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Notes on American Foreign Policy 1877-1920

Notes on American Foreign Policy: 1877-1920 Few would argue that America had a clearly defined and articulated foreign policy at the end of Reconstruction in l877.

It was common to read newspaper editorials and comments belittling America’s Foreign Service.

The New York Sun decried the diplomatic service was “a costly humbug and sham.” Instead of making ambassadors, Congress should wipe out the whole service.” The New York Herald declared the “Trans-Atlantic cable had made diplomats unnecessary” and called for the abolition of the foreign ministry.

Perhaps most telling of American indifference to the outside world was Admiral David Porter’s comment in the l870s that the Navy’s fleet was so decrepit that it reminded him of the Chinese who painted dragons on their forts to frighten away their enemies.

Notwithstanding this, a number of factors between 1877 and 1900 pushed the country in the direction of a clear and identifiable American foreign policy:

New Manifest Destiny: The Industrial Revolution gave Americans a greater sense of themselves and America’s place in the world. The replacement of regional markets with a single national market, business sought to expand beyond the continental United States.

Bold new nationalism: Americans took greater pride in their country, reflected in singing the national anthem at sporting events and even comic operas. Americans were vocally unhappy with the attempt of Ferdinand De Lesseps’ attempt to sever the Isthmus and build the Panama Canal. Another example of this new nationalism was Secretary of State James G. Blaine’s tireless effort to create arbitration treaties with Latin American nations and congressional authority to negotiate reciprocity trade agreements. The efforts resulted in the Pan American Conference in l889.

The world became smaller: The New York World’s reporter Nellie Bly’s (real name Elizabeth Jane Cochran) recording shattering trip around the world in 72 days made it increasingly difficult for Americans to view the world through “isolationist lens.”

The popularity of Admiral A. T. Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power Upon History struck a chord with both civilians and the military that any country is seeking to make its imprint on history needed to follow the example of England and build a robust navy and acquire coaling stations for commercial and military dominance.

Need for Overseas Markets: The remarkable growth of the American economy pushed businesses to find markets outside of the continental United States to unload their surplus goods.

The impact of these various forces, impulses, and factors, pushed Americans to involve themselves in countries and events outside the United States.

Samoa (1878-1899): As early as 1838 American whaling companies stopped off at the Samoan archipelago for rest and refueling. The friendly reception by the Samoan people led the United States to secure a foothold in Samoa.

In l878, the six-foot-four head of Samoa, Le Mamea (referred to as the “tattooed Prince”) was invited to Washington where a treaty was negotiated. The treaty provided that in return for the rights to a coaling station in Pago Pago, the U.S. would employ its “good offices” to adjust any differences between Samoa and other foreign powers.

The weak government had formally bound the United States to support it against foreign powers. This notwithstanding, Samoa the following year made treaties with Great Britain and Germany. Not long after, the Germans pressed demands on the Samoan king for “alleged” wrongs, forcing the U.S. to push against the Germans, leading to a naval standoff in 1888 at Apia. With naval guns trained on one another, a storm blew in and nearly sank both the American and German ships. Great Britain’s navy which was out of the storm’s reach, sailed in to save both countries.

The next year the three countries create a three-headed Samoan protectorate, with the native dynasty nominally “ruling from the royal hut.” However, as the saying goes about too many cooks in the kitchen, it failed. In late 1899, Samoa was permanently divided between Germany and the United States (American Samoa).

The Americanization of Hawaii (the 1870s to 1900):

As early as the 1820s, American whalers and missionaries journeyed to Hawaii. The fishing companies for rest and relaxation, and the missionaries to save souls. By the 1850s, European countries and America saw the strategic and economic value of Hawaii. In fact, American President Franklin Pierce negotiated a treaty for the annexation of the Hawaiian kingdom but blocked by the United States Senate (primarily because it included a provision for immediate statehood).

However, by the l870s the son of the missionaries had become wealthy sugar growers. Moreover, in l875 the U.S. entered into a reciprocity treaty with the Hawaiian kingdom. The treaty bound Hawaii not to make any territorial concessions to any other foreign power and allowed the U.S. a major coaling station. Furthermore, Hawaiians were allowed to ship sugar and other products to the U.S. duty-free. The treaty had little value to native Hawaiians but was of great importance to the white sugar growers who near the end of the nineteenth century owned two-thirds of Hawaii’s real estate.

Queen Liliuokalani ascends to the throne and declared “Hawaii for the Hawaiians”

The sugar-growers conspired with John L. Stevens; the American minister stationed in Honolulu and stages the fake, so-called “Revolution of l893.”

With American troops, stationed ostensibly to protect American property, the sugar-growers deposed Queen Lil.

Immediately a commission composed of three white Americans and one Englishman sail to Washington and push for the annexation of Hawaii. President Grover Cleveland refuses the annexation after finding out the Hawaiian people opposed annexation. However, Republican president, William McKinley has no such reservations and annexes Hawaii in 1898.

The native Hawaiians were not the only people unhappy about annexation. Fresh from defeating China in the Sino-Japanese War (1894), Japan was furious. With a quarter of the population of Japanese descent, they believed Hawaii should belong to them. HH

The Spanish-American War (1898)

War resulted from the forces building in America since the Industrial Revolution.

After years of oppression by Spain’s sugar growers, the Cuban peasants revolted. Using the cry “Viva Cuba Libre,” they sought the ouster Spain’s overlords by terror, dynamiting trains, and burning property owned by the Spanish Americans.

The American press sympathized with revolution making the comparison between their revolution and the American Revolution.American reporting of the revolution was influenced by the “rise of yellow journalism” and the competition between William Randolph Hearst’s New New Journal and Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World.

To increase the circulation of their newspapers, they exaggerated, distorted, and made up facts. Or as one contemporary put it, “they snooped, scooped, and stooped to conquer” their competitors.

At the beginning of the Cuban Revolution, the combined circulation of both newspapers was 800,000. By the end of the Spanish-American War, the circulation doubled to 1.6 million.

To end the rebellion Spain sent General Valeriano Weyler to Cuba. General Weyler positions forces between the cities and countryside, and constructs huge wired concentration camps with no humanitarian provisions. Cuban women, children, and men die from the lack of sanitation and brutality.

In the midst of putting down the rebellion, tensions escalate the United States. Spain accuses the U.S. of sympathizing with the revolutionaries and running guns from Florida to support the revolution. Segments of the population pressure the American government to take action to end the revolution. This is especially true of the business community, which is losing money from the destruction of their investment in sugar growing on the island. Men like William Randolph Hearst who has invested millions of dollars in growing sugar on the island.

Still, President McKinley is reluctant to get America involved in the revolution but issues two strongly worded demands of Spain in 1897. He insists on the modification of the concentration camps to make them more humane and granting the Cuban people some sort of autonomy or democracy.

Spain accepts the demands and the crisis appears averted, when early 1898, the USS Maine on a “friendly” trip to Cuba suddenly explodes while in the harbor of Havana. While there were multiple suspects and causes for its explosion, for the American people, the only acceptable suspect is Spain, embodied in the cry, “Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain.”

Congress declares war on Spain in April, 1898.

It was a short war lasting roughly four months (August). Yet, it had important implications for America’s place in the world. England hails the quick defeat of Spain praises America for taking its rightful place among the great nations.

The Treaty of Paris, Dec. 10, 1898, officially ended the war. The major consequences of the war are:

a. It ended Spanish Empire in America and the Pacific.

b. Spain gave up rights to Cuba. To let the world know the war was not fought for territorial gain, Congress passed the Teller Amendment as it declared war on Spain. The Amendment specifically declares the U.S. did not covet one an inch of Cuban territory.

c. Spain cedes Puerto Rico, an island in the Marianas, and ultimately Guam to the United States.

d. Spain surrendered the Philippines, but the Phillippine citizens who fought beside the Americans to gain their independence were left with their fate in the hands of a “commission.” Unfortunately “duty, dollars, and destiny” got in the way of America’s outright recognition of Phillipino independence. Betrayed by the United States, the Phillippinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, fought the Americans. The Americans used the same concentration camps they denounced the Spanish for erecting. The U.S. employed nearly 70,000 troops to put down the Phillippines.

f. In the end, the U.S. annexed the Philippines.

John Hay and the Open Door Notes 1899, 1900

The annexation of the Philippines made the United States a far eastern power and forced to become increasingly concerned over the dramatic events on the Asiatic mainland. After China revealed her weakness in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), the imperialistic European powers descended on the “paper tiger.” They extorted long-term leaseholds and created valuable spheres of influence. Although trade with China was relatively small, it was growing with promising rapidity.

The British, who had the largest foreign trade stake in China, were worried about their presence in the far east. Twice in 1898 and1899, Britain proposed a cooperative arrangement with other countries to ensure equal commercial opportunities in China. This became known as—the Open Door Policy. On both occasions the U.S. said no, arguing it was inconsistent with its traditional no entanglement policy. However, during further discussions with British officials the idea of equal commercial opportunity met with increasing favor. In the end, business pressures on the State Department became strong that some kind of action became imperative. In the late summer of 1899, several British officials working with President William McKinley and Secretary of State John Hay worked out a memorandum that became the Open Door Policy.

Open Door Note One September 6, 1899:

Secretary John Hay sent Open Door notes to Germany, Britain, and Russia. Shortly after, he included Japan, Italy, and France. The note requested each country to provide assurances they would abide by the following:

1. Within its sphere of interest or leasehold in China, no power would interfere with any treaty port or any vested interest.

2. The Chinese tariff treaty would be applicable with such spheres of interest (influence), and the duties were to be collected by the Chinese government.

3. Within their spheres, no power would discriminate in favor of its own nationals in the matter of harbor dues and railroad charges.

Naturally, England and America supported the first open door, while others responded generally or not at all. In truth, the original Open Door Note was merely a dramatic statement of America’s commercial interest, and did not spring from unselfish motives.

Open Door Note Two July 3, 1900:

The Boxer Rebellion prompted the second open door note. A group of fanatical Chinese, called the Boxers, rose up against the foreign “devils” taking over China. After widespread murder and pillaging, a group of whites, including members of various foreign legations found themselves besieged in the foreign legations in Peking, China. American Secretary of State, John Hay led an effort to create an 18,000 international rescue force and free the beseiged foreigners. In August, 1900, the besieged legations were freed. Still, Hay was suspicious that some of the imperialistic powers would take advantage of the chaos to unhinge the Open Door, and issued the Second Open Door.

The note proclaimed that the policy of the Government of the United States was to seek a solution which preserved “Chinese territorial and administrative entity.” Unlike the first Open Door Note, it did not call for an answer. Hay understood that the powers were so strong and suspicious of one another that no one of them was in a position to challenge the Open Door; thus in the end, acquiescing in China’s territorial integrity. Equally important, as countries sought seeking alliances, no wanted to unnecessarily offend the United States, a rising star.

Foreign Policy l900-1920

American and Canal Zone Diplomacy

After the Spanish-American War, public interest of a canal in the Western hemisphere was revived

A.Roosevelt’s Big Stick or Cowboy diplomacy

A French company, headed by Ferdinand de Lesseps, builder of the Suez Canal, threatened to deny the American people the long dream of severing the two continents at Panama. After the French Canal Company had excavated two-fifths of the canal, the whole enterprise collapsed in scandalous ruin—a victim of incompetence, extravagance, disease, heat, and jungles. The collapse allowed President Roosevelt the opportunity to realize America’s dream of severing the Isthmus.

To understand Theodore Roosevelt’s opportunity we need to go back to the 1842 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. In the treaty, the United States and Great Britain agreed that neither country could construct, hold or fortify a canal in the area that became Panama. It should also be mentioned that with the assassination of McKinley, Roosevelt want to prove he was not “his Accidency” but entitled to be president in his own right. Nothing he believed would prove this than “making the dirt fly” building a canal severing the isthmus and drastically cutting American miles and time to reach the Far East.

He pushed through the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901 with Great Britain abrogating the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty allowing the U.S. to honorably build, hold, and fortify a canal in this part of the world.

Following an American instigated revolution in Columbia, and recognition of Panama as a sovereign country the U.S. signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty. The treaty had the following conditions:

1.The U.S. gave Panama a payment of 10 million dollars and $250,000.00 a year.

2.The U.S. received a canal zone of ten miles and granted extraordinary sovereign rights.

6.Dismayed with Cuban instability and the fear a major power might secure a foothold there, jeopardizing the Isthmus and the U.S., it-forced Cuba to sign the Platt Amendment, reversing the Teller Amendment, and making it a quasi-protectorate.

The Platt Amendment (1901):

a.Cuba could not make a treaty impairing her independence or permitting a foreign power to secure lodgment in or control over the island.

b.Cuba pledged not to incur indebtedness beyond her ability to pay.

c.The U.S. was at liberty to intervene for the purpose of preserving order and maintaining Cuban independence.

d.Cuba agreed to an American-sponsored sanitation program aimed at yellow fever, malaria, and other mosquito-related diseases (not so much for the Cubans but the Americans visiting and living in the Canal Zone).

e.Cuba agreed to sell or lease to the U.S. sites naval and coaling stations. [Guantanamo became the principal base].

The Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy was also seen in his willingness to take on the role of a regional policeman. Following Spanish-American War and his canal diplomacy, he grew concern that a crisis between Venezuela and its creditors could spark an invasion of that nation by European powers. Therefore, he announced the Roosevelt Corollary in December 1904. The Corollary stated the United States would intervene as a policeman and last resort to ensure that other nations in the Western Hemisphere fulfilled their obligations to international creditors, and did not violate the rights of the U.S., or invite “foreign aggression detrimental of the entire body of American nations.

Santa Domingo (1905) was the first example of an attempt to enforce the Roosevelt Corollary. By 1904, after an orgy of murder and civil war the Dominican Republic was bankrupt. Roosevelt feared the four principal European nations with investments might forcibly attempt to collect their debts. Such attempts, especially if countries decided to remain after retrieving their losses, would violate the Monroe Doctrine and jeopardize America’s interests, forcing the United States in an all our war. Such insurrectionary habits of “these wretched republics” imposed certain responsibilities on the United States. In short, Roosevelt believed he could not permit the foreign powers to collect their alleged debts by force. America had a mandate to intervene and compel these reluctant republics to pay their bills.

Under the Corollary, the U.S. forced the Dominican Republic to invite the U.S. in and take over the revenue-producing customs houses. Santa Domingo retained 45% of the customs for Dominican expenses and the U.S. allocated 55% for its outstanding indebtedness. Such a radical assumption of power, Congress initially balked at the corollary but by 1907 got on board with a new treaty with the Dominican Republic.

Another important example of Roosevelt’s “Walk softy but carry a big stick” foreign policy occurred following the Russo-Japanese War, (1904-1905). U.S. relations with both Russia and Japan were strained over their failure to secure certain spoils of war.

The war developed from Russia and Japan’s rivalry for dominance in Korea and Manchuria. After the First Sino-Japanese War, Japan acquired the Liaodong Peninsula from China, but European powers forced Japan to return it. China subsequently leased it to Russia. During the Boxer Rebellion, Russia had thrown troops into Manchuria, ostensibly to protect Russian lives and railroad interests.

Despite repeated and insincere promises to withdraw, they were still there in l904. Equally important, the trans-Siberian Railroad was nearing completion and Russia stalled until the last stake was driven. Once completed the Russians could ship large quantities of military supplies to attack the Japanese. Aware that the Russian bear was not going to withdraw, the Japanese launched a damaging “sneak” attack on the Russian fleet at Port Arthur, Manchuria. At the outset, American sympathies went out to the “clever little Nipponese.” America’s former Secretary of State, Elihu Root praised the Japanese for showing how to fight a “bully.” Americans would not feel the same with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.

By the spring of 1905, the Japanese, running dangerously short of men and money, secretary invited President Roosevelt to act as a mediator. He agreed after some hesitation and brought to two belligerents to the negotiating table at Portsmouth, New Hampshire in August of 1905.

Results of the treaty:

The Japanese demanded the Siberian island of Sakhalin and a huge monetary indemnity of $600 million dollars to cover the cost of the war. In the end Japanese did not get $600 million dollars and all of the Siberian island of Sakhalin, It did settle for the southern half and wrested from Russia the Southern Manchurian Railway, and virtually hegemony over Korea in the Katsura Memorandum. Katsura Memorandum (1908) was an agreement of understanding that America recognized Japanese “suzerainty” over Korea. It instructed the state department to direct any inquiries about Korea and from Korea to the Japanese government.

Beyond the treaty, American relations with Japan soured following the war resulting in a second xenophobic episode of the “Yellow Peril.” Attempts to segregate Japanese students in the San Francisco public schools created a saber-ratting exchange between the two governments. To prevent a deeper foreign relations crisis between the two countries, Roosevelt invited the entire board of education and the mayor (under indictment for graft) to the White House where he used his charm to convince them to back off their anti-Japanese activities and allow him to deal with the problem.

Roosevelt understood that behind the attempt to create a caste system for Japanese students in the school system was the desire by Californians to stop the immigration of Japanese, period. To ameliorate this problem, he issued the Gentleman’s Agreement.

Under the Gentlemen’s Agreement:

a. The Japanese agreed to issue no more passports to coolies coming directly to the mainland of the United States.

b. The San Francisco Board of Education rescinded the objectionable school order, and the tensions eased.

c. Japanese immigration under the agreement dwindled to a trickle.

d. Japanese could still go to the Hawaiian Islands.

Following the Gentleman’s Agreement, the U.S. signed one other important agreement with the Japanese, the Root-Takahira Agreement.

The Root-Takahira Agreement between the United States and Japan contained the following points.

Both the U.S. and Japan subscribed to the policy of maintaining the status quo in the Pacific area.

Mutual respect of each other’s territorial possessions in that region of the world.

Uphold the Open Door in China.

Support by peaceful means the “independence and integrity of China.”

To demonstrate that America acted out of fairness and not fear, Roosevelt sent the “Great White Fleet” around the world by from 16 December 1907 to 22 February 1909. The fleet consisted of sixteen new battleships of the Atlantic Fleet and painted white except for gilded scrollwork on their bows.

Both the Katsura Memorandum and the Root-Takahira Agreement reflected Roosevelt’s belief in the United States obligation to become internationally involved in world affairs.

Delivery-Partner Delivery Service Proposal

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Professor

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Date

Delivery-Partner Delivery Service Proposal

Executive summary

Delivery-Partner is an online based delivery service specializing in delivery of good bought from online store. The business is a service provider linking online store and their consumer to help overcome the challenges that have been experienced with traditional delivery companies. the business will hive both online existence and virtual existence and will use store located close to bust terminal or easily accessible points where good will be dropped and the customers can pick them up easily and conveniently. The delivery service will be offered to both business and consumers thus serving B2B consumers and B2C consumers. this proposal analyses the viability of this business in the industry using a SWOT analysis and proposes a marketing strategy the will enable the company to gain a market share in the delivery industry.

Contents

TOC o “1-4” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080787” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc332080787 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080788” Company overview PAGEREF _Toc332080788 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080789” Vision PAGEREF _Toc332080789 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080790” Mission PAGEREF _Toc332080790 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080791” Company organization PAGEREF _Toc332080791 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080792” Management PAGEREF _Toc332080792 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080793” Staffs PAGEREF _Toc332080793 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080794” Operation model PAGEREF _Toc332080794 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080795” Outsourcing PAGEREF _Toc332080795 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080796” Marketing PAGEREF _Toc332080796 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080797” Market Segmentation PAGEREF _Toc332080797 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080798” Market definition PAGEREF _Toc332080798 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080799” Marketing strategy PAGEREF _Toc332080799 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080800” SWOT analysis PAGEREF _Toc332080800 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080801” The 4Ps PAGEREF _Toc332080801 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080802” Product PAGEREF _Toc332080802 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080803” Place PAGEREF _Toc332080803 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080804” Price PAGEREF _Toc332080804 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080805” Promotion PAGEREF _Toc332080805 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080806” Financials PAGEREF _Toc332080806 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080807” Capital estimation PAGEREF _Toc332080807 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080808” Fixed Assets PAGEREF _Toc332080808 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080809” Transportation PAGEREF _Toc332080809 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080810” Human Resources PAGEREF _Toc332080810 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080811” Technology setup PAGEREF _Toc332080811 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc332080812” Miscellaneous PAGEREF _Toc332080812 h 9

IntroductionOnline business is among the fastest growing forms of business around the world. According to internet world statistics, internet usage worldwide rose by 400% between 2000 and 2010. This is an interesting development which undoubtedly encourages many service providers and sellers of commodities to sell the merchandise online. In most instances, companies or business are establishing B2C business creating web stores or online stores that sell commodities directly to customers. B2B which involves business selling goods or services to other business is also common. There is also an increase in the number of companies that have restricted their operation on the internet alone. All these companies encounter numerous challenges when it comes to delivering physical goods to customers. There are several delivery service which in unfortunately increase the cost of delivering good to the customer thus in turn increasing the costs incurred by the sellers. As usual this cost are also transferred to customers who end up parting with more that they intended or would have wished to acquire a product. This business proposal proposes a delivery business model that aims at enhancing the delivery process, increasing efficiency and convenience, and reducing the costs involved in the delivery of the goods.

Company overviewIn a nutshell the idea is to put up a delivery business that will act as an intermediary between online shop, e-shop, e-store, Internet shop, web-shop, web-store, online store, or virtual stores and their customers. The key elements of this business will be faster delivery and affordability.

VisionDuring the firsts year of operation the business will aim at gaining a good reputation by offering affordable prices, unbeatable customer service and fast delivery.

The company will also realize long term business partnership with online shops, e-shop, e-stores, Internet shops, web-shops, web-stores, online stores, or virtual stores and achieve a steady cash flow.

MissionTo be a trusted and reliable delivery service worldwide.

Company organizationManagementThe business will sue the service of a qualified manager with minimum of an MBA. The manager will have an assistant who will have a minimum of a bachelor’s degree in management.

StaffsThe other member of staff the will be instrumental provision of our services will be there office assistant, a receptionist, five drivers, and ten potters.

Operation model

The business will adopt an operation model that is both convenient to the online store and their buyers. Be an online business, customers purchasing goods online will have the option of choosing our delivery service while purchasing their good from an online store. When a customer chooses our delivery service he/she will be directed to our website where they will be requested to enter their information: name, cell phone number, email address, the order number of the goods bought from the online store, customer location and desired point of collection. Once this information has been entered, the customer will be directed to checkout where they will pay a nominal fee. In turn the customer will receive a receipt for payment both as a main in the email and as a SMS in his/her phone. Once the information is received in our system, the office assistant will issue it to the driver the details. The driver using the information will collect the goods from the physical location or warehouse of the online store and deliver it to the customers preferred collection point. When the customers go to the collection point, they will be required to produce some form of identification, the SMS receipt for payment of the goods or a print out of the receipt emailed to their mail.

OutsourcingThe business will outsource warehousing and storage services. These services will be outsourced from stores located close to bus terminals or easily accessible place in urban and suburban areas. it is these storage point or warehouses that the customers will chose from when selecting their convenient collection point.

MarketingMarket SegmentationThis section focuses on establishing the various divisions in the market consisting of groups with different needs. The main segmentations are buyer of fragile goods and the not fragile goods. Fragile goods such as electronics will require extreme care to ensure that they arrive in proper condition

Market definitionIn short, delivery-partner will focus on online sellers who want to minimize the cost the incurred in paying delivery companies to deliver goods to their customers and online shopper who want to minimize the amount to money the pay to have the goods they have purchase online delivered. Many shoppers incur expense up to 20% over what they paid for their goods. Delivery expenses incurred by online sellers also increase the operation costs. However this service will be a double edged sword cutting costs incurred by both the sellers and the buyer.

Marketing strategyIn order for delivery-partner to be successful, a functional marketing strategy must be used. A marketing strategy is an instrument that will evaluate the resources at our disposal and use them publicize our delivery service to give it a competitive advantage over its competitors. It consists of various market analysis instruments that will provide information necessary to create a functional marketing strategy. The analysis strategy will be SWOT analysis examining both internal and external dynamics of the business (Kern, 3). Using the SWOT analysis results the marketing strategy will emphasis the use of the 4Ps to reach the target market (Barker & Charles, 138).

SWOT analysis

Strengths Weaknesses

Strong business model.

Affordable service.

Reliable and convenient service. Little difference from other delivery services.

Since this is a competitive segment, the market share growth is limited

The brand might be dependent on endorsement by online sellers.

Opportunities Threats

There is great room for geographical expansion.

Online shopping is growing since many people are opting to shop online.

Many online shopper and seller need affordable and reliable delivery services. Stiff competition from already developed companies.

Continuous increase in oil prices will have a strong impact on delivery costs

Low operating costs will continue to encourage new entrants to join the industry.

The 4PsProduct

Product stands for the good or service that a business offers to the consumers. The product should meet the needs of the market segment that it intends to serve (Barker & Charles, 139). The product we offer to consumers is a delivery service the will ensure that they can receive goods purchase from online store at their convenience. There are many delivery service companies delivering goods to buyers worldwide. However, our service is different from what the other organizations offer. Our service will involve collecting goods bought from the sellers warehouses and taking to convenient store close to bus terminals where the buyers can pick the on their way home. Good can also be take to stores of customers’ choice where they can be accessed easily.

Place

Place stand for the location where the business can be found (Barker & Charles, 140). Our business will be online, and our clients will be able to reach us through our website. The will be able to order for our delivery services online. Other contact will also be on the website. These include our fax, email and telephone number. The business will also have a physical location where we will have an office with staff to act on the customs instructions. The other physical locations for our company will be our outsourced collection points.

PricePrice is what we will charge our customers for the services we provide them (Barker & Charles, 141). Price must be high enough to meet the costs of operation and low enough to attract customers to our services. At the start however we will not be keen at making the price. We will take penetration pricing strategy which will involve deliberately offer services at low prices to attract customers to use our delivery services. Once the business gets a ‘toehold’, our pricing strategy will change to a cost plus pricing strategy. This is common pricing strategy which involves totaling all cost involved in delivering the service the adding a margin for profit.

Promotion

Promotion involves making customers aware of the product (Barker & Charles, 142). When choosing a pricing strategy we will base on the target market and the cost incurred in creating the awareness. Since the business will start as a localized service provide operating only in a limited geographical area, advertisements will be conducted in local newspapers, radio stations, yellow pages, billboards and by word of mouth. Advertisements will also be conducted on the websites of the most popular online sellers in the area. Social media will also serve a s tool for advertising the business and popularize it.

FinancialsDelivery partner not only require online start up, but will also need a brick and mortar set up. The set up for the business will be minimal to enable realistic growth in future. The setup will cover a single metropolis and then incrementally take on strategic location in neighboring metropolitans.

Capital estimation

The initial set up will be based on renting space rather than buying it or building our own. This will certainly enhanced the flexibility of the business. For startup we will need the following:

Fixed AssetsA corporate center in New Jersey which will serve as the hub management, and monitoring and business development

Office furniture and computers

Outsourced storage or warehousing around the 50 bus terminals in the city.

TransportationWe will be equipped with four vans for collecting goods for sellers’ warehouse service providers to customers’ collection points.

Human ResourcesThe business will have Manager, an assistant manager, an ICT specialist, three office assistants a receptionist and five drivers, and ten porters.

Technology setupTechnological setup will include 7 computers of which three will be used by the top management and three by the office assistant to monitor movement of goods as well as track the customer orders for delivery. On e of the computers will be lead to the reception desk. We will outsource webhosting service from a reliable webhosting service provider.

MiscellaneousThis includes all other costs incurred in operating the business such as the inventory costs.

Start up and operational costs.

Investment Rate ($) Number Time (In Months) Total

Coordination office 400 pm 1 12 4800

Storage space (outsourced) 250 pm 10 12 30000

Total Infrastructure       34800

Transport Vans (Used Vans) $2,495 7 17465

Office Car 1 3000

Total Transportation Assets       20465

Manager 42000 1 12 504000

Assistant Manager 30000 1 12 360000

ICT specialist 25000 1 12 300000

Office Assistants 18000 3 12 648000

Receptionist 15000 1 12 375000

Drivers 15000 5 12 720000

Potters 15000 10 12 1800000

Total Human Resource Cost       4707000

Computers 200 7 1400

Website Setup 1000 1000

Webhosting 10 10

Internet $50 50

Software 40 40

Total ICT infrastructure Cost       2500

Vehicles 50000 50000

IT infrastructure 10000 10000

Total Maintenance cost       60000

Miscellaneous 20000 20000

Miscellaneous       20000

TOTAL       4844765

Funding sources

EMBED MSGraph.Chart.8 s

References

Barker, Rachel. & Charles, George. Integrated Organisational Communication. Cape Town : Juta Academic, 2006.

Internet World Statistics. Internet Usage Statistics: The Internet Big Picture World Internet Users and Population Stats. Web. August 7, 2012 HYPERLINK “http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm” http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

Kern, Russell. S.U.R.E.-Fire Direct Response Marketing: generating business-to-business sales leads for bottom-line success. New York: McGraw-Hall, 2001.

deliverables of an early warning system

Output/ deliverables of an early warning system

Student name:

Instructor:

Institution

Introduction

As a labour intensive industry, hospitality employs large numbers of wage earners, whose taxes and disposable income add to gross domestic output and help to create further employment opportunities. Given that each hotel room typically requires one member of staff, every hotel room built has the potential to create an additional job [1].

Furthermore, for every dollar spent by a guest in a hotel, one additional revenue dollar is generated for the community. Referred to as the ‘multiplier effect’, this concept is used by economists to explain how money spent by a hotel guest travels through a community to purchase the goods and services required to meet the guest’s needs. In the United States, for example, the multiplier effect is approximately two; that is, for every dollar spent by a guest in a hotel, one additional revenue dollar is generated across a wide range of businesses [2].

`Captive’ customers and database marketing, combined with modern information technology, provide the means for achieving these goals and measuring company achievement in unlocking the potential expenditure from customers. Information systems provide early warning of resorts and/or product types that are losing customer appeal while identifying others that are growing in popularity [3].

Eco-tourism system, good or bad, is shown by the state of health index. The comprehensive index is decided by the pressure index, state index and response index. “Pressure index” shows reasons that tourism ecosystem health took place deterioration, which is indicated with its abundant tourism resources, socio-economic development pressure and intensity of human activity. Status Index refers to the situation of the quality of the eco-tourism system under the current period, shown by the quality of eco-tourism environment, the level of tourism development, and environmental awareness of the tourists. Status is the result that we continually put pressure on our natural environment, which decides anti-interference ability and buffering capacity or ability to the pressures. In the face of the state of the tourism ecosystem under the pressure, we have to take some of the policies and measures, which is response index which is characterized by preferential policies and environmental protection efforts.

The issue of multi-objective decision-making, as well as specific analysis of the levels is established by the index system, using layer-analysis and expert investigation methods to determine weight of the indicators. After identifying tourism ecosystem health evaluation index system, actual development of regional tourism is combined through a great deal of statistical analysis of survey data, regional tourism of the ecosystem health index is calculated, is analyzed and ecosystem health status is predicted through appropriate antitheses of the tourism indicators and the health diagnosis of tourism ecosystem is carried out, and finally countermeasures are proposed[4].

Airspace industry: The aerospace division of Diamler-Benz (acronym DASA) was a company most would recognize as a member of the Airbus consortium. It was also involved in manufacturing military aircraft, as well as related fields. Today it is no longer a division of Diamler, which in July 2000 merged it into the new European Aeronautic Defense and Space Agency (EADS) with the French Aerospatiale Matra and the Spanish CASA.

While still at Diamler, DASA had an elaborate strategic early warning system with some classic German characteristics (highly analytical and systematic process of identifying risk, an attempt to put the world into a clearly defined, fully mapped, orderly system, and measure as much as possible. As expected, this engineering company’s strategic early warning system (SEWS) was extremely analytical. At the heart of its methodology for identification of risks was a unique “driver driven analysis”, an analysis of the main factors influencing the future along the lines of system dynamics[5]. Once the scanners reported remarkable changes on the most critical descriptors, the issue which was pertinent to a particular business unit, the notice went to a special evaluation committee in this business unit. On issues pertaining to corporate decisions, the reporting and monitoring were initiated within the corporate staff and the early warning team did the analysis[6].

As increasing urbanization is taking place worldwide, earthquake hazards post strong threats to lives and properties for urban areas near major active faults on land or subduction zones offshore. Earthquake early warning systems can be useful. At least three countries have earthquake early warning systems in operation: (1) Japan, (2) Mexico, and (3) Taiwan. These systems can provide a few seconds to several tens of seconds of warning for large earthquakes. More significantly, a properly upgraded seismic network can provide a shake map within minutes after a disastrous earthquake, so that loss estimation can be quickly assessed to aid disaster response and recovery[7].

References

[1] Olsen, M. D., 1995: Into the New Millennium: A White Paper on the Global Hospitality Industry. International  Hotels &Restaurants Associations. France.

[2] Ibid

[3] Marketing in Travel and Tourism by Victor T. C. Middleton, Jackie Clarke; pg. 441

[4] FAN Qiumei, SUN Tieheng/Management Science and Engineering Vol.2 No.4 2008 59-65

[5] Early warning: Using competitive intelligence to anticipate..,Vol.2003 by Benjamin Gilad; Case study of CEW in Action; 184,185,186

[6] Early warning: Using competitive intelligence to anticipate..,Vol.2003 by Benjamin Gilad; Case study of CEW in Action; 188,189

[7] Earhquake Early Warning Systems: Current Status and Perspectives by Willy H. K. Lee, Juan Manuel Espinosa-Aranda./ Early Warning Systems for natural disaster reduction by Jochen Zschau, Andreas N. Kuppers.

Delinquency Prevention Program

Delinquency Prevention Program

(Author’s name)

(Institutional Affiliation)

Delinquency Prevention Program in the state of California

Youthful offenders in California up to the age of twenty five years are provided with treatment and education by the Division of Juvenile Justice. The program concerns itself with juvenile offenders with intense and criminal backgrounds, and who have extreme treatment needs. In the modern society, youth offenders are taken to various faculties in their communities in order to be close to their family. Also, the youth offenders need to access social and local services that will help them when being rehabilitated. The population represented by DJJ is quite low at one percent despite the fact that last year 225000 youth were arrested last year in California.

Treatment, vocational and academic programs are provided by the Division of Juvenile Justice. Furthermore it addresses medical care, mental health programs, substance abuse, sex offender behavior, criminogenic and violent behavior. The activities takes place in a secure and safe environment that is quite conducive for learning. The Alameda Superior Court is responsible for guiding the treatment plans as a result of the Farrell lawsuit settlement agreement. The youth offenders are assigned to live in houses based upon their specialized treatment needs, risk of institutional violence, gender and age. The youth in the different living units are housed in few numbers because of the limited staffing levels. This ensures that the youth receive effective rehabilitative and attention programming.

The DJJ has a framework that focuses on the Integrated Behavior Treatment Model. It has been specifically designed to reduce future criminal behavior as well institutional violence. It is intended to provide the youth with personal skills that will assist them in managing their environment much better. The staff at DJJ is from various professional fields and they work as teams to be fully aware of the youth’s needs. This in turn assists them to come up with a treatment program that is individualized to address the problems facing the youth offenders. The team collaborates with the youth in order to deliver a case plan that will take full advantage of the personal strength of the youth. Lastly, it seeks to administer treatment in the other areas in the life of the youth offender in order to ensure that they do not become repeat offenders.

The program being offered at DJJ has proven to be extremely successful in many ways. It has been able to operate as a school district that is fully accredited and provided the youth with high school education. Most of the youth have attended the education program and in turn some of them have become eligible for parole. In fact, since the year 2004, as many as 5632 youth offenders have achieved academic success. The education program aimed at the high school students has seen a 300 percent increase in the number of enrolled youth. At the same time, this has been taking place while the population at DJJ declined by at least 56 percent. The DJJ has also come up with a program whereby the youth raise butterflies in a habitat garden. This project has been effective in restoring the belief that the youth can change and have better lives.

In conclusion, the program at Division of Juvenile Justice is quite effective in many aspects. However, if there were some things that I would change about it would be increase the number and variety of activities the youth can participate in. Also, I would provide the youth with jobs that they would do while in the detention center. This would make them more productive once they are out of the program and in society.

Reference

California department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. (2013). Division of Juvenile Justice. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Juvenile_Justice/index.html” http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Juvenile_Justice/index.html.

Delinquency Issue in Namibia

Delinquency Issue in Namibia

It is difficult to decide exactly which behaviors make up juvenile delinquency and identify who juvenile delinquents are for the reason that societal views of children change from place to place and over time. The age of the offender is the most essential factor in differentiating between crime and delinquency. One way to characterize juvenile delinquency is to locate the behavior of children on a series of four continua representing duration, frequency, priority and seriousness of the behavior. Discussed herein, with reference to Namibia, is of the fact that delinquency covers many aspect of unacceptable behavior (Belda 2007).

Discussion

One of the possible causes that can be associated with this is the country’s socio-economic circumstances. The overwhelming majority of delinquents in Namibia commit a few minor acts of delinquency on a consistent basis during their teenage years for the reason that they need to support themselves (Hirschi 2002). Some children may commit minor acts of delinquency and only one or more serious crimes in their later stage of development. These individuals usually demonstrate delinquent behavior to evade poverty and unequal social services.

According to Regoli et al. (2011), the most serious delinquents as identified by the Namibian government are known as Life-course persistent offenders. Within this category, delinquents engage in antisocial behavior of one sort or another at every stage of life. What’s more, this category is deeply committed to problematic behavior and has committed many serious offenses over an extended period. The individual within this setting is therefore regarded as a chronic delinquent offender.

The Namibian Government’s effort of putting to a stop delinquent behavior dates back to 1994, when a Legal Assistance Centre was established. On its part, the Legal Assistance Centre in association with the government tried to ensure that they engage their youth in useful ventures that will ensure that the youth are helped to engage in income generating activities through the exploration, realization and development of skill and talent. By so doing, the rate at which the youths engage in delinquent activities will reduce slowly but steadily (Tshiwula 2000).

Conclusion

The age of the offender is the most essential factor in differentiating between crime and delinquency. Life-course persistent offenders are the most serious delinquents as identified by the Namibian government. The Namibian Government’s effort of stopping delinquent behavior dates back to 1994, when a Legal Assistance Centre was established. The center guides, counsels as well as promote talents and skills of the youths thus creating self-employment.

References

Belda, P. (2007). Namibia. Madrid: Ebizguides.

Hirschi, T. (2002). Causes of delinquency. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers.

Regoli, R. M., Hewitt, J. D., & DeLisi, M. (2011). Delinquency in society: The essentials. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Tshiwula, L. (2000). Crime and delinquency in Namibia. Pretoria: Kagiso Publishers.

Deliberate exclusion

Name:

Institution:

Course:

Tutor:

Date:

Discussion Questions

Question 1:

The court put in consideration various factors before reaching a decision. To begin with, it determined whether Kodak had monopoly power and after establishing this, it delved into determining whether the decision that was undertaken by Kodak was informed by the need to protect its patented parts as well as copyrighted works. The court then evaluated various competing interests of the public policy and found out that Kodak’s decision to protect the others form its patented and copyrighted work had devastating effects on the consumer base. In this regard, Kodak’s decision to exclude some consumers such as independent service organizations can be considered to be unethical and needs to be shunned. From a business point of view, all consumers are major stakeholders in a given business entity and therefore their needs need to be addressed accordingly. Deliberate exclusion form benefiting from the services and products of this company undermined the degree of happiness of the respective consumers. From a utilitarian standpoint, this is immoral because it reduces the level of happiness of the consumers.

Question 2:

In this case, the agreement between Northeast and Wellington was not bound by any fiduciary like obligations. For this reason, Northeast was not obligated to provide any adverse information about the clients to Wellington. The court ruled in favor of Wellington because in light of the contract agreement, Northeast was solely required to find and present suitable candidates as opposed to performing the services provided by an investment consultant or banker which are bound by fiduciary like obligations. Ruling otherwise would have accorded Northeast other obligates that were not initially presented in the contract. The court also ruled in favor of Northeast because this organization fulfilled its role as required by the contract. Put differently, it found and presented Wellington with a willing buyer of its investment.

There are various risk factors that the management needed to have reviewed prior to finalizing and implementing the acquisition agreement. To begin with, the management of Wellington needed to have reviewed the credibility of Sternau’s companies as well as their reputation. Prior analysis in this regard would have been useful in enabling Wellington to make informed financial decisions either before or after entering the acquisition agreement. Besides understanding the history of Sternau’s companies Wellington organization also needs to have evaluated the investment options that it had at its disposal. Likewise, this would have been useful in enabling it to make credible financial decisions and to define its position in the acquisition contract.

Question 3:

The United States has 94 different federal district courts that also represent the federal trial courts under general jurisdiction. Every district court covers a geographic region that is called a judicial district. The respective locations covered by the each district differ considerably. The District of Columbia, three territories and Puerto Rico have one judicial district each. The remaining states have either two or more judicial districts. The inherent geographic disparity has diverse implications on the quality of service that the citizens are accorded. Arguably, the services provided by judicial districts covering bigger geographical areas as comparatively of lower quality than those covering a smaller geographical area. This is further compounded by the rising population and increasing diversity as well as complexity of social problems.

Question 4:

The constitutional right that the government would be infringing upon under these facts pertains to the student’s right to free speech. Under the US constitution, very individual has a right to communicate his or her ideas, expressions and opinions freely. This is inclusive of the freedom to hold individual opinions without any form of interference. It also involves the right to receive, seek, or impart ideas or information using any form of media irrespective of the frontiers. Expelling the student from the school would certainly infringe upon the rights of the student to free speech.

In addressing this concern, the court would review the school regulations regarding the dress code. Arguably, an education institution that would tae such a step would certainly have strict rules regarding the dress code and the relative expectations of the students. The school would in this regard refer to cases of controversial articles or information on student clothing to shield it self. Also, reference to the right to freedom would be made and the action of the education institution analyzed in light of the respective provisions.

Indeed, there are competing interests that are presented in this case. These need to be balanced in order to foster harmonic co existence between the school principal and the students. Allowing the child to wear the t-shirt would have profound implications on the authority of the learning institution. In particular, this would imply that the student is more powerful than the school authority and might culminate in the occurrence of other detrimental discipline cases. Considering the fact that the information on the t-shirt is a little bit sensitive, allowing the student to wear it would also imply that the respective information is indeed true. This has adverse impacts on the smooth running of the school. Preventing the student form wearing the t-shirt on the other hand would raise various concerns related to the free speech right.

There are various other factors outside the constitution that the court might consider during its decision making. To begin with, it would analyze whether there have been occurrences in the school in the recent past that might have compelled the student to print the writings on the t-shirt. Then, I would also evaluate the past behavior of the student in a bid to determine whether s/he has been involved in discipline matters previously. This would enable the court to ascertain the action and decision of the student in this respect. Further, it would be useful for the court to determine whether the student has had relationship problems with the principal before.

If the t-shirt contained vulgarity or profanity according to community standards, the analysis of the case would not change. This is because the issue lies under the freedom of speech issue and the community is not directly involved in the matter. Finally, it is not a must that the student takes the case to court. There are other viable mechanisms through which the dispute can be resolved. To a great extent, these would be based on the relationship that the student has with the school administration. For instance, negotiation approach to problem resolution can be pursued. In this regard, a third party such as parents of the student or school board would be employed in helping the principal and the student to resolve the problem.

Delegation Example in a Health Care Setting

Delegation Example in a Health Care Setting

Student’s Name

Institution

Delegation Example in a Health Care Setting

Introduction

In a health care context, delegation is always necessary to allow a nurse manager to delegate some responsibilities to his or her junior nurses. Nurse case managers are the registered nurses (RN) who by virtue of their stature and complex responsibilities must develop the ability and skills of delegating some work to the assistant nurses (Weiss & Tappen, 2014). However, delegation is a complex nursing skill that demands final accountability and sophisticated clinical judgment. Therefore, its effectiveness depends on individual’s nursing experience, and understanding of the fundamental concepts of accountability, authority, and responsibility. Notably, RNs use Work Complexity Assessment (WCA) tool to analyze the skills and knowledge of the delegates before assigning them the responsibilities (Persily, 2013). Objectively, delegation in nursing aims at improving quality patient care and enhancing the coordination between the senior and ancillary personnel.

Undoubtedly, effective delegation is one of the most intricate and complicated responsibilities of RNs. It is imperative for RNs to understand what the patients and their families need, after which, they have the task of appropriately engaging the caregivers (Persily, 2013). As such, it is obligatory for them to develop a plan that would result to the desired patient outcomes and maximizing the use of available resources. Also, the senior nurses assign some responsibilities to nursing assistants, unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP), or licensed vocational personnel (LVP) by providing relevant directions, guidelines, and regulations (Weiss & Tappen, 2014). In order to categorically understand the whole concepts of delegation in a health care context, this paper organizes all the sections entailed. In particular, the rudiments include the delegation process, issues, stakeholders and how to choose them. In addition, it highlights the plan of action during delegation, which entails communication, conflict resolution, feedback provision, evaluation, and recommendations (Persily, 2013).

Delegation Model or Process

National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) defines delegation as a process which involves transferring of responsibilities, directions, or guidelines of patient care to competent individuals (In Cherry & In Jacob, 2014). The RNs act as the delegators, who assign their co-workers the authority to care for the patients. The process entails selecting particular subordinate nurses to perform specific tasks, which they are well acquainted with. As a result, prior to the actual delegation, the RN must understand what the patients need and then match the needs with competent health care assistants (HCAs). However, the delegator remains accountable and responsible for the rationale of the delegation if in case something goes wrong. For example, if the UAP, HCA, or LVP administers a wrong medication to a patient, RN will also be held liable for assigning an incompetent nurse (Persily, 2013). Similarly, the nurse shall also be accountable for his or her ineptness in performing the task.

Objectively, delegation gears towards achieving quality patient care outcomes, where liable persons are held responsible and accountable. The concept is about sharing of activities with individuals who possess the appropriate authority. The sharing and collaboration herald efficiency and effectiveness in care and facilitate synergistic positive outcomes (Weiss & Tappen, 2014). Evidently, delegation has four main components namely; quality care outcomes, responsibility and accountability, sharing activities, and selection of the appropriate authority.The general procedure of delegation is summarized in the figure below

Figure 1: Shows the general procedure of delegation

Source: (Hansten, & Jackson, 2009)

Example: Delegation process

At St. Mary Hospital, Mr. Robert, a RN, had many TB Patients that he had to attend to. He, therefore, decided to call Miss Effie, a nurse assistant, who was free at that time. So, in order to follow the whole procedure, Robert first assessed the needs of the patient and the scope of the task to delegate. He then ensured that Effie was competent and well versed with the needs; thus he communicated to her about the assignment by explain all the guidelines, directions, and responsibilities. After which, Effie left to execute her task, and the RN clarified that he shall be conducting surveillance and supervision to ensure that all was well. In addition, Effie was to evaluate her patient care results and report the feedback to Robert.

Delegation Issue in the Workplace

Principally, delegation has some issues that it must comply to since the whole process is complex and involves multiple stakeholders. Therefore, it is very critical for the RN to model on what, where, how, to who to delegate a task (In Cherry & In Jacob, 2014). RNs may delegate the tasks or some elements of patient care, but the overall nursing process cannot be delegated. In addition, the delegation should not be beyond the scope or competence of HCA. Also, the process of delegation must be done in order to benefit the patient, but not merely performing it to save money or time (Persily, 2013).

When nursing assistant performs the task, he or she must keep records concerning the state of the patient. The records should be regularly submitted to the RN to monitor and supervise the conditions of the patients. In essence, as the HCAs do their assignments, they should ensure that the task is within their capacity to handle (Hansten & Jackson, 2009). If in case a complication arises, they should not assume by continuing to care for the patient, but should immediately report to the RN. The RN shall then take over the case and address the care intricacy. The point is each, and every HCA should understand his/her scope or boundary of work, anything outside that must be reported to the senior nurse (Weiss & Tappen, 2014). If so, then patient care seems to be given the priority, which ought to be the primary goal of the nurses.

Example: Knowing the Boundaries

Miss Effie, the HCA goes to care for the patient as directed by Robert. Before then, Robert assigned her to go and note all the symptoms that the patient was showing, which she actually well understood and had the knowledge. In the process of caring and noting, she realizes that the patient has some form of cardiac complications. Although Effie is competent and experienced in the basic aspects of TB, she is aware and prospects that the cardiac complication seems lethal and to treat it would mean she is working outside her competence sphere. She also knows that the complication has not been assessed by Robert, the RN.

As a result, Effie reports the case to Robert, who then takes over to care for the complication. As such, Effie is said to have acted in accordance with the guiding protocols of delegation in the workplace and is able to justify her actions. From the case, Effie has demonstrated her awareness and understanding of responsibilities and accountability towards the patient (Persily, 2013). Robert examines the patient and realizes that the complication is worsening and should transfer the patient immediately to the Intensive Care Unit. He contacts the hospital supervisor, who informed Robert to engage other health stakeholders to successfully transfer and treat the patient.

The Stakeholders and Different Health Care Roles

Because of the complexity of the health status of the patient, there was an urgent need for collaborative function of various nurse practitioners. According to the case study, the patient had to be transferred to the ICU, where nurses from Cardiac/Coronary Unit (CCU) were required. In addition, other nurse practitioners, patient’s family, and hospital administrators cooperated to ensure the safety, quality, value, and flow of the healthcare provision to the patient (In Cherry & In Jacob, 2014). The inter-professional care shall ultimately drive and result in the highest quality of patient care. Notably, every stakeholder has his or her area of competence; thus, there integrated efforts will save the patient (Hansten & Jackson, 2009). The patient’s family also has the role of receiving information and supporting the patient. Below is a list of relevant stakeholders and the roles they play.

The Stakeholders

Robert, CCU RN – As the RN, he coordinates the transfer to the CCU and collaborate with the CCU Nurses for reception and commencement of treatment by coordinating to the relevant doctors.

CCU Nurses – Ensure that the patient is received, and all the conditions are recorded. They also coordinate with Robert and doctors before, during and after the treatment.

Medical Surgery Nurses – Prepares the patient for surgery if in case the doctor recommends

Medical Laboratory Technician – Collects samples like blood, saliva, and phlegm from the patient for testing and reports the results to nurses and physicians concerned.

Respiratory therapist – Does the chest therapy to monitor that status of the TB and the reason for cardiac complication

Hospital ICU Coordinator/Supervisor – Coordinates with the other practitioners in passing information, transferring and receiving the patient and ensuring proper housekeeping

Physician/Doctors – Work with the nurses to treat the TB and the cardiac problem. They also inform nurses to communicate unfolding to the patient’s family.

Friends and Families of the Patient – Provide relational support to the patient and receive information from the nurses and doctors.

How to choose the right Stakeholders

When choosing the stakeholders, it is important to consider a number of factors and issues. For example, the patient’s case should demand the contribution of each and every stakeholder (Weiss & Tappen, 2014). In addition, their presence should increase the probability of saving the patient or offering the best quality care. Also, each and every person’s role should be integral to cumulative well-being of the patient and build a broad-based support and synergy in patient care (Persily, 2013). In sum, the choice of the stakeholders is a function of the mentioned parameters and the following considerations.

•The number of stakeholders must be kept manageable to avoid overemphasis in one patient at the expense of others. However, there should not be a loophole in competence or role in order to care adequately for the patients.

•All the stakeholders should be competent and relevant to the patient’s condition. This ensures completeness and lack of ineptness in the healthcare provision.

•The balance of interest or roles ought to be maintained so as to facilitate coordination and collaboration in the process of caring.

The contributive roles of the stakeholders should ensure improved acuity of the patient and encourage the use of UAPS and Licensed Practical Nurses (LPN). Again, RN responsibilities of management need to increase in the units of care in order to accelerate the pace of patient’s recovery.

Action plan

Healthcare plan outlines all the partners, credentials, and the procedure to follow during the delegation process. First, the overall RN must notify and inform all the stakeholders of the healthcare plan. Through coordinated information, all the relevant practitioners receive prior notification about the condition of the patient and what is expected of them (Hansten & Jackson, 2009). As such, the notification gives the stakeholders ample time to prepare and refine their tools, instruments, and skills.

Then transportation logistics is done, where the patient is transferred to the surgery department and received by the nurse in charge. Thereafter, nurses in the medical surgery prepare the samples for further test then the patient is seen by the relevant doctor for surgery and further treatments

Proper housekeeping must be maintained in the patient’s room in order to ensure sanity and proper care of the patient and the family. Notably, clean environment is mandatory when caring for patients because they are vulnerable to subsequent infections.

After the diagnostic results, the patient is immediately taken to CCU for the cardiac checkups. At this stage, all the stakeholders with relevant competence should strive and work in collaboration, with the priority of saving the patient.

After, the family of the patient has to be informed of all that unfolded. However, the mechanism of communication ought to be encouraging and respectful of humanity. The aim of communication is to give hope to the family.

Lastly, proper evaluation of the whole treatment process or record has to be evaluated and then the overall feedback is provided.

In sum, the action plan involves proper communication with the healthcare stakeholders. In the process, the practitioners resolve conflicting aspects of their operations then provide appropriate evaluation and feedback at the right time.

Components of the Action Plan

How to Communicate With the Stakeholders

The communication should be concise and clear when the RN is notifying the delegatees. The communication must clearly highlight all that is expected of the subordinate nurses. Also, all the information concerning the patient’s conditions should be given to the HCAs (Weiss & Tappen, 2014). In addition, Proper directions, authority, guidelines, and expected outcomes need to be communicated to the HCA.

How to Resolve Conflicts

By default, conflicts always occur among the health care stakeholders; therefore, there if the need to arrive at positive resolutions for the betterment of the patient. In order to resolve the conflict and possibly avert it, proper and respectful communication has to be imperative. This builds mutualism amongst the co-workers and enhances cooperation (Persily, 2013). Also, acceptable behaviors and conducts must be outlined in prior to provide the framework for decisions and roles. The conflict should also be viewed as an opportunity for improving and strengthening relationships and future cooperation (Hansten & Jackson, 2009). Thus, in case of the conflict, it should be approached head-on without postponement so as to resolve it once for all. Other measures include promoting teamwork and limiting blame games.

When to Provide Feedback

The feedback should only be provided if the information has been proved as valid and pertinent. Therefore, all the stakeholders need to append to the information to confirm its reliability and validity before the feedback is given to others or the patient families (Weiss & Tappen, 2014). Reliability of the feedback is a function of properly followed standards and protocols in accordance to the healthcare accreditation system. Also, the feedback needs to be given in time in case of inquiries and complaints from other healthcare providers, the patient, or families (Hansten & Jackson, 2009).

How to evaluate the problem solved

In order to evaluate whether the problem has been solved, the RN has to once again assess and analyze if all the procedures of delegation and stakeholder participation were followed (In Cherry & In Jacob, 2014). For example, the RN should assess and monitor the health status of the patient by considering if the principles of delegations that were followed. That is, what was the initial health status of the patients? Did the HCAs have all it required to care for the patients in relation to their care context and scope? Lastly, did the HCA execute their responsibilities using all the skills, knowledge, and competence they hold? If all the questions were positively addressed, and the patient’s outcome is positive coupled with good relationship amongst the stakeholders involved, then it is right to conclude that the proper solution was found.

Recommendations

In order to ensure proper communication, leadership, conflict resolution, feedback, and evaluation, five main rights must be followed. Effective delegation ensures that the rights are adhered to when guiding and planning for the overall process of patient care (Hansten & Jackson, 2009). Thus, the rights should act as the reference point for the entire decision-making, concept, and as a checklist for the model of assigning responsibilities and authority to HCAs and other stakeholders. The rights include:

Right Activity or Task

The RN’s professional judgment concerning the task to be delegated should be appropriate and within the scope or boundaries of the HCAs. Also, the RN ought to assess the exact health of the patient so as to delegate the right task.

Right Circumstances

The context of delegation should be appropriate in relation to the available resources, and nature of the health setting. All the situational factors should be considered in order to delegate with the available provisions.

Right Person

The RN should be the right person with skills, experience, and competence for delegation. In addition, the tasks should be assigned to the right HCAs, who understand their responsibilities and accountabilities.

Right Communication

Concise and clear illustrations of the tasks are mandatory to ensure that objectives, expectations, limits, and persons to give feedback are clearly described.

Right Direction/Supervision

The RN must accomplish his or her role in monitoring, intervention, and evaluation according to the need and time required. That will ultimately result in the best positive patient care and feedback.

Conclusion

Delegation is an important and powerful tool in a hospital setting to assign responsibilities and authority from the delegator (RN) to the delegatees (HCAs). The primary rationale for delegation is to distribute roles in relation to workers’ experience, skills, and knowledge in order to achieve efficient and effective health care provision. From the case study of St. Mary hospital, it is important to define the scope of delegation and because of the complexity; various stakeholders may be required to ensure that synergistic positive outcomes are achieved. Critical factors must also be considered when choosing the delegates and stakeholders so as to avoid inefficiencies and ineffectiveness in patient care. In sum, through the application of appropriate rights, the delegation process becomes effective in terms of communication, conflict resolution, provision of feedback and evaluations. In health care setting, delegation is complicated but mandatory.

References

Hansten, R. I., & Jackson, M. (2009). Clinical Delegation Skills: A Handbook for Professional Practice. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

In Cherry, B., & In Jacob, S. R. (2014). Contemporary Nursing: Issues, Trends, & Management.

Persily, C. A. (2013). Team Leadership and Partnering in Nursing and Health Care. New York, NY: Springer Pub. Co.

Weiss, S., & Tappen, R. (2014). Essentials of Nursing Leadership & Management: Concepts, Connections & Skills. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company.

DELAY ON PROJECT COMPLETION

DELAY ON PROJECT COMPLETION

Name:

Course:

Instructor:

Date:

Hello sir,

The project we initiated will take a few months later before its completion. I have stipulated the reasons as so are happening. This will happen for the good of the organisation. The engineers informed me that there would be a delay for about three months for its completion. I enquire for the reason, and that they had for me. First the construction should be left for some time for the cement to dry. This is to avoid the building from collapsing. Secondly they informed me that they have few skilled labours as the majority are unskilled. They have to take their time in good supervision and participation in the, construction. Third reason is the delay by the supplier of raw material. Last week, he told that he was transporting them from, and that is likely to take approximately two to three weeks for its arrival. Better still we are patient because we assigned him the contract for he has assured us he would deliver them very soon.

Lastly the engineer requested to take a leave that is off duty during the month of Ramadhan since they are Muslims and their belief should be respected. I went ahead and offered them when that time comes. From the reasons, it is evidently that the project will not be completed as the time sets. However these reasons will not cost any cent that means that the budget will remain the same as set by the committee.

References

Gabarro, J. J., & Kotter, J. P. (2008). Managing your boss. Boston, Mass: Harvard Business School Press.

Deinstitutionalization What are the services provided by mental health courts

Deinstitutionalization

Student:

Institution:

Deinstitutionalization

What are the services provided by mental health courts?

Mental health courts are classified along other problem solving courts. Mental health courts are intentioned at deinstitutionalization of the criminal justice system. There are a variety of services that are offered by these courts, they include;

Crisis intervention: this is a judicial process which involves activities aimed at helping the convicted persons to regain their bio-psychological stability. The courts develop individualized programs depending on the assessment done on the persons sentenced under the court. The aim of crisis intervention is to ensure that the convicted person is able to relate properly with the society and that his interpersonal skills can be improved (Berman, & John, 2005).

Probation: the probation process includes supervision of an individual’s character by a court officer in order to ensure that he attains the conditions that have been set to him by the court. A court can extend the probation from a jail term and can also subject a convict to probation without a jail term.

Mental health courts sentence an individual’s to a probation expecting them to behave like other normal persons (especially) during the probation period. Also, the courts may subject a convict to probation giving him strict orders not to cause any harm on the persons and/or property near him (Redlich, Allison D. et al. 2005).

Parole case loads: parole is closely antagonized with probation. The main difference is that in probation, the courts set out the conditions that the convicted persons have to fulfill during the time of probation. On the other hand, a parole is a situation where the courts release a convict after proclaiming that he will fulfill some conditions which lead to his release (Sarah, and Darius, 2012).

Mental health courts allow for persons with psychiatric problems to declare that they will fulfill the conditions before releasing them. The courts must justify that the convict is fully aware of the repercussions of the declaration and that the convict makes such declarations without being coerced (Council of State Governments 2005).

How do these services benefit the prisoners?

The deinstitutionalization carried out by the mental health courts is beneficial to the prisoners in different ways.

Freedom of movement: prisoners who are deinstitutionalized by the mental health courts are able to gain their freedom of movement. While this may be limited movement (sometimes the courts may withhold international transport documents), the movements made by the prisoners is less confined than the movements of prisoners within the prison walls (Berman, & John, 2005).

Freedom of interaction: deinstitutionalized person have more liberty to interact with the outside society. The interaction is important in building the career and other life skills of the prisoner. The prisoners are also able to re-enter the society earlier than in other normal courts (Sarah, and Darius, 2012).

Bio-psychology therapy: as noted above, the courts enroll the convicts into bio-psychology therapy which is designed with an aim of managing their psychiatric position. Success of this process is a considering factor in whether the society will be able to have confidence on the convict again. The therapy also ensures that the person can regain his normal legal status including ability to own property, right to sue and be sued among other legal status. For persons who were earlier not able to start their own families, a successful therapy will give them this chance (Sarah, and Darius, 2012).

How do these compare to the services already available through the existing criminal justice system?

Rehabilitation of character versus rehabilitation of psychiatric condition

The developments in criminal justice system have been insisting on the rehabilitation of character. Thus, a person who has been in custody is expected to re-enter the society as a clean person who is ready for responsible citizenship. On the other hand, persons who undergo bio-psycho therapy is expected to regain his psychological stability as well as regaining good morals that are paramount in the re-entering of the prisoners into the society once they have completed their prison terms (Goldkamp, and Cheryl 2000).

Mental health courts versus other problem solving courts

Mental health’s courts are having the mandate of ensuring that crime which is committed by persons who have psychiatric problems have been minimized. As explained through the paper, the officers must exercise their duty bearing in their mind that the convicts do not have stable mental condition. However, other problem solving courts carry out their duties without minding about the mental stability of the convicts (Council of State Governments 2005).

Institutionalized vs. deinstitutionalized sentences

The normal criminal justice system has options for both institutionalized and deinstitutionalized sentences for convicts. Institutionalized sentences are situations where the convicts have to serve their term within the confines of prison walls. On the other hand, mental health courts are overly deinstitutionalized system where the convicts are sentenced to community service and other sentences that do not include prison terms (Berman, & John, 2005).

Do the research findings support the establishment of more mental health service programs to imprisoned mentally ill populations?

According to research findings in Council of State Governments Justice Center’s article, mental health courts have proven to reduce the tension on convicts who are already prisoners of their own actions. The report contends that there has been a challenge of finding parole in these cases since the level of understanding among the convicts is low (Council of State Governments 2005). Judge Goodman of Indiana who has been championing deinstitutionalization of criminal cases against mentally challenged persons argues that, the PAIR program which was initiated in 1990’s was key to identifying ways to help individual convicts (Sarah, and Darius, 2012).

Bureau of Justice Assistance has indicated that the 120 courts which it oversees are able to come up with solutions faster since the judges are aware of the mental conditions of the convicts are specially trained in dealing with the case. The judges are more empowered in basing their judgment on the report of the psychological officer dealing with the case (Council of State Governments 2005).

What can be done to improve these services further?

One of the key issues that will help the success of this deinstitutionalized system is staffing. The system requires personalized programs and attention in each case. This can only be achieved by ensuring that there are enough people on the ground to develop the programs and monitor the movements of persons in probation and/ or parole (Goldkamp, and Cheryl 2000). In increasing the size of staff, the responsible authorities should consider qualified [persons in psychology and criminology. A balance between these two key professionalisms that are required will help in attaining the two main objectives of the system;

Rehabilitating the character of the convicts

Rehabilitating the mental condition of the convicts (Berman, & John, 2005)

References

Berman, Greg; John Feinblatt (2005). Good Courts: The Case for Problem-Solving Justice. New York, New York: The New Press

Council of State Governments (2005). A Guide to Mental Health Court Design and Implementation. New York, NY: Council of State Governments, 2005.

Goldkamp, John S. and Cheryl Irons-Guynn (2000). Bureau of Justice Assistance. Emerging Judicial Strategies For the Mentally Ill in the Criminal Caseload: Mental Health Courts in Fort Lauderdale, Seattle, San Bernardino, and Anchorage. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice

Redlich, Allison D. et al. (2005). The Second Generation of Mental Health Courts. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law. 2005 Dec Vol 11(4)

Sarah, R. and Darius, W. (2012). ‘Diversion of Offenders with Mental Disorders: Mental Health Courts’ 1 Web Journal of Current Legal Issues

Dehydration Water affects nearly all body systems as well as all dimensions of health

Dehydration

Introduction

Water affects nearly all body systems as well as all dimensions of health. Physical health is highly dependant on provision of water and other minerals in adequate amounts. Water as described by Ross, Turner & Insel (2009) is the simplest nutrient chemically and also one of the most important. One is able to survive for a long time without some essential nutrients in the body or even go without food for a couple of days, but is not able to survive without water. This is because many roles in the body are associated with many functions in the body. These roles include transport of wastes and nutrients, control of body temperature and joints lubrication. The body is made up of approximately 60% water and so the constant intake of water is recommended for all to maintain adequate hydration levels. Water is not only found in beverages, but also in other foods including fruits and vegetables. Though the body makes water through chemical reactions, additional intake is required for the necessary functions to be met.

Functions of Water in the Body

As explored by Ross et al (2009) and Nix (2005), water provides a solvent in which chemical reactions take place in the body. These reactions are termed as hydrolytic because their activity requires water. Hydrolytic reactions in the body are essential for metabolic processes to take place including those involved with tissue building and energy production. Water is found in blood and other secretions in the body. For this reason, it circulates in the body transporting oxygen as well as other necessary nutrients. Metabolism is essential to ensure cell survival. Oxygen and other elements required for metabolic processes are transported through water. By-products and excretions are also transported from the cell to the various organs in the body responsible for their excretion to avoid toxicity.

Water is essential for the regulation of body temperature. As the temperature increases in the surrounding, water is excreted from the body though the skin in form of sweat so as to maintain body temperature. It is however vital to note that water loss should be supplement by water intake in prevention of dehydration. Spaces within tissues are filled with water to give the body a form and structure. Apart from blood, muscles are tissues that contain the highest percentage of water. The other function that is played by water in muscles is the provision of lubrication for ease in locomotion (Nix, 2005).

Effects of Dehydration

Dehydration is a major cause of death worldwide particularly in infants as well as the weak elderly (Ross et al, 2009). In infants, dehydration is caused by gastrointestinal infections that cause excessive vomiting and diarrhoea. These symptoms when prolonged lead to severe water loss from the body. If untreated, this water loss that is equivalent to 20% weight loss can lead to a coma and ultimately death. Dehydration also causes the extensive damage of the skin compromising its activity of protecting the body from loss of water.

Dehydration as discussed by Ross et al (2009) reduces physical and mental activities of an individual. Dark urine, dry mouth, Fatigue and headache are the early signs of dehydration. The darkening of urine to a dark colour is attributed by the body’s attempt to conserve water by reabsorption in the kidney.

Effects of Electrolytes

Electrolytes are chemicals that become ion in when in solution. Potassium, sodium and chloride are the main electrolytes that control water balance in he body. Their regulation is essential for the normal functioning of the body. Sodium ion is the major cation in extracellular fluid which is excreted in urine when in excess. While potassium is the main cation found in intracellular fluid. Sodium standardizes the quantity of water in the body. A high increase of sodium in comparison to water can be due to extreme water loss through diarrhoea and vomiting, little or no water intake and due to a kidney disease. Alternatively, a decrease of sodium occurs when there is a high ratio of water in relation to water. Contrary to sodium, potassium decrease is caused by excessive loss of water through vomiting, diarrhoea and sweating. Chloride ions are the major negative involved in water and acid balance in the body (Nix, 2005).

Effects of Caffeine and Alcohol

As discussed by Kovacs in the article “Dehydration – A major cause of decreased human sports performance!” caffeinated drinks as well as alcohol in increase water loss from the body through urine. These drinks should most especially be avoided if one is in hot climate or during exercise. This is because in addition to water loss through urine after taking alcohol and caffeinated drinks, high temperature and exercise also lead to loss of water through sweat. Although most people have a tendency of taking caffeinated drinks before exercise for energy than they tend to take alcohol, one should note that overnight drinking can lead to excessive dehydration during a morning work out. Therefore, high levels of water intake should be observed after taking caffeinated drinks and alcohol.

Preventing Dehydration

The best and most simple way to avoid dehydration as explored in the article “Dehydration – A major cause of decreased human sports performance!” is the constant intake of fluids. Water is sufficient to replace all the fluids lost during exercise, increase in temperature and in the event of gastrointestinal infections that cause diarrhoea and vomiting. However, water alone is not able to replace other minerals that are lost during dehydration. When one is involved in strenuous exercises it is advisable to take other fluids containing sodium, potassium and chlorides.

When taking alcohol or caffeinated drinks, one should ensure that they take lots of fluids to replace water that is lost through urine. In case of water loss as a result of gastrointestinal infections, one is required to increase the intake of water. The simplest way to deal with loss of water and electrolytes in this case is to take a mixture of water and pure salt or sugar to replenish their loss (Ross et al, 2009).

References

Kovacs, M. “Dehydration – A major cause of decreased human sports performance!” Sports Nutrition. 2000.

Nix, S. (2005). Williams’ Basic Nutrition and Diet Therapy. St. Louis: Elsevier Mosby. Print.

Ross, D., Turner, E. & Insel, P. (2009). Discovering Nutrition. Canada: Jones & Bartlett. Print.