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DELL SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT CASE ANSWERS

Dell supply chain management case answers

Name

9144008549640[Date]

[Company name]

[Company address]

1000000[Date]

[Company name]

[Company address]

INSTITUTION AFFILIATION

centerbottom[Company name] | [Company address]

1154000[Company name] | [Company address]

4565657948930Name

hp

1154000Name

hp

6267450233680[Year]

76009800[Year]

Dell uses a build-to-order strategy, which permits customer to custom form their Pcs the way they incline toward. When the request is gotten by Dell, the gathering procedure for the custom assembled machine starts. Dell can keep up a low stock of components in light of the fact that segments are requested like clockwork from the supplier focused around each one request. When the components arrive each one request a generation pack is assembled and send to the gathering group to fabricate and bundle for conveyance (Jacobs, Chase, R & Chase, 2010). Dell has made an exceedingly fruitful operation by making an immediate model channel instead of the retail direct like the others in the PC business. By removing the dissemination focuses and retailers out, Dell has the capacity cut the time and expenses connected with these steps. Truth be told, not at all like most PC contenders, Dell offers straightforwardly to their clients. As indicated by the reading material, Customization permits Dell to fulfill clients by providing for them an item that is near their particular prerequisites (Chopra & Meindl, 2012, p.90).

Dell’s immediate plan of action sidesteps the merchant in the inventory network and offers machines straightforwardly to clients, constructing each to request. Dell does not make the machine segments; they only gather machines focused around components that are accessible in the business sector. Dell’s utilization of engineering and data to smudge the conventional limits between suppliers, fabricates, and clients is named virtual coordination. To accomplish the focal points of a coordinated organization, Dell treats suppliers and administration suppliers as though they were inside the organization. Their frameworks are connected progressively to Dell’s framework and their workers take an interest in outline groups and item dispatches.

This kind of firm with many customer has ended up being leeway, on the grounds that Dell now knows their end clients machine inclination through their request. Further, this will permit Dell to acquaint shoppers with extra items and segments that may be of investment connected from their request inclination. As an issue of online deals, absolute transportation costs in the Dell store network are high than in a production network offering equipment through merchants and retailers (Gold, Seuring & Beske, 2010). Dell sends the custom manufactured Pcs specifically to their shoppers as opposed to sending truck burdens to circulation focuses and retailers. Dell’s high transportation expense make up a vast share of the ease Pcs sold. Dell was known for their fabricate to-request system. Shockingly, when the request was gotten, the turnaround time would be a couple of weeks due methodology to hold up until the request has been set before pulling the component of the assembly.

This method is appealing to much esteemed consumers with adaptable requests, however there are numerous shoppers that need to purchase a standard machine without paying more for tweaked segments. Customers not inspired by the adjustable segments are not so much pulled in to the online channel in view of the postponement to get their standard PC. At the point when Dell consolidates the loss of enthusiasm from purchasers requesting standard Pcs, it influences the online channel, as well as it expands the transportation costs as a result of dispatching less machines on trucks then what the expense of the ease Pcs cost. Before long there will be a shortage if not rectified. “A watchful study, be that as it may, demonstrates that a half and half model consolidating retail locations and the online channel can be exceptionally viable” (Chopra & Meindl, 2012, p.91). Dell would profit more if adaptable segments are sold through the online channel and institutionalized machines without modified components are sold in retail location. Along these lines Dell has a more ascertained approach to estimate their interest. Offering the institutionalized machines would likewise permit Dell to demonstrate a sparing in their transportation costs.

Dell wasn’t going to abandon their fabricate to-request procedure, however rather growing their store network outline to take care of purchaser demand in an adaptable and effective way. Dell has adjusted their production network configuration to address the needs of their purchasers, yet Dell didn’t simply fall in accordance with their rivals. Dell recognized their inventory network capacities were diverse for their shopper, so they deliberately manufactured the portions need to meet their customers’ needs. Dell reallocated some of their get together to create the institutionalized fittings and machines. Dell embedded the custom-made approach by outsourcing their generation for the institutionalized part to distinctive nations for the retail locations, for example, Wal-Mart. Has this methodology promptly fulfilled customers, as well as this has eliminated generation fetched and diminished their transportation costs (Waters, 2010). Also, this permits the Dell plants to concentrate on the much esteemed adaptable components their purchasers keep on ordering. This procedure expands the creations and conveyance to their consumers.

Reference

Chopra, S., & Meindl, P. (2012). Supply chain management: Strategy, planning, and operation (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.  

Gold, S., Seuring, S., & Beske, P. (2010). Sustainable supply chain management and inter‐organizational resources: a literature review. Corporate social responsibility and environmental management, 17(4), 230-245.

Jacobs, F. R., Chase, R. B., & Chase, R. (2010). Operations and supply chain management. McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Waters, D. (Ed.). (2010). Global logistics: New directions in supply chain management. Kogan Page Publishers.

Nurses and Social Media

Nurses and Social Media

Gayann Taylor

Bow Valley College

CSC1040: Information Literacy and Technology Essentials

Instructor Sonya Davis

January 30th 2022

Nurses and Social Media

Summary of the Scenario

The scenario selected for this assignment is scenario 1, which discusses about Bob, a licensed practical/vocational (LPN/VN) nurse for the last 20 years. In this scenario, Bob takes a photo of a resident after getting consent from the brother since the resident could not offer her consent due to her mental and physical condition. Bob shared the photo with a former colleague during their discussion at a local bar. Bob’s employment was terminated when the group home learned about the situation and the BON imposed disciplinary action. This disciplinary action required him to complete education on privacy and confidentiality, ethics and professional boundaries.

Impact of the nurse’s actions

Bob’s action to share the resident’s photos with his friend may affect all the parties involved in the scenario. Firstly, Bob’s individual nursing career may be affected in the future due to the disclosure of confidential information (ANA, 2011). Bob may find it hard to get employed by another healthcare organization. He may also get sued by the resident’s family when they learn that he has shared the photo with a person working in another healthcare organization (NCSBN 2011). On the other hand, the group home may also be affected since it has to fire one of its experienced nurses. Additionally, the public’s trust in nurses in the group home can be compromised when they learn that a nurse in the organization has disclosed the resident’s confidential information (ANA, 2011).

Guidelines Violated

From the scenario, it is clear that Bob did not consider the guidelines offered to help nurses create awareness and caution in order to avoid disclosure of patients’ confidential or private information. One of the guidelines prohibits nurses from taking photos or videos using their personal devices. This guideline was violated by Bob, who took photos of the resident using a personal phone. Additionally, Bob provided sufficient details regarding the patient to a person who is not a member of the healthcare team, which is against the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) which intends to safeguard the privacy of the patient (NCSBN 2011).

References

ANA. (2011). Fact sheet: Navigating the world of social media. Retrieved from https://www.nursingworld.org/~4af5ec/globalassets/docs/ana/ethics/fact_sheet_-_navigating_the_world_of_social_media_web.pdf

NCSBN. (2011). White paper: A nurse’s guide to the use of social media. Retrieved from https://www.ncsbn.org/Social_Media.pdf

The concept of reflection in nursing, Qualitative findings on student and teacher perspectives Critique

Nurse Education in Practice: The concept of reflection in nursing: Qualitative findings on student and teacher perspectives Critique

Name

Institution

Course

Date

Limitations of the studies reviewed require that caution be used in the application of the findings to educational programs. As indicated above, occupational health nursing practice involves the synthesis of principles form nursing, public health, and other disciplines. However, several researchers used a task-oriented approach to identify practice elements rather than a clearly identified conceptual approach to curriculum derivation. This is not surprising given the relative newness of research in occupational health nursing.

All studies reviewed involved some form of descriptive research, with survey designs employed most frequently. One study was national in scope, one regional, two statewide, and all other locals. Excepting where total populations were used, sample selection was mostly purposive or by convenience, and sample size often were small. In all but one study, instruments were developed by the authors. Contents validity either was explicitly or implied; however, no other types of validity or reliability were reported. Lack of instrument testing may have been due to the general lack of research conducted in occupational health nursing prior. Data were analysis mostly using descriptive and nonparametric statistical techniques, which is consistent with the type and state of the research.

A significant role of a research that is well demonstrated in this research is the incorporation of ethical approval and ensuring the wellbeing of participants. This based on the research was achieved by going through a process of formal ethical approval. However, the non-predictive nature of action research means that it is also important to mutually agree an ethical code of practice at the start of the study. Winter (2001) highlights various ethical code issues and principles of procedure. First they emphasize the importance of maintaining a professional relationship, guided by a duty of care and respect for the individual; regardless of gender, age, and ethnicity along with a respect for cultural diversity and individual dignity, as well as protection from harm. This last principle is part of any special researcher’s role, in addition to the need for informed consent and honesty. However, Winter (2001) suggest that there are other principles of procedure that should be followed in action research.

Having an ethical code of practice does not negate the additional need for research governance and formal ethical approval for action research. However, these quality processes are made all the more complex by the action researcher not being able to say in advance what the research will do. Action research proposals need to be written in collaboration with participants, often as co-applicants, with an inbuilt degree of flexibility. The action researcher should indicate the likely course of the study, specify the need for flexibility and enter into open and ongoing dialogue with ethical committees to seek approval for emergent changes in design.

Credibility of the finding

The study takes both qualitative and quantitative approaches to achieve the desired objectives. The qualitative approach will help in the examination of the current demographic factors exploring the various factors that act as drivers to the effectiveness and satisfaction level of the social workers (Jeon, 2004). This method is appropriate because initially the research aims to examine the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the beneficiaries bearing in mind the diverse nature of the contemporary social workers but using a qualitative approach exploring the perceptions that drive the formulation and adoption of the management strategies.

The literature examines original investigations, other literature reviews, peer reviewed academic literature, research databases, reviews, journals in various academic fields and original manuscripts that relate to beneficiary satisfaction (Charmaz, 2006). One of the most recent studies, which directly involved investigation of customer satisfaction of user is the study carried out by SSP (2006). Since a search in the research databases produces a big number of results, the reviewed literature sources are picked on a random- sample strategy (Camilla, 2003).

Reliability and validityThe performance of any research tool is usually measured in terms of reliability, validity and sensitivity as well as specificity. These concepts will also be applied in this study by the researcher to ascertain the reliability of the study. According to Waliman (2005), reliability is the ability by which a study is able to produce results that are consistent and stable over a given period of time and given similar circumstances (Waliman, 2005). Various types of validities exist that include internal validity and external validity. Internal validity relates to the correlation between items when measured on a scale. Whenever a study provides the same results after the application of two different measures, the outcome is said to be equivalent.

Validity is the extent to which a given instrument is designed to measure. The validity of a study can vary in different samples used. In one situation, a study can be valid while in other scenarios, it may not. The validity of a study is measured by what the study claims to and the availability of logical errors in the conclusions drawn from the study. According to Crotty (2003), internal validity is the extent to which it is possible to make independent reference from the findings of a study especially if the independent variable influences the dependent variable. On the other hand, external validity is the general application of the findings of a study to other settings.

The measurement of the theoretical construct of a study is measured using construct validity while convergent validity makes comparison between the scores that are obtained from different instruments that are used in the study. Unlike convergent validity, divergent validity compares the instruments used in the study that measure concepts that are opposite. Given the above validity and reliability, the study is valid ad reliable for use by any person or strategic department (Waliman, 2005)

Internal validity of the research is low as with most field research. A number of factors are likely to impact on the amount and type of collected data. Some of the factors that have been identified to cause an impact on the internal validity of a study include the following. The variety of information collected from various people and sources might contradict. For instance, in one study, the researchers found out that the management had created different environments for the social workers (Jeon, 2004).

Another notable threat to the research validity is the method of selection that might be (though the probability cannot be determined) biased. Since participation in the study by respondents is voluntary, selection bias is likely to affect the internal validity. Instrumentation is also identified by the scholars as another factor that affects internal validity. In this threat, any change or alterations made in the measurement of variables or changes in the techniques of observation may justify changes in the measurement that is ultimately obtained. This is evident from various researches (Camilla, 2003). A good way of dealing with this threat is to ensure consistency of the data analysis method used and techniques applied by the authors.

Research approach

This research will take a deductive approach that will entail the researcher working from a known hypothesis that teamwork affects positively the employee performance in the strategic management department in ADP. Thus, the study takes a top down approach as compared to the inductive approach that takes an up down strategy.

A study that is quantitative usually makes an emphasis on transforming the data quantities and the models of statistics for purposes of measuring and analyzing data. The research topics in which researchers use this method have clear idea of what they look or search for and tools like questionnaires are used to collect data. Quantitative approach has its focus on the preciseness of data that is seen in terms of measuring data. Quantitative approach to a research involves using statistical data analyses to obtain information about the study simply because the approach is based on measuring the quantity or amount.

To realize the use deductive approach, quantitative tools of collective and analyzing data like questionnaires and interviews were used. Quantitative tools were preferred as compared to qualitative tools because they enable the researcher to come up with facts like a hypothesis that teamwork can improve the performance of employees in the strategic department of ADP and thereafter testing and confirming the hypothesis. This is unlike qualitative tools that first come up with an abstract idea that is followed by creation of theories and concepts about the idea. Lastly, data in quantitative research is hard and reliable as compared with qualitative research where data that is just rich and deep (Quinn, 2002).

In addition to the above, this study takes a positivism kind of philosophy towards the impact of teamwork o employee performance in strategic management department in ADP. A positivism approach will make us understand more the impact of teamwork on not only employees but also overall organization. On the contrary, a qualitative approach to research makes the researcher to switch his focus to gaining a better understanding of the problem of the research by giving detailed information about the main theme of the study topic. The major goal of a qualitative study is to have a complete and detailed description of the study phenomenon by applying reasoning. Qualitative research involves the use of interviews and observations to collect data and there are no formal measurements involved. Qualitative approach makes the researcher understand the phenomenon under study and be in a position to describe the whole situation as it is. The approach consists of descriptions, quotes, observations, and excerpts from books and other documents (Quinn, p. 2002, p. 308).

Bibliography

Caldwell, E., 2003, Research Designs and their applications: Connecticut, USA: Engage

Publishers.

Camilla, M., 2003, Textbook of basic Research Methods. New York, USA: Lippincott

Williams & Wilkins. Pp. 45-56.

Charmaz, K., 2006, Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Clarke, A., 2005, Situational Analysis: Grounded Theory After the Postmodern Turn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Jeon, Y., 2004, The application of grounded theory and symbolic interactionism: Sydney, Australia. University of technology.

Kabala, M., 2005, Modern Research Methods and Techniques. New York, USA: Lippincott

Learning.

Mandan, S., 2005, Branding and Marketing: Modern salons. New York, USA: Lippincott

Williams & Wilkins.

Munhall, L., 2007, Nursing research: a qualitative perspective. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

Number of lateral structural arrangement used in an organization

Number of lateral structural arrangement used in an organization

Introduction

The structure of an organization dictates the flow of information in an organization. The flow of information can take different procedures depending on the structures put in place by the organization’s management. They tell who reports to whom in an organization (Favereau & Lazega, 2002). In most organizations, the power of decision making only rests with the top management, however, in some organizations, the decision-making responsibilities are shared and then distributed throughout the organization. In lateral structural arrangement, the arrangements of information consist of the structures that have been decentralized, with different departments working together for achieving a single goal as opposed to where the departments work independently as separate entities. Since lateral structured organizations offer diversity when it comes to decision-making and management by bringing different sectors together, it provides the best structures to be employed by organizations (Favereau & Lazega, 2002).

Lateral structural arrangements can be classified as follows

Integrated roles

It is usually not easy to get a leader who is accepted by all departments to be a cross-departments leader. This Problem arises because each department would be willing to provide a leader from their department. To help eradicate this problem, integrated roles for project managers, product managers, program managers are introduced. The powers created for this integrated leaders should be predetermined. The individuals tasked with integrated roles should be armed with external powers that are very strong and highly persuasive (Favereau & Lazega, 2002).

Mutual adjustments

Here the managers of the same ladder make a joint decision and therefore avoids decisions being referred upwards.

Liaison role

This class of leadership arrangement aims at reducing the rank’s coordination effort, when different types of communications exist between two separate departments. In this case, a liaison manager is chosen to go and foster communication.

Managerial linking role

This involves an addition of financial control to integrated roles with an intention of allocating the budget in the first place to administrative coordinating pins that are also tasked with buying products from line managers.

Team decision

These are teams of manager who are continuously given the task of changing temporary task force into permanent interdepartmental team.

Task force

In a situation where many departments get involved in decision making, a non-permanent task force from various departments can be created on a short term basis. It will be found that the decision arrived at here tend to be of high quality than when it is handled by an individual.

In conclusion, Lateral leadership is helpful to an organization because it allows numerous decisions, different kinds of decisions, better and faster decision making. This type of leadership also makes the managers free from discussing non-operational issues affecting their organizations. The possible disadvantages may include additional cost involved in lateral structured leadership because as many people are involved in communication, more cost is directly or indirectly incurred. Other disadvantages here may include lack of total optimization of power as middle managers may sometimes lack the overall overview fro top managers in decision making. These advantages of lateral structured leadership arrangement overwhelm its disadvantages therefore it should be adopted by all organizations.

References

Favereau, O., & Lazega, E. (2002). Conventions and structures in economic organization: Markets, networks, and hierarchies. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

Null Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

A null hypothesis refers to a general statement that proposes that no statistical significance exists in a set of given observations. It shows that no variations exist between variables, or that a single variable is no different than zero. A null hypothesis is presumed to be true until statistical evidence nullifies it for an alternative hypothesis, (Koch, 2013). Null hypothesis is very important in research and should be treated in specific ways as illustrated below.

A null hypothesis is required in research since it is used in verifying statistical assumptions, to directly advance a theory, to verify that multiple experiments produce consistent results and to reduce scientific claims based on statistical noise. When drawing conclusions from collected data, a null hypothesis is rejected if there is strong enough evidence against the null hypothesis. However, a null hypothesis is accepted if there is no strong enough evidence against the null hypothesis.

There exists a relationship between a hypothesis and the identified problem. The research problem is the statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved, a difficult situation or a troubling question. However, the identified problem does not state how to do something or to present a value question. For this reason, a hypothesis is developed to present the issue for research. During a study the identified problem is the question statement while the hypothesis is the answer to the question statement.

A feasible hypothesis refers to one which can be easily and conveniently done. A hypothesis is feasible if it includes an explanation of why the guess may be collect. A hypothesis is considered feasible where it explains the concrete terms expected to happen in the particular circumstance, and it should have two variables.

Any hypothesis should be testable and measurable. To ensure that a hypothesis is testable one needs to first begin by predicting about what will occur in a certain situation. One then assesses whether the hypothesis is observable. A testable hypothesis needs to be one that can be observed, for example a physical experiment, (Powers & Powers, 2012). To ascertain that the hypothesis is measurable, one has to make sure that the hypothesis can be compared to something else to verify whether it is true.

References

Koch, K. R. (2013). Parameter estimation and hypothesis testing in linear models. Springer Science & Business Media.

Powers, D. A., & Powers, D. I. A. N. N. E. (2012). Predicting gene frequencies in natural populations: a testable hypothesis. Isozymes. IV. Genetics and evolution, 63-84.

Null Hypothesis Significance

Null Hypothesis Significance Testing

Please analyze the data according to the NHST steps. Show your work and respond to as much of the following as you can.

STUDY 1

STEP 1 Design a study (Make a choice for the items that have a choice/choice below)

a) observation/correlation/experiment?

b) Model variable is IV/predictor/QIV/none?

c) Outcome variable is nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio?

d) Model variable is continuous/discrete?

e) What parametric assumptions still need checking?

Assume representativeness = yes and linearity = yes.

f) RQ: What is the effect/association of _____________ on/to ___________?

STEP 2 State mutually exclusive hypotheses

a) H0:

b) H1:

STEP 3 Calculate test statistic(s), df, and effect size(s). Indicate whether the effect size(s) are small, medium, large.

STEP 4 Compare to alpha level

STEP 5 Invoke a decision rule and draw a conclusion(s)

STEP 6 Interpret and report Write up the results in APA style, include appropriate descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and effect size. Interpret the results in terms of the research question(s).

Results

STUDY 2

STEP 1 Design a study (Make a choice for the items that have a choice/choice below)

a) observation/correlation/experiment?

b) Model variable is IV/predictor/QIV/none?

c) Outcome variable is nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio?

d) Model variable is continuous/discrete?

e) What parametric assumptions still need checking?

Assume representativeness = yes and linearity = yes.

f) RQ: What is the effect/association of _____________ on/to ___________?

STEP 2 State mutually exclusive hypotheses

a) H0:

b) H1:

STEP 3 Calculate test statistic(s), df, and effect size(s). Indicate whether the effect size(s) are small, medium, large.

STEP 4 Compare to alpha level

STEP 5 Invoke a decision rule and draw a conclusion(s)

STEP 6 Interpret and report Write up the results in APA style, include appropriate descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and effect size. Interpret the results in terms of the research question(s).

Results

Null Hypothesis Significance Testing

Null Hypothesis Significance Testing

Please analyze the data according to the NHST steps. Show your work and respond to as much of the following as you can.

STUDY 1

STEP 1 Design a study (Make a choice for the items that have a choice/choice below)

a) observation/correlation/experiment?

b) Model variable is IV/predictor/QIV/none?

c) Outcome variable is nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio?

d) Model variable is continuous/discrete?

e) What parametric assumptions still need checking?

Assume representativeness = yes and linearity = yes.

f) RQ: What is the effect/association of the number of hours worked on/to the number of publications?

STEP 2 State mutually exclusive hypotheses

a) H0: There is no association between the number of hours worked and the number of publications by a faculty member

b) H1: There is an association between the number of hours worked and the number of publications by a faculty member

STEP 3 Calculate test statistic(s), df, and effect size(s). Indicate whether the effect size(s) are small, medium, large.

Pearson correlation0.604

Df = 20 – 1 = 19

P-value0.005

STEP 4 Compare to alpha level

A p-value of 0.005 is statistically significant for an alpha level of 0.05

STEP 5 Invoke a decision rule and draw a conclusion(s)

The null hypothesis is rejected if we have a statistically significant p-value. We therefore conclude that there is an association between the number of hours worked and the number of publications by a faculty member

STEP 6 Interpret and report Write up the results in APA style, include appropriate descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and effect size. Interpret the results in terms of the research question(s).

Results

Correlation: hours, num_pubsCorrelations

Pearson correlation 0.604

P-value 0.005

Descriptive Statistics: num_pubs, hours

Statistics

Variable N N* Mean SE Mean StDevMinimum Q1 Median Q3 Maximum

num_pubs20 0 7.45 2.98 13.31 0.00 0.25 1.00 9.25 49.00

hours 20 0 24.85 3.28 14.65 5.00 13.00 21.50 40.25 50.00

STUDY 2

STEP 1 Design a study (Make a choice for the items that have a choice/choice below)

a) observation/correlation/experiment?

b) Model variable is IV/predictor/QIV/none?

c) Outcome variable is nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio?

d) Model variable is continuous/discrete?

e) What parametric assumptions still need checking?

Assume representativeness = yes and linearity = yes.

f) RQ: What is the effect/association of _____________ on/to ___________?

STEP 2 State mutually exclusive hypotheses

a) H0:

b) H1:

STEP 3 Calculate test statistic(s), df, and effect size(s). Indicate whether the effect size(s) are small, medium, large.

STEP 4 Compare to alpha level

STEP 5 Invoke a decision rule and draw a conclusion(s)

STEP 6 Interpret and report Write up the results in APA style, include appropriate descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and effect size. Interpret the results in terms of the research question(s).

Results

Null and alternate hypotheses

Null and alternate hypotheses           

 

Week X Y XY XX 1 29 21 609 841 2 35 32 1120 1225 3 41 11 451 1681 4 32 26 832 1024 Total ∑X = 137 ∑Y = 90 ∑ XY = 3012 ∑XX = 4771 Given n = 4, ∑X = 137 Mean = ∑X / n Standard Deviation (s) = √ ∑{(X – x)(X – x)} / n Mean = 137 / 4 Standard Deviation (s) = √ 17689 / 4 Mean = 34.25 Standard Deviation (s) = √ 4422.25 Standard Deviation (s) = 66.5 The null and alternate hypothesis here becomes:

H0: μ ≥ 34.25

H1: μ < 34.25

The hypothesis test statistics is:

Z = (x-μ) / (σ-√n)

= (34.25-35) / (0.05-√100)

= -0.75 / -9.95

= 0.075

Probability (p) value when (σ) = 0.05, and its meaning

p-value = P(Z>0.075) = 0.0001

The probability of getting a sample whose mean is 34.25 or more when H0 is true is 0.0001.

Comparing the p – value to alpha

For a large test statistic, the critical value is large and its p-value is small than even the alpha value.A rejection is made if test statistics is found in the rejection region.