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Journal Entry Grading

Journal Entry Grading

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Chapter One Question

I have chosen chapter one for my journal entry. When well defined, communication competence signifies the knowledge of efficient and appropriate communication patterns and the capacity to use and adapt that knowledge in various settings. The viewpoint of communicative competence is one of the theories that underlie the communicative method to foreign language teaching. The notion of communicative competence grew out of resistance to the notion of linguistic by Noah Chomsky. Contemporary, a number of scholars consider linguistic competence to be part of communicative competence. Presently, the communicative competence theory is built of four competence sectors: sociolinguistic, discourse, linguistic, and strategic. Two of them center on the functional feature of communication, while the additional two mirror the linguistic system’s use.

One example of communication competence is an instance of my younger brother. He engages in turn, talking when in conversation instead of interrupting. He portrays a good competent communicator’s character by knowing when it is the appropriate time to ask questions to further the conversation and read the nonverbal cues. My brother also shows adaptability during his communication in a way that he assesses situations and, when necessary, adapt the expectations and behavior accordingly. He employs communication behaviors that each individual judges to be appropriate to the situation.

The communication competence model is a significant part of the insight process and aids us in comprehending communication events. Communication competence is essential in a way that is required in order to understand communication morals, to grow cultural awareness, to use computer-mediated communication, and to think critically. Competence embroils knowledge, motivation, and skills—the communication competence theory functions. The communicative competence model is used to teach and studying foreign languages and is the result of multiple linguist’s efforts.

Juvenile Delinquency Due to Lack of Opportunities (2)

Juvenile Delinquency Due to Lack of Opportunities

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Juvenile Delinquency Due to Lack of Opportunities

Abstract

There are many reasons associated with juvenile delinquency and some of these include maltreatment, environmental factors, family instability, imitation from others, criminal neighborhoods and poverty among the families and places where these young people live. From the resources analyzed it is true that juvenile delinquency is most of the time not the problem or not caused by the desires of the youths but rather caused by experiences and issues the youths face and this is a difficult situation to deal with. The different articles offer ways to deal with the situations which face children and which lead to early offending in ways that do not bring them into situations which are not comfortable for example being arrested and tried in courts of law. However, the most important question is are the kids who are involved in early offending different from the ones who undergo the same issues and do not get involved in offending? The other question is how much money can be used to solve the issue and which strategy is the best in dealing with the issue of juvenile delinquency since it seems to get out of hand.

Statement of the Problem

Delinquency among the young people is a nationwide problem. However, delinquency does not always happen with all the youths and some youths especially those from well off families and those areas inhabited by what can be called economically or financially affluent are not majorly affected by youth delinquency. From the comments of Cuentas (2018), it is clear that youth delinquency is a process or a result of being exposed to situations which are not pleasing or even worthy for a person to live in. firstly the people of color and specifically black people tend to live in areas which are prone to crime and this results to the youths learning the ways of crime from the neighborhoods. This is because crime does not always change with location where people travel but remains in a neighborhood and the type of people a person associates with determine the kind of person they become.

However, these crime neighborhoods can be avoided as Cuentas states. however, in as much as they can be avoided, most of the time it is not even the neighborhoods that drives youths into crime. The major reason as to why youth get into crime is witnessing violent behavior and generally lacking opportunities for them to go on with their lives in the best manner possible. when youths lack opportunities because the government does not want to invest into their area, they get to understand that they are not valued in the society and even though they want to be good they end up in crime as it the only consolation they have because they trust nobody sees them and nobody cares about them. The youths also get to learn about systemic racism and even though they try, most of the times they get turned down and they find the experience very disheartening when they try to look for opportunities and every time they are turned down. However, this paper discusses the many reasons as to why youths especially from low-income families find it difficult to go on with normal life and resort to crime mainly because of lack of opportunities.

Research Hypothesis

The research hypothesis for this research is that; increased crime rates among African American youths from low-income areas is contributed to highly by the lack of opportunities in their areas.

The null hypothesis for the research is: lack of opportunities has no effect on the increased crime rates among the youths from low-income families.

Research Design and Methods

The research will use deductive research design. deductive reasoning research design is the type of research design that is based on deducing specific statements from general ones. For example, youths from financially unstable families engage in criminal activities. The other statement deductive statement under this might be Andrew is a youth from financially unstable family and therefore Andrew is likely to engage in criminal activities.

The research will also use cross-sectional design in that the research will be studied at one particular point in time. The major way of testing my hypothesis will be through observation, questionnaires and interviews of the resource persons who in this case will be both black and white youths from different financial backgrounds. I will also use secondary data for this research. Secondary data refers to the research done on a particular issue in the past. I will use journals and researches to bring out the fact that many people of color from low-income backgrounds engage in criminal activities due to lack of opportunities.

Survey Questions

Why do you think youths engage in crime?

Do you think youths from low-income backgrounds are likely to engage in criminal behaviors?

Why do you think so?

what opportunities might the youths lack so that they engage in criminal behaviors?

Is there anything that can be done for those already in criminal activities and save them?

Are there other opportunities apart from crime for the youths?

If yes, what are these opportunities?

What can the government do about criminals?

Do youth criminals need apprehension ordo they need saving?

Does enabling the families financially solve the issue of crimes?

What role does racial injustice play in the issue of criminal behavior of the youths?

What can non-profit organizations do to help the youths who are likely to engage in crime?

Is is the fault of the government that youths engage in crime?

What can the government do to prevent crime among the youth?

Do youths from financially stable families engage in crime?

Why do they engage/do not engage in crime?

What is the role of parents in dealing with youths with criminal behaviors?

Can racial justice and equality be achieved?

How can it be achieved?

Will achieving racial equality and equity solve criminal behaviors among the youths?

Literature review

‌(Annotated bibliography)

Cuentas, A. (2018). Poverty: Key Factors Contributing to High Juvenile Delinquency Rates. Medium. https://medium.com/@acuentas07/poverty-key-factors-contributing-to-high-juvenile-delinquency-rates-31f9aebc44e8#:~:text=Poverty%20is%20a%20reoccurring%20factor%20in%20juvenile%20delinquencyThis article states the major reason as to why a lot of youths get into violence. Poverty is the major thing and the article states that it is not always the wish of the young people to get involved into crime but depending with the situation they are in and seeing the injustice around them, crime remains the only option.

National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. (2001). Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/9747

‌This book portion discusses in chapter 2 (The Development of Delinquency), discusses the reasons as to why delinquency among the youth occurs and, in this part, mainly the reasons why delinquency among the youths is prevalent is that youths lack of opportunities and this is especially with the youths of color and those from areas inhabited by low-income communities.

Provide Opportunities for Children and Youth. (n.d.). Ojjdp.ojp.gov. https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh176/files/action/sec4.htm

This study looks into the manner in which children presented with opportunities are likely to be better than those who are not presented with opportunities. This is because according to the study, youths and young people always envision good lives ahead of them and this is not always possible since lack of opportunities makes them suffer a lot in the process. Therefore, even though some succeed, it is not always the case for most of the youths who are not provided with opportunities which can make them successful.

Young, S., Greer, B., & Church, R. (2017). Juvenile delinquency, welfare, justice and therapeutic interventions: a global perspective. BJPsych bulletin, 41(1), 21-29.

‌In this research the study looks at the juvenile delinquency tendencies as well as how these happen. The research also looks into the welfare of the youths and their families, if justice is served for those who are found in criminal activities as well as how just are the processes since some of the criminal activities are as a result of resource mis-appropriation. The last important part are therapeutic interventions employed by different governments and agencies towards the issue. If focuses on a global perspective from countries which are economically less developed to the countries with high economic development like the United States of America and the Great Britain.

Shader, M. (2001). Risk factors for delinquency: An overview. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

This research looks into the different ways in which delinquency among the youths can be explained. As shader states, there are many different variations of explanations as to why different people engage in criminal activities or just mere delinquent practices. Therefore, this study looks into the different factors which lead to delinquency as well as what can be done to deal with these issues because even with justice and apprehension of those who are involved does not fully solve the issue but just covers the issue while in real sense there is a deep-seated problem which needs to be solved.

Poverty and Juvenile Delinquency in the United States – Free Essay Example. (2019, December 12). StudyDriver.com. https://studydriver.com/poverty-and-juvenile-delinquency-in-the-united-states/

In this article, poverty is explained in the manner in which it is a big contributor towards juvenile delinquency and how it matters that poverty leads to democracy while at the same time there is punishment. It states that for every year the unite states uses about $21 billion for the sake of curbing and dealing with juvenile crime. this becomes a very difficult problem if such amount of money is used for juvenile delinquency and still it does not end. Based on this the article does on to give suggestions of how the issue can be dealt with and can be solved.

Gogua, I. (2020, June 23). Juvenile Delinquency – Causes, Prevention, and the Ways of Rehabilitation. Penal Reform International. https://www.penalreform.org/blog/juvenile-delinquency-causes-prevention-and-the-ways-of/

In this article there is a discussion of how juvenile delinquency is caused by violent neighborhoods, imitation, family issues, psychological issues and the situation of being street kids. However, with all these causes the article takes the issue from a positive side and discusses that there is a chance that these issues can be solved and people return back of normal. One such way of solving the problems is generally rehabilitation and trying to create sense into the young people why they should not get involved into such cruel behaviors.

Cho, M., Haight, W., Choi, W. S., Hong, S., & Piescher, K. (2019). A prospective, longitudinal study of risk factors for early onset of delinquency among maltreated youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 102, 222-230.

‌this research looks into the area of juvenile or youth from a point of view of relationship between the cases of offending and early maltreatment of the same kids. For example, 5002 students in grade 3 were studied and when they got into age 6 to 8 years, they were noticed to have continuous offending cases and therefore the research offers solutions as ways of making sure that the students are not maltreated when they are young.

Analysis

Once data is collected the major ways of analysis will be by using essays to explain the results especially the interviews which is a qualitative approach while charts, tables and measures of central tendency like mean, mode and median will also be used.

Results

Results expected from the field and from the secondary data is that young people are highly affected by their environments and that whatever they go through determines the kind of people they become. Therefore, the best way to solve the issue of juvenile or youth delinquency is through helping the kids to grow in a healthy environment and making the environments safe for them to grow in and develop into positive and good people.

Recommendations

Based on the results it is clear that children formation is what determines what kind of people they become as they grow up. Whether a child is treated well or not determines if they will be able to be good people or fall under offending crimes. Therefore, good environment is necessary for the children to grow in. the other important thing is reduction of poverty levels and employing ways to curb crime in the criminal areas.

Juvenile Criminality

Juvenile Criminality

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Juvenile Criminality

Juvenile criminality is the act of young people under the legal age of being recognized as adult getting involved in unlawful misconduct. Delinquency has been a major problem in the society that requires quick solutions so as to save the lives of the future generation. In many instances, the juvenile cause tension in the community and threatens their well-being as well as that of the criminality victims. The society blames the parents being the primary causes of juvenile misconduct but in a real sense, all the community as a whole has the responsibility to shape the youths’ behavior. The young people do not at all times stay with their parents, they spend time at school, with friends as well as at the workplace where they interact with many other people. The young people get involved in brutality and burglary on their way to find satisfaction as well as living a high standard life at their tender age. The individual may not rectify the unethical behavior to which they carry on to adulthood. In this paper, juvenile delinquency is discussed in a profound extent as a problem in the society as well as the measures that can be taken to eradicate the issue.

It is inevitable to have a number of young people who get involved in delinquency in the society but it is possible to minimize if not eradicating such cases. That signifies the essence of juvenile courts in the society where the youths who get involved in criminality get sentenced according to the law. The society today is very involving due to technology advancement, thus the youths make use of the modern weapons and digital techniques to commit the criminal offenses. The juvenile has the desires of high standard lifestyle whose basic thing is capital. Therefore, they get involved in fishy behaviors such as brutality, robbery, burglary as well as information hacking among many other delinquencies (Bartollas, et.al 2017). Peer pressure, unethical upbringing, and poverty in the society significantly impacts juvenile delinquency. The environment in which the youths grows up in greatly shapes the behavior of the young people. Therefore, if one grows in an immoral community there is a greater tendency of them adopting the same conduct and end up becoming a threat to the society.

In bringing up the children parents are fundamental elements, but in the modern society, they seem to have forgotten their responsibility. Research has shown that a high percentage of parents today spend a lot of time at their work and recreation, thus ending up having no time to intermingle with their children. The duty of bringing up the children have been kept aside for the house helps who spend all their time at the homestead and get paid for the same. Therefore, the children’s behavior gets shaped by their characters and at many instances, these house helps do not give the appropriate attention to the children as it would have been given by the parents. There is no one to rectify the juvenile behaviors as they get eroded and they end up getting involved in serious criminal offenses that threatens their well-being as well as that of the community members. To get a sound solution for juvenile delinquency, parents have to take their responsibility of shaping their children behavior by spending enough time with them. It will enable them to identify the children’s flaws and problems, know how to solve them as well as shaping their conducts to responsible citizens who adhere to the nation’s law (Siegel, & Welsh, 2014).

Furthermore, peer pressure has played a significant role in fiercely developing juvenile criminality in the society. Today human being lives in a man eat man society where people try all that they can to utilize available resources to earn income. Human labor is an essential resource as it applies both intelligence and force. People make use of the young people who are pessimistic in nature and eager to earn money as fast as possible at their tender age without much struggle. Among the techniques that they are indulged in acquiring the money is through delinquency actions such as drug trafficking and burglary. Many juveniles get involved in misconducts because they are enticed or engaged in the actions by their friends and other peers who promise opportunities in illegalities (Thompson, & Bynum, 2016). Also, peers introduce others to drug abuse which is a major cause of juvenile delinquency as misused drugs lead to impaired judgments. Therefore, it is important to educate the youths on following self-instincts and principles so they will be able to absorb positive friends in their life who are morally upright. The young people are growing and developing thus the things fed to them will have great impacts on their behaviors and the kind of adults they will become.

The community significantly influences the young people and takes part in making them get involved in misconduct. For instance, consider when the juvenile is in their learning institutions and other public places. They misbehave and their elders cannot take actions of letting them know they are not doing the right thing. The public does not have time to advice the juvenile as they just mind about their business but at the end, they are the victims of juvenile delinquency. For example, consider the act of the government legalizing armament in the learning institutions. The students are authorized to carry weapons such as handbags to the school for their security purposes. Yes, it is well that weapons are for security measures but on the other hand, they take advantage of the same and use the arms to carry out delinquencies. Cases of students shooting their fellow colleagues and tutors as well as hurting community members through brutality and robbery (Shoemaker, 2017). Therefore, the community has to take appropriate measures such as advising the young people and the government prohibiting dangerous laws such as students’ armament to eradicate juvenile delinquency.

From the above discussion, juvenile delinquency is a threat to the society and it significantly causes negative effects on the economy. Therefore, it is everyone’s responsibility to curb it starting with the government, parents, and community in general to shape the juvenile behavior. The society development greatly depends on the young generation thus it is vital to put in place sound techniques in the society in areas such as juvenile courts and other public institutions that enhance ethnicity and eradicate juvenile delinquency.

References

Bartollas, C., Schmalleger, F., & Turner, M. G. (2017). Juvenile delinquency. Pearson.

Shoemaker, D. J. (2017). Juvenile delinquency. Rowman & Littlefield.

Siegel, L. J., & Welsh, B. C. (2014). Juvenile delinquency: Theory, practice, and law. Cengage Learning.

Thompson, W. E., & Bynum, J. E. (2016). Juvenile delinquency: A sociological approach. Rowman & Littlefield.

JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM SHOULD FOCUS ON REHABILITATION

JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM SHOULD FOCUS ON REHABILITATION

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Juvenile criminal justice system should focus on rehabilitation

Young people often go through many challenges and they are unable to express themselves because they are also not fully aware of the reasons why there is a lot of burden on their lives. Therefore it is upon the pain that the young people experience in their lives that they base their struggle and their journey towards resolutions which at times might be very risky ones. As Sachi Maniar (3.1), states that children are victims of their circumstances it is clear that children find themselves in different and varied circumstances which at times they are unable to deal with or resolve. Therefore when children find themselves in these circumstances they tend to think outside the box. Thinking outside the box for most young people means looking for solutions that are not normal and which will alleviate their pain and this includes getting involved in crime or getting involved in doing things that are not in order.

Once the young people engage in these kinds of activities the world and the society around them try to understand why they are doing that and at the end of it all different people understand the young people differently. Some individuals state that young people behave in the manner in which they behave because they have been brought up in that manner and it is a reflection of the behavior of the parents. Other people state that young people are being arrogant and taking advantage of their freedom. However, some people get to understand that real issues making the young people engage in some kinds of behaviors which are that the young people have a lot of pain in their lives and the only best way to express it is through doing things which will arouse communal response. Through this, they always feel that by doing wrong and doing something which they take as revenge they will feel good.

However, what wrong is done is never revenge on anything but goes ahead to hurt the young people. Therefore it is in the light of this that I state my stand to be that young people need more rehabilitation than punishment and therefore the presentation is very okay and very important. The presentation welcomes us to see the teenagers and the young people from a different angle of pain caused to them by circumstances of finding and realizing themselves in the circumstances. The examples given are even a clearer way of talking about the youths since examples are always very fundamental when it comes to proving something and here Sachi Maniar is trying to prove the situation of the young people and how much they need rehabilitation than punishment.

If the young people are administered with punishment even though it is the recommended type of bringing order back to society, they are likely to even hurt more. Through this, the correctional facilities and individuals will not only be creating a dumping society but also making the lives of these young people miserable and worthless. An example is a ruby, who as stated in the video lost his parents when he was 6 years old and therefore he has never got past the death of his parents. He slept outside of their home most of the time and therefore he is isolated and lonely (3;30). If this kind of kid is exposed to punishment for a wrong they do due to their situation then it acts to make him completely miserable which is not the will of any society. Therefore more than anything else the young people need more rehabilitation than punishment. In these rehabilitation centers, the young people need a person to listen to them and a person to understand what they are going through as well as be willing to help them overcome the various challenges. ( Weston, 2016).

If this method is taken the development of a sound society would b very easy. Even though it might be difficult to put into practice this kind of correction is still the best one. It is best because it looks deeper into the lives of an individual beyond the basics and goes into learning what the person becomes when they are hurt. This helps us also understand them more closely and how lovely they can be if the pain was taken away. In (3:44), Sachi Maniar borrows a quote and states that hurt people hurt other people. This is very true because when these young people are understood they most probably indicate that they engage in criminal activities. After all, revenge makes them feel good for a short period.

The juvenile justice system has always been faced with challenges whereby the issue at hand is very important to the parents, the guardians, and the religious leaders. They are important to the system. When it comes to dealing with the juveniles then it turns out to be more careful and gentle and peaceful because the young people are a dependent species and they still belong to their families even if the family is unwelcoming or peaceful.( Weston, 2016).

Therefore, in conclusion, we can say that it is very important to experience the love offered by parents and when this cannot be sought one should retain their calm because the parents do not hate a person completely. This acts as a stepping stone into the realization of how things should be done. Therefore the juvenile criminal justice system should aim more at getting the correct manner of dealing with the teenagers and especially the issue of providing more rehabilitation than punishments because rehabilitation is always the best.

References

Mears, D. P., Pickett, J. T., & Mancini, C. (2015). Support for balanced juvenile justice: Assessing views about youth, rehabilitation, and punishment. Journal of quantitative criminology, 31(3), 459-479.Weston, B. (2016). Balancing Rehabilitation and Punishment: Combing Juvenile Court Waiver Mechanisms to Create a Balanced Justice System. Am. Crim. L. Rev., 53, 235.

Elsea, K. K. (1995). The juvenile crime debate: Rehabilitation, punishment, or prevention. Kan. JL & Pub. Pol’y, 5, 135.

Justice

Justice

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Justice

Justice according to numerous individuals refers to fairness and it significant for every individual existence. However, it means different things to diverse groups for example, to the ordinary person it will typically mean due castigation when a criminal is punished for a crime. Also, social justice is termed as the perception that every individual deserves equal political, economic as well as social prospects regardless of their gender religion or race. The fair distribution of assets in the society is referred to as distributive justice. Besides, there is environmental justice which denotes to the unbiased treatment of all individuals regarding environmental burdens plus benefits. Therefore justice is among the excellent ethical values in the domains of law and politics; In the society, justice is regarded as that which is right based on the society moral notions of ethics, equity, fairness, religion, and rationality.

Thus justice needs to be in the norm of the prevailing standard of the rule of law (Bassiouni 2017, p.127). According to the rule of law, all decisions need to be made in accord with the law, and no individual is exempt from the law. In a democracy, respect for the rule of law is a significant necessity in safeguarding justice. Furthermore, it ensures that the individuals who are in power never makes some decisions about other people’s lives in an arbitrary as well as impulsive manner, basing on their abomination, beliefs or bigotry and not on what is lawful.

In ethics, legal and political philosophy, the concept of justice occupies the center stage typically. As justice possess diverse meanings in different practical contexts, it is vital to grapple it with this diversity to comprehend it. Firstly, it is evident from the daily routine activities that justice is associated with how individuals are treated. Justice issues arise in situations where individuals can advance some claims for instance to opportunities, resources, and freedom among others which are possibly inconsistent. In this case, the individuals appeal to justice to assist such conflicts through determining what each is entitled to have (Dionigi & Kleidosty, 2017). Though justice is predominantly a matter of the way in which the individuals are treated, there exists the possibility of speaking of justice for groups. This might include the instances like when the government is allocating some resources amongst different categories of citizens. In this situation, each group should be treated like it were a distinct individual for the allocation purposes.

Justice can be classified into three main categories which include: social justice, individual justice besides supernatural justice. The social justice comprises of the government legal systems in which several aspects like courts and judges are used in the implementation of justice. Personal justice encompasses an individual’s ethics while the supernatural justice truth denotes to karma and the benevolent gods.

Social justice

This is the major as well as the essential method of justice in most cultures. In this method, the act of coming up with a structure of laws are established by the society itself besides having some officials impose the rules. Therefore it is prejudiced by the leading religion plus the political group. Through the application of social justice, every individual can recognize what is right and what is wrong conferring to their nobles. Hence they will be competent to comprehend the corrective action which will be placed on them once they go in contradiction of those laws (Bosselmann, 2016).  However, this form of justice possesses some glitches, and one of them is that it prohibits the mainstream in creating the rapports of justice and the ethics of the minorities will eventually be seen as less vital and or they will be unheeded entirely. This has been experienced in numerous societies which have contentious issues.

Personal justice

This system of justice transpires to every individual irrespective of their ethical values. It can sometimes be referred to as a conscious as it typically occurs when an individual has an emotional response towards their deeds as a result of where the person was raised together with their ethics. Personal justice is quite useful since it conforms to an individual’s own life experience and ethics (Zehr, 2015).  Everybody is different and changing, therefore, resulting to social justice being clumsy and tiring to work on an individual measure, however social justice will always be fitting to an individual’s beliefs since they are a part of an individual’s beliefs.

Supernatural justice

This method of justice goes in line with peoples beliefs about something. Many people believe that justice is controlled and organized by a god, some force or energy. They also trust in supernatural forms of justice and thereby take ease in the point that justice will be obliged to everybody and this creates fear in them as it prevents them from doing the wrong deeds since they believe some supernatural justice will befall them.

Conclusion

As discussed above, justice takes some different forms typically, and this depends on the practical context in which it is being used. Therefore it is the responsibility of individuals, the government as well as the institution to uphold the rule of law so that justice will prevail in the societies. Justice is an essential part of ethics and hence should be given much consideration in our moral lives. Moreover, it is an expression of an individual’s mutual recognition of everyone’s essential dignity and an acknowledgment that if individuals live together in the interdependent society, they are obliged to treat others as equals.

References

Bassiouni, M. C. (2017). Searching for peace and achieving justice: The need for accountability. In International Crimes(pp. 113-132). Routledge.

Bosselmann, K. (2016). The principle of sustainability: transforming law and governance. Routledge.

Dionigi, F., & Kleidosty, J. (2017). Theory of Justice. Macat Library.

Zehr, H. (2015). The little book of restorative justice: Revised and updated. Skyhorse Publishing, Inc..

Justice and The Law

Justice and The Law

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Justice and the law

Justice can be categorized as distributive or retributive justice. Just distributive asses how political entity distributes resources to its members while retributive justice determines how the society determine innocence and guilt, and how it determines the best penalty for guilt. Procedural law is concerned with individuals getting what they rightly deserve according to their behavior. Therefore, the proposed sentencing guidelines include the characteristics of crime take into account and characteristics of criminal taken into account. According to Aristotle, there are some problems associated with justice. He saw justice as a commodity for sale and advocated for best justice that money can buy. Law is indeterminate and comes from two perspectives that is the transcendental natural law perspective and the evolutionary perspective. The transcendental natural law examines the belief of moral relativists. Social scientist warn against passing moral judgment on other culture. Some believe absolute moral standards of right and wrong that transcends time and culture and are universally applicable exist.

On the other hand, evolutionary perspective consider law as natural. That is to say it emanates from the evolved nature of Homo sapiens. This perspective seeks empirical support for views through study of behavior. Evolutionary perspective poses that choices become norms. It is concerned with what is rather than what ought to be. Evolutionary perspective as a source of justice denotes that morality as a challenge to exploitive behaviors. Moral outrage is perceived as a basis for revenge. Desire to punish has built-in physiological basis. Evidence shown in the brain scans. It is crucial to understand that law and justice are not identical. They can be in accordance with one another or furthest thing or further thing from it. The rule of law concerning due process depicts is defined as a set of instructions informing agents of states how to proceed with those suspected of crimes when outlining ruling to seek equity. This follows various models such as Cesare Beccaria and reform, Herbert Packer’s model of criminal justice and the crime control model.

Just Do It (Nike)

Just Do It (Nike)

The slogan means universal and intensely personal. It does not mention its sports brand name, and despite this, the Nike brand has grown marvelously over the years. It has become one of the world’s biggest profile athlete brands. Its launch increased shares from 18% to 43%, showing that it was well accepted by the people and triggered more sales. The victory of the slogan is evident until now as profit gradually increased from the year 2010 to 2019. The slogan creates an emotional appeal to the audience. When it was launched, many people contacted Nike and explained their personal stories on how they ‘just did it’; for example, some chose a happy life despite the challenges and considered the rest as history. Another incident was when they used an 80-year old marathoner to explain the feeling of ‘just do it.’ The advert showed the elderly athlete as he exercised every morning wearing the Nike shoes. The story creates an emotional affection, and many viewers see that they can also do it and achieve more greatness despite what they may be going through. Also, the slogan connects with its audience. The involvement of basketball stars and athletes in their adverts showed that the shoes were not only meant for ordinary people but also to the professionals in various athletes. The connection greatly influenced their sales as people related their brand to more achievement. Different people from given races and ethnic groups were also involved during the campaigning of the slogan. The significance of equality promoted their brand as everyone worldwide wanted to enjoy this lovely notion from the brand. I would consider the Nike brand to adopt the slogan, ‘Enjoy Greatness’. The probability of a slogan being more successful and creating an emotional appeal to customers is; its ability to trigger joy. The slogan already suggests that they will be joy when one purchases the brand since most people work towards being prominent and successful. Customers will be lured to purchase the product more as the message is more pleasing. In an advert, the brand can involve a young football teenager who enjoys the lovely feeling of greatness of being signed into a big team at his young age. A deep emotional feeling will be felt by the audience as they relate the child’s accomplishment to the event of owning a shoe from the Nike brand. If Nike can adopt this new slogan, there can be a positive increase in brand loyalty.

Jurisdiction (2)

Jurisdiction

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Question 1

Jurisdiction is the process whereby the formal authority makes decisions and judgements that are legal. Similarly, it restricts the border wherein a federal court can implement its power over appeals or cases. Jurisdiction is momentous in this case since it lets the U.S. district court to pay attention and decide Falcoal’s issue. Moreover, it lets the law court to exercise its rightfully and establish the kind of jurisdiction effective for the case. Personal jurisdiction refers to a court’s power to decide for a party being sued in a case. Though, it is the situation that a specific law court has power over the respondent depending on most minor associates with the condition. On the other hand, subject-matter jurisdiction consist of the prerequisite that a particular law court can have hearing on specific claims provided to the court. In personal jurisdiction, the magistrate has the authority to come up with a decision that affects a person. Additionally, subject-matter jurisdiction includes authority made over the law involved in the suit, while personal jurisdiction entails control over parties influenced by the facts in evidence. As personal jurisdiction has power over the parties to the case, the subject-matter jurisdiction can hear the type of issue.

Markedly, the court applied rules in regards to personal jurisdiction exercised over foreign defendants. The law entailed that a foreign state shall not be immune from the court’s jurisdiction of the United States in any case where the foreign state has waived its immunity either by implication or explicitly. Similarly, this law suggests that where the action is grounded upon an oversea state’s commercial activity done in the U.S. The court cannot exercise personal jurisdiction over foreign defendants unless the defendants have taken action that may be interpreted as a waiver or implied consent expression to the jurisdiction exercised.

Jurisdiction

Jurisdiction

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Date

Question 1

Jurisdiction entails the formal power to make legal decisions and judgments. Likewise, it limits the border in which a court of law can implement its authority over cases or appeals. Jurisdiction is significant in this case as it enables the United States district court to listen and decide Falcoal’s matter. Additionally, it allows the court to exercise its rightfully and determine the type of jurisdiction effective for the case.

Personal jurisdiction refers to a court’s power to decide for a party being sued in a case. However, it is the condition that a particular court has control over the defendant based on most minor associates with the setting. On the other hand, subject-matter jurisdiction includes the prerequisite that a specific court can hear particular claims presented to the court. In personal jurisdiction, the judge has the power to make a decision that affects an individual. Additionally, subject-matter jurisdiction includes authority made over the law involved in the suit, while personal jurisdiction entails control over parties influenced by the facts in evidence. As personal jurisdiction has power over the parties to the case, the subject-matter jurisdiction can hear the type of issue.

Markedly, the court applied rules in regards to personal jurisdiction exercised over foreign defendants. The law entailed that a foreign state shall not be immune from the court’s jurisdiction of the United States in any case where the foreign state has waived its immunity either by implication or explicitly. Likewise, this rule implies where the action is based upon a foreign state’s commercial activity performed in the United States. The court cannot exercise personal jurisdiction over foreign defendants unless the defendants have taken action that may be interpreted as a waiver or implied consent expression to the jurisdiction exercised.

Juno Film Analysis

Juno Film Analysis

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Introduction

Juno is a coming-of-age drama that was aired in 2007. This film explores how a 16-year-old interdependent teenager deals with an unplanned pregnancy. The plot of this movie showcases some of the challenges teenagers face and their transition from childhood to young adulthood. This transition is part of development, and it affects the emotional, physical, and mental aspects of their lives. Other themes that have been highlighted in the movie include platonic, romantic, and family relationships, adolescent cognition, and teenage pregnancy. These themes are part of everyday life challenges that teenagers must overcome. Juno is a pro-adulthood comedic drama that explores the challenges teenagers face and the role adults and positive relationships have in promoting mental and emotional stability.

Film Plot

Juno is a 16-year-old teenage girl who decides to experiment with sex and sleeps with her friend Paulie. Their experiment results in an unplanned teenage pregnancy that initially pushes Juno to consider an abortion. As the story develops, we are introduced to Juno’s struggles with her emotions for her friend and now the baby’s father, Paulie. We also see Juno change her mind about abortion as she decides to put her baby up for adoption. Juno’s friend, Leah, helps her search for a childless couple that can provide a suitable home for the baby. Their search results in the introduction of Mark and Vanessa, a married and childless couple that want to adopt a child. As Juno gets to know this couple, we see her relationship with Mark and Vanessa develop differently. During their interactions, Mark develops a romantic interest in Juno. These feelings, a poor relationship, and not wanting to be a parent are part of the reasons Mark and Vanessa end their marriage. With time, Juno and Vanessa develop a trusting bond. As a result, Juno entrusts her child to Vanessa through a close adoption despite her newly single marital status. The film also reveals how the pregnancy affects Juno’s relationship with her family, the baby’s father, and friends. At the end of the film, we see Juno and her parents grow closer. We also see Juno’s and Paulie’s relationship transform from a platonic friendship to a happy romantic relationship.

Adolescent Cognition

Adolescence is a period in which individuals begin to develop more complex thinking. During this period, teenagers begin to form new questions and ideas and compare different viewpoints and opinions. The change from concrete thinking during childhood to formal logical thinking during adolescence helps teenagers deal with the new changes they experience. These cognitive changes occur between 12 and 18 and are grouped into early adolescence, middle adolescence, and late adolescence. Juno, who is 16, falls under middle adolescence, and this age is characterized by complex thinking processes that address futuristic and philosophical concerns (Anil & Bhat, 2020). During middle adolescence, teenagers begin to form their code of ethics, question and analyze things more extensively, think in the long term, make their own future goals, and develop their sense of identity (Lehalle, 2020). These traits are evident in the way Juno deals with her unplanned pregnancy.

When Juno first discovers she is pregnant, she calls the women’s clinic and tells them she would like “to procure a hasty abortion.” In the clinic, she is taken from the pregnancy test room to the delivery room, and during this process, we see her emotions change. In the end, she decides that she no longer wants to abort her baby. This change in emotion can be attributed to her code of ethics. As it no longer feels right to abort the baby, she decides to keep it and find an alternative means. After deciding to keep her child, we see Juno admit that she is not equipped to raise the baby. She also admits that she wants her child to grow up in a happy family hence the reason she chooses a well-off couple who want to adopt a child. These choices show complex thinking. By deciding to give her baby up for adoption, we see Juno make plans for her and her child. Juno’s sense of identity is evident through her decisions and perspectives. For instance, her saying that she is not ready to be a mother shows that she understands her capabilities. Her sense of self is also evident in her ability to avoid falling into depression despite realizing that she is “dealing with things way beyond [her] maturity level.” Overall, Juno navigates this identity crisis period by finding a proper mix between her adolescent age and her new role as a pregnant teenager. This proper mix allows her to discover a sense of self that improves her life and the lives of the people in her life.

Relationships

Juno is a film that explores relationships. The most prominent relationships in this film include Juno’s growing romantic feelings for her friend Paulie, the relationship she shares with her father Mac and her stepmother Bren, and her crumbling relationship with Mark and Vanessa, her baby’s adoptive parents. Juno’s relationship with her child’s adoptive parents is influenced by the relationship the couple has. The film presents Vanessa as a perfectionist, and she comes off as uptight. The details and arrangement in her home scream, “Vanessa .”Mark is presented as “childish” and Inconsistent. He loves reading comics and wishes to become a musician. Ultimately, it is revealed that though Vanessa is flawed, her pursuits of motherhood and her care for Juno and the baby are genuine. Mark’s seemingly cool and childish demeanor is shown to be devious as he vilifies his wife and murks about his relationship with Juno by expressing romantic interest. In the end, the Lorings marriage falls apart, and Juno relies on Vanessa while her relationship with Mark becomes tainted. In the end, Juno refers to Mark in a disapproving manner, evident through the statement, “he looks exactly the same.” This statement refers to his boorish manner of clinging to his youth and hitting on much younger girls.

At first, the relationship between Juno and Paulie is platonic; however, it changes after their sexual exploits. After Juno becomes pregnant, it is evident that Paulie wants her. However, he is unwilling to admit his feelings for Juno as he is not certain they share the same feelings. Juno keeps pushing Paulie away; however, her stance changes after discovering Paulie is taking another girl to prom. Out of hurt, Juno tells off Paulie and regrets that their sexual encounter has made her the “cautionary whale .” Romantic relationships are indicators of developmental milestones in teenagers. However, as evident from Juno and Paulie, these relationships tend to be tumultuous due to identity crisis and rapid psychosocial development (McLeod, 2013). Once adolescents develop their sense of self, they can commit to a relationship. In the end, Juno and Paulie admit they like each other, and they begin a relationship. Juno’s parents are portrayed as supportive and warm parents to Juno. While the news of Juno’s pregnancy shocks them, they stand by their daughter and offer her support. For instance, Mac, Juno’s dad, accompanies her when she first meets Mark and Vanessa Loring. Juno’s stepmother shows support by taking her to the antenatal clinic and helping her set boundaries and navigate her relationship with Mark Loring.

Early Pregnancy

Teenage pregnancy is the underlying topic in Juno. The film shows that parents and society can handle teenage pregnancy in mature and responsible ways. While no parent would want their adolescents to get pregnant, cases of teenage pregnancies are relatively common. Based on the reaction Juno’s parents show, the film reveals that news of teenage pregnancy should not result in stigmatization and overreaction. The film promotes a culture of openness, acceptance, and support. This culture enables parents and family members to help pregnant teenagers navigate this challenging phase. A supportive, open, and accepting culture also provides teenagers the power to choose what happens to their pregnancy. For instance, Juno’s parents supported the idea of Juno getting an abortion; however, after Juno changed her mind, they were willing to support her in keeping the baby. They also supported Juno’s decision to give her baby up for adoption.

Conclusion

Juno is a comic drama with an underlying message of pro-adulthood. This film shows audiences the challenges teenagers face as they try to understand themselves and navigate this development stage. The audience is shown that one’s actions and decisions affect the lives of other individuals. Juno also explores different relations and how they affect an individual’s character development. Lastly, the film explores teenage pregnancy and the uncertainty and challenges it causes. Based on the film characters’ actions, Juno provides insight into how adults can solve the challenge of teenage pregnancy in a manner that supports and benefits the adolescents involved. Overall, Juno is a beautifully told coming-of-age film that explores adolescence, the challenges teenagers face, and the importance of positive relationships in promoting stability in a teenager’s life.

References

Anil, M. A., & Bhat, J. S. (2020). Transitional changes in cognitive-communicative abilities in adolescents: a literature review. Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine, 11(2), 85.

Lehalle, H. (2020). Cognitive development in adolescence: Thinking freed from concrete constraints. In Handbook of adolescent development (pp. 71-89). Psychology Press.

McLeod, S. (2013). Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development.