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Analysis whether food additives are harmful or beneficial to human beings.

Family and Consumer Science

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The Effects of Food Additives

For many centuries, substances have been added to food in order to make its appearance attractive, increase flavor, as well as to preserve it. Even before the invention of the refrigerator, fish and meat were preserved using salts. Fruits were preserved by having sugar added onto them. In most ancient cultures, spices and wine were preserved using sulphites. Also, in order to enhance the flavor of food, colorings were put into the food. Currently, in the food that people consume, it is estimated that there are many food additives in them. According to the database established by the Food and Drug Administration there are many food additives and are 3000 in total. The food additives are found in kitchen cabinets, in items such as baking soda, sugar and salt. People are ignorant about what the food additive does to their health as well as their safety (Winter, 2004).

This paper seeks to give an analysis whether food additives are harmful or beneficial to human beings.

Critical analysis of the food additives

Substances that are added to food in order to change its characteristics are known as food additives. The food additives can either be indirect or direct. The latter refers to additives that are added into food and are for specific purposes. They can be sugar or salt and are found in food labels, as they have been listed as ingredients. The food additives that are indirect occur as trace amounts, and this is as a result of other handling, and package storage. As compared to other times in history, color and food additives are today more strictly monitored, regulated and studied. Before products are put on the market, the FDA must approve that they are safe, and this is after many rigorous tests have been conducted (Winter, 2004).

Fierce controversy exists concerning food additives as well as the health risks that they pose. Fortunately, in the United States, the law on food additives ensures that food is safe for consumption. People should at the same time be cautious about the chemicals found in the food that they consume. An example is phenylalanine that is an amino acid that occurs naturally as a protein. Various foods are manufactured using phenylalanine, and it is also used in the manufacturing of aspartame an artificial sweetener. This additive is known to cause problems in young children when they are growing up as it affects their brain development. This means that when children are being fed, the amount of phenylketonuria should be limited (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 1993).

Another common food additive is lactose, and there are some people who are lactose intolerant. It means that they cannot easily digest the lactose that is found in milk sugar. Those prone to becoming lactose intolerant are people with African and Asian origin. They have to take a diet that has limited amounts of dairy foods and milk. In turn, they tend to develop symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain and indigestion. Other common and dangerous chemicals include; saccharin, nitrate, nitrite, monosodium Glutamate and caffeine (Blaylock, 2006).

Conclusion

In conclusion, food additives have more harmful effects as compared to beneficial purposes. Many people continue to consume food without knowing the food additives that they have. In turn, many people have suffered as their health has been affected. It is vital that people try and avoid food additives and instead use natural spices.

Work Cited

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (1993). Everything Added to Food in the United States. Boca Raton, FL: Smoley.

Winter, Ruth. (2004).A Consumer’s Dictionary of Food Additives: Descriptions in Plain English of More Than 12,000 Ingredients Both Harmful and Desirable Found in Foods. New York: Three Rivers Press.

Blaylock. Russell. (2006).Health and Nutrition Secrets That Can Save Your Life. Health Press NA Inc.

analysis on whether the super powers were involved in colonization during the Cold War

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Colonialism

It seems that colonialism will never become extinct because the super powers are still engaging in it. Even now, one can witness how the United States has its presence in many countries such Iraq and Iran, among other countries. In the book ‘All the Shah’s Men’ by Stephen Kinzer, information is provided concerning colonialism efforts by super powers in third world countries. Furthermore, he proves that the United States is the reason behind colonialism in the modern world.

This paper seeks to give an analysis on whether the super powers were involved in colonization during the Cold War. Also, it seeks to give a comparison regarding the 1800’s and 1900’s colonial interventions.

Analysis of the Cold War in terms of the super powers colonialism efforts

There was a lot of intervention by the superpowers in various third world countries. The latter is referred to as colonialism that was furthered by the super powers during the Cold War. In the year 1954, there was an increase of support towards the Egyptian Gamal Nasser’s government. Economic and military support by the super powers was offered to Egypt. The Middle East became the target of the western super powers in a bid to have dominance over the region (Gamal Nasser, 20011. 19). It also ensured that the super powers had strategic control and presence in the countries they took over. For example, the soviets helped the Middle Eastern Arabs in their fight against the Israelis (Kinzer, 2004. 67). The Suez Canal is a key element that attracted the French and British to try and colonize Egypt.

Another element is the Aswan Dam that needed to be constructed in order to benefit the Egyptians. The need to prevent the Egyptian military from gaining power in the year 1956 is another reason why the super powers were concerned. Since the soviet advocated for the Arabs against the Israelis, it won the 1956 Suez War (Kinzer, 2004. 67). It had garnered the support of Egyptians who wanted to ensure that they were not colonized. This victory also took place in Iraq whereby, through a coup d’etat the government that was pro western became defeated. Through the formation of a Central Treaty Organization known as the Baghdad pact all this became possible (Baghdad Pact, 2011. 18).

On the other hand, Iraq, Syria and Egypt were viewed as countries subjected to Western Imperialism. According to Kinzer, they were regimes that were extremely progressive and were oriented as socio, economic socialist countries. The need to ensure that they were not colonized made the three countries be against western colonialism. In turn, they ensured that a United Nations Trusteeship Council was formed in order to act in their favor. It wanted western colonialism to be eradicated through all means possible. The Soviet Union was better off in matters concerning colonialism when compared to the United Nations (United Nations Partition Proposal, 2011. 13). In Cuba, Fidel Castro wanted to have a political system that was socio-economical based on the Marxist-Leninist theories. In turn, it obtained help from Russia in order to gain advantage over the United States (Kinzer, 2004. 69). Colonialism was felt in most African states such as Congo, Guinea, Ghana, and Mali. The latter had a connection with the colonial powers that ruled them. The disadvantage was that the relations were extremely strained. This is because they wanted to be independent without the help of the colonial powers. For example Patrice Lumumba, the Congo Prime Minister did not succeed in obtaining help from the soviets. The help took the form of military aid which that was prohibited by the United Nations. The latter ensured that people would not enter Congo easily as it closed the airports found in Congo.

Various similarities existed between the 1800’s and 1900’s colonial interventions by the super powers. According to Keinzer, (P.69) most of the leaders of the modern regimes who have evaded colonialism are being targeted. For example, the leaders of Iran have been viewed as fanatics and heroes by different people. In turn, it made the people of Afghanistan form the Taliban. The result is that terrorism is continuously threatening people’s lives all over the world. Furthermore, American presidents have been accused of enforcing colonialism in many Middle Eastern countries. They always seem to be part of the crisis that has taken place and that, which is taking place (Kinzer, 2004. 72). Also, there is a difference between the 1800’s and the 1900’s colonialism. In the 1800’s the colonized countries were not as active as the today. The super powers were not as brutal as they are today and they used negotiation tactics as compared to scare tactics of the 1900’s. An example, of a scare tactic is through terrorism whereby people and buildings are often bombed (Bombing of the King David Hotel, 2011.12). During the cold war, super powers set to make their territories known in a direct way as opposed to that which is today through force.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the superpowers played a vital in colonizing the third world. This is because they intervened through many ways in order to make their power known. The Cold war assisted tremendously in colonization as it gave a mandate to the super powers to acquire territories. Indeed, the Cold war is a vital part of history that seeks to be known and the role it played in colonization.

Work Cited

Kinzer, Stephen. All the Shah’s Men. New York: Wiley John, 2004.Print.

Middle East, PowerPoint Class Notes. Slide 1-26. 2011. Print.

Analysis of William Shakespeares, The Tempest

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Analysis of William Shakespeare’s, The Tempest

William Shakespeare’s, The Tempest takes place on an island located in Italy and is among the established European settlements at the time.

The plot mostly focuses upon the character Prospero, who witnesses a massive storm, and in turn, his enemies arrive at the island. Prospero is aware of the danger ahead as he recognizes the king of Naples and his subjects. He feels that he might lose his position as ruler of the entire island. He finds a way in order to control the land, so that his beloved daughter Miranda can inherit it. Prospero is the main protagonist due to the activities he engages in to get rid of his enemies from the island. Fortunately, he is able to acquire minions (Arial and Caliban) to bid on his behalf through the use of magic, spells and deceit (Cartmell, Deborah, p 213).

On the other side, of the island, is the king of Naples, who travels to the island accompanied with his son, brother and servants. King Alonso, the antagonist threatens Prospero’s position as ruler at the time. Alonzo’s brother Sebastian proves to be extremely aggressive, as he plans to take his life so that he can gain control of the kingdom. When the party arrives, they settle in a different part of the island. This means that the king and his son the heir, known as Ferdinand are separated.

Ferdinand is able to survive the harsh environment and later, becomes Prospero’s property. This is not surprising as Prospero is used to dictating everything around him to his advantage. Prospero loves Ferdinand like a son and makes sure that he falls in love with his daughter Miranda. The two get married, and this is an advantage to Prospero. Prospero is keen on protecting what belongs to him, and this is due to his brother Antonio. The latter tried to remove him from power as the duke of Milan twelve years back (Potter, p. 261).

The conflict is as a result the actions of Prospero’s brother who attempts to banish him from the island. Alonso’s plans are not quite successful. He becomes disappointed when Prospero manages to trick him and gain control of the new island through lord Gonzalo’s help.

It is vital to hope for the best as there might be a time when one will face situations that are unexpected.

Biography

In the year 1564, in the month of April 23rd, William Shakespeare is recognized for his notable contribution to the works of literature during his time. His writing style makes his play different from the rest due to his excellent use of poetry, drama, and tragedy. These qualities were seen in all his plays, thus making them vital aspects of a successful Shakespeare play. Shakespeare’s plays depicted his life and is quite fascinating. Tempest shows his exit from the world of literature, which is seen in Prospero’s last speech against his critics. This exit strategy shows his thoughts about his work, fans and critics, also, the world of literature.

The Tempest is the last book Shakespeare wrote before his retirement. Shakespeare is inspired by the cultures and events that occur around him. His chose to focus on Italy as Britain ventured into other parts of the world in order to explore. His books are about nature as they view life in different countries by following various rules concerning life (Krueger, p. 314).

The tempest is based on Prospero’s need to survive the uncomfortable environment that has been created by his enemies. Antonio, his younger brother and who is the main antagonist envies Prospero’s title of the Rightful heir and Duke of Milan. He manages to ensure that Prospero and his daughter Miranda are sent to the new island. Here, they meet the local natives such as, Ariel and Caliban the child of the evil Sycorax. Ariel is under the spell of Sycorax who is referred to as Satan. Ariel exists in spirit form and spends most of his time bidding for Prospero’s. Despite the works of Antonio who is evil, Prospero obtains help from a friend and ally known as Gonzalo. He provides refuge for Prospero and his daughter Miranda, who spends most of her childhood in the island. Sebastian and Antonio plot to kill Alonzo. This plot is similar to the one that was unsuccessful twelve years ago. During that time, he cast Prospero away to the island in order for him to perish. Alonzo survives this attempt and becomes motivated to search for his son (Ingham, p. 178).

When the king’s party arrives, the play dynamics changes due to the direction he intends to pursue. This is stopped when his brother becomes rebellious. Since Prospero has some control of the island, he arranges for a masque party for Ferdinand and Miranda. This marks the beginning of a new life that secures the future of the two as the new leaders of the two islands. Apart from the wedding celebrations, the masque is meant to make sure that the entire community is aware about the future.

Prospero uses the masque to air his grievances against the people who spent their lives planning his demise. The wedding shows Prospero’s success against his enemies and the outcome of his manipulative ways. During the betrothal, Prospero is crowned as the rightful Duke of Milan in front of the king and his party. Antonio, Alonzo and Sebastian, are confronted during the imaginary banquet, and they look for refuge in some other place (Graf, p. 145).

Alonzo meets his son for the first time after they had been separated. He becomes apologetic due to his evil deeds against Prospero, in the beginning of the play. Alonzo and Prospero realize that they are in the same situation and have a similar life due to their circumstance. Prospero forgives his brother a traitor, who is not remorseful due to. Stefano, Tranculo and Caliban, are punished for plotting Prospero’s death, later on, they are accused and confronted.

“We are such stuff that dream are made on” (Act IV scene 1)

The book displays a significant amount of imagery through the use of magic. This is seen when Sycorax places a spell on Ariel the servant of Prospero in order to be imprisoned. Prospero also makes use of spells when he creates an imaginary banquet during the final scene. He also uses Arial the spirit to spy on his enemies during many instances. The characters, in the book, exist in both human and subhuman form. This shows Shakespeare’s love for drama and entertainment.

“Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellows” (Act 11 scene 2)

A majority of Shakespeare plays exhibit tragedy as witnessed by the antagonist. This is enhanced by their envy and need for revenge, so that they can inflict pain on their victims. Also, the antagonist in the play is Antonio, Sebastian, Caliban and Alonzo. All these characters have their grievances and plot against each other in order to outdo each other. This leads to an uncomfortable environment that is miserable due to the intense suffering that is associated with the trade. Prospero uses his experiences to ensure that he does not fall victim to his predators. This makes him a character that is constantly scheming, in order to control most of the events in the play.

The use of the third person narrative makes the writer be distant from the play. This is the preferred form of writing as it gives the characters their own unique personality. It also makes their point of view credible, because it reduces the personal experiences the writer has with the character.

The last scene is about the resolution of the conflict in the beginning of the play. Prospero confronts all the characters in the masque as a result of their actions against him. He then reinstates the rightful heirs back to the throne in order to appease the new community in terms of providing efficient leadership (Krueger, p. 215).

In conclusion, The Tempest is Shakespeare’s way of leaving the genre of the entertainment industry. He does this with style as witnessed during Prospero’s last speech to his audience. Furthermore, it proves that people will at times face challenges, and in order to overcome them, they need to be always hopeful and positive. The audience at the play’s end is symbolic to his readers and fans. Writers have analyzed Prospero’s last speech, which shows Shakespeare’s real thoughts about his life as a novelist. Indeed, people should aim at having a character that is similar to that of Prospero, as witnessed at the end of Tempest. This is because no one knows the future and its outcomes.

Works cited

Cartmell, Deborah . “Interpreting Shakespeare on screen” Journal on Shakespeare plays 2(3)72-77. Palgrave MacMillan. 2000.

Graf, Sandra. Is He a Monster? – Caliban in William Shakespeare’s ‘the Tempest’. München: GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2009.

Ingham, Muriel B. “The Tempest.” Masterplots, Fourth Edition (2010): 1-3. Literary Reference Center. Web. 22 Jan. 2012.

Krueger, Susan H. The Tempest. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2010. Print.

Potter, Lois. Temptest: Journal of Shakespeare in performance. 4(9)12-14.2002

Analysis of white collar, burglary and theft crimes

Economics

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Analysis of white collar, burglary and theft crimes

Edwin Sutherland came up with the term white collar crime, some decades ago, while addressing the American Sociological Association. This took place during an address to the then American president. This type of crime is often compared to other crimes, such as theft and burglary. White collar crimes are committed by criminals and they involve stealing of other people’s property and money. Burglaries and white collar crimes are committed by people known as scroungers. They are people who seek to prey and benefit from other people’s resources. In the United States, as much as 15% of people are theft and white collar crime victims (Friedrich, 2004).

The powerful and the rich are known to commit white collar crimes. They crimes are committed by the people of high status and respectability, while carrying out their professions. This crime mostly benefits the organization the person works in, in that it earns a lot of money in profits. This can take the form of antitrust, embezzlement, fraud, among others (Friedrich, 2004). Most times those who commit this crime often escape punishment, due to their influence on the legal system.

Theft and burglary are also known as larceny as they involve taking other people’s property of a personal nature, through stealing. There are several categories, which theft, as well as burglaries is based upon. They include; Petty Larceny also known as misdemeanor whereby, small amounts of theft occur. The other is Grand Larceny whereby, large value items are stolen and the guilty person sent to prison for felony. In the different states, boundaries are set to determine the nature of the theft (Friedrich, 2004) .For example; South Carolina charges its boundaries above twenty dollars. Burglary occurs when a criminal enters and breaks into a house or premises and commits a felony. According to the law, burglary has to occur at night, where people reside, as well as forced entry being used. Research has found out that most burglars are young and from the male gender.

Unlike the crimes of burglary and theft tried in criminal courts, white collar crime is conducted in civil courts. The sentences served by the white collar crime offenders are usually short as compared to the other crimes. Also, they have the benefit of paying monetary fines. As compared to thieves and burglars, those who commit white collar crimes are sentenced in prisons, which are of extremely high standards (Friedrich, 2004). Prosecutors in white collar cases try and protect the image if the offender. They try and maintain the image of the offender by ensuring that they are not compared to common criminals.

In some recent news at Wetumpka, it was found out that a burglary took place and the stolen item was a flat screen television. There were three robbers but only two were caught. The criminals used a gun and this added onto their charges (Henninger, 2011). The two culprits are being charged with robbery of the first degree as the police seek to apprehend the other culprit. The law applied in this case concerns robbery through burglary and theft. An example of a white collar crime is concerning the fraud matter at Medicare (Taylor, 2011). The matter is still in court as it involves many prominent people. In conclusion, the different types of crime are punishable by law and no one should be exempted from their crimes.

References

Friedrich, David. (2004). Trusted Criminals. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson.

Henninger, Jeff. (2011). Why Congressman Anthony Weiner was not hacked and why he claims he was. White Collar Crime News. Retrieved from http://whitecollarcrimenews.com/

Taylor, Kevin. (2011). 2 arrested on burglary, theft charges. The Wetumpka Herald. Retrieved from http://www.thewetumpkaherald.com/news/article_23a471d0-c35f-11e0-a9b5-001cc4c03286.html

Analysis of views concerning utilitarianism

Utilitarianism

Many philosophers have had their thoughts on utilitarianism be known. According to this thought, happiness occurs when it is experienced in great numbers. This approach is admirable in matters concerning happiness. It is often referred as being a response or a stimulus approach. Its main focus lies on pain and pleasure, as well as associations, which are either positive or negative. It is through punishment and praise that the latter occurs (Moore, 2006).

This paper seeks to give an analysis on the different views, which exist, concerning utilitarianism according to various philosophers.

Analysis of views concerning utilitarianism

People associate Peter Singer with being a modern utilitarian. This is because he is known for matters, which concern animals and human beings. Many of the activities he engages in include issues on poverty, abortion, animal rights, among others. In turn, he has received a lot of condemnation and praise as well. This is the reason why he is not like other thinkers in the academic field. According to Singer, the consequences of actions are the ones, which are judged (Stuart, 2002).

On the other hand, two approaches, which are distinct, exist concerning moral theories, according to John Mill. They are the inductive and intuitive schools. The approaches are similar in that there is a belief of a normative, which is high as well as single. If happiness is promoted, then actions are deemed as being right. Also, if happiness is not achieved, the action is dimmed as being wrong. The latter is the difference between the approaches used by Singer and by Mill. Sensual pleasure and intellectual are used to describe happiness according to Mill. Human beings prefer pleasures, which are intellectual, because of their dignity and this is opposed to pleasures, which are sensual (Moore, 2006). The process of an action’s consequences being assessed is known as the utility principle. Agents such as character traits and motives are not extremely vital. In order for moral principles, which are secondary to be generated, the utility principle must exist. In turn, it ensures that happiness is promoted. It is as a result of secondary principles that human beings are judged. When people are faced with dilemmas of a moral nature, they should obtain help through the utility principle. The latter only applies when there is conflict between two principles of a secondary nature.

Most people, who criticize utilitarianism, believe that actions, which have consequences do not relate to morality. According to them, justice is a key concern. Mill equates utilitarianism to justice. He goes further to use the explanation of utility to be the same as that of justice. This is his main argument in matters concerning the negative aspects of utilitarianism (Robinson & Groves, 2003). The counter arguments, which are offered by Mill, are two. Justice notions are due to moral elements that are governed by social utility. In ‘notion of Justice’ rights violation and punishment are present. Social Empathy that is collective, as well as moral components brings the components of revenge. All the different elements have their origins from utility. People are secure and protected because of social utility. Lastly, the other argument given by Mill is that ambiguity occurs due to justice and in turn, justice becomes foundational. Justice is associated with matters in society such as taxation, and wealth distribution. Solution to disputes will occur if utility is implemented. Also, justice should not be ignored as it is extremely genuine.

Barnard Williams also has his own views concerning utilitarianism. According to him, happiness is related to love as compared to numbers. Sentiments should not be involved in matters related to utilitarianism, as they bring about problems. There are implications of a personal nature when people want to obtain happiness. There should not be standards, which are universal concerning what should be wrong or right (Stuart, 2002). According to him the problems, which are associated with utilitarianism, are that it is impractical, insufficient, impossible, as well as being distasteful. Thus, it is possible to claim that Singer is justified in his arguments. They concern what gives human being happiness at the expense of other things. This means that people who live in American are in society, which is extremely individualistic .Most people are concerned about their own issues at the expense of others.

Despite agreeing with the arguments presented by Singer, there are certain limitations. It is not easy to give up ones possessions, so that others can benefit. Even if a person’s life will be saved, it is impractical to do so. Happiness should exist for everyone, no one should benefit while others suffer (Robinson & Groves, 2003). People who do not give all their wealth to charity are still considered as being moral. In accordance to Singer’s philosophies, they are not practical as human nature cannot allow. No one has the right to call others selfish, as people have been brought up differently. Singer is concerned with matters that will benefit everyone in society, which might have many repercussions. In conclusion, the philosophies on utilitarianism should be well thought off as they have different interpretations.

References

Moore, W. (2006).Philosophy As a Humanistic Discipline. New York: Princeton University Press.

Robinson, Dave. & Groves, Judy. (2003). Introducing Political Philosophy. New York: Icon Books

Stuart, Mill. (2002). A System of Logic. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific.

Analysis of Thomas Cooks Marketing objectives and strategy

Analysis of Thomas Cook ‘s Marketing objectives and strategy

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Marketing objectives and strategy

It should be known that other than advertising, Thomas Cook should come up with marketing strategies and objectives. This will play a vital role in influencing tourists to visit Morocco through the help of the services provided by Thomas Cook. When coming up with the marketing program, it should be one that is easily understood, in order to obtain advantages that exist at the market place. Therefore, various techniques and strategies should focus upon then the best chosen method. The result is that Thomas Cook will attract a new customer base as well as have customers who are loyal. Also, it will be possible to ensure that the bottom line is not affected as there are usually quite a number of market shifts (Thomas Cook, 2012).

The marketing objectives for Thomas cook are as many and will assist it in realizing its goals. They include;

To introduce a new form of tourism to its customers, and in this case is desert tourism.

To promote the various tourist attractions that exists in Morocco, such as sandy beaches, cuisine and historical sites.

Thomas Cook seeks to establish itself in Morocco as a leading European tour company.

To promote high standards of customer satisfaction in Morocco as well as other tourist destinations.

To penetrate the Dutch market that has a high potential for frequent travelers to Morocco.

As part of the marketing plan, Thomas Cook should come up with a strategy that is both long term and short term. The tourism sector is highly competitive, and thus it is essential that Thomas Cook comes up with a strategy that ensures that it meets its objectives (Thomas Cook, 2012).

To ensure that its customers to Morocco have a variety of packages that are cost effective.

To have a budget that can fully cater for the advertising cost.

Working with the government of Morocco through a joint venture in an effort of branding Thomas Cook.

Marketing Mix Strategy

It is vital that when coming up with a marketing mix strategy, that the target market is well understood. This is in terms of their educational levels, income, location, sex, age, among others. By knowing what customers prefer it will be easy to market to them the destination being offered (Riege & Perry, 2000). For example, Thomas Cook should strive to know more about what the Dutch prefer, and this will assist in knowing what should be offered to them. Potential customers should be targeted and in turn, they will market to other people. A positive image of Morocco needs to be created as this will affect the perception of the tourist destination (Books, 2010). Lastly, all the existing competitors should be identified, and ways found to eliminate them.

In any marketing plan, there has to be strategies, which will help in accomplishing the goals that have been established. This means that the marketing four P’s should be included in the marketing mix strategy. They include promotion, place, price and product. The customers of the package to Morocco being offered by Thomas Cook should be informed of the benefits involved. This should be based on the perspective of the customer, by making sure that the product’s unique features are known. In the package, aspects should be marketed well, as a way of added advantage or selling points. It is vital to anticipate what the customer’s needs, so that they will be satisfied when they are in contact with the product being offered. For example, the package should contain information such methods of travel, length of stay, and travel itinerary, among others. Also, when making decisions about products, the following factors should be considered include; quality of services to be offered, as well as the brand name, among others (Riege & Perry, 2000).

Price is another strategy that should be considered by Thomas Cook as it seeks to establish its operations in Morocco. It is vital that the competitor’s strategies are known, and used as a benchmark towards achieving competitive advantage. The other tour companies that have operations in Morocco should not have a better pricing strategy than that of Thomas Cook. Product perception is often affected by the price that is attached to it. When the price being offered is low, the tourists will have a negative view of the destination. They often tend to think that the destination is cheap, and thus avoid travelling to such destinations (Thompson, 2001). After Thomas Cook has known about the existing industry averages, it can then adjust its price to meet one that is on par with the rest. In order for Thomas Cook to realize profits, it should constantly monitor its operating costs and prices. Moreover, it should establish policies that ensure that the strategy will result in high profit margins (Riege & Perry, 2000). Thomas Cook should also establish the expected revenue it hopes to achieve from the tourists that will purchase its package. Some vital pricing aspects that need to be known are discounts, list price, payment terms, and exchange rates, among others. They ensure that customers are aware of the price details of the package that they are choosing. The budget that Thomas Cook has set aside for advertising should serve its purpose. Tourists in the targeted marketing segments should all be reached and be informed of the tour packages being offered to Morocco by Thomas Cook (Riege & Perry, 2000).

The last strategy that should be employed by Thomas Cook is the one concerning promotion. Some of the ways it can advertise is through the internet, television, radio, billboards, brochures and travel magazines, among others. The more media sources are used in advertising, the better the success rates. Also, constant monitoring of the advertisement media should take place in order to promote Thomas Cook well. Market data should be available to the tourists who are being targeted in order to demonstrate competitiveness (Thompson, 2001). As mentioned previously, Thomas Cooks seeks to use the help of the government of Morocco to advertise. This is a successful strategy as the government is a credible advertising tool and many people are often influenced to travel if a government is involved. Other vital factors concerning promotion that need to be known are the amount of money to be used in advertising (Thompson, 2001). Also, the expected results from the ongoing promotions, as well as any other additional promotional programs need to be known. Another way of promoting Thomas Cook is through public relations, which involves talking with various tourism stakeholders, especially in Morocco (Books, 2010). They are the ones who know the most beneficial way of attracting potential tourists to Morocco. In conclusion, the marketing objectives of Thomas Cook will succeed if the strategy that they have is right.

References

Books, LLC (2010).Tourism in Morocco: Airlines of Morocco, Airports in Morocco, Hotels in

Morocco, Visitor Attractions in Morocco, Marrakech-Menara Airport. Chicago: General Books, LLC.

Thompson, J.L. (2001). Strategic Management –Awareness and Change 4th Ed. London: Thompson.

Riege, A. & Perry, C. (2000). National Marketing Strategies in International Travel and Tourism. European Journal of Marketing, 34 (11/12) 1290-1304.

Thomas Cook, (2012). Retrieved on March 15, 2012 from HYPERLINK “http://www.thomascookgroup.com” http://www.thomascookgroup.com

Analysis of the statement bother not building peace; instead, prepare for war

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Analysis of the statement “bother not building peace; instead, prepare for war”

Going to war is a common occurrence to human life, and has, therefore, existed both in history and in the modern days. Most political analysts believe that people prefer to engage in war, as compared to the better option of peace building (Brubaker & Cooper, 2000. 12). They argue that the need for control is part of human nature, thus the reasons for war. It is through conquests of war that power is obtained, and this is at the expense of the citizens of the nations engaging in this act. Accordingly, many countries especially those in the Middle East have often engaged in warfare, without the consideration of acquiring peace.

Evidently, those in authority, as well as, the citizens of the nation have the option of search for peace but notably, this has not taken place. However, some nations at war do engage in peace negotiations but without progress. This, therefore, suggests that nations often opt for war, as opposed to, making peace (Brubaker & Cooper, 2000. 18). The concept of war has been the center of plenty of debates in both in academic and social circles. Whereas some believe that war is immoral and should therefore not be practiced, others argue that war is justified. Political scientists and philosophers have sequentially taken up to the discovery of this phenomenon, and have developed various theories regarding why nations prefer going to war, as opposed to, attaining peace.

This paper provides an analysis of the statement “bother not building peace; instead, prepare for war”. Specifically, the paper examines how the feminist and constructivist perspective responds to the statement above, as well as, the contention that peace is purely a brief intermission between wars.

Constructivist and Feminist Perspectives

Constructivist and feminists have different views concerning the concepts of war and peace war and peace. The constructivist view argues for security in relation to war, whereas the feminist view utilizes the woman’s experience in the war. As previously mentioned, the constructivist perception argues for the importance of maintaining national security (Frances, Bartowki. & Kolmar, 2005. 36). According to this perspective, security is a vital matter for humanity, which compels nations to engage in war rather than seek peace. In their argument regarding war and peace, constructivists claim that authorities are charged with the responsibility of ensuring national security, which in turn rationalizes the choice for war. Nations who engage in warfare use this theory to defend their decision to go to war, and they claim that they are fulfilling their duties to their respective nations. With this perspective, nations believe that when attacked by another country, they should retaliate as a way of ensuring safety and security for their citizens. The military through the orders of the president plays a role in waging war. Thus, every chance that these nations obtain, they will not hesitate to engage in bloodshed (Katzenstein, 1996. 69).

Often civilians, who are innocent, are the ones who lose their lives. The military will for a short period, enhance peace and latter, they will engage in the war they were trying to prevent. This is extremely ironic, taking into account that they are the ones meant to maintain peace and at the same time fight during war. However, the constructivism perspective does not consider power and gender as essential parts in international relations; something that the feminist perspective believes in.

The feminist theory, on the other hand, considers the role and contribution of women in matters such as war and peace. According to this perspective, the gender roles of women are often ignored. Women are only mentioned for their roles, which are domestic (Schlee, 2004, 150). The world is believed to be extremely socially constructed. In turn, it has influenced the manner, which peace and war is viewed. Women are seen as being key contributors to the society, and for that reason, their lives need to be protected at all times. The feminist theory argues for the protection of the female population, which has in turn affected how war has been viewed. In essence, the feminist theory gives a lot of emphasis on the female population, which has prompted the need for the protection of this gender.

In relation to war, the feminist theory argues that as long as war harms the female population, then it is an act that should not be taken up by nations. However, nations that are at warfare have used this theory to defend their acts of warfare in that they argue that they engage in war for the protection of the female population. In most cases, nations that engage in warfare avoid harming the female population, thus illustrating their consideration of the concepts presented by the feminist perspective. Their argument is that they engage in warfare so as to protect their own female population, and for that reason will retaliate to the harm of their female population. They also believe that because they do not attack the female population in their enemy countries, then their warfare is wholly justified. Accordingly, three feminist concepts have been considered in relation to this including analytical feminism, empirical feminism and normative feminism. All of this have been used to define the women’s role in society, thus the need to protect the female population. Based on this perspectives, it is, therefore, clear why the nations at warfare would easily choose war over peace, thus making tha attainment of peace a hard objective.

Evidently, both theories presented above argue for the maintenance of peace, however these theories have been modified in such a way that they are used for the defense of war. Using the constructivist theory, nations argue that war is essential for national security, which sequentially makes it impossible for the attainment of peace. Relevantly, with the feminist perspectives nations argue that war supports the protection of the female population, and for that reason, the achievement of peace becomes near impossible. In conclusion, it is extremely clear that war is an occurrence, which is taking place regularly. The chance of a solution being found to get rid of wars does not seem likely. Peace is a concept, which needs to be known by everyone. The impact of war is expressed in various mediums especially in the news. Death, Injury, lose of homes and livelihoods, are some of the effects of war (Kalyvas, 2003.488). More efforts should be put to ensure that peace is enhanced, in turn; the world will be extremely safe. The different sociological perspectives, which exist, explain a great deal concerning peace and war. Thus, it is not correct to claim that war should occur, instead of finding a solution to obtaining peace.

Work Cited

Schlee, Günther. “Taking Sides and Constructing Identities: Reflections on Conflict Theory”,

Royal Anthropological Institute, 10, (2004):pp. 135-156.

Brubaker, Rogers, & Cooper, Frederick. ‘Beyond Identity’, Theory and Society, vol. 29, (2000):

pp. 1-47.

Katzenstein, Peter. (ed.) The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics,

New York, Columbia University Press, 1996.Print.

Kalyvas, Stathis. ‘The Ontology of “Political Violence”: Action and Identity in Civil Wars’,

Perspectives on Politics vol. 1, no. 3, (2003): pp. 475-94.

McFarlane, Alan. The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap, New

York: Blackwell, 2003.Print.

Frances, Bartowki. & Kolmar, Wendy. Lexicon of Debates”. Feminist Theory: New York:

McGraw-Hill, 2005.Print.

Analysis of the speech I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King

Speech Analysis:

“I Have a Dream”

(Author’s name)

(Institutional Affiliation)

Introduction

In August 1963, in front of the entire African American Community, Martin Luther King astonished his audience with his famous ‘I Have A Dream’ speech. Spectacularly delivered at Lincoln’s Memorial, the speech is considered one of the most influential speeches of all times (Echols, 2004). Literary, Martin Luther King, the author of the speech is said to have produced highly effective rhetoric speech as it persuaded many of the audience into the achievement of its intended purpose. The speech not only identified and united the African American community in the United States of America, it also encouraged them to search for freedom as a community. His moralistic command for racial impartiality and an integrated society quickly became a mantra for the African American community from the time when the speech was delivered to date (Echols, 2004). In essence, the speech is considered as an important determinant of the US declaration of Independence, as it help shape the political and social structure of the state into what it is today. The central theme of the speech was the concept that all people were created equal, and that no person was and is more equal than the other.

The speech consists of three main parts. The first part provides a picture of the racial situation in America at the time, while the second part explains why the situation calls for a correction and change. The last part of the speech examines the dream of a better, and racially, fairer future while illustrating what needs to be done in order to achieve this dream (Echols, 2004). Martin Luther King argued fervently and effectively while using some of the literary elements of speech writing, which illustrates some of the speech’s usage of some stylistic techniques in English. Martin Luther King utilizes repetition for the emphasis of his theme: he also uses suitable quotations and allusions, and utilizes specific examples and metaphors to provide his arguments in the speech. Accordingly, two other literary elements of speech writing are recognizable in the speech including the use of speech acts , and the utilization of gricean maxims.

This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the speech “I Have a Dream” by Martin Luther King. Specifically, the paper examines the use of speech acts and gricean maxims in the speech, illustrating how these have influenced the readers’ perceptions and reception of the speech.

Speech Acts

In English, the term speech act is used to define a speaker’s actions through utterance (Smith, 1990). Speech Acts are common in the philosophy of language, and they are commonly used when describing an action that has been taken or is to be taken in the future. Speech acts are of three main acts including locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary speech acts all of which are used differently in the performance of the speech. Locutionary speech acts refer to the actual utterance of the speaker during the delivery of the speech. When examining the use of locutionary speech acts, one must also consider the ostensible meaning of the words being uttered, so as to, determine the theme of the speech and its intended purpose (Smith, 1990). Illocutionary speech acts on the other hand refer to acts or utterances that illustrate the speakers intended meaning of the speech. Put simply, they are acts that are used to describe the real meaning of the poem to its audience.

Illocutionary acts can further be classified into five main categories including assertives, expressives, declarations, commisives and directives (Smith, 1990). Lastly, perlocutionary speech acts define the effects and consequences of the speech to its listeners. Perlocutionary speech acts can only be identified after the delivery of the speech as it is the best way of finding out the effects of the speech on its audience. Evidently, Martin Luther King’s speech demonstrates the use of all three speech acts as mentioned above. The first illustration of the use of speech acts by Martin Luther King is exemplified as a locutionary act. As previously mentioned, a locutionary act refers to the actual utterance of the speaker as well as the intended purpose of the speech. Locutionary acts are illustrated throughout the speech with the first sentences of the speech carrying a considerable level of the usage of these acts. The speaker begins by explaining the intended meaning of the speech.

Martin Luther King welcomes his audience to the event and he explains that the speech is intended for the demonstration of freedom in the state. This illustrates the use of a locutionary speech act as the readers are provided with what appears to be a thesis statement of the speech. Accordingly, the rest of the speech is followed by the actions to be performed with regards to the attainment of racial freedom, as well as, the significance of attaining that freedom to the audience. Because the speech calls people into action regarding racial injustice, the reader can see the usage of illocutionary in the speech. The use of illocutionary acts in the speech is demonstrated through the use of all five categories of illocutionary speech acts.

Declarations

The first and most prominent use of illocutionary acts in the speech is illustrated by the use of declaration speech acts. Declaration speech acts refer to speech acts that transform the reality of the matter being discussed in such a way that it agrees with the suggestion of the speech (Smith, 1990). Martin Luther King utilizes this to illustrate the problematic situation in his society, as well as, propose a way forward in relation to the actions that need to be taken. For example, in his statement, “Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked ‘insufficient funds.” (King, 1963), Martin Luther King explains how the African American community is still suffering in its own society. This can be considered as a declaration of sorts as it transforms what the readers consider as the reality of the matter to the perceptions of Martin Luther King regarding the issue.

Assertives

Martin Luther King utilizes assertive as part of illocutionary speech acts such as the statement, “But one hundred years later, the negro is still not free.” (King, 1963), which is used to assert the current situation of the society at the time. Accordingly, an assertive is an illocutionary speech act that is used as a commitment to the truth by the speaker during the delivery of the speech (Smith, 1990). In a way assertive are linked with the actual truth of what is being said and the speaker illustrates his assurance towards this truth as a way of asserting his position on the subject matter.

Directives

The use of directives in the speech is illustrated in the way Martin Luther King uses his words to convince the audience into taking a particular action regarding the issue of racial freedom in the state (Smith, 1990). Specifically, Martin Luther King directs the listeners into the actions that need to be taken for the achievement of what he considers as the ideal. His statement “We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force.” (King 1963), advices people on what should be done for the attainment of racial equality. This statement instructs his listeners to shun away physical violence for the attainment of racial equality, and instead, look into other ways of achieving this.

Commissives

Martin Luther King also embraces the use of commissive speech acts in his “I Have a Dream” speech. Commissives are defined as speech acts that consign a speaker, as well as, his audience to future actions (Smith, 1990). In essence, commissives refer to pledges that the speaker makes with regards to the subject matter which is under discussion. Martin Luther King demonstrates the use of commissives in the last part of his speech, whereby he instigates the need for future action by both himself and the African American community. He states that, “I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.” (King, 1963), illustrates martin Luther king’s role in the achievement of freedom. Accordingly, his dream is that the black community will have a better future, and by using the words “I have a Dream” Martin Luther King promises his audience of a better future.

Expressives

The last use of illocutionary speech acts in Martin Luther king’s speech is illustrated through the use of the fifth category of illocutionary speech acts known as expressive. In linguistics, expressive describe the acts of speech that articulate or communicate the speaker’s perceptions, feelings, and thought regarding the proposition of the speech (Smith, 1990). Martin Luther King utilizes expressive to explain his personal attitudes towards the issues in two main ways including his distaste for the society’s situation at the time, as well as, his hope for a better future in the years ahead. The latter is illustrated in the statement, “This is the faith that I go back to the South with. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood” (King, 1963). This statement provides the audience with the speakers attitudes regarding a better tomorrow as he is hopeful that his nation will transform into the ideal. An example of his attitude regarding the situation in the state is illustrated in Martin Luther King’s words, “It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned.” (King, 1963). This illustrate martin Luther King’s thoughts on what was happening around him at the time with regards to racial discrimination and his community.

Gricean Maxims

Another literary technique that has been used in Martin Luther King’s speech, “I Have a Dream” is gricean maxims. Gricean maxims are literary techniques that are used for the unification of the speaker’s utterance to the comprehension of the audience regarding the speech (Bowe, 2007). Put simply, they refer to the methods used to link a speaker’s words to what the audience understands from the speech. These techniques are used to build on the message being communicated by the speaker to his audience so as to ensure that the message is efficiently communicated to the audience. There exists four categories of gricean maxims including the maxims of quality, quantity, manner and relation (Cameron, 2001). Accordingly, the speech by Martin Luther king demonstrates the use of all five categories of gricean maxims, as a way of persuading the audience about the subject matter. Specifically, these maxims have been used to illustrate the precision of what the speaker is bringing to light, as well as, propose various ways and methods through which this problematic situation can be changed for a better future.

The Maxim of Quality

The maxim of quality demands that the speaker be truthful at all times with regards to the information that he gives in his speech (Bowe, 2007). In the formulation of a speech, the authors and speakers are required to venture into research so as to gather all the necessary information regarding the subject matter to be discussed in the speech. This is done extensively and in such a way that the audience believe that they have all the information that is crucial for the discussion of the topic, as well as, the assurance that the topic is a significant subject for discussion and possible action. In his speech Martin Luther King illustrates the use of the maxim of quality when he states that there was a previous decree that was signed with relation to the freeing of slaves that has not yet been put into proper practice for the achievement of that freedom (King, 1963). He states this in the introductory part of the speech, which indirectly illustrates the truthfulness of the information presented. By saying this, the audience is led to believe that the speaker has examined the issue at hand and his findings are based on research. Additionally, the maxim of quality also demands that the speaker supports his words by the use of evidence. Evidence, in this case is presented in the mentioning of the “Emancipation Proclamation” that was signed previously and that had not been effectively put in place hence the problem of racial inequality.

The Maxim of Quantity

The second maxim used in martin Luther King’s speech is the maxim of quantity. In the linguistics, the maxim of quantity is a literary technique that embraces the best possible use of educational facts. In essence, it is a literary technique whereby the author or speaker tries works on being informative, as opposed to, being mystifying (Bowe, 2007). Accordingly, the speaker or author is expected to provide, as much information as needed, no more, and no less. In his speech Martin Luther King demonstrates the use of this throughout the speech whereby he mentions the degree of racial injustice that was existence in the society, without inflating or deflating these facts.

The Maxim of Manner

The maxim of manner has also been exploited in the speech by Martin Luther king. This literary technique of speech writing demands that the speaker or the author of a speech delivers a clear, concise, and orderly speech to his audience (Bowe, 2007). This is done so as to ensure that there is no obscurity and vagueness in the speech for comprehension by the audience. In terms of clarity, Martin Luther king’s speech is understandable as he does not use complicated words in the delivery of his speech. Notably, his language is simple and straight to the point, and for that reason, the speech can be easily understandable by the audience and listeners. In relation to being concise, the speech can be termed as short and snappy. This is because the speaker doe not drown himself in unnecessary stories of racial inequality and the speech is a confirmation of the existence of racial injustice, and the need for a proper cause of action to end this in the society. Lastly, Martin Luther King’s speech is orderly in that the presentation of the speech is systematic and methodical. The speaker begins by inviting people to his event, then goes on to state the problems that exist in the society, after which, he states the actions to be taken for the achievement of a better future. This, in turn, allows the audience to understand the message being communicated in the speech.

The Maxim of Relation

The maxim of relation has also been used in the speech by martin Luther King. This is a literary technique, which demands that the speaker or author to remain relevant to the topic in his discussion of a subject matter (Bowe, 2007). Evidently, Martin Luther King ensures that the information he provides to his audience remains relevant to the topic being discussed. He does not go out of topic, and his discussion is primarily centered on the theme of freedom for the African American community. He neither engages the readers in other themes throughout his speech, nor speaks of other communities other than the African American community.

References

Bowe, H. J. & Martin, K. (2007). Communication Across Cultures: Mutual Understanding in a

Global World. London: Cambridge University Press.

Cameron, D. (2001). Working with Spoken Discourse. London: Sage Publications.

Echols, J. (2004). I Have a dream: Martin Luther King Jr. and The Future of Multicultural

America. New York: Fortress Press.

King, M. L. (1963). “I Have a Dream”: Address Delivered at The Match for Washington For

Jobs and Freedom. Martin Luther King Junior Papers, Projects, and Seeches.

Smith, B. (1990). “Towards a History of Speech Act Theory”, in Speech Acts, Meaning, and

Intentions: Critical Approaches to the Philosophy of John R. Searle. By Burkhardt, A. Berlin: W. de Gruyter Publishers.

Appendices: Links to the Source Materials Used

HYPERLINK “http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=Ds-MdFG2hlMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Communication+Across+Cultures:+Mutual+Understanding+in+a+Global+World.&hl=en&ei=4TPXTuinC9GfOqOPtdMO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false” http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=Ds-MdFG2hlMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Communication+Across+Cultures:+Mutual+Understanding+in+a+Global+World.&hl=en&ei=4TPXTuinC9GfOqOPtdMO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

HYPERLINK “http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=j-agw_ehYgcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Working+with+Spoken+Discourse.&hl=en&ei=SjTXTt78IIzqOfrdgdQO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false” http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=j-agw_ehYgcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Working+with+Spoken+Discourse.&hl=en&ei=SjTXTt78IIzqOfrdgdQO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

HYPERLINK “http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=2AW3PgS9CGQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false” http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=2AW3PgS9CGQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

HYPERLINK “http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/kingweb/publications/speeches/address_at_march_on_washington.pdf” http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/kingweb/publications/speeches/address_at_march_on_washington.pdf

HYPERLINK “http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=3xZDXibBI8sC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Speech+Acts,+Meaning,+and+Intentions:+Critical+Approaches+to+the+Philosophy+of+John+R.+Searle,&hl=en&ei=jjXXTsrkN8OdOuTY0K0O&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false” http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=3xZDXibBI8sC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Speech+Acts,+Meaning,+and+Intentions:+Critical+Approaches+to+the+Philosophy+of+John+R.+Searle,&hl=en&ei=jjXXTsrkN8OdOuTY0K0O&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

Analysis of the picture, Nkisi Nkondi

(Name)

(Instructors’ name)

(Course)

(Date)

Nkisi Nkondi

Also referred to simply, as the Nkisi, the Nkisi Mkondi is a sculpture representing a magical container in the human form that is believed to hold the spiritual power that can be used for various cultural practices. These cultural practices include protection from evil, performance of magical spells, as well as, exerting spiritual powers on a certain group of people (Dallas Art Museum 1). This sculpture is distinctive to the communities living within the Democratic republic of Congo, and for that reason is a significant piece of art for these communities. Originally sculptured through the use of various materials such as wood, ceramics, cowries, animal skin, and blades, the sculpture stands at 45 inches in length, 15 inches in width, and 11 inches in breadth (Dallas Art Museum 1). In layman language, the sculpture is also refers to as the standing power figures and it comes in various forms such as pots, wood figures of animal or human form, shells or cloth bundles. Each of these forms of the Nkisi is accorded a special name, purpose and ritual. Accordingly, these containers are filled with special empowering medicines, which can be placed on the head, belly, or back of the Nkisi (Dallas Art Museum 1) The medicine put in these containers is referred to as Bilongo, and it is usually made of various elements such as minerals, plants, animal deposit and grave dirt among other things. This specific Dallas Nkisi originates from a class of Nkisi called the Nkondi. It belongs to a class of Nkisis which are considered as having hunting powers for the tracking of wrongdoers in relation to matters of civil law (Dallas Art Museum 1). For that reason, this Nkisi is used by authoritative figures in the community such as judges, chiefs, priests and even doctors.

This paper provides a critical Analysis of the picture, Nkisi Nkondi, illustrating the form, content, technique, historical connections, and value of this piece of art.

Analysis

The sculpture of the Nkisi Nkondi was specifically chosen for this study because of its visual appeal, as well as, the cultural elements associated with this piece. At the outset, the sculpture appeals to its audience in that it looks like a miniature caricature of an African medicine man ready for the performance of a traditional event. Notably, the human figure in the sculpture seems to have metal blades coming out of his chest area, which signifies the amount of power that in turn spikes a level of interest in the piece of art. Additionally, this sculpture was chosen for this study because of the indirect comical factor in the piece of art. The bulging eyeballs, face painting, as well as, the torn clothe-like materials on the sculpture indicate an interesting story behind the existence of this piece of art.

Form

In terms of form, the sculpture incorporate various principles and elements of art. Visually, one notices five main artistic factors such as color, use of line, and diverse textures, in relation to the principles of art. The color used for the sculpture is brown, which represents the skin color of the African community. This color gives the piece of art a sense of belonging as it links the piece of art to the Jungles of Africa. The colors white, red and yellow can also be identified in the sculpture as they are used in unity or contrastingly to the dominant brown color. The use of line in the sculpture is used in two main ways including the 3D imaging of the sculptures, as well as, the individual line drawings on the sculpture such as around the eyes.

Content

As explained in the museum text of the sculpture, this piece of art is intended for hunting purposes. This implies that the sculpture has special hunting and capturing capabilities of evil spirits. A closer look at the sculpture gives the “hunter” feel of the Nkisi Nkondi, in that it appears to have magical powers. The blades emerging from the chest of the sculpture provide the audience with the sense that the sculpture’s forces are around its chest and belly. The seed-like form at the centre of the belly also gives the sense that the sculptures power is around the belly area.

Technique

As illustrated in the museum text, this sculpture is made from 13 different artistic materials including wood, iron, raffia, ceramic, pigment, kaolin, red camwood, resin, dirt, leaves, animal skin, and cowrie shell (Dallas Art Museum). Speculatively, the wood was used to sculpt the overall shape and form of the sculpture, whereas all the other materials are added on to the sculpture by gluing.

Historical Connections

The sculpture of the Nkisi Nkondi is historically connected with the Kongo Nail Fetishes, stories about the mystic nails that had spiritual powers during the time.

Value

This piece of sculpture has both spiritual and expressive value. The expressive value of the piece of art is illustrated in the way the sculpture has been made using the different artistic materials. This piece of art is an expression of the culture of the people living in the DRC. The piece of art also has a spiritual value as it is used for spiritual purposes for the community.

Work Cited

Alisa, “Mangaaka Power Figure (Nkisi N’Kondi).” The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin

66.2 (2008): 22, 40.

Bassani, Ezio. “Kongo Nail Fetishes from the Chiloango River Area.” African Arts

10.3 (1977): 36-40.

MacGaffey, Wyatt, and Michael Harris. Astonishment and Power: Kongo Minkisi and the Art of

Renée Stout. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press for the National Museum of African Art, 1993. p. 44. 21. Print.

“Standing Power Figure: Nkisi Nkondi”. Dallas Museum of Art.

Thompson, Robert F. “The Grand Detroit N’kondi.” Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Art

4.1 (1978): 206–221.

Vanhee, Hein (2000). “Agents of Order and Disorder: Kongo Minkisi,” New

Perspectives on African Collections of the Horniman Museum. London and Coimbra, (2000); 89-106.

Wyatt, M. Religion and Society in Central Africa: The BaKongo of Lower Zaire Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 2000. Print.