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State characteristics of good management information system (MIS)

KENYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

DIPLOMA COURSE IN MANAGEMENT

WORK BASED ASSIGNMENT

SUBMITTED BY JOHN KURIA WAMBUI

ADMISSION NUMBER: NVS/00426

SEMESTER: OCT – MARCH

SESSION: EVENING

COURSE UNIT: MIS

COURSE CODE: 101

LECTURER: MR. NGATIA

DUE DATE 11TH JANUARY 2012

State characteristics of good management information system (MIS) (10 marks)

Flexibility: all organizations are dynamic and changes occur for a wide range of reasons. A good MIS must be able to adopt in order to meet these changes. Flexibility in the way system is designed is crucial.

Reliability: reliability is crucial to management and can be ensured only through checking and testing. Good standards help to make the MIS reliable as do validation and security routines.

Simplicity: simplicity in design will find its way through the system. Anyone can design a complicated design system but it takes real skill and experience to design simple systems which are easy to operate and control. Systems are obstruct and therefore, not apparent in complicated MIS.

Economy: the MIS should be cost effective. There are many hidden costs in the design, development and operation of systems, the most important of which is the time of the people involved. Costs should be carefully monitored once the system is working and compared with the original planned costs.

Helpfulness: unless the MIS helps in the planning, operation and control to the business, it is superfluous.

Consistency: information system should be consistent. There must be a line between all the data/ data should be collected by the same method and scale and should be presented at equal intervals.

Management oriented: it means that the development of the information system efforts should start from an appraisal of management needs and overall business objectives. Such a system is not necessarily for top management only. It may also meet the information requirements of middle level or operating levels of management as well.

Management directed: because of management orientation of MIS, it is necessary that the management should actively direct the system development efforts for system effectiveness. It is necessary for management to devote their sufficient time not only at the stage of designing the system but for its review as well, to ensure that the implement system meets the specifications of designed system.

Integrated: Developed system of information should be an integrated one. It means that the functional and operational information sub-system should be tied together into one entity. An integrated information system has the capability of generating more meaningful information to management.

Sub-system concept: Even though the information system is viewed as a single entity, it must be broken down into digestible systems which can be implemented one at a time by developing a phasing plan. The breakdown of MIS into meaningful subsystems sets the stage for this phasing plan.

2. Introduction of computer based information system in an organization can generate some amount of fear to change on part of the user.

a) List and explain six reasons for such user resistance

Lack of understanding: the user may not understand the benefits of using the computer system in their jobs. Thus, this will create resistance since the computer will be overlooked upon as an intruder.

Fear of losing their jobs: people usually associate the computer with loss of jobs and hence, they will be afraid that they might end up losing their jobs.

Fear of failure: since the computer is very new in a given working environment, the people will be afraid that they might never adapt to it.

Loss of control: the management will be afraid that once a computer is implemented, they might lose the control of the organization.

Threat to status: supervisors may fear being downgraded to the level of technician.

Isolation: a top manager deprived of personal information is made to depend on computer outputs.

Time rigidity: Total systems require programmed, coordinated action similar to mass production assembly line.

Job complexity: the introduction of computers requires new skills and hence need for training.

Threat to ego: use of unskilled operators to replace skilled clerks.

b) Advise the board of management of your organization on how this problem of user resistance can be resolved.

Advance planning and management of change is necessary: changing structure, behaviour, and technology requires total system orientation (i.e. the whole organization and its system would be required to make adjustments as change in one area inevitably affects many other areas.)

Explaining and discussing change before implementation can answer questions and reduce fears: employees should also where possible be involved in the planning and implementation of the change. (This participative change approach argues that allowing people to play a part in the process reduces psychological uncertainty and insecurity.)

Selecting positive people: only those people that are flexible upward mobile, capable, intelligent and self confident ought to be selected to participate in the process.

Avoiding coercive tactics: coercion will increase covert resentment and tension.

Providing valid information e.g. information of facts of both the positive aspect of change.

Minimum social changes: social relationships are important to individuals and should not be disrupted by the change. Informal relations should be maintained as far as possible. Avoiding pre-occupation with technology: the process must be sensitive to human factors. The appropriateness of technology is crucial but should consider people too.

Making change tentative: the process should begin on trial basis. This enables employees to test their own reactions and obtain more facts about new situations. It also helps to unfreeze attitudes and encourages people to think objectively about the proposed change. Change should be introduced gradually and in peace meal for people to adjust well.

3) Explain the factors considered when selecting the right computer hardware (10 marks)

It is important to check whether or not the computer has several sockets called port to connect to the external devices, such as printers, hard disks and communication devices. A greater number of ports give more flexibility. If new needs arise in the future, you can simply buy the required device and attach it to the computer.

Most microcomputers come with a monitor and keyboard. It is important to check the monitor’s resolution; high resolution is more pleasing and less straining to eyes.

Space: if space is scarce, you may want to consider the size of the computer and its peripheral equipment. The footprint is the area that a computer occupies. A smaller footprint will leave more desk space for the other devices.

Ergonomic: is the study of comfort and safety of human beings in their working environments. An ergonomic computer does not strain the eyes and arms e.g. keyboard must be comfortable to work with. Traditional keyboard cause muscle pain when used for long session.

Inquire about the reliability of the vendor. The warrant policy and the support you may receive after the warrant expires. Try to asses how soon he equipment will be obsolete.

Cost: the initial and the recurrent cost to be weighed against the expected benefits and/or operational characteristics of the facility.

Speed: this is the crucial factor because if quicker response is required than a fast method of data collection /input.

Volume: the facility selected should cope with the data volume to be input within appropriate timing.

Accuracy: the data being input should be accurate and give confidence and appropriateness in the intended application.

4)

Discuss the generation of computer system citing their main characteristics (15 marks)

Computer generations

This gives a grouped summary of the gradual developments in the computer technology. The historical events are not considered individually or in terms of individual years but in classifications or durations more than a year, known as generations. The transition from one generation to another generation was and is influenced by the amount of research towards further development of the computer and the related facilities. The computers of like technological characteristics are grouped into a generation.

First generation computer:

These were the earliest time computers which were in use from around mid 1950s to late 50’s. They use big physical devices in their circuitry and hence were very big in their physical size. Their circuits incorporated e.g. the thermionic valves as a major logic element which was non-solid state electronic device. These computers consumed a lot of power and generated a lot of heat and hence, unreliable as the circuitry components were prone to failure.

They had limited internal memory which was based on the use of e.g. delay lines and the processor worked at slow speed as compared to the speed of the computers of today. Their design was based on the John Von Neumanos’s criterion. Examples of the first generation of computers are e.g. Univac a commercial computers known as LEO (Lyons Electronic Office)

Second generation computer

These were computers of the closing of the 1950’s to early 60’s which used transistors. They consume comparatively less power and therefore, resulting computers were more reliable and comparatively small in size.

The transistors and the diodes were based on the solid state technology, that is, the electrical pulses were not to flow through a vacuum as the case for the thermionic valves of the first generation computers. Their internal storage was higher than those of the first generation computer. The core memory replaced the delay lines and the magnetic drums internal memory of the first generation computer.

The processor operated at a comparatively higher speed than the first generation computers and the design of these computers/processors were on family basis that one family of computers have a set of related technological characteristics. These computers had programming languages whose vocabularies are close to the second generation computers include IBM 300 series ATLAS.

Third generation computers

The computers of this generation came into being towards mid 60’s and they used integrated circuits to replace the second generation physical transistor diodes e.t.c. The integrated circuits combined several physical electronic components within a small crystal called the silicon clip IC (integrated circuit).

The ICs are much smaller as compared to the physical electronic components hence the resulting computer was reduced in size as compared to the second generation computer. The smaller circuitry that resulted, improved the processing speed for pulses e.g. data pulses can flow faster from one module to another as compared to the flow within the longer circuits, where they travel considerable distance.

They have higher main memory capacity, reliable than the second generation computers. These computers are of increased processing power as compared to the second generation computers i.e. these computers have capacity of holding more than one set of instructions (programs) and operate on them apparently, what is described as multiprogramming. These computers can support more than one user at the same time, as connected through communication links from the work station, which can be situated over a long distance or within the same locality of the host computer, that is to say in short that these computers have got the capability to support communication facilities. Examples of such computers are ILL 1900 series and IBM 360.

Fourth generation computers

The fourth generation computers were a modification of the third generation computers technology. They use complex circuitry, an enhancement of the IC technology of the third generation computer. The design of this generation of computers is based on large scale integration (LSI) of circuitry and very large scale integration (VLSI) of circuitry. This generation marked the origin of mini computer which are in use today.

Fifth generation computers

The design of these computers was based on the VLSI technology, the micro clip technology that gave rise to the smaller computers, known as the micro-computers in use today. Examples of micro computers are IBM PCs, IBM personal computers) BBC micro etc. the micro computers are usually described as PCs or stand alone or desk top computers because they were designed primarily to serve single person at a time, though the trend is to have micro computers that can support more than one person at a time. The fifth generation is still a state of art of technology that relies on predictions and further technological refinements. For example the audio technology is still under technological refinement.

References

Oz, E., (1998), management information system, London: Cengage Learning

Saleemi, N. A., (1997), management information systems,

Saleemi, N. A., (2001) systems theory and management information systems simplified

KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN SWOT ANALYSIS (2)

KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN SWOT ANALYSIS

Student’s name

Professor

Department of affiliation

Course

Date

Kentucky fried chicken swot analysis

Kentucky fried chicken is one of the few companies which has stood the test of time and continues to thrive in its environment as it is a company with so many opportunities, threats, opportunities, and other factors which come into play and which are very important when looked objectively. This is a company that has a lot of positive impacts on society and at the same time, it has a lot of negative impacts, so many opportunities as well as threats towards its operations and running. It is a company that is a preference for so many people when it comes to chicken because of its special herbs which make their chicken taste so good. Therefore with all these I hereby provide a SWOT analysis of KFC company (Frue, 2019).

Strengths

Very well-known business

New non-meat options

Use of secret herbs and spices

Share of a cooperate owner with other companies Weaknesses

Poor service and lack of cleanliness

Questionable franchise system

Supply chain and problematic distribution issues

Managing franchises

Lack of product innovation outside chicken

Opportunities

Experimentation with food to meet customer quality

Opportunities to expand to new geographical areas

Focus on low cost and healthy

Ability to thrive very well in new markets Threats

Changing food trends and preferences

The challenge of food quality

A lot of competition from other companies

Economic fluctuations

KFC has so many strengths and this can be attributed to its continued presence in all the markets of the world till the present day. This is because its strengths make the business continue thriving and it enables it to retain most of its customers and makes sure that everything is perfectly done. Below are the strengths of KFC (Omer, 2018).

Popularity and very well known – KFC is very widely known and there is no need for a person to introduce another towards KFC since it is one of the very few brands which at the mention of their name a person can know that it is all about chicken. Therefore it makes things easy and possible for this company as its popularity is already a selling point.

With the company realizing that there are options for it to get defeated by other companies especially when it comes to vegetarians it has brought into place options and foodstuffs which are for the vegetarians and therefore this makes it possible for the company to capture both those who take meat and the vegetarians whom meat to them is not the first option due to either health issues or personal decisions.

Secret herbs and spices- KFC uses herbs and spices in preparing their chicken and all their foods. However, these remain a product of KFC and therefore it has never been possible for the company to expose them which has served for a long time as one of the major strengths of this company. This is because no one else can copy their cooking mechanisms because without the knowledge of which herbs and which spices are used in making the chicken then it becomes very difficult for them to even cook anything close to what KFC prepares and therefore this leaves it as a leading fast-food producer.

The company has weaknesses as well and these include poor quality and lack of proper customer care services as seen by most of its customers in most places and therefore this acts as a detriment towards its success. As it is a common problem with most fast-food providers the company also experiences supply chain and distribution problems. Apart from these the company also has questionable franchise management as well as a lack of product innovation apart from the chicken.

With the popularity, its many customers, and its ability to create new and more ventures KFC gets so many opportunities through which they can easily make their customers access their service thus make more money. These include their ability o open their branches in different parts of the world, they can focus on low cost and healthy food, it can do very well in new markets among other factors which make it one of the best companies with many opportunities to venture into (Omer, 2018).

However, it also has threats and these threats act as a diminishing power towards its glory and success. For example, the change in food trends and preferences whereby people stop taking a lot of chicken or a lot of fast foods make it prone to lose its customers and therefore this makes the business to some extent fail. The other threats include competition by other businesses which have entered into this market and also the challenge of food quality (Frue, 2019).

Therefore KFC even though successful to a large extent is still struggling with issues for its survival in its current market share and place as it makes efforts to remain relevant within the market. It also faces a lot of threats that have to be dealt with if the company is to be successful in its operations.

References

Frue, K. (2019). SWOT Analysis of KFC. Pestleanalysis.com. Retrieved April 5, 2021, from https://pestleanalysis.com/swot-analysis-of-kfc/#:~:text=%20SWOT%20Analysis%20of%20KFC%20%201%20Strengths

Omer, S. K. (2018). SWOT analysis: The tool of organization stability (KFC) as a case study. Journal of Process Management. New Technologies, 6(4), 27-34.

KEN INVOICE

KEN INVOICE

ORDER DATE AMOUNT

EMOTIONAL DISORDERS (2PGS) 19TH APRIL 600

BIANCA MARIJUANA (8PGS) 17TH APRIL 2400

HIV AND SYPHILIS (4PGS) 17TH APRIL 1200

TOTAL 4200

Lifehacker, How does it really work

Kayla Rios

Professor Miller

English 5B

March 3, 2014

Lifehacker: How does it really work?

Lifehacker uses many ways to explain their way about things. Through the blog, there are various methods the authors use to support their claim to grasp the reader’s attention. No matter how much evidence you have in your writing, you need to know how to put it fourth to have it make sense and be more valid. This can happen through many different appeals but Lifehacker mostly emphasizes more in tone, organization, word choice, repetition, and ethos.

Lifehacker uses great sense of tone to make the blog posts sound more interesting. The tone is very energetic and persuasive. For example, in one of the posts “This Is How You Reseal A Pack Of Cookies to make them fresh” by Mihir Patkar the author uses tone to have the activity sound fun and easy. When he was explaining the method he explains, “It’s much, much easier than how I am making it sound here. Seriously, watch the video”. By explaining this, the author states that it’s not a difficult task, he also sounds eager about the video. By saying ‘seriously’ he encourages one to watch the video.

Also in the post, “How To Talk To Your Kids About Drugs” tone was given in a very relaxed, supportive manner and even gives the reader confidence. The essay is about teaching your kids about drugs and how to inform them about the affects of drugs. For example, the blog stated, “Just remember to go easy, avoid lectures, let them ask the questions, and above all, be honest” (Walter Glenn). This sentence provides the tone to be very calm when presenting the information. He gives the reader the sense of what they should do without demanding it. Just by reading this sentence makes the reader feel confident within themselves that they can do it.

Organization can come in handy when you write a post or anything in general for that matter. In the post, “Be A Better Patient: What Your Doctor Recommends When You Visit” organization is used wisely and effectively. For example, in the beginning of the post the author gives you a small introduction, the information is then given in different sections. Each section has bullet points with a bold heading, which is then later explained in detail. The post also includes pictures that relate to that certain topic. By doing so, this post grasps the readers’ attention by having the post look organized and thought through as oppose of just having it in a simple lengthy essay.

In the post, “When Gmail’s Filters Aren’t Enough: How To Tackle Spam on Your Own” the author, Alan Henry also uses great organization to get his point across. He too uses an introduction explaining the different options the reader has to take care of spam. Then he goes about explaining every option he mentioned in the introduction more detailed and effectively. The author makes this post look very clean and organized. By giving an introduction, it lets the reader understand what the blog is going to cover to avoid confusion and to keep order. As oppose if he were not to use an introduction, the reader will probably read the blog and find out half ways that this is not what he/she was looking for. There’s also a conclusion, which helps the reader recall what the entire blog was about. Along with many other posts, this one has many pictures that relate to every subject matter within the blog that’s being explained. The pictures make the post more interesting because it gives the reader something else to look at other than just words.

The choice of words authors decide to use can affect the true meaning of the writing. In the post, “The Best Car Tricks And Upgrades To Make Your Ride More Awesome” by Eric Ravenscraft they use word choice effectively. Notice in the title how they refer to your vehicle as “your ride”, they use this specific phrase to make the title more modern and more fun. As oppose if they would’ve used your vehicle or maybe your means of transportation it wouldn’t sound as fun and interesting. They also refer to using these tips to make your car great or as they say, awesome. In the same sense, they try to grab the readers attention by using words such as awesome instead of using words like splendid. This just helps the author sound more up to date with the language people are using now a day.

“How To Stop Giving a F*ck What people Think” is a post whose word choice is much deeper and stronger. The author, Sean Kim, uses word choice differently than the post by Eric Ravenscraft he uses words that are not accepted to just blurt out in our society because they are considered to be disrespectful. When the reader comes across this blog and notices these types of words, it will make him want to read it because it is so unordinary. The author also uses these word through out the text, “Today is the last day we live a life dictated by others. Today, we’re going to get to the bottom of the truth. Today is the day we stop giving a F@$%”(Kim). Notice how the author gives the reader motivation to believe what he is saying by his choice of words. If he hadn’t used that word and used words like careless for example, it wouldn’t have had the same type of affect as F*ck which will probably hurt the motivation he is trying to give.

In the post, “Seven Things I Wish I Knew Before Getting My First Apartment” by Adam Dachis the author uses repetition to have the information stay in the readers mind. For instance he states, “At risk of sounding like a broken record, you avoid this by talking to people nearby” (Dachis). The author is explaining that when you move into a new apartment, you should study your surroundings the author repeated it in the introduction of the post and then later again in the middle and once more in the conclusion paragraph. The author really wants the reader to pay attention to this specific piece because it has a big affect.

The post, “How I Learned to Stop Nagging My Kids and Start Motivating Them” by Sumitha Bhandarkar, repetition is used successfully but not as obvious. The blog was about how to praise your children and appreciate the good deeds they do instead of nagging about the bad things they do. The author explains, “The first thing I understood is that I should use praise/reward instead of criticism/punishment”(Bhandarkar). The author is trying to persuade the reader to use this type of method with your kids by saying it various times through out the blog. For example she also states, “So that leads us to the holy grail of positive reinforcement: cultivating internally motivated kids instead of externally motivated ones” (Bhandarkar). In this quote, the author is once again explaining that parents should take into consideration the good other than the bad. Although she is not repeating it word for word every time, she rephrases it, but it still means the same thing. By having the reader see the same idea over and over again, they are more prone to remember it.

In the post, “How to Teach Young Kids Budgeting Habits Early On” by Walter Glenn the author uses an interesting use of credibility. When the author was explaining how you could teach your kid about saving money he referred to Sesame Street on how Elmo, one of the characters from the show, explained the three jars on how to store money. He states, “In Elmo’s version, the three jars are For You (sharing), For Me (spending), and For Later (saving)”(Glenn). The author used this to have the reader relate to the process for their child. Since you are trying to teach your young child it would be a good idea to have something appropriate for their age so they can understand.

Lifehacker also refers to a more professional stance when trying to explain a point of view. In the article, “How to Talk to Your Kids About Drugs” by Walter Glenn, the author used an expert in the field, “I talked to Erica Curtis, a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist practicing in Santa Monica, about different techniques for engaging your kids in honest discussions about drug use” (Walter Glenn). By using this use of credibility, the reader will be more interested in the article because they will see that its something tested by a therapist. Since the article was about teaching your kids about drug use, the author used a great sense of credibility by using the wisdom of a family therapist. As oppose if the author would’ve used the experiences of a marijuana smoker or an alcoholic it wouldn’t have linked the purpose of the article.

All in all Lifehacker is a blog that gives you tips on life hacks and talks about just anything. The authors of every blog post use different strategies to get their point across although it may not be obvious they might still be there. Lifehacker mostly concentrates in organization, tone, ethos, repetition and word choice.

Kambrook Channel Marketing Strategy

Kambrook Channel Marketing Strategy

Name

Institution

Kambrook Channel Marketing Strategy

A channel strategy is a method used to expose products, services and brand identity to possible consumers of products (Watson et al., 2015). Kambrook is increasing its range of products and now trades in kitchen, household and other electronic appliances. Some kitchen and electric devices may require after-sale services in fitting and usage instructions, therefore requiring direct channels, and personal selling to get to the consumer. Also, retail trading will be appropriate due to the nature of Kambrook products. The products could be distributed to Retail shops where consumers place their orders. Due to the wide range of products and development in technology, Kambrook will apply e-commerce and social media marketing to make its products known to its potential consumers. The marketing channel will be through the creation of media platforms, where consumers get to know more about the company and products through digital means and can also make orders of purchases.

In selecting the channels, factors such as the marketing environment, competitors and channel compensation were considered. The marketing environment has developed to using technological methods in marketing hence appropriate to reach a broader range of audiences. The competitors in the electronic appliances are also applying e-commerce means; therefore, to achieve an added advantage, Kambrook requires a developed e-commerce strategy. The channel compensation is the benefit derived from the marketing channel used. The cost needed for the eCommerce channel strategy is lower and reaches a broad audience at the same time, compared to other channels. Papua New Guinea is a developed region with diverse cultures but with the common characteristic of technological device usage. Therefore, the Kambrook company will apply eCommerce, social media strategy, and direct selling strategy to market its products to potential consumers. Also, the products that Kambrook trades serve broader demographics, making eCommerce an appropriate channel for its marketing.

The selection of the channel members will involve approaches that directly lead to sales of the products. The company will apply the marketing skills and commitment level criteria while considering the market coverage and sales performance. A good marketing skill enables a member to reach to a group of potential consumers and create an impact by convincing the possible consumers to make purchases (Irani et al., 2011). The commitment level of the channel member will encourage them to work towards a goal and find ways to reach it. A committed channel member is dedicated to achieving an objective; hence it is an appropriate attribute in marketing. Most households use electric appliances; thus, there is a vast potential market that requires commitment and skill to cover.

The channel members require motivations for the successful marketing of the products and to attain the set objectives of the company. The company should make corporative arrangements with the channel members to have incentives when a sales target is reached. The availability of the incentives will encourage the channel members to work towards achieving their goals to get extra cash or benefit (Gilliland, 2004). Also, partnerships and strategic alliances address a supportive and continuing relationship between the management and the members, hence highly motivates them. The agreement may be made through assessing the capabilities of the members in achieving their roles and continual appraising of the policies that guard the relationship.

Providing policies for the promotion of the products through eCommerce also motivates the channel members. It can be done through developing a plan with price concessions, providing the members with financial assistance and ensuring their safety during distribution and marketing activities. Price concessions allow bargains with consumers, which enhances marketing strategies and sales of products. When the members are guaranteed security and financial assistance, they are inspired to work harder and reach their targets, consequently benefitting the company.

References

Gilliland, D. (2004). Designing channel incentives to overcome reseller rejection. Industrial Marketing Management, 33(2), 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0019-8501(03)00031-2

Irani, H., Shahanaghi, K., & Jandaghi, G. (2011). Develop a framework for selection of intermediary in marketing channel. Iranian Journal Of Marketing Studies, 4(1). Retrieved 21 May 2020, from.

Watson, G., Worm, S., Palmatier, R., & Ganesan, S. (2015). The Evolution of Marketing Channels: Trends and Research Directions. Journal Of Retailing, 91(4), 546-568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2015.04.002

Rough Draft

Kaila Laxa

Professor Gray

CRJS

30 June 2019

Rough Draft

There’s so many things on TV, our phones, the internet and so forth, that shows gruesome details and pictures of horrible things like murder and assault. Such behavior is known as criminal behavior. Criminal behavior is pretty much irregular or deviant behavior that results in unlawful acts. If society is able to comprehend that side of thinking, then they can understand why people choose to be reckless and continuously break the law. Ted Bundy for example, he was a bright, handsome, politician, also religious, and a family man. Yet, why did he murder and do all those horrible things to women?

Ted Bundy was the “it” factor, her had the picture-perfect life that most people dream about. Ted was handsome, charming, empowering, a political figure and vice president of the Methodist Youth Fellowship at his local church. While attending the University of Washington in the city of Seattle, Ted Bundy met his former girlfriend Diane Edwards (who also goes by her alias, Stephanie Brooks.) Edwards left Bundy because of his lack of ambition, thus leading to a break up. The break up was very hard on Bundy, and he dropped out of school and eventually traveled east; leading him to Burlington, Vermont. Upon Bundy’s visit to Vermont, he decided to stop by the local records clerk, thus discovering the truth about who his parents truly are.

After returning back to the state of Washington with new information about his heritage, Bundy began to be involved with the Republican party and manage the office for Nelson Rockefellers presidential campaign. During this time in 1969, he met his longtime girlfriend and former fiancé, Elizabeth Kloepfer. Fast forward to 1973, when Bundy had enrolled in law school at the University of Puget Sound. Bundy did not do well while enrolled in law school, he often skipped class and was careless with his work, leading him to drop out in the spring of 1974.

Unfortunately, these great things are not what Mr. Bundy is known and remembered for. During the summer of 1973, Bundy reconnected with his old girlfriend Diane Edwards, all while keeping his relationship current with Elizabeth Kloepfer. Being careful that the two women never learned about one another, Ted kept this up for a year and even proposed to Edwards in which she accepted. Yet a few weeks after New Years of 1974, Bundy dumped Edwards and cut all communication. From that point forward, Bundy would be remembered for being an American Serial Killer who is believed to have raped and murdered over 100 women, but only confessed to thirty. Bundy would often times get his victims to approach him by acting helpless, usually with a cane needing helping to get in or out of the car, then he would kidnap the victims, rape them, kill them and often have sex with their corpse. The trial was nationally televised, he escaped jail twice but was eventually caught, arrested and later executed in Florida by the electric chair in 1989.

Bundy was raised by his maternal grandparents. His grandparents raised him to believe that they were his parents, and his birth mother was his older sister. He often told people that he loved his grandfather and that they were very close – but when others were asked about his grandfather, they would say he was a mean and cruel man that threw stray cats by their tail, pushed his youngest daughter down the stairs for oversleeping, beat his wife, and was racist towards blacks, Jews, Catholics and Italians. Bundy committed various crimes, and from a psychological standpoint it’s because of his grandparents, but more specifically his grandfather

During his teen years and early years of being in college, Bundy was very introverted and shy. Bundy even claimed to have hit a “social development wall,” and later on saying: “I didn’t know what made things tick. I didn’t know what made people want to be friends. I didn’t know what made people attractive to one another. I didn’t know what underlay social interactions.”

Psychology theory is the psychological reason behind something, in this case: behavior. Why did Ted Bundy do these terrible things? Was he crazy? Did he grow up in the wrong home? The possibilities are endless. All in all, in order to have a better understanding behind the reason “why,” one has to search a little deeper so that the truth can come to light. In some cases, people become sex offenders because they were sexually abused as children. This could be what happened to Ted Bundy, but it’s not.

It began in the home, and from there it branched off from society, school, church and so forth. But ultimately it begins in the home. One can learn everything from the people inside the home. One can observe arguments, reactions, love, and so forth. When observing these things, one can then begin to understand or get an idea of human’s actions and feelings between one another, which can lead to understanding one’s own feelings and actions. From there, church, friends, society, social media, and much more can add to the influence that began in the home.

Therapy, CPS, speaking to someone trustworthy so that one can explain what is happening inside the home. Sometimes it’s hard for one to know or understand that what is going on inside of the home is wrong, because it may have become so normalized it’s difficult to see clearly. Being able to discuss to someone with an open mind and free of judgment is important. Having an outsider looking in, can help provide one on information as to what one might need or how one might be able to help.

Self-Control theory the ability to, “resist temptations and refrain from acting on impulses they consider to be socially or personally undesirable.” May not everyone, but most people have secret fetishes or desires that one may not want to share to the public, and that’s okay! Not everyone likes the same things. Some people don’t like anime, and some watch nothing but anime; it’s all a preference.

Society is the biggest cause for self control. People do things because society says to, or people don’t do things because society will shame them for it. In a way, it’s as if society holds everyone back from life. People want to have self control of what they want to like, but then society and judgments comes into the picture and people have to practice self control to not explode about things that are not socially acceptable.

One can help treat the cause of, by not caring about what society or any one else thinks of one’s self. It’s important to live life however which way one may desire. Exercising the ability to have free expression in a positive environment, is great way to explain the balance of a healthy home environment.

Bundy was a serial killer. He acted like a criminal. He committed crimes. He did whatever his heart desired, no matter the consequence. The very definition of true evil. “This is really the only person, after representing thousands of clients in 40 years that I would say that about. I didn’t want to believe people were born evil, but I came to the conclusion that Ted was. He had this energy about him that was clearly deceptive, very sociopathic. I got that feeling right away when I first met him. He was manipulative, he was dishonest. But at the same time, he was basically, a really good version of a used car salesman. He seemed very believable. But my intuitive side said ‘No, he’s not telling the truth about a lot of this.’” Is what Bundy’s lawyer had to say about him.

If it weren’t for his grandfather, Bundy may have not turned out to be an evil serial killer. But because this started in the home with his abusive grandfather, he developed psychological issues and did whatever he desired to these females. Lost self-control, and committed these heinous acts of cruelty.

Going hand in hand with psychological theory, his gruesome desire to torture, hurt and kill these victims were because he was able not able to have any self-control. Ted Bundy was a politician, he knew what he was doing, he knew what the repercussions were and he had the confidence based on his status, charm, and good looks, that he wouldn’t get caught.

Bibliography

http://www.personal.psu.edu/tcw5134/essay.htmlfile:///C:/Users/John%20Roque/Downloads/CriminologicalTheoriesIntroductionEvaluationApplication.pdfhttps://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/ted-bundys-defense-attorney-says-serial-killer-was-absolutely-born-evil-had-a-death-wish-in-new-dochttps://groovyhistory.com/televised-trial-serial-killer-ted-bundyhttp://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/bundy106.htm

Juvenile Justice System Evolvement

Juvenile Justice System Evolvement

Student’s Name

Institution

Juvenile Justice System Evolvement

The act of young people getting involved in unlawful conducts have prominently increased in the nation. Juvenile delinquency is a typical threat in the modern society whose roots tend to spread as time goes where large number of juvenile continue to practice immoral and illegal actions in the community. The juvenile justice system being the body involved with juvenile criminality has certainly been evolving to different capacities as well as ways of carrying out jurisdiction in the attempt to curb this devastating menace. The establishment of juvenile courts was as a result of the alarming issue of the harsh conditions that the tender people were being subjected to at the adult detention centers. The argument was that adults are hardened compared to children thus it was not just to retain all in the same prisons which were always overcrowded. In this discussion, the evolvement of juvenile justice system is illustrated into a profound extent with regards to the change of original philosophy of acting in the best interest of child as well as the standard issues experienced by the juvenile courts in acting towards providing proper and necessary services to prevent future juvenile criminality.

There before prior and in the early 19th century, there were no juvenile justice systems and the youths were prosecuted and detained in the same jurisdiction systems as the adults. Things come to be different in the late 1800s and early 1900s where the where well-programmed collection institution, as well as the juvenile court, was established. Since that era, significant changes have been evident in the juvenile justice system as a result of the increase of young people delinquency in the United States as well as other parts of the world (Cicourel, 2017). In the early decades of the nineteenth century, the collection institutions were overcrowded, and all criminals were oppressed equally without the consideration of age. It was not just, and the federal states called for intervention where the young people could be retained at different collection centers.

The number of juveniles in collection institutions increased leading to overcrowding in these facilities where the offenders could be taken to adults justice systems for prosecution regarding the intensity and kind of the offense. Later, this system was questioned to be unfair as the juries could judge youths depending on the mood and temperament at that particular scenario. It significantly leads to the necessity of the nation developing advanced juvenile justice system where both the collection institutions and the juvenile courts are related and are entirely responsible for dealing with young people criminality as well as providing appropriate jurisdiction. The first collection institution was started in Cook County Illinois back in the year 1899, and they effectively spread to other parts of the nation. The establishment of juvenile courts that could significantly work for hand on hand with the collection institutions became the unifying factor in the juvenile jurisdiction system (Thompson & Morris 2016).

Later, after the invention of the juvenile courts, the “best interest” philosophy was adopted. It suggested that the judiciary bodies have to conduct jurisdiction with the best interest of the child to ensure that the juveniles are not victimized but instead natured to enhance their proper and upright growth. The intention of putting young people in detention was not punishment according to the law but shaping and rectifying their behaviors to better people who can later be productive in the society. During this decade there was mandatory prosecution for the juveniles as well as well as long-term or future imprisonment sentences. Things continued to be the same for the next sixty years when the government saw the importance of rectifying this juvenile jurisdiction system as it was not working out well as time goes. The necessity of changing juvenile prosecution was because of the increased young people delinquency which was possibly perpetuated by the appealing philosophy of best interest of the child in conducting jurisdiction.

In the 1960s the nation abandoned the ‘best interest” philosophy due to the alarming increase in youth delinquency and adopted harsher juvenile justice system. It was viewed as the appropriate solution to the increased intensity of young people criminality in the society. Under this particular juvenile justice system, the criminals could be prosecuted in consideration of the crime committed, and there was a possibility of a life sentence as well as murder (Emerson, 2017). There before the youths took advantage of the best interest of child philosophy and get involved in wide variety of illegality as at the end, they will not be punished but taken to collection institutions where they could be subjected to a friendly environment. The later adopted philosophy was not after giving the criminals the best interest but adhering to the maintenance of the federal state law and order. Therefore, in the process of shaping the juvenile’s behavior, they could be significantly subjected to the appropriate punishment. The intention of this kind of juvenile justice system in incorporating fear to the young people who had increasingly tended to go against the law.

Immediately, after the introduction of the harsher juvenile jurisdiction system, the number of youths getting involved in criminality decreased for a while. However, later in the 1980s and 90s the percentage of teenage delinquency significantly increased at a higher rate. The constitutional law regarding juvenile jurisdiction was adhered to and even made harsher, but the case tends to incur any change in the society. Youth delinquency since then up to date takes an increasing trend which seems not to fluctuate at any time. Research has put it clear that poverty, as well as the modern ways of livelihood, instigate the actions of young people being involved in criminal acts as a way of earning a living. The case is different here and has significantly developed to a greater extent where juvenile commit serious offenses such as murder and drug trafficking among many others.

Currently, the juvenile justice system does not adhere to the best interest of the child due to the erosion of moral values and increment of social immorality (Guarino-Ghezzi, 2017). The original jurisdiction system was only focused on enhancing the juvenile’s right way of living by significantly improving their social-economic living standards. The following juvenile justice system aimed at maintaining law and order of the society where punishment and prosecution were done similarly to that adult criminal justice. The current jurisdiction system tent to apply both the prior strategies where prosecution is done per the law and order measures as well as different programs being adopted to improve the social and economic life of the youths. It is right that both these two juvenile justice system failed, but the question is will the current jurisdiction strategy be much useful in curbing delinquency among the young people? Its efficacy will lead to a socially stable society where the only minimum number of young people get involved in the unethical conducts where a good number adhere to the law.

In the attempt of providing proper and necessary services to children to reduce their ability to commit a future crime, the juvenile courts have adopted some sound strategies. Among the common issues experienced in rectifying the behaviors of delinquent young people include providing training and education as well as taking them to rehabilitation centers. Training juveniles who are in custody equip them with different skills and ideas of utilizing the natural resources productively as well as ceasing the guilt after the release as they have something valuable to offer to the community that will help them earn a living. Many of these juveniles are prosecuted due to their actions of drug abuse and trafficking. Therefore, taking them to the rehabilitation centers for a specific duration of imprisonment is sound and effective in curbing their criminal be in future (Aizer & Doyle 2015). Also, by educating the delinquent children, they get the knowledge that helps them to distinguish between the right and the wrong as well as being equipped with appropriate skills which they can use productively to improve the social-economic and political society.

As discussed above, there has been significant evolvement of the juvenile justice system in the nation since the late 19th century up to date. The abandoning of the best interest of the child original jurisdiction philosophy to one focused on law and order at the mid-1900s set the pace towards reducing juvenile delinquency in the community. Change is inevitable but always better when adopted in a right way as it is the case with the current minor jurisdiction system where children are taught to maintain law as well as equipped with significant skills.

References

Aizer, A., & Doyle Jr, J. J. (2015). Juvenile incarceration, human capital, and future crime: Evidence from randomly assigned judges. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(2), 759-803.

Cicourel, A. (2017). The social organization of juvenile justice. Routledge.

Guarino-Ghezzi, S. (2017). Balancing juvenile justice. Routledge.

Emerson, R. M. (2017). Judging delinquents: Context and process in juvenile court. Routledge.

Taylor, R. (2014). Juvenile justice: Policies, programs, and practices. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Thompson, K. C., & Morris, R. J. (2016). History of the Juvenile Justice System. In Juvenile Delinquency and Disability (pp. 55-72). Springer, Cham.

Juvenile Justice in the Twenty-First Century

Juvenile Justice in the Twenty-First CenturyStudent’s Name

Institution

Juvenile Justice in the Twenty-First Century

Juvenile delinquency is a common vice in the society today where a significantly large number of youths are typically involved in unlawful deeds which makes them face law actions under the juvenile courts. The troublesome action of meeting the juvenile justice service incurs adverse social-economic effects to the young people making the vulnerable to commit related crime in future especially during their adulthood as well as increasing the probability of moving out of school and not seeking high-level education. Also, juvenile criminality hinders the millenniums from acquiring decent job opportunities due to unethical and untrustworthy reputation as well as impacting their social life reducing the possibility of getting stable marriages and starting families. However, the developing reforms over the past centuries have signified better results which are to improve and facilitated in the twenty-first century to create an effective juvenile justice system which creates safe and protective community that takes the role of supporting all the children to grow up responsibly.

It is evident that Jurisdiction, political pressure as well as economic actualities have enhanced positive change in the juvenile system shifting it from the expensive, ineffective and harsh practices to more transformed ways which aim at rectifying the adolescent behaviors into self-responsible characters (Valentine, 2017). In this paper, juvenile justice in the twenty-first century is discussed into an in-depth extent with regards to the significant reforms such as enhancing fairness and due process, the act of not treating kids as adults and providing options more that justice system. Moreover, minimizing incarceration and its effects as well as equilibrating personal accountability, youth development and public safety are considered as they all have the objective to improve the juvenile justice system.

To precisely understand the juvenile justice system in the current century, it is essential to Look at the history line of development regarding various reform waves seen in the United States since the nineteenth century. All of four reforms have a similar aim focused on improving the juvenile jurisdiction in the nation as a way of curbing youth criminality and irresponsibility in the society. The first reform wave experienced during the late nineteenth century had the rehabilitative approach reflected in the recent reforms that children are arbitrary different from adults, making them a bit little self-responsible of their deeds and they do not deserve the same punishment as the mature individuals. Also, the reform was aimed at protecting the youths and putting in resources for their future. The second transformation wave was around the mid-twentieth century where the Supreme Court provided against juvenile self-implication as well as the right to counsel and antagonize witnesses.

Increased number of juvenile delinquencies between the 1980s and early 1990s provoked the development of the third reform wave which had the objectives of enhancing retributive and harsh laws which were not oriented towards rehabilitation. The fourth reform wave was established at around 1990s after the government realization of the high expenditure and social costs confinement in the juvenile system (Spohn, 2015). It significantly stipulated the policy of holding an individual accountable for his or her offense in the appropriate ways which facilitates public safety, minimizes reoffending as well as resulting to significant outcomes beneficial to the community, families and the children at the individual level.

The first category of the reforms during the twenty-first century involves reduction of imprisonment and its negative impacts on the youth victims. Reducing incarceration is one of the most critical and cost-effective approaches that many states in the United States of America have adopted in the modern days. Instead of spending relevant high finances for keeping up juveniles in custody, the funds are invested in youth development programs in the community such as rehabilitation as well as sports and games. These activities keep youths involves at most of their leisure time thus are not much vulnerable to committing crimes as it was the case in the prior century. It facilitated drastic reduction of juvenile arrests in the society as the as the programs initiated have the responsibility of treating and supervising youths in the community developing self-actualization and spirit of self-responsibility (Phelps, 2016). The providence of education, rehabilitation, healthcare and conducive environment to the juvenile under detention is an important aspect that will significantly impact their ways of doing things. These services emerge to be forsaken by many states as they treat the confined youths as criminals and less humane. Providing professional tutors, health inspectors, as well as entertainment facilities, is fundamental as it enhances their development in a civilized way that will enable them quickly adapt to normal life after their release. The juveniles who go through whole structure juvenile system programs in the modern society attain high education standards and skills which increases the chances of getting good employment in future ceasing the capabilities of reoffending.

The act of treating youths as children and not as adults is another significant reform that leads to the development of the juvenile justice system. It is right that at times the juvenile commits serious offenses like adults, but the fact remains they are less competent and more prone to change leaving them less blameless than the adult. The recognition that children are not as responsible as the adults regarding knowledge and experience makes some judicially address the competency issue directly in their juvenile laws while other go to the extent of referring it to the mental health evaluations. Another fundamental aspect of this category is the act of giving children a chance to rectify their behaviors. It is done through rehabilitation as young people are dynamic and learn from their past and surrounding environments which will eventually lead to changes in their characters.

Therefore, the Supreme Court’s action of banning death sentences, life without parole for non-homicide crimes and mandatory penalties without conditional release for any offenses against the juveniles are sound (Monahan, et al. 2015). It is justified because children’s concise and cognitive is lower than of the adults thus, the need for daily intervention to teach them the right ways of doing things. The act of putting youths together with adults during confinement is harmful to their present and future life. Therefore, the act of keeping children out of the adult’s criminal justice systems is essential as in separate detention where they are treated as per their youth age will facilitate their development contrary to being an environment where they are taken as mature people. This policy is enhanced through making the process of bringing back children to juvenile courts from the adult justice system more comfortable and establishing the procedure for taking them to adult detainments difficult. Also, age raising at the juvenile jurisdiction system as well as holding youths charged as adults in the juvenile system will reduce instances of children being imprisoned in the adults’ justice system.

The providence of options more than youths undergoing the legal jurisdiction under the juvenile justice system will be a solution to children criminality in the society. The more the children are involved in the justice system the troublesome it becomes to the victims. Therefore, the implementation of openings for diversion at every phase of jurisdiction will increase the chances of avoiding youths’ detainment. The first step will be the prevention of criminality and intervention at the early stages which significantly prevents juveniles from committing crimes that might lead to legal actions. Continued coordination of children’s welfare at the school, with family and friends as well as in juvenile justice system will effectively act as a hindrance to the commitment of delinquencies among the youths. Other alternatives apart from facing juvenile jurisdiction involves allocation of finances to rehabilitation where the detained could be taken after a certain period as well as other social centers offering homage services to homeless children found by the police. Family interventions, as well as disciplinary enforcement in school, are also relevant actions towards developing good children behaviors by shaping and teaching them the right conducts during their tender age which will significantly curb the tendency of crime committed.

Racial and ethical disparities in the juvenile justice system is a new challenge that deprives fairness and due process in the body. For instance, the number of African-American youth detained in both juvenile and adult justice systems is higher than that of the Native Americans. To deal with the issues, the state governments have come up with ways of analyzing data to determine when the minorities are not fairly treated as well as training police officers on how to fairly deal with the minority juvenile (Guarino-Ghezzi, 2017). Also, the act of coming up with cultural sensitive analysis programs that will help to identify the needs and risks of the young people at the individual level. The due procedure of the offenders is radically being improved where the training is offered to the attorneys dealing with relevant cases to enhance their skills and competence on their line of duty. It can be improved by making sure that every youth have been appointed an attorney, setting performance standards of the lawyers and allowing all children regardless of the racial and ethnical differences to take part in health and mental assessment without fear.

Additionally, equilibrating juvenile self-responsibility, public safety, and development is another reform program reform that facilitates juveniles’ welfare to their future forecasts. The positive results of change and development will impact the individual, family members and the community in general. It is done through individual focusing, coordinating agencies as well as enhancing restorative and fair justice. Focusing at a victim at the personal level is more effective in skill addition and counseling in contrast to the act of addressing youth issues in general through the use of force as it was the case during the previous reform wave. It facilitates identifying problems of a particular juvenile and trying to deal with his or her case personally to ensure that the specific youth will not commit a crime again. Restorative and fair balance approach enhances community accountability and protection which facilitates self-responsibility as the children develop (Bersani & Doherty, 2018).The measures to enforce the reform includes developing strategies to build social competencies and youth skills as well as reimbursing victims for their losses and damages. Some states in the country have developed multidisciplinary teams to create advanced and coordinated strategies to cope up with risks majorly involving youths for the youths who are currently in the juvenile systems as well as those who might find their way in the organizations in future.

Juvenile justice systems reforms are evident in the twenty-first century which is vastly adopted in both the urban and rural states of the United States. The developments are useful in the modern society as per their objectives enhancing fair treatment of juvenile regardless of the ethnicity, the systems adhering to the fact that children are different from adults and increased interventions among the families, teachers and the entire community in general. Therefore, the development of the juvenile system facilitates proper children growth regarding competence and self-responsibility which is significant in curbing juvenile delinquencies both in the current and future youth generation.

References

Bersani, B. E., & Doherty, E. E. (2018). Desistance from offending in the twenty-first century. Annual Review of Criminology, 1, 311-334.

Guarino-Ghezzi, S. (2017). Balancing juvenile justice. Routledge.

Monahan, K., Steinberg, L., & Piquero, A. R. (2015). Juvenile justice policy and practice: A developmental perspective. Crime and justice, 44(1), 577-619.

Phelps, M. S. (2016). Possibilities and contestation in twenty-first-century US criminal justice downsizing.

Spohn, C. (2015). Race, crime, and punishment in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Crime and Justice, 44(1), 49-97.

Valentine, G. (2017). Public space and the culture of childhood. Routledge.

Juvenile Delinquency Theoretical Approach

Juvenile Delinquency Theoretical Approach

Student’s Name

Institution

Juvenile Delinquency Theoretical Approach

Juvenile delinquency can be referred as the act of young people who are under the legal age of being recognized by the particular nation as adults being involved in unlawful conduct. In today’s society, the juvenile has become victims of immorality and unethical behaviors which put them in trouble of facing law actions. Many theorists have come up with various philosophies that tend explain the reasons behind juvenile delinquency in a different perspective. The significant drive towards juvenile delinquency are peer pressure, erosion of conducts in the society where the youths are brought up in and desire of getting wealthier through illegal means such as drugs trafficking and burglary among many others (Bartollas, et.al 2017). Many theories explain juvenile delinquency, but in this discussion, the control theory and an early group-conflict theory will be put into consideration. In this paper, juvenile delinquency is elaborated in a profound extent with regards to the control theory and group-conflict theory in consideration of their application to juvenile delinquency, the weaknesses as well as the strongholds of these theoretic approaches.

The control theory is the best chosen theoretical approach that intensely explains about juvenile delinquency. The model by Hirschi was developing during the year 1969 and tends to consider juvenile misbehavior at an individual level. He argues that engagement into the misconducts is due to lack of goals and being uncommitted hence end up being uncontrolled. In his argument, Hirschi has suggested that the most appropriate way to explain juvenile delinquency is nonexistence of control. Apart from a commitment to conventionality, there are other types of controls required such as attachments to family, school and friends, involvement in the community, school and other development activities as well as belonging to various principles and beliefs (Thornberry, 2018). The theorist argues that the act of juvenile being involved in illegalities is inversely proportional to having the mentioned control values. In consideration of the control theory, peoples’ strong bond with the society comes as a result of more attachment, involvement and having firm beliefs. Hirschi hypothesizes that goals are essential for the elimination of delinquent behavior and it is crucial for the elimination of the elements that bring variation and constraints to the social cohesion.

It is clear according to the control theory that having success values with no means of achieving them may result in juvenile delinquency as it is the case in the initial stage with the absence of these goals. Therefore, with regards to the theory juvenile delinquency can be eradicated through emphasizing the social values as well as the family and school playing their part in the values to action (Siegel, & Welsh, 2014). For instance, let us take an example of a student who does not take his time to study and still have the goal of passing the examination as well as joining a tertiary level institution. To accomplish his objectives, he will be forced to go against the school roles by either copying from his colleagues or to cheat the examination in any other way which is an irregularity. If the supervisor tends to catch him cheating appropriate steps according to schools laws will be put into action, and the individual will end up suffering a punishment. The same case applies in the society where young people want to acquire things through illegal and unethical means. Thus they end up in juvenile courts. All this happens due to lack of values and self-principles that guides and gives control of what one is supposed to do.

The model takes the best theoretical approach in explaining juvenile delinquency as it is considered at the individual perspective and the community and other social groups are just taken as vessels of imposing core values and principles of preventing misconduct. The fundamental information regarding the theory is that an individual has the responsibility of controlling juvenile delinquency and has to make right decisions on the values as well as beliefs to follow (Hewitt, & DeLisi, 2016). On the other hand, the control theory has some weakness from various assumptions that Hirschi made when coming up with the model. The assumptions regarding not putting in consideration of the environmental conditions and other influential factors that might make juvenile get involved in the unlawful deeds. For instance, the juvenile gets involved in delinquency due to peer pressure or the act of being brought up in a moral deprived community. Here the case is different and there are more factors than control principles that have played a part in causing the misconduct. Therefore, there needs an in-depth consideration of such factors even though erosion of individual social principles significantly takes part.

On the other hand, the Group-conflict theory is regarded as the weakest theoretical approach in consideration of the juvenile delinquency. The theory was first written about by George Vold, an American sociologist in the year 1958. Vold postulated that juvenile criminality includes both the human acts and the judgment of the laws by the others whether the particular behaviors are acceptable and suitable or inappropriate and unacceptable in the society. Considering both factors, Vold considers definitions and judgment more significant in determining juvenile delinquency than the human behaviors (Greenwald, 2014). He explains that people and groups put values of judgment on the other acts thus defining them as either illegal or lawful. Vold refers the juvenile delinquency as the minority group and the society on the other hand as the majority group that determines what is right and wrong. He argues that the juvenile perceives to do right things, but according to police definition and law judgment that represents the adults’ world the deeds are considered unethical and illegal. Regarding the Vold’s primary argument, juvenile delinquency involves an intergenerational value conflict where the adults lead the society with their urge of controlling the legal processes.

The group-conflict theory is regarded as the weakest theory explaining about juvenile delinquency as it takes it in a different manner between the juvenile and the nation’s law which represents the adults. Vold assumes that the juvenile is always right apart from the put in place laws that perceives them as cut up. To an extent, the group-conflict theory is misleading and can result in disagreement within the community as the youth will fight back the legal laws arguing that they are put in place to undermine them. In actual sense, if one commits a criminal offense, the authority bodies have to take actions as per the law that protects the civilians’ rights (Burfeind, & Bartusch, 2015). A nation without law can be disorganized and one of the worst place to live in as their cognition could guide people and do things their beneficiaries without considering the life of the others.

With Regards to the discussion above, both Hirschi and Vold gives an entirely different theoretical approach regarding juvenile delinquency. Hence, the variation in regarding the control theory as the best model and the group-conflict as the weakest one. Having principles and core values to drive one’s personality and actions are the best way to curb juvenile misconduct. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the community and individual at a personal level to impose sound values and beliefs to the juvenile that will enable them to evade illegalities as well as having the capability to distinguish the right and wrong actions.

Bartollas, C., Schmalleger, F., & Turner, M. G. (2017). Juvenile delinquency. Pearson.

Burfeind, J., & Bartusch, D. J. (2015). Juvenile delinquency: An integrated approach. Routledge.

Greenwald, R. (2014). Trauma and juvenile delinquency: Theory, research, and interventions. Routledge.

Hewitt, J. D., & DeLisi, M. (2016). Delinquency in society. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

Siegel, L. J., & Welsh, B. C. (2014). Juvenile delinquency: Theory, practice, and law. Cengage Learning.

Shoemaker, D. J. (2017). Juvenile delinquency. Rowman & Littlefield.

Taylor, R. (2014). Juvenile justice: Policies, programs, and practices. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Thompson, W. E., & Bynum, J. E. (2016). Juvenile delinquency: A sociological approach. Rowman & Littlefield.

Thornberry, T. (Ed.). (2018). Developmental theories of crime and delinquency. Routledge.