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Annotated Bibliography on Non-Physical Domestic Abuse

Annotated Bibliography on Non-Physical Domestic Abuse

Antai, Diddy, et al. “The Effect of Economic, Physical and Psychological Abuse on Mental Health: A Population Based Study  of Women in the Phillipines.” Hindiwi Publishing Corporation, vol. 2014, p. 11.

The authors explore intimate partner abuse and their effect on the mental health of an abused woman. They bring out economic abuse and control and its association with depression which is a mental health issue. It will help to prove that this form of abuse can negatively affect a person to the point of suicide and thus should carry the same penalty as physical violence. Diddy Antai is a researcher from the Center for Public Health Research and School of Sciences, City University London and the other three authors along with Diddy are from the Division of Global Health and Inequalities.

CCADV :: CT Domestic Violence Laws. http://www.ctcadv.org/information-about-domestic-violence/ct-domestic-violence-laws/ . Accessed 19 Nov. 2021.

This website is managed by the Connecticut Coalition against Domestic Violence. It outlines the different charges that one can face if accused of domestic or family violence. It defines domestic violence in the state of Connecticut and shows that according to this statute verbal abuse does not constitute family violence. This will help to support the counterargument that non-physical violence does not count as domestic abuse. It supports the other sources in that it discusses other forms of non-violent abuse such as stalking and the consequences for that crime.

Copp, Jennifer E., et al. “STAY/LEAVE DECISION-MAKING IN NON-VIOLENT AND VIOLENT DATING RELATIONSHIPS.” Violence and Victims, vol. 30, no. 4, 2015, pp. 581–99. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00176.

This author examines the factors associated with staying or leaving abusive intimate partner relationships. Married women and women with children in these relationships have a harder time leaving. Unmarried women and women without children may not be dependent on the abusers and are freer than others to leave. Copp says that “While it is true that physical and psychological forms of abuse are related, they are not perfectly correlated with one another. Failure to distinguish between types of abuse may result in misattribution of their adverse effects.” Some might use this to provide a counterargument and say there is no correlation at all. Copp is from the Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University and this article was published on the website for the National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Kaur, Ravneet, and Suneela Garg. “Addressing Domestic Violence against Women: An Unfinished Agenda.” Indian Journal of Community Medicine : Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, vol. 33, no. 2, Apr. 2008, pp. 73–76. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.40871.

The source discusses domestic violence and what leads to it. It also discusses more about the impact of domestic violence and the reproductive health of a woman. It ties in with the other articles as they all work in harmony to show that they are detrimental to the health of the recipient. The source describes the effect on the children who witness the violence of the women and ties in nicely with Copp’s article regarding why women stay in abusive relationships. The author is from the Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India and this qualifies him to write on the topic.

NCADV | National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. https://ncadv.org/STATISTICS. Accessed 18 Nov. 2021.

This author describes psychological abuse, its effects and why it is important to know these facts. The article goes on to provide statistics on domestic abuse, rape and other acts of violence. It ties in with the effect of economic and financial abuse, proving that non-violent partner abuse comes in many forms. A specific author is not listed for this website and articles but the information is on the website of the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence and their sources are the CDC, Bureau of Justice Statics and other reputable sources. This source supports the others by providing comparable information.

“Reproductive Health and Intimate Partner Violence.” Guttmacher Institute, 17 Feb. 2005, https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/1999/11/reproductive-health-and-intimate-partner-violence.

This article documents the association between intimate partner violence and the reproductive health of an abused woman. It could lead to poor health for the woman and more importantly her unborn child. There are also indirect relationships to the outcome of the health of the child that can affect their development. This article further shows how intimate partner violence affects the mental, physical and reproductive health of an abused woman. This study ties in with the other sources to show that all domestic abuse has a negative effect. The author is Melissa Moore who is the daughter of an infamous serial killer. Moore is qualified to speak on the topic because she experienced domestic and dating abuse.

Violence against Women. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women. Accessed 18 Nov. 2021.

This article is written by The World Health Organization which is a reputable source. It discusses the health consequences of partner abuse and discusses the scope of the problem. It goes over the possible preventative methods and what those in the health sector can do to help. It ties in with the other sources in that they all prove that intimate partner abuse is a serious problem that often goes unnoticed and should be addressed more carefully. It is global problem that poses an international problem.

Should a Community College Education (2-Year Degree) be Free?

Introduction

The question of whether a community college education, which is usually a two-year degree program, should be free has been given much attention in recent years. Proponents support that providing tuition-free community college education can be instrumental in increasing access to higher education, reducing student debt, and enhancing economic growth. However, opposers point to the high costs and sustainability of such a program. This essay explores the arguments for both sides of this argument, ultimately asserting that a free community college education has the potential to promote equity in accessing education with the benefits enjoyed by individuals and society as a whole.

Body

Most proposers of freecommunity college education support it because of its potential to increase accessibility to college education and reduce barriers to entry. This is important in the view that many students, especially those from low-income families have struggled to pay their tuition fees. Therefore, by making these studies free, accessibility to higher education can be broadened to those who might have failed to get higher education due to financial constraints. The benefit of this expanded access is the rise of a more educated and skilled workforce, which can benefit the community in many ways. In addition, it can allow students to get educated, develop marketable skills, and improve their job prospects without incurring debts in the form of student loans, which can hinder most students from pursuing further education Mountjoy (2022).

Another important reason for encouraging free community college education is that it has the potential to benefit the economy and social welfare of the people. Epstein (2021) notes that a well-educated workforce plays an important role in promoting the growth and competitiveness of the nation. By ensuring free access to community colleges, more people can get the knowledge and skills essential to securing higher-paying jobs, which can contribute to economic development. In addition, free community college education can be used as a way of addressing the issues of income inequality empowering individuals to get higher-paying jobs despite their socioeconomic background.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the debate over whether community college education should be free lies in its ability to expand accessibility, reduce barriers, and bring about economic and social benefits. Although, critics may point to concerns about the cost of such a program, both the individual and the community stand to benefit a great deal from such programs. For example, it can help in developing a better-educated workforce, foster economic growth, and promote social equity.

References

Epstein, R. A. (2021). College Isn’t Free–Nor Should It Be: Wiping out student debt would involve staggering costs and unfair taxation. Worse, loan forgiveness would violate the principle of making degrees pay for themselves. Hoover Digest, (2), 72-77.

Mountjoy, J. (2022). Community colleges and upward mobility. American Economic Review112(8), 2580-2630.

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Is Drug Use Testing of Students Who Participate in Extracurricular Activities Permitted Under the Fourth Amendment? 

The Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States is meant to protect its citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures. However, the question of whether drug testing of students who participate in extracurricular activities is permitted under the Fourth Amendment is a subject that has elicited a lot of debates and legal challenges. This essay will look into this issue with the argument that while the Fourth Amendment offers protection against unreasonable searches, the legality of drug testing in schools should be dependent on specific circumstances and the extent of intrusion into the privacy of the students.

Important questions have been raised regarding drug testing of students who participate in extracurricular activities with a keen interest in finding the balance between school safety and student privacy. Proponents have argued that it is important to maintain a drug-free environment in schools as a way of promoting the safety and well-being of all students. Part of their argument is that these students voluntarily participate in extracurricular activities, hence they need to adhere to certain rules and expectations, including drug testing. However, opponents insist that such testing may be an infringement on the student’s Fourth Amendment rights since it is a search without probable cause or warrant. The Supreme Court, in the case of Board of Education v. Earls (2002), ruled that it is constitutionally permissible to do mandatory drug testing for students involved in competitive extracurricular activities, being a measure for ensuring the safety of the learning environment (Mawdsley,2003). The decision also emphasized that this process minimally intruded into student privacy and that it is voluntary to participate in extracurricular activities, providing students against testing with an option to refrain from participating.

Although the Fourth Amendment permits some drug testing in schools, it is important to consider safeguarding individual rights. The scope and nature of drug testing programs differ across school districts, and their implementation should focus on minimizing intrusion into students’ privacy. Moreover, Clegg (2002) urges that clear policies should be put in place to ensure the confidentiality and appropriate use of drug test results. Schools should also ensure students are well informed about their rights and testing procedures. It is critical to balance the interest of the school in maintaining safety and the protection of the constitutional rights of students. This requires accountability, transparency, and sensitivity to the dignity and rights of students while upholding the broader goal of creating a secure educational environment.

In conclusion, the issue of drug testing of students who participate in extracurricular activities in the context of the Fourth Amendment is complex. Although the Supreme Court has permitted such activities through its rulings, it is essential to ensure that the rights and privacy of students are safeguarded. Clear and transparent policies must be put in place to ensure a balance between safety and individual rights with a focus on minimizing the intrusion into students’ privacy.

References

Clegg, B. J. (2002). Suspicionless Drug Testing of All Public School Students Wishing to Participate in Extracurricular Activities: The United States Supreme Court Has Held the Process to Be Constitutional, but Will the Process Survive under Article I, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution? Duq. L. Rev.41, 205.

Mawdsley, R. D. (2003). Random Drug Testing for Extracurricular Activities: Has the Supreme Court Opened Pandora’s Box for Public Schools? BYU Educ. & LJ, 587.

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Should Abortion Be Restricted?

Introduction

The topic of abortion continues to draw polarizing and contentious opinions from various sectors. The main issue under discussion is the fundamental question of the right to choose whether to terminate a pregnancy. The debate has led to diverse viewpoints, with some supporting unrestricted provision of abortion services as being a matter of personal autonomy and reproductive rights, while those opposing it argue that abortion should be restricted to protect the potential life of the fetus. This essay will examine the question of whether abortion should be restricted and is for the argument that while the concerns about the rights of the unborn are valid, providing comprehensive access to legal and safe abortion services is critical in safeguarding the autonomy, health, and well-being of women.

Body

One of the main arguments against restricting abortion is the vital need to increase accessibility to abortion services. The reproductive health of women usually involves an interplay of complex and deeply personal decisions. As a result, restricting abortion could result in unregulated and dangerous procedures, risking the lives and well-being of women. Countries having restrictive abortion laws have seen many women resorting to unsafe procedures, causing serious medical complications and even death (Fathalla, 2020). Therefore, it is essential to provide safe and legal abortion services to protect the health of women and empower them to make informed decisions about their bodies.

Although it is important to acknowledge women’s reproductive rights, it is also critical to consider the moral and ethical concerns surrounding abortion. Those supporting the restriction of abortion posit that it involves the termination of potential life and that considerations should be made on the rights of the unborn. Addressing these concerns should be done to find a balance that respects the autonomy of the affected women while acknowledging the ethics around the issue. In several instances, women are faced with difficult decisions owing to various circumstances, such as personal considerations, health complications, and financial constraints (Cioffi et al., 2021). Balancing these issues involves carrying out comprehensive sex education, providing social support systems, and increasing access to contraception, to lower the need for abortion while being respectful of women’s rights in making choices about their bodies.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the question of whether abortion should be restricted is a complex issue. Although valid concerns exist about the rights of the unborn, it is important to prioritize the autonomy, health, and well-being of women. It is essential to offer comprehensive access to safe and legal abortion services to help protect women against dangerous procedures and empower them to make informed decisions regarding their reproductive health. Balancing these considerations requires a comprehensive approach that respects individual rights while addressing the ethical complexity of the issue.

References

Cioffi, A., Cioffi, F., & Rinaldi, R. (2021). Reflections about abortion limitation. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva26, 3787-3790.

Fathalla, M. F. (2020). Safe abortion: The public health rationale. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology63, 2-12.

Police brutality in the USA and how it started with slavery

The History of Police Brutality: From Slavery to the Present

Police brutality is a complex issue that has deep roots in the history of the United States, with its origins dating back to the era of slavery. This analysis will comprehensively explore how police brutality has evolved, tracing its roots in US history, examining its various manifestations over time, and highlighting the contemporary examples that indicate the urgent need for reform.

Historical Context of Slavery

Slavery was institutionalised in the US from the early 17th century to the mid-19th century marking a dark chapter in the history of the nation. During this time, African Americans were subjected to much suffering, degradation, and cruelty by their oppressors. suffered unimaginable cruelty and degradation at the hands of their oppressors. One notable development in this era was the emergence of slave patrols, which was created as the earliest form of organized policing in the South. The main role of these patrols was to maintain control over the enslaved individuals, making sure they remained obedient and subservient (Spruill, 2016).

The slave patrols were tasked with the enforcement of stringent slave codes, which was crucial in preventing any rebellions or uprisings that may emerge from the slaves. They ardently performed this role, suppressing any form of resistance even at the expense of injuring and killing the slaves thereby preserving the rigid racial hierarchy that defined the era. In addition, the slave patrols in their operations were too embedded in slavery, thus becoming instruments of dominion and terror. Their mere presence was a constant reminder that those who were enslaved lacked agency and had degraded status (Spruill, 2016). The slave patrols, therefore, through this pervasive control, led to the entrenchment of the deep system of oppression that prevailed during this time.

Post-Slavery Era and the Reconstruction Period

The abolition of slavery in American society led to the birth of an era known as Reconstruction. This era also came with loads of trials and tribulations, especially for the formerly enslaved individuals who faced various challenges in their attempts to get freedom and equality. The African Americans were met with much resistance from the Southern states even as they fought for their rights and integration into society. For example, these states started to manipulate the existing laws while also creating new ones so that they gain control over and suppress the Black population (Garza, 2016).

During this post-slavery period, great tumult was witnessed even as the policing and racial oppression became increasingly apparent. In their attempts to carve out a place for themselves, the former slaves were faced with systematic attempts to maintain the racial hierarchy that had prevailed previously. Within this context, the new policing structures that were created during this time created an environment where racial discrimination and oppression became legitimized. Williams (2015) notes that this unfortunate cycle of subjugation was especially perpetuated by the very institutions that had the mandate to protect and serve all citizens.

Reconstruction was a time when the former slaves experienced great struggle and hardship, but it also showed the fortitude and resilience of those who were determined to break free from the chains of slavery. Although great were the efforts meant to control the Black population, they failed to kill the fire of hope that burned within the hearts of those fighting for their rights. This period is a stark reminder of the long-lasting effects of slavery and the deeply ingrained systemic racism that persisted long after its abolition. It provides the need for continuously reflecting and progressing in the journey towards an equitable and just society for all (Aiello, 2023).

Jim Crow Era and Racial Segregation

The Jim Crow era was also one of the eras where racial segregation became deeply entrenched in American society. During this period, law enforcement agencies became one of the forces at the frontline in perpetuating slavery. As an illustration, the police forces, which had the duty of protecting the law, were implicated in enforcing and perpetuating the racial hierarchy and discriminatory statutes that divided communities. Instead of being protectors of equality and justice, they became instruments of oppression, becoming active participants in the subjugation of African Americans (Hawkins & Thomas, 2013).

Moreover, the tragical rise of the Ku Klux Klan during this time resulted in the deepening of the atmosphere of fear and violence that was targeted to the Black communities. Emerging from the tumultuous aftermath of the Civil War, the Ku Klux Klan was founded in 1865 by ex-Confederate soldiers with the main aim of restoring white supremacy in the Southern states. The Klan originally served as a paramilitary force, but later transformed into an instrument of terror, intimidating, causing violence, and lynching African Americans to suppress those seeking civil and political rights during the Reconstruction era (Williams, 2015).

Notably, the Klan operated with a degree of impunity, often collaborating with law enforcement and local authorities sympathetic to their cause. Through their actions, the African Americans lived in constant dread and apprehension. It is a painful thing that the same institutions mandated to maintain law and order and safeguard the rights of all citizens became vectors of discrimination and violence.

Urbanization, the War on Drugs, and Militarization

The demographics of the American population greatly changed in the mid-20th century with rural-urban migration seen from African Americans as they sought new opportunities. Although the agencies in charge of enforcing laws adapted, systemic racism persisted, causing a strained relationship between the police and Black communities. For example, the emergence of the War on Drugs in the 1980s provided a new avenue for the escalation of police brutality. Rather than focusing on solutions based on rehabilitating and supporting the individuals, the approach used was marked with heavy-handedness and punitive measures (Echols, 2022). In the process, Black communities became disproportionately targeted and greatly affected by these aggressive tactics. This era was marked by selective enforcement of drug laws, coupled with racial biases that ensured that African Americans received unjust targeting. As a result of these unfair targeting, many families and communities were forcefully divided creating a wide gap between law enforcement and the people they were meant to protect.

This situation was especially worsened by the militarization of the police that started to take effect during this period. Police departments started getting surplus military equipment, eliciting fear among the public particularly within the African American communities. The presence of armored vehicles and other intimidating weaponry within local law enforcement agencies led to the use of excessive force and violence (Garza, 2016). The cumulative effect of urbanization, the War on Drugs, and the militarization of the police has perpetuated a cycle of marginalization, mistrust, and further entrenchment of racial disparities.

Contemporary Examples of Police Brutality

In the 21st century, several instances of police brutality have been witnessed through a series of deeply disturbing and widely publicized incidents. These cases starkly remind the people of the persistent racial biases that continue to plague law enforcement agencies. Recent cases on the killings of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and countless others have ignited powerful movements demanding justice and systemic reform. These incidents have helped expose the racial injustices that are deeply rooted and continue to ravage society, causing widespread protests, outrage, and calls for change. The high levels of brutality witnessed in these cases raise troubling questions about the excessive force used by some police officers (Aiello, 2023).  In particular, communities of color, continue bearing the negative impacts of racial profiling and unjust treatment perpetrated by law enforcement agencies.

This pattern of targeting specific people based on their ethnicity or race widens the existing divisions and fosters the cycle of mistrust between marginalized communities and law enforcement agencies. Thus, there is an urgent need to ensure that law enforcement agencies become accountable for their actions. Brand (2020) posits that the culture of impunity is a consequence of the lack of strict measures taken against officers found guilty of applying excessive force and misconduct. Thorough and impartial investigations should be done to help identify the perpetrators and bring them to book. Moreover, there is a need for urgent comprehensive reforms, such as increased community engagement, improved training,  and the implementation of effective oversight mechanisms to ensure that all individuals are treated with dignity and respect by law enforcement.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the roots of police brutality in the United States can be traced back to the institution of slavery. The oppressive tactics employed during slavery, the perpetuation of racial discrimination through subsequent eras, and the contemporary manifestations of systemic racism collectively contribute to the deeply ingrained issue of police brutality. Acknowledging this historical context is paramount in comprehensively addressing the problem and fostering meaningful reform. A multifaceted approach, encompassing policy changes, community engagement, and accountability measures, is essential to ending police brutality and working towards a more just and equitable society.

References

Aiello, T. (Ed.). (2023). The Routledge History of Police Brutality in America. Taylor & Francis.

Brand, J. N. (2020). Police brutality as an extension of white supremacy: Social control of African Americans in contemporary America. The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.

Echols, C. M. (2022). Anti-Blackness is the American way: of assessing the relationship between chattel slavery, lynchings, & police violence during the civil rights movement. Race and justice, 21533687211073299.

Garza, A. (2016). Who do you serve, who do you protect?: Police violence and resistance in the United States. Haymarket Books.

Hawkins, H., & Thomas, R. (2013). White policing of black populations: A history of race and social control in America. Out of order, 65-86.

Spruill, L. H. (2016). Slave Patrols, “Packs of Negro Dogs” and Policing Black Communities. Phylon (1960-)53(1), 42-66.

Williams, K. (2015). Our enemies in blue: Police and power in America. Ak Press.