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Article and Website Analysis

Article and Website Analysis

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Institution

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Part 2

Article: Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance

Link: HYPERLINK “https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2656292/” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2656292/

The experiment sought to find out how lack of enough sleep affects one’s health and in particularly the cognitive development and memory.

The experiment was conducted through clinical trials where data was collected from a set of participants. The results were analyzed and conclusions made based on the results and the data outlook.

The results showed that 805 of the participants indicated that lack of sleep caused them to have headaches and poor memory. The results also showed that 7 in 10 respondents indicated that lack of sleep was a major cause of depression as also shown in the clinical trials. The experiment data showed that majority of the trials done were positive and confirmed the hypothesis that lack of enough sleep was responsible

Research suggests that sleep helps learning and memory in two distinct ways. First, a sleep-deprived person cannot focus attention optimally and therefore cannot learn efficiently. Second, sleep itself has a role in the consolidation of memory, which is essential for learning new information. The article sums up that lack of Sleep deprivation (SD) has many health consequences like loss of memory and depression. Based on the article’s findings, it is true to say that sleep is a vital part of human life as it is interconnected to memory and brain activity.

The findings of the article relate to the day to day life and shows how people generate cognitive issue with time due to lack of enough sleep. In addition to coping with SD, recovering from it also deserves attention. Cognitive recovery processes, although insufficiently studied, seem to be more demanding in partial sleep restriction than in total SD.

The study findings are well outlined and also touch on how my health is hinged on the sleep patterns I establish. I found a great co-relation between the time I sleep and how the article outlines on the effects of little sleep. I will apply the experiment findings in improving my sleep life and thus attain the right health levels in reference to the cognitive levels.

Part 2

Website: HYPERLINK “https://www.brightstorm.com/” https://www.brightstorm.com/

The website is an online education platform that connect students with teachers for learning purpose. Since its founding, Bright Storm has helped millions of students acquire good grades through its wide range of learning options and online assistance.

Bright Storm’s mission is to be the best place to learn in the world. Bright Storm was founded in 2008 with more than 12 million users to date. The wide coverage of topics and learning option has given Bright Storm a good base with more online learners logging in daily.

Bright Storm is useful to learning professionals and students who visit and get online assistance on different subjects. The wide coverage of topics makes Bright Storm a relevant site for students where it helps millions annually in various topics.

There is a great depth of relevance in the information provided in the website page and the reality of what is offered. The websites are well arranged and easy to navigate and this makes it student-friendly. Still, the website brings new outlook into the learning ease as it provides a subject-oriented platform that makes it easy for students to use. Still, the website offers the best interphase to leaners in the simplicity of use and the relevance of the information it provides.

The experiment exists a learning platform where it continues to inspire leaners to better methods of acquiring ideas. The website is true help to the learners and also allows volunteer tutors to assist leaners in areas they face difficulties.

Article Review- Economics of Happiness

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Economics of Happiness

By Bruno S. Frey and Alois Stutzer

In their article, Economics of Happiness, Frey and Stutzer argue that the measurement of happiness constitutes a good approximation to utility (Frey and Stutzer 25-41). Put simply, human happiness is reliant on the concept of relative utility as understood by economists. The authors begin their article by explaining how economists can be deemed as fortunate especially because their micro-economic theory is based on relative utility. They further explain that even though it is commonly believed that utility cannot be measured in absolute terms, new research on consumer happiness argues for the link between economic theory, policy, as well as, utility. Accordingly, the authors define utility as the measurement of customer satisfaction. In economics, the term refers to the state at which customers enjoy total satisfaction from purchasing and consuming particular goods and services.

Fundamentally, the purpose of the authors in the article is to call attention to the importance of consumer happiness as is brought about by the theory of micro-economics, so as to, encourage economists to carefully consider relative utility as a key constituent in economics (Frey and Stutzer 25-41). Given this, economists can, therefore, speak evocatively of growing or declining utility, and for that reason, they can expose economic behavior in relation to the increment of consumer utility. To further explicate on the concept of utility the authors explain to their readers that utility is greatly affected by consumption, as well as, wealth and the amount of time set aside for leisure purposes. In philosophy, utility is closely associated with happiness, which further illustrates the association between consumer happiness and economics.

Accordingly, philosophers have argued for the maximization of total utility for the greatest happiness of individuals and the society as a whole. Relevantly, the authors argue that employment, income, and inflation have been the greatest determinants of happiness in society. They state that these three economic factors have impacted consumer utility and happiness throughout time as they affect consumer behavior in all parts of the world irrespective of the geographical location. Particularly, the authors argue that unemployment, income, and inflation affect the happiness and well-being of individuals in a society (Frey and Stutzer 25-41). However, because utility cannot be directly measured as previously stated, this measurement is established as a self-reported subjective report from individual consumers for the estimation of the degree to which the economic theory affects utility. Accordingly, individuals may experience increased utility when they are employed as compared to when they are not employed. This is because employment has been closely associated with the social welfare of individuals. Those who are not employed are more likely to have very low income, which in turn affects their access to the basic needs and requirements.

Employment grants individuals various things that bring about satisfaction such as access to medical facilities, as well as, all other social institutions (Frey and Stutzer 25-41). Income also plays a great role in consumer utility, as it is through the acquisition of income that individuals gain the power to attain their daily needs and requirements. Income equals money, and money is what is needed for the purchase of products and services for consumption. For that reason, individuals who have access to a substantial amount of income are more likely to experience increased happiness and utility as opposed to those who do not have access to income.

Conclusively, inflation is the third economic factor that Frey and Stutzer have associated with consumer utility and happiness. According to the authors, inflation affects consumer utility in that it determines what individuals have access to (Frey and Stutzer 25-41). When inflation occurs, the price of most goods and services increase, and because the income does not change as a result of inflation, individuals with a low income have limited access to certain products and services. This limited access, therefore, interferes with consumer utility as it reduces the amount of things that individuals have access to. As the authors explain, the concept of utility is applied by economists in economic models such as the indifference curve, which illustrate the permutation of products and services that individuals or the society accept as the commodities for the assurance of a level of satisfaction. Put simply, economists have used the concept of utility to determine some of the economic factors affecting utility and happiness, which according to Frey and Stutzer include employment, income, and inflation. In essence, relative utility is interpreted as a social welfare function and the institutions that make up the society are solely responsible for utility in society (Frey and Stutzer 25-41). The authors refer to this as welfare economics, and they argue that the institutions and authorities in a society determine the level of happiness and utility for individuals. The authors conclude their article by explaining that the extent of political centralization or decentralization has an impact on the happiness and utility of individuals in a society (Frey and Stutzer 25-41). the authors also explain that the type of democracy practiced in a country or state determine individual happiness as it determines the level to which individuals practice their economic rights.

Work Cited

Frey, Bruno S. and Stutzer, Alois. Economics of Happiness. World Economics: Journal of

Current Economic Analysis and Policy, 3.1. (2002): 25-41.

Art of Andalusia

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Source: Adam Smith Institute

URL: HYPERLINK “http://www.adamsmith.org/news/press-releases/high-speed-fail-%E2%80%93-there-is-no-case-for-hs2” http://www.adamsmith.org/news/press-releases/high-speed-fail-%E2%80%93-there-is-no-case-for-hs2

Economic Principles: opportunity costs, marginal benefits, limited resources, unlimited wants, capital, scarcity, efficiency, labour, production, economic problem, return on investments, and demand.

News Analysis Assignments

Introduction

The case of the High Speed 2(HS2) is a failed one because it does not make any economic sense. The benefits of the of the HS2 were over estimated, with the total costs incurred in the fundamentally flawed project being exorbitantly high as compared to the revenues that the project is supposed to generate. The huge costs of the project to the taxpayer will be exorbitant and will not be able to match the opportunity costs projections, especially if it is compared to London to the Channel Tunnel (HS1) and other international examples. The HS2 will not make enough money make a tangible return on investments; thus it will bring marginal benefits. The few tangible benefits that will be realized from the project will be so minimal to cover the operational and construction costs, and the most of the uptake projections were very optimistic.

The funding of the project came at a time when there were limited resources from the tax payers point of view during the period of austerity and increasing debt interest debt payments. Given that HS2 will be a state funded project, with seventeen billion pounds being spent on the first phase, and another fifty billion pounds to be used when the project expands to Scotland. There exist unlimited wants from the public by giving the government more pressure to construct more tunnels, and it costs much more per kilometre to build a railway tunnel through the environmentally sensitive regions of Chilterns, which will push the construction costs higher. This will exert the DfT’s budget under strain, implying that there is less capital to be invested anywhere else on the United Kingdom railway network. In the light, of the current inflation, a potential for going above the four billion pounds optimism premium that has been set aside for overspending will be too high.

The decision making process for the project must consider the if HS2 will make a profitable return, based on the number of passengers forecasted for previous rail projects in the United kingdom, such as London and Continental Railways (LCR). The projected number of passengers for EuroStar in 2004 was 21.4 million, which in reality, the number of passengers was one third of this figure. This will create an economic problem, since the figures do not add up for HS2, because HS1 costs amounted to 5.7 billion pounds and only raised 2.1 billion pounds when it was sold off. The passenger forecast did not consider the competition generated from classic train franchises and airlines, which pose passenger scarcity for the optimal demand of HS2 services.

The efficiency of HS2 in terms of environmental benefits are some of the strengths of the project, it has very little environmental case though, there are weak carbon emission reduction projections, and the actual environmental benefits can only be quantified after the completion of the project’s phase three in thirty years’ time. There is little rational to commit labour in the construction of the tunnel that will produce no significant benefits, if the government does not hit brakes on HS2, then this will mean wasteful spending on wildly unrealistic projects. Governments are known to be very poor in predicting the future. To spend £ 17 billion up to around £ 50 billion on a train network, which has less demand, would be obscene and wasteful during a time of austerity.

Ar-Rum Verse 3021 Analysis

Quran Verse

Ar-Rum Verse 30:21 Analysis

“And of His signs is that He created for you from yourselves mates that you may find tranquility in them; and He placed between you affection and mercy. Indeed in that are signs for a people who give thought.”

From tafsir Tanwîr al-Miqbâs min Tafsîr Ibn ‘Abbâs, the exegesis on this verse says, “(And of His signs) of the signs of His divine Oneness and power (is this: He created for you spouses) human beings like yourselves (from yourselves that ye might find rest in them) so that husband may find rest in his wife.” This exegesis first recognizes that God was wise to create not one sex but two. In addition, by mentioning human beings like yourselves, he recognizes their likeness, which means man and woman are the same in terms of basic form.

The interpretation further mentions husband and wife, meaning that the verse refers to a married couple. The exegesis also mentions that God ordained love between husband and wife (and mercy) for husband towards wife. In this interpretation, one can think that love is only for husband and wife while mercy is only for the husband to feel towards the wife. To clarify, the exegesis goes further to explain that this love is also for the children and the old. Mercy, conversely, is meant to be for the young ones. This implies that love is shared among all human beings. However, it means that mercy is only for the older people to feel to the young ones.

Finally, the exegesis mentions, “(Lo, herein) in that which I have mentioned (indeed are portents) signs and lessons (for folk who reflect) upon what Allah created.” In this part, the exegesis seeks to make the people understand that the things mentioned as signs are meant to show his oneness and power. Tanwîr al-Miqbâs min Tafsîr Ibn ‘Abbâs exegesis of this verse seeks to interpret the literal meaning without using metaphorical meanings. The truth is that anybody can feel mercy towards the other, including wife to the husband.

Tafsir by al-Jalalayn offers an almost similar interpretation of the verse. This exegesis says, “And of His signs is that He created for you, from yourselves, mates — Eve was created from Adam’s rib and the remainder of mankind from the [reproductive] fluids of men and women.” This interpretation takes “mate” to mean spouse as used in Tanwîr al-Miqbâs min Tafsîr Ibn tafsir. Using the example of Adam and Eve, the Quran shows how the woman was created from man. It goes further to show how other people were created biologically from Adam and Eve. This exegesis explains how human beings are created from each other as the verse mentions. This exegesis took the literal meaning of the verse, laying much of its interpretation from the words ‘mate’ and ‘yourselves’.

He goes further to show that they were supposed to find peace from each other, as well as become intimate. This exegesis dwells on the physical and biological aspect of recreation and love. It takes love to mean intimacy, through which other people are created. He goes further to say, “and He ordained between you, all, affection and mercy. Surely in that, mentioned, there are signs for a people who reflect, upon God’s handiwork, exalted be He.” In this part, he takes the literal meaning of the verse. The exegesis takes the part on affection and mercy to be straightforward; hence, it does not need further clarification. This is true considering that it uses ordinary words. In the final sentence of the verse, he only explains what people have to think about. In this case, he mentions that it is God’s work, for which He should be exalted.

The main differences between the two exegeses exist in the biological detail, where the second one inclines more on the intimacy side of love from which all humankind is created. Unlike al-Jalalayn, Tanwîr al-Miqbâs min Tafsîr Ibn ‘Abbâs considers love to be for all people and not just between husband and wife. It also explains the verse in more details, living no part without an interpretation. The second exegesis is more literal, leaving some parts unexplained, perhaps, to indicate their self-explanatory nature.

However, the tafsir Ibn Kathir is more similar to the explanation of al-Jalalayn. In the first part, it says, “It is He Who has created you from a single person, and He has created from him his wife, in order that he might enjoy the pleasure of living with her. (7:189).” By using the word “pleasure”, he inclines more on the side of intimacy just like al-Jalalayn. He goes further to explain that it refers to Hawwa, who was created from Adam. Hawwa in this case means Eve. In addition, he explains that females and males are the same, which enables peace. Had the wife been created from another species, there would be no peace between the two. In the next part on affection and mercy, he says that God made love and kindness between husband and wife so that they can take care of each other’s needs. In the final part, it is said, “verily, in that are indeed signs for people who reflect.”

Each feels compassion for the other, which brings them together. This exegesis goes further than the rest of tafsirs in its explanation. While the rest have provided short interpretations of the texts of the Quran, this has gone deeper to explain the parts of the verse. It is also literal in its explanation, never giving metaphorical interpretations. All these exegeses take the words of this verse to mean what they say. For instance, all recognize that “mate” means spouse of husband and wife relationship. They also interpret the phrase “created for you from yourselves” as the creation of Eve from Adam, as well as the ability of human beings to reproduce.

This verse is talking about the signs that God has used to prove His oneness and power. It is through His creation that we are able to realize his power. In verses before and after this one, there are other signs that prove God’s power. However, this verse is about the creation of the two sexes. God was wise to create a woman out of man; thus, a man can find peace in her. The two are the same in form and humanity but with different needs, physical capabilities, emotions, mental abilities, and psychological qualities. God went further to create affection and love between them, which allows them to complement each other perfectly. Their differences match with the differences of the other in order to enable a complementing relationship. Each can get what they desire from the other, which allows companionship.

The verse also talks about creation, which continues even today through the relationship between a man and a woman. God put the ability to create in the desires of each sex. Through intimacy, the two sexes are able to fulfill their desires, which results in the creation of other human beings. The three tafsirs have recognized this relationship between man and woman. However, it is important to interpret the main words from which these interpretations come from.

The three main words are “tranquility”, “affection”, and “mercy”. The first word “tranquility” in Arab is Sakoon. According to the Arab-English Lexicon, this calmness is felt when a person is surrounded by their loved ones.In some translations, “calmness” and “peace” have been used. The next word is “affection”, which is a translation of Mawaddah; this means love that has passion and a strong liking for something. In this verse it refers to man and wife. The last word is “mercy”, which is a translation of rahmah. This is about forgiving each other and not wanting to see the other hurt. It is the feeling of compassion and forgiveness towards another person that one has the power to punish. The first two words are understandable within the verse since they show people’s compassionate feelings to each other. However, with mercy meaning forgiving another person, it means that there are times when husband and wife have arguments or are wrong about each other, which requires forgiveness.

BibliographyLane Edward. An Arabic-English Lexicon: Derived From the Best and the Most Copious Eastern Sources London UK: Williams and Norgate, 1863.

“Tafsir Ibn Kathir.” quran4u.com. accessed December 20, 2013. HYPERLINK “http://www.quran4u.com/tafsir ibn kathir/030 Rum.htm” l “وَمِنْ”http://www.quran4u.com/tafsir%20ibn%20kathir/030%20Rum.htm#وَمِنْ

“The Tafsirs.”Altafsir.com. accessed December 20, 2013. HYPERLINK “http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=73&tSoraNo=30&tAyahNo=21&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2″http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=73&tSoraNo=30&tAyahNo=21&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2

Aristotle Philosophy

Aristotle PhilosophyName

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Aristotle is one of the greatest figures in history to have contributed to psychology and learning. After his father’s death in 367 BCE, Aristotle journeyed to Athens where he joined the Plato’s academy and later moved to modern day Turkey. In his lifetime, Aristotle studied, taught and developed ideas in psychology that have been a key basis in modern teaching in the wide field of psychology. Some of the ideas and insights given by Aristotle have allowed and expanded the teaching and learning of psychology thus adding value to the field. Aristotle was one of the greatest philosophers who ever lived and the first genuine scientist in history. He made pioneering contributions to all fields of philosophy and science, he invented the field of formal logic, and he identified the various scientific disciplines and explored their relationships to each other.

Aristotle made remarkable observation where he sued psychology to define life, behavior, and human development in thinking and acting (Gerson, 2017). One of the greatest ideas raised by Aristotle is that behavior and development are the integral elements that shape how human beings relate with one another as well as with nature. In his deep insights, Aristotle is known to have laid the foundation of behavior and development psychology that is still applicable even in today’s field of learning and science (Nightingale, 2015). One of the key derivatives of Aristotle’s growth was in the creative thinking that defined that human brain grows depending on what it is exposed to in one’s lifetime. The ideas raised by Aristotle have been a key foundation of today’s psychology that continues to inspire young scholars and even tutors. There is no limit to how far Aristotle’s go in analyzing behavior, science, and even human development and learning (Furley, 2016). In his lifetime, Aristotle contributed to psychology and raised key ideas that have been incorporated in modern learning and thinking. Aristotle wrote as many as 200 treatises and other works covering all areas of philosophy and science.

The ideas raised by Aristotle have enabled modern philosophers to build on and increase knowledge in the area. To add on this, Aristotle gave vital insights that have helped young people gain a new perspective into philosophy thus making the field more attractive (Gerson, 2017). In relation to science, Aristotle allowed for the early analysis of human behavior and thinking that have been incorporated in various fields of modern learning. Through Aristotle’s insights, learners and tutors have been able to look into science and development through a new angle and this is gradually adding value to the field of psychology (Nightingale, 2015). Major inputs by Aristotle relate to the field of science and creative thinking and human brain development. In his career, Aristotle wrote many articles that have been a key foundation to modern philosophy.

Conclusion

Most of the ideas by Aristotle have found their way in modern academic journals that are used globally in the field of science and psychology teaching and learning. The inputs by Aristotle cannot be underestimated as one of the key pioneers of philosophy most of which is applicable even in today’s learning. The vast majority of historical philosophy pays tribute to Aristotle as one of the pioneers of this field having made remarkable insights and ideas. One of the key pillars of Aristotle’s ideas was observation and experiments that he conducted in trying to uncover human behavior and development as well as thinking. In his views, Aristotle concluded that nature and science are one force that has for centuries shaped how people think, behave, and relate with one another. References

Furley, D. (Ed.). (2016). From Aristotle to Augustine: Routledge History of Philosophy Volume 2 (Vol. 2). Routledge.

Gerson, L. P. (2017). Aristotle and other Platonists. Cornell University Press.

Nightingale, A. (2015). Sight and the philosophy of vision in Classical Greece: Democritus, Plato and Aristotle. In Sight and the Ancient Senses (pp. 68-81). Routledge.

Aristocrat

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Aristocrat

Founded over 50 years ago, Aristocrat is the leading gaming machine manufacturer in Australia, with a richly deserved reputation for its products and services, as well as, market leadership. The company has managed to, profitably, realize its vision as the leading provider of gaming solutions through the application of strategies favoring company growth and development. With its administrative center located in Sydney Australia, the company has subsidiary companies in the USA, New Zealand, Europe, Africa, and Asia (aristocrat.com 1). The company employs over 2000 staff in all of the aforementioned subsidiary companies and aims to become the first-rate supplier of gaming equipment globally. The company produces a variety products and services for the gaming industry ranging from ancillary equipment, electronics, as well as, comprehensive gaming solutions for their clients. The company has succeeded in the introduction of innovative gaming products and services both for the domestic and international markets while maintaining its global competitiveness in the industry. Some of the motivations for the company’s expansion in the global market include economies of scale, the need to increase the company’s market share, and the need for a return on investment. The company ranks second in the international gaming industry and is estimated to have earned a revenue of over A$1 billion in the year 2005 (aristocrat.com 1). At present, the company’s revenues have fallen below A$800 million, with over 55% of this revenue derived from international operations (ceoforum.com 1). The company has successfully linked its managerial competencies on both domestic and global platforms hence ensuring international performance by the company. The company employs international strategies that are flexible and able to influence and persuade business ventures in the global market.

This paper provides an analysis of the international strategies that Aristocrat employs in its business procedures.

Aristocrat’s International strategies

Undertaking an international business venture is a complex process, which necessitates specialized knowledge about the global market. Aristocrat has managed to, objectively, pursue international business opportunities, putting the company at a competitive advantage from its chief competitors. Accordingly, the company has managed to benefit from the application of international strategies such as international business-level strategies, multi-domestic strategies, global strategies and transnational strategies (aristocrat.com 1).

Aristocrat’s business level strategies entail international low cost of production whereby the company focuses its production and manufacturing procedures in Australia. The company then exports these products to international markets, making it possible for customers to access their products internationally. This strategy allows for elevated value-added procedures in the home country and low value-added business ventures in foreign countries (ceoforum.com 1). Besides, owing to the characteristics of the gaming industry, the company also employs international focus strategies adjoining the already existing low cost strategies to, effectively, deal with the diverse, international markets.

In addition to the business level strategies, Aristocrat also utilizes corporate-level international strategies for resource sharing synchronization across all of Aristocrat’s subsidiary companies. Three main corporate-level strategies have been identified including multi-domestic strategies, global strategies, as well as, transnational strategies (ceoforum.com 1). Multi-domestic strategies allow Aristocrat to decentralize functional decisions in each subsidiary company. With this strategy, all the company’s subsidiary companies are independent of each other, making it possible for companies to adapt their products to their local markets. This is especially evident in the company’s management approach, which necessitates accountability and responsibility by each subsidiary company.

Previously, the company tolerated global responsibility that censured regional responsibility averting company growth in certain regions. Aristocrat recognizes that the international market provides a broad variety of cultures and markets and uses this strategy to ensure that their products and services are accepted globally. Distinctively, the company also standardizes its products across national markets, which, in turn, lays emphasis on economies of scale (ceoforum.com 1). This strategy is referred to as the global strategy and is used contrastingly, yet inter-reliantly, with multi-domestic strategies. Here, the company centralizes all the business-level strategies to the home office in Australia, which requires coordinating business operations across borders. This strategy promotes the production of high-quality products and services for all clients irrespective of their countries of residence, which, in turn encourages brand recognition internationally. For example, the company offers all its clients with similar games and gaming operations such as Queen of the Nile, which is the company’s most refutable game to date (aristocrat.com 1).

Irrefutably, Aristocrat also exploits transnational strategies for the achievement of global efficiency and local responsiveness (aristocrat.com 1). This strategy requires simultaneous operations on local and international levels, hence centralized control, and coordination. Additionally, the company also pursues organizational learning to achieve competitive advantage during their international business ventures.

Conclusion

The gaming industry in Australia has recently experienced a reduction in revenue for the last five years. This comes as a result of government regulations that have constricted the production and manufacture of gaming machines by companies. However, Aristocrat has managed to circumvent this reduction in revenue through the application of international strategies, which promote the company’s growth and development internationally. These strategies have not only helped improve the company’s revenue margins, they also facilitate better customer support that is vital for international business ventures.

Work Cited

“Aristocrat.” aristocrat.com. Aristocrat, n.d. Web. 15 August, 2011.

“Going global from Australia: Aristocrat’s Des Randall on the challenge.” ceoforum.com.

CeoForumGroup, n.d. Web. 15 August, 2011.

Argumentative essays

Argumentative essays

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Argumentative essays

Introduction,

The novel is about Sophie living a simple life in the village in Norway with her parents. her father, an oil tanker captain. Thought the father is most often on voyage, Sophie is seldom alone thanks to the companionship of her tortoise, budgerigars and her real companion, her mother.

A number of things happen at the beginning of the lot with Sophie receiving messages from in a mail box, one well structured and addressed from people unknown to her. Though she fails to understand the senders of the messages, they get her curiosity and she is left to wonder who was the sender and the actual plan or mission of the sender. However, she throws caution in the wind and risks opening the messages. This might have been an offense, but she takes it courageously only to learn that the content were meant for someone else but is still important to her as she can as well make use of the contents. The messages forming part of the correspondence philosophy course

The author argues that knowledge one ones roots are as important as being able to differentiate or be differentiating an ape from a human being. These are two different animals within similar characteristics but different level of rationality. He tends to argue that if Sophie does not know about her roots, then she is not a human being but an ape. By enlightening Sophie, he exposes Sophie to the systems of the world, how things really hang. He tends to argue that even though, things may be changing, and two different cultures are embracing each other, it is imperative for her to go back to her roots and embrace her roots, or culture. In that way, she will appreciate where the world came from.

While the argument of the philosophers may be right, it is important for her to learn epistemology, the authors argues that the combination of two different cultures into one, means new cultures should be embraced, but after knowing their roots. An example given on points that of the Israelites when they had to go to their destiny in the wilderness, they knew where they were coming from, the knowledge of one’s history is important in pointing put the right location and direction. Without knowing where we are from, we cannot make any resolution.

Gartner argues that

“The German poet Goethe once said, “He who cannot draw on three thousand years is living from hand to mouth.” I do not want you to end up in such a sad state. I will do what I can to acquaint you with your historical roots. It is the only way to become a human being. It is the only way to become more than a naked ape. It is the only way to avoid floating in a vacuum.” ― Guarder Joustein

The author is against ignorance, ye argues that those who do not know about their roots. He argues that ignorance s lie, living a simple life.

The author argues that a thousand years have passed since the Greek established their tradition; they have managed to preserve that tradition. The tradition helps individual identify with their roots and that by identifying with your roots it is easy to determine where one is going

While the author presents three personalities with a few ways of explaining the reason why man should consider doubt, it is also imperative to note that that author asked Sophie to constantly doubt the very existence of humankind. The author tells the nurse that is important to start learning through first querying the research results. If the system has, loopholes and therefore one should start by question or doubting his existence. His role on earth and what beliefs. The author tries to set a world in which the people have a philosophy to living or doing things. One must; learn the great works of Democritus, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. This is because the three philosophers is anchored on the general metaphysics or epistemology because this was the only way the individuals can identify their roots, understand, and judge their roots. Alberto says:

“Surely it is by asking questions that we know we are alive.”

By knowing their roots, people start to appreciate the nature of human, and why they are different from naked apes. A human being is a higher animal in comparison to the ape. However, if a human being fails to understand his roots, he or she is likely to behave like an ape. No rationality or understanding just floating in a vacuum with nothing to hold on to or talk about

Knowing the historical roots is also important as it helps one in becoming less ordinary and may help one to learn how to survive in the world of changing fortunes. For example, while the world is changing, with technology taking over, it is advisable to have once roots on one hand and identify the reason for our existence. The author tries to urge us to think critically and analytical, by curiously analyzing our environment and the system.

References

Gaarder, Jostein. Sophie’s World: A Novel about the History of Philosophy. Trans. Paulette Moller. New York: Berkley Books, 1996

Argument of Definition of the Word Family

Argumentative essays

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Argumentative essays

Introduction,

The knowledge one ones roots are as important as being able to differentiate an ape from a human being. These are two different animals within similar characteristics but different level of rationality. For example, it is noted that without knowledge of ones roots, one is like an ape. One should get to know of things really hang, by starting from doubt and questioning. For example, one should question his roots (where is the world coming from) or his being, (who are you). These two questions are important in analyzing the doubt method proposed by Descartes.

On the other hand, the argument that many things are changing is important, but importance is relative to the person seeing what is important. By going back to the roots and questioning the roots, and the being, one gets to know the source of the world (Steup, 2005)..

While the argument of the philosophers may be right, it is important for her to learn epistemology. The combination of two different cultures into one, means new cultures should be embraced, but after knowing their roots. For example, when the Israelites you get to their destiny in the wilderness, they knew where they were coming from, the knowledge of one’s history is important in pointing put the right location and direction. Without knowing where we are from, we cannot make any resolution.

People who can draw knowledge and understanding from roots and history are rich; therefore, they have something to keep for the future. Without proper knowledge of the roots one is lost, it is like floating in a vacuum.It is also important to doubt the very existence of humankind constantly. People should start learning through first querying the research results. If the system has, loopholes and therefore one should start by question or doubting his existence, role on earth and beliefs. The use of critical thinking is important in assessing the metaphysical impetus of then environment and roots on ones being. People must also have a philosophy to living or doing things. One must; learn the great works of Democritus, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. This is because the three philosophers are anchored on the general metaphysics or epistemology because this was the only way the individuals can identify their roots, understand, and judge their roots (BonJour, 2002).

“Surely it is by asking questions that we know we are alive.”

Knowing the historical roots is also important as it helps one in becoming less ordinary and may help one to learn how to survive in the world of changing fortunes. For example, while the world is changing, with technology taking over, it is advisable to have once roots on one hand and identify the reason for our existence. Men should be critical in thinking by starting from doubt; one should question his own understanding of nature and system.

In Meditations de prima Philosophic, Descartes offered proof of the actual existence of god; he argues that even though god exists, one should try to make efforts that proceed from metaphysical fundamentals of reality up to the dependent existence of lesser mortals. For example, his argument that epistemological progress in all individual thinkers helps in the establishment of knowledge at a level of complete certainty (Descartes, 1641; Tomberlin, 1999). For example, the concept of doubt can e elaborated by the use of an analogy, if a picture of an analogy. The argument for doubt teaches us that for one to get knowledge one has to defeat skeptics. That is you doubt the truth and ask. It is only by asking question that one comes to learn of the underlying factors in the truth. One should doubt the truth about everything, for example, it is advisable to doubt the evidences of the actual sense and the cultural presuppositions. It is also advisable to analyze the fundamental process by which men reason sand question it. The first meditation is important for doubting the beliefs that making prescribe to. Men tend to make mistake by defining things in reference to things external to their intent. People know things, because they can define them, but they do not know if there are incorrect. However, the definition has no grounds.

Conclusion

This means that if one lacks acquainted with the roots. One is useless just like a naked ape, as there in no legacy or secret to keep. However, if the use of doubt is important, this means one has to be ignorant first, and then start questioning his being and roots from an ignorant point of view. On the other hand, Gardner, (1991) argues that ignorance is bad, if this is the argumentum ad buculum or circular reasoning, then men are ignorant at the expose of their roots. Therefore, they are floating in a vacuum, which later translates into ignorance. It is therefore suffice to say, that ignorance of ones being and roots is important beginning or foundation of doubt, which is also good for epistemology. For example, the Greek have been keeping their tradition for a thousand years. They do this to preserve their roots and tradition so as to referrer to their roots in order to foretell the future. The tradition helps individual identify with their roots and that by identifying with your roots it is easy to determine where one is going (Boufoy, 2005)

References

Gaarder, J(1996). Sophie’s World: A Novel about the History of Philosophy. Trans. Paulette Moller. New York: Berkley Books, 1996

Descartes, R,(1641). Meditations on First Philosophy. In Cottingham, et al. (eds.), 1984.

BonJour, L, (2002). Epistemology: Classic Problems and Contemporary Responses. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Boufoy, B, (2005). “Introducing ‘Applicable Knowledge’ as a Challenge to the Attainment of Absolute Knowledge”. Sophia Journal of Philosophy 8: 39–51.

Steup, M, (2005). “Knowledge and Skepticism”, Contemporary Debates in Epistemology, Peter Sosa and Matthias Steup (eds.): 1–13.

Tomberlin, J. (1999). Philosophical Perspectives 13, Epistemology, Blackwell Publishing.

Are Actors and Athletes Paid Too Much

(Name)

(Instructors’ name)

(Course)

(Date)

Are Actors and Athletes Paid Too Much?

The issue of payment for actors and athletes has generated plenty of debate especially within academic circles. While proposers believe that actors and athletes are paid too much for their actual work, opposers believe that these people are not paid as much as everyone believes and whatever they earn is worth the amount of work they do.

This paper argues against the notion that actors and athletes are paid too much. The paper argues this out from two main perspectives market value and talent and will explain that actors and athletes are paid just enough.

Actors and Athletes are not Paid Too Much they are Paid Just Enough

We live in a society where entertainment surpasses all other things in people’s lives. People are more concerned about what is going on in the entertainment and sports industries than they are other industries (White 1). Admittedly, professionals in these two industries have found themselves being at the center stage of the society. As mentioned earlier, most people believe that actors and athletes are paid too much for the amount and type of work they do. Proposers of this debate argue that these professionals do not contribute much to the society in relation to their career, and what they do does not add much value to the society. They believe that teachers, doctor, and other professionals who contribute positively to the society should be paid much more than these athletes and actors are paid (Sammi 1). However, this is not entirely true because the society today is responsible for this phenomenon. Much as people would not admit to this, the society in itself has contributed to the emphasis and importance given to these athletes and actors. Societies have put entertainers and athletes on a pedestal, whereas the doctors and teachers remain unnoticed in their contribution to the society. This makes it easy for the actors and athletes to receive more payment for their contribution to society even if they believe that these professionals do not contribute much to the society.

As mentioned before, the argument in this paper will be presented from two main perspectives including market value and talent. In relation to market value, it is important to note that the emphasis given to actors and athletes gives them their market value, hence the amount of money they receive. Market value describes the value awarded to a sports team or film studio based on the services provided by the studio or team (Seymour and Shneider 1). For example, if a film studio and sports team is preferred in its customer base or market, then it is said to have a market value. Additionally, the number of tickets sold for a sports match or a film also adds on to an organization’s market value. Arguably, movies and sports matches, earn money based on the actors and athletes that are part of the teams. Customers’ preference of a specific team of production studio is highly dependent on the players and actors in the teams and production companies. Specific actors and athletes provide their respective employment organization with the market value the organization requires for the attainment of income. The more market value an organization receives, the more money the organization earns, which in turn translates to a higher income for actors and athletes.

The second argument in opposition of the notion that actors and athletes are paid too much is based on talent. In business, as well as, other areas, individuals are reimbursed based on their talent and ability. For example, in the school setting, the most talented student is usually awarded prizes for their ability to perform in class. The same strategy applies in the professional setting where professionals who display the most talent and skill are rewarded for their contribution to the organization (Seymour and Shneider 1). As mentioned earlier, market value ensures more earnings for the organizations, which in this case are sports teams and the studios. However, this market value is not just granted to any organizations. It is only the best performing organizations that have the ability to enjoy market value, hence earn more money. Accordingly, performance is dependent on the amount of talent and skill that the organization has. The more talented actors and athletes each organization holds, the higher the possibility of better performance in their respective fields. Evidently, not all actors and athletes earn as much money as people would imagine. Only the talented actors and athletes receive more and better salaries for the work they do (Seymour and Shneider 1). This then questions the argument that actors and athletes are overpaid for their works and contribution. Awarding individuals based on their ability and talent does not come with a limit as to how much one can be awarded for their ability. In essence, what these professionals receive as reimbursement for their talent is just enough for their contribution to their respective organizations and industries.

Conclusively, it is unjustified to say that actors and athletes are paid too much. This is because of their value to their respective organizations, as well as, the amount of money that these organizations make because of them. If actors and athletes help an organization make more money and increase its market share, then the money they make from their work is just enough for the services they provide to the organization.

Work Cited

Mahler, Jonathan. Can Bill Simmons Win the Big One? New York Times, 31 may 2011. Web. 7

November 2011.

Sammi, N. Are Actors and Professional Athletes paid too Much? Edublogs, 29th November 2010.

Web. 7 November 2011.

Seymour, Ryan and Schneider Caroline. Are Professional Actors and Athletes Paid too Much?

The Northwood Omniscient, 27 January 2010. Web. 7 November 2011.

White, Barry. Are Actors and Professional Athletes Paid Too Much? Debate.org, 28 February

2011. Web. 7 November 2011.

LIGHT BULB WORKSHEET

Name: _______________

LIGHT BULB WORKSHEET

Conserving the amount of energy we use is often suggested as an important way people can combat things like acid rain and global warming. It is also an excellent way to combat the high cost of living. The use of Light Emitting Diode (LED) bulbs is often touted as one way to cut energy use. These bulbs are not the strip lights you have seen in school building and stores. LED bulbs are the size of a normal light bulb but have a type of covering over the bottom part of the bulb (see images below).

To find out the impact the choice of bulb has on the amount of electricity we use save this worksheet to your computer as a Word Document. The complete the following activity noting that you will post some of the data to the Question and Answer forum on the class web site by Friday of this week.:

Visit Wal-Mart, Lowes, or ACE and find both of the following:

A box of normal (incandescent) soft white light bulbs. These must be 60W, medium base, soft white bulbs. They may be general purpose or 2X (long life) bulbs. Make sure that they are general lighting bulbs and not 3 way, fan, or any other color bulbs.

A box of LED bulbs that are the equivalent of 60W. Make sure that they are general lighting bulbs and not 3 way, fan, or dimmable bulbs.

The LED bulbs will look like this: The normal light bulbs look like this:

! !

You must find a LED that produces the equivalent light of a 60 watt normal incandescent bulb.

Note that the life of some bulbs is given as “year life”. For example 1.4 year life.

Each “year life” is equivalent to 3 hours per day for 365 days. 3 x 365 = 1095 hours. So, to convert “year life” into hours you will need to do the following: year life x 1095 = life of the bulb in hours.

Once you have found your 2 boxes of bulbs you do not need to buy them.

Take 2 photos with each item; One showing you with the item, and one close enough so that it shows the price and the information shown on its box. Attach (paste/insert them into the Word document) the photos to the end of this worksheet.

Name: ___________________________________

Read the light bulb box and use the information provided to complete the table on the next pages.

LIGHT BULB WORKSHEET RESULTS

SHOW ALL CALCULATIONS

A Price of one 60 Watt normal incandescent light bulb (not the pack just one bulb!) . 1pack of 6 bulbs cost 49.32

$49.32/6=8.22

B Life time of the bulb in hours. Convert life in years to life in hours if needed. Ask me for help if you have not procrastinated 3 hrs per day

3*365*0.9 985.5 hrsC Price of one LED bulb $6.12 for 4 bulbs

1 bulb= $1.53 D Life time of the LED bulb in hours. Convert life in years to life in hours if needed. See me for help if you have not procrastinated 9*1095= 9,855hrs

E How many normal bulbs would you have to buy to cover the life of one LED bulb? 9,855hrs/985.5 hrs = 10 bulbs F The Total cost of all the normal bulbs calculated in E would be? $ 8.22*10 = $82.2 G The total cost of the one LED was $1.53 H Watts (electricity) used by the LED to produce equal light as the 60W normal bulb 8.5W

I A 10 Watt bulb uses 5 more watts of electrical energy per hour than a 5 watt bulb. How much more energy does the normal bulb use per hour than the LED? Each 10 watt 5 more

(60/10)5= 30 watts

30W

J Multiply the extra energy used (answer to I) by the total life in hours for the LED. This will give you the amount of energy saved by using ONE LED bulb in your home.

Remember to show your work! 30*9855 295,650W

K Number of light bulbs in your home. Include all rooms, bathroom lights, lamps, fans, etc. but not strip lights.

(Parents home) 6 light bulbs Name: ___________________________________

right5527675$23.65*18,774

=$444,005.1

00$23.65*18,774

=$444,005.1

45021504013199=$23.65*5,700

=$134,805

00=$23.65*5,700

=$134,805

right3422650= $141.912/6

=$23.65

00= $141.912/6

=$23.65

right22987001,773.9*0.08

= $141.912

001,773.9*0.08

= $141.912

right13762281,773,900W/1000

1,773.9kWh

01,773,900W/1000

1,773.9kWh

L

Calculate the energy saved by changing all home light

bulbs to LED’s (Make sure you show your calculations).

Hint: You know how much energy is saved by one bulb –look

at J.

295,650W *6

1,773,900W

M

Electricity is sold in kW not W. Convert the energy saved

above from Wh to kWh (÷1000)

N

The cost of electricity is about $0.08 per kWh. Calculate

the cost of this saved electricity (answer to M). This is

how much money you would save, over the life of the

bulbs, if you changed all of your bulbs to LED’s.

Post this

value to the Q&A forum by Friday

O

Calculate the class average for the amount of money saved

if only LED bulbs were used in the home.

P

There are about 5,700 single family dwellings in

Milledgeville. Changing all of the bulbs in Milledgeville to

LED’s would save how much in electricity costs?

Q

There are about 18, 774 single family dwellings in Baldwin

county. Changing all of the bulbs in our county to LED’s

would save how much in electricity costs?

L

Calculate the energy saved by changing all home light

bulbs to LED’s (Make sure you show your calculations).

Hint: You know how much energy is saved by one bulb –look

at J.

295,650W *6

1,773,900W

M

Electricity is sold in kW not W. Convert the energy saved

above from Wh to kWh (÷1000)

N

The cost of electricity is about $0.08 per kWh. Calculate

the cost of this saved electricity (answer to M). This is

how much money you would save, over the life of the

bulbs, if you changed all of your bulbs to LED’s.

Post this

value to the Q&A forum by Friday

O

Calculate the class average for the amount of money saved

if only LED bulbs were used in the home.

P

There are about 5,700 single family dwellings in

Milledgeville. Changing all of the bulbs in Milledgeville to

LED’s would save how much in electricity costs?

Q

There are about 18, 774 single family dwellings in Baldwin

county. Changing all of the bulbs in our county to LED’s

would save how much in electricity costs?

Remember that we have only changed the light bulbs in the homes and yet look at all of the energy that has been saved and the $ we are no longer spending. Energy conservation is by far the easiest and most convenient way to reduce our energy consumption.

Attach your photos of the boxes of light bulbs here.

**Be sure to provide data information from your worksheet on the corresponding Q&A Forum**

GE Reveal Incandescent Light Bulbs, 60W

Great Value LED Light Bulbs, 8.5W (60W Equivalent), Soft White, 4-count