Northern Region

The implementation of the right policies may provide, or lead to the creation of the enabling conditions, which will contribute to inclusive growth in both the North, and Southern regions. There is the need for policy action to address the existing market challenges and failures in the Northern cities. For instance, the Chinese government should introduce policies that support innovation capabilities in the Northern cities as has been the case in the Southern cities (Zhang & Wu, 2019). The Chinese government needs to promote policies that will encourage the investment of high, mid and low technological activities in the Northern region. In particular, there is the need to invest in the low-and mid-technological activities as this will contribute to high employment activities, than is the case from the high-technological sectors. The emergence of technological companies in the Northern region of China will contribute to economic development, and the aspect of inclusive growth being realized in the country.

The finance structure matters in the issue of inclusive growth. As has been stated before, in the Northern regions, the economy is dependent on the performance of SEOs, while in the Southern region, entrepreneurship performance is what affects overall performance of the economy. The financial structure, determines the economic opportunities. In the northern region, it is quite restricted to the wealthy people. The investment opportunities are low, and restricted to the people who have high capital. A majority of the existing industries are capital-intensive and their markets are limited. On the other hand, in the South, a majority of the industries are knowledge-based, and have a potential of reaching international space in terms of the available market regions. The finance structure in the Northern region has to be designed to be similar to that of the Southern region. This will contribute to more economic opportunities, increased investment in the region, and the development of diverse employment opportunities.

Improving access to quality education will promote the aspect of inclusive growth. The reason for this is that, this will be an investment in human capital, and will contribute to the establishment of opportunities for people. The need for improvement of education in the Northern region should focus on entrepreneurship, and technological courses. It will make the region attractive to investors whereby they will see that they have available labor for the companies that they will establish in this region. This will overall promote an overall equitable economy in the North as is the case in the Southern cities.

Conclusion

The rapid economic growth has had a positive impact on China. China’s achievements in terms of economic expansion and urbanization are undeniable. However, while recognizing the country’s success in terms of fighting poverty, and improving the living standards of its citizens, there is also the need to assess the aspect of inequality that is not only considered a threat to the long-term economic development and growth of the country, but it is affecting the overall well-being of a majority of its citizens in the country. There is a high disparity between the country’s Northern and Southern cities. The Northern cities economy is mainly run, and affected by the performance of the SEOs. A majority of companies rely on natural resources to produce their products, and as they are becoming depleted, this is affecting the overall performance of these companies. An important point to note is that, a majority of the industries in the Northern region are capital intensive such as manufacturing companies. On the other hand, the Southern cities have diverse industries, and a majority of the companies are in the technological industry. This has contributed to the overall Southern cities performing better than is the case of the Northern cities. For the Northern cities to perform better, there is need to implement policies that promote the aspect of inclusive growth. This will be in relation to improvement of the business environment, financial structure, and access of quality education in the Northern cities. Inclusive growth is a viable approach towards achieving equitable economies because it ensures that different regions of a country have favorable dynamics that promote economic growth.

References

Bakker, M., & Messerli, H. R. (2017). Inclusive growth versus pro-poor growth: Implications for tourism development. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17(4), 384-391.

Harrada, I. (2020, July 2). China’s ‘north-south divide’ to worsen as COVID hits economy. Nikkei Asia. https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/China-s-North-South-divide-to-worsen-as-COVID-hits-economy

Heshmati, A., Kim, J., & Wood, J. (2019). A survey of inclusive growth policy. Economies, 7(3), 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies7030065Lee, N. (2019). Inclusive growth in cities: A sympathetic critique. Regional Studies, 53(3), 424-434.

Lee, N., & Sissons, P. (2016). Inclusive growth? The relationship between economic growth and poverty in British cities. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 48(11), 2317-2339.

Li, X., & Guan, Y. (2018). Assessing the regional imbalance between environment and economic development within China. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Energy Development and Environmental Protection (EDEP 2018). https://doi.org/10.2991/edep-18.2018.52Lin, T., Zhuang, J., Yarcia, D., & Lin, F. (2008). Income inequality in the People’s Republic of China and its decomposition: 1990-2004. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2925201OECD. (2014). Inclusive growth and urbanisation in China – OECD. https://www.oecd.org/china/inclusive-growth-and-urbanisation-in-china.htm

Ngepah, N. (2017). A review of theories and evidence of inclusive growth: an economic perspective for Africa. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 24, 52-57.

Van Niekerk, A. (2020). Inclusive economic sustainability: SDGs and global inequality. Sustainability, 12(13), 5427. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135427Wang, O. (2020, December 2). Beijing is China’s only shining northern city as centre of economic gravity moves south. Yahoo News Singapore. https://sg.news.yahoo.com/beijing-china-only-shining-northern-094130884.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAGyc4fWgwTsFbdII98AcEC0eWXICFCrAuLLTdAbs83OAaL23-kQQpHYtt5c4PgU6KNXTan0eOl6W5Cho4gdu7CvrxEAsj8hbB7UMqtq2kQRISV8oTPUcSgy99ppRRFdsR4vzwXPyo7WotrUczme5l5ZudxY_OSK8mEaz39bFxPlzWang, Z. (2015). The imbalance in regional economic development in China and its reasons. Private Sector Development and Urbanization in China, 53-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-47327-1_4Yang, L. (2020, December 7). China’s north-south gap not because of weather. Global Edition( China Daily). https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202012/07/WS5fcd6dcaa31024ad0ba9a073.htmlYou, J. (2020). Income distribution and growth in East Asia. East Asian Development: New Perspectives, 37-65. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315038155-2Zeping, R., Chai, X., & Jiajun, Y. (2020, December 7). China’s north-south gap not because of weather. Global Edition Caixin. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202012/07/WS5fcd6dcaa31024ad0ba9a073.htmlZhang, F., & Wu, F. (2019). Rethinking the city and innovation: A political economic view from China’s biotech. Cities, 85, 150-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.09.003Zhang, L., & Woo, R. (2021, January 28). COVID-19 epidemic widens China’s north-south economic divide. U.S. https://www.reuters.com/article/china-economy-provinces/covid-19-epidemic-widens-chinas-north-south-economic-divide-idUKL4N2K22OB

Is healthcare a fundamental human right

Is healthcare a fundamental human right?

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There is a great deal of debate over whether or not healthcare is a fundamental human right. Many people believe it is a basic human right, while others contend that it is a privilege that should be earned. Several key points should be considered when debating this topic. Ultimately, the decision of whether or not healthcare is a fundamental human right is a complex one. There are valid arguments on both sides of the issue (Ayubdar, M., & Vang-Phu, T. (2021). Therefore, there are several reasons on healthcare is a fundamental right.

From this article, “Healthcare as a Universal Human Right: Sustainability in Global Health by Nunes,” I learned that healthcare is a fundamental human right. This means everyone has the right to healthcare, regardless of income, race, or social status. Healthcare is essential for human dignity and well-being and should be accessible to everyone (Nunes, 2021). Unfortunately, healthcare is not accessible to everyone in many parts of the world. This is often due to poverty, lack of infrastructure, and political instability. To make healthcare a reality for everyone, we must address these issues. We need financial support for countries that lack the resources to provide healthcare to their citizens. We also need to build infrastructure and promote political stability. Only then will healthcare be a reality for everyone—Healthcare as a fundamental human right and the importance of sustainability in global health. The author discusses the concept of healthcare as a human right and the various ways it can be achieved. The author also discusses the importance of sustainability in global health and the multiple ways it can be achieved.

However, the article “Access to Healthcare as a Fundamental Right or Privilege? by Verulava” taught me that healthcare is not a fundamental human right. The author argues that healthcare is a privilege, not a right and that access to healthcare should be based on need, not on a person’s ability to pay. The author also argues that healthcare is a scarce resource and that rationing is necessary to ensure that everyone has access to the care they need. While healthcare is a fundamental human right in many countries, there are several reasons why it is not considered a fundamental human right in others (Verulava, 2021). One reason is that healthcare is a service someone must provide, and not everyone has the same access to healthcare providers. Another reason is that healthcare is a costly service, and not everyone can afford to pay for it. Finally, some argue that healthcare is not a fundamental human right because it is not an absolute right and that other rights are more important.

Works Cited

Nunes, R. (2021). Healthcare as a Universal Human Right: Sustainability in Global Health (p. 224). Taylor & Francis. https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/52617Verulava, T. (2021). Access to Healthcare as a Fundamental Right or Privilege?. Siriraj Medical Journal, 73(10), 721-726. https://he02.tcithaijo.org/index.php/sirirajmedj/article/view/253306Ayubdar, M., & Vang-Phu, T. (2021). ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS REGULATIONS. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 24, 1-12. https://search.proquest.com/openview/74c7710b7592dd38a549f25fb0e7f569/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=38868