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stephen hawkings big bang theory

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Origin of the Universe

Viking mythology suggests that when an eclipse occurs it is as a result of two wolves, Hati and Skoll, catching the moon or the sun. Once the eclipse started people made noise in a bid to scare the wolves away. With time people noticed that eclipses ended heedlessly of their efforts to make noise. During this era, people postulated many myths in attempts to make sense of their world. In the long run people embraced philosophy, the application of reason with instinct, to decipher the mysteries of the world. Presently, people use reason and modern science to make sense of the world. According to Albert Einstein, the utmost perplexing thing about the world is that it is coherent. This simply means that every single thing in the world adheres to laws without exclusion.

Stephen Hawking, through his book The Grand Design, asserts that God is redundant in the clarification of the beginning of the world. According to Hawking the factors that render God redundant are physical laws, for example the law of gravity. The renowned British theoretical physicist claims that the world is a result of the ‘Big Bang’. In his book he states that the ‘Big Bang’ acted as an inescapable magnitude of the physical laws thus God had nothing to do with the creation of the universe. Hawking questions the presence of God in forming the ‘Big Bang’. He opines that peoples’ daily experiences influence their perception on the things that happen as a result of a prior action. According to him it appears to be normal for one to have the perception that something, or conceivably God, acted as the foundation of the world’s existence. The aforementioned statement takes a drastic shift when one talks about the universe as a whole entity. Under the above circumstance, God is not necessary.

According to Stephen, the role assumed by time at the creation of the universe proves to be the fundamental aspect that dispenses the need of having God as the creator of the universe. The universe created itself and its evolution is controlled by time. The author insists that one cannot get to a time prior to the big bang since there existed no time before the big bang. Researchers have finally unraveled that something may not have to possess a cause since there was no time in which the cause would exist. In Hawking’s opinion this signified that there is no prospect of there being a creator since there is no time to support his existence. Since time commenced once the big bang occurred; the event could not be attributed as the creation of anything or anyone. Prior to the big bang time did not exist, thus there was no time for God to create the universe. Stephen Hawking in his work asks if whether God created the universe is similar to asking for instructions to the edge of the globe. The globe does not have an edge thus searching for it proves to be vain.

Another angle adopted by theorists in explaining the origin of the earth is God’s involvement as the Grand Creator. The aforementioned statement infers that patterns that the universe adopts are attributed to a superior divine being that is above the patterns. The aforementioned approach manifests itself in various forms. The leading form is acknowledging and giving credit to God for permitting the existence of the universe. According to Judeo-Christianity, God is the state of prospect of any entity whatsoever as well as humans. God acts the ultimate reminder that there is something rather than emptiness. Another form is the sustainer of the universe. John Polkinghorne responds to Hawkin’s query on the position of God as the creator by stating God’s position is in every and all places. Comparatively, God is at times recognized for sustaining the symmetries witnessed in nature that would otherwise appear to be a mere concurrence.

It is the similar laws of nature overriding most distant galaxies that are apparently operative on planet earth. Additionally, the same laws managed the original proceedings which people refer to as operate in the current settings. Whether this is not considered as a cause of the universe is entirely surrendered to individuals. Nevertheless, such an occurrence is too bizarre for the logical reasoning of an individual. The final rational form stems from the customary ‘cosmological’ opinions for God’s subsistence. William Lane Craig formulates ‘Kalam’ which states that anything and everything which has a beginning in time must have an origin. William asserts that something cannot simply arise; there must be a root that initiated them.

Generally, it is convenient for one to possess the ability to provide explanations for the existence of things. However, majority of the scientists believe that the pursuit for critical justifications eventually ends in some final theory of the universe. Evidently, the ultimate conceivable rationale rests in God; but a captivating row to that effect would entail a demonstration that God offers a superior justification than a purely covetous depiction, not a priori resolve that a covetous depiction is unsettling. The question is why other people need a meta-explanatory account, while others are content without one. The incentive to offer the aforementioned accounts should stem from one’s experience within the universe, while the doubt that there is no need emanates from considering the whole world as a distinctive thing which needs apposite set of principles.

Stephen Hawking claims that time began at the moment the big bang occurred, since the event did not have a possible cause or be the creation of anything or anyone. With regard to the aforementioned statement, one poses the question whether physical laws can be categorized as ‘anything’. In addition to this, how can Hawking justify the cause of the universe to be the law of gravity? The law of gravity would have to exist prior to the creation of the universe for it to qualify to be a possible cause of the universe. This led to the questioning of Hawking’s ‘Big Bang’ theory why it was just to embrace the law of gravity as an earlier element before the creation of the universe and using causal influence prior to the beginning of time, but deeming it irrational to extend similar honors to God. This taints his work with contradiction. Stephen Hawking does not deem the privileges provided to physical laws as equivalent to that offered to God.

Conclusively, there is enough reason to conclude that Hawking’s ‘Big Bang’ theory is to some extent incorrect. He opines that peoples’ daily experiences influence their perception on the things that happen as a result of a prior action. According to him it appears to be normal for one to have the perception that something, or conceivably God, acted as the foundation of the world’s existence. Stephen Hawking in his work asks if whether God created the universe is similar to asking for instructions to the edge of the globe. The globe does not have an edge thus searching for it proves to be vain. The author insists that one cannot get to a time prior to the big bang since there existed no time before the big bang. With strict regard to his work, temporal causation proves not to be the sole causation of the universe. Moreover, temporal causation may not require temporal priority. Hawking’s other premise that suggests that there is good rationale behind considering physical time as the only possible time is deceiving. There exists time which varies from the conventional physical time. Other theorists believe that patterns that the universe adopts are attributed to a superior divine being that is above the patterns. This implies that God is the Grand creator of the universe. Thus, if there is good reason to believe that there exists other forms of time then it is possible for God top exist prior to the creation of the universe. Due to the aforementioned statement, God could have applied causal influence to creation of the universe. It would prove to be unreasonable for an individual to adopt Hawking’s theory that the universe does not have an origin. Arguments such as the ‘kalam’ formation reveal that the world does not have an origin but rather its sole cause is God.

Lululemon Marketing Analysis

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Lululemon Marketing Analysis

Introduction

Lululemon athletic a is an athletic wear store selling high quality performance wear mainly meant for women and was founded in 1998 by Dennis Chip Wilson in Vancouver, British Columbia. The primary focus is women leading healthy lifestyle and are determined to achieve it in a more comfortable but fashionable manner. Lululemon currently operates 45 stores in Canada and 70 in the US selling innovative and technical apparel products that provides performance, fit and comfort (Tucker Web). The company boasts of her ability to incorporate fashion and style in their products, which has ensured her strong brand recognition and high number of sales. The company’s concentration in Canada is much better especially brand awareness than in the US despite the fact that it has more stores in US than Canada.

Current Market

According to Tucker, Lululemon identifies itself with a high quality as well as exclusive yoga and sporting apparel strictly meant for female (Web). It operates in numerous stores across North America, Australia and New Zealand where it offers women’s wear for yoga, dance, running and other sport events. Most of the company’s customers are high-income women that are insulated to prices and the downturn of the economy as was evident in 2008 when the sales grew despite economic challenges. It has more stores in U.S compared with Canada that contributed to the $452.9 million revenue and gross of $ 223. Lululemon intends to make her US brand as better as the Canadian one because US has more stores than in Canada. The company is putting a lot of effort boost her brand awareness in the US market (Tucker Web). The organization has successfully returned to the community that gives it support such as hosting free yoga events around town. The company focuses on high quality products, which attracts higher prices for her upper income women target. Lululemon ensures prestigious and exclusive products that act as fashion forward and shows a healthy, well off lifestyle. The expensive high-end workout apparel has seen it standing even amid recession in 2008 due to the current market perception of the brand.

Target Market

Lululemon’s target market is 18-34 fit, health conscious and fashion forward, high-income females who are the company’s vital customers. The active young thinking woman who are appearance conscious, physically fit and well educated. Lululemon targets mostly the upper and middle class females residing in North America with the niche marketing strategy by pursuing a narrowly defined market segment. The niche market strategy has greatly contributed to the success of the company thus making it remain a primary market target. In the recent past, the company has been striving to gain reach the male workout market for some time (Tucker Web).

New male clothing brand with very high quality is another target market that the company looks forward to dominate. The males targeted are educated and physically active and appearance conscious aged between 16 and 45 living in North America. It is also targeting the pre-teen girls who may not be identified with the more mature females as well as more for more value proposition within all brands of the company. The target customer for Lululemon is very complex, active as well as health and is aimed at carrying out product expansion and matching the lifecycle and social status of those women.

Current Marketing Strategy

Acording to Ellis, Lululemon’s goal is to implement brand extension and reposition brand awareness that may result into 10% total growth as well 5% female growth within the next one year (Web). The strategy also involves holding a challenge in five Canadian cities and general 10% increase until 2025. The company has laid down various marketing strategies that may boost her sales and cover wider market. There are special marketing displays proposed by the management that helps in displaying products in stores for customers to distinguish between the products. Marketing displays however would however not apply to maternity clothing as while the Baby Belly Tank will be mixed with other active wear and loungewear products. The company uses strong pricing power as well as the strategy of getting product right and keeping it scarce.

According Ellis, Lululemon’s marketing strategy includes cupcakes, camp out, dances and running clubs, which are summed up as grassroots marketing that is very inexpensive (Web). The company is planning to enter new markets Hong Kong and UK with ambassadors who greatly support them. The ambassadors integrate with the local community as a way of expanding their market share. Additionally, the company encourages the utilization of social media as a means of interacting with the public.

According to Tucker, Lululemon has been building on brand recognition by letting the franchisee to take part of the cost (Web). The company also uses social media such as Facebook, twitter, YouTube to reach their market by posting pictures with short, catchy tag lines. The company further uses video demonstrations to launch new products as well as multifaceted social media campaign to educate the users on the usability of the product (Ellis Web). Moreover, Lululemon realizes the diversity of culture in different countries making her marketing messages vary between Canada, Asia and Australia. Generally, the grassroots marketing adopted by the company is deeply based on the customers’ desires since the company believes in being pulled into the market instead of being pushed (Malka Web).

Industry

Lululemon operates in a very profitable niche in the wider sportswear by offering services to customers that are more affluent and play a major role in her sustainability. The company United States sporting apparel provides the largest sportswear market representing almost 41% of the global sales then closely followed by the European Union market with about 38%.The company’s yoga wear has established itself as a prominent brand in the female sportswear market prompting them to charge maximum price for the products (Malka Web). Lululemon boasts as one of the most productive retailers in the sportswear market with several other opportunities of growth in various categories such as its recent expansion of merchandise for both men and youth.

However, it faces stiff competition from Gap Inc.’s Athleta brand as well as other businesses operating on yoga apparel. Moreover, it does not own patents in technology, fabric or even procedures they use in manufacturing hence exposing risk to their products. Competitors may decide to duplicate their products and technologies and just make away with it. The primary competitors of Lululemon are small businesses operating individual yoga wear stores as well as retailers situated in gyms and fitness places. This makes it harder to compete the company because of her many resources and popularity it enjoys amongst the yoga enthusiasts (Malka Web).

However, on a higher scale, the company faces stiff competition from the sport industry giants including Nike and Adidas that are incredibly larger than Lululemon. Nike and Adidas make huge sales and enjoy a wider presence both online and in their very own numerous stores (Ho Web). The company further faces risk of losing customers who may substitute their products with lower priced apparel because the Lululemon’s products are very expensive and only meant to serve the rich. It is also worth noting that the market that the company concentrates much on, North America does not have a larger capacity of expanding due to the company’s brand premium niche positioning.

Sporting apparel in US generated about $9.2 billion in 2009 although it went down the following year because of the economic downturn by almost 5%. It is apparent that yoga industry is really increasing in size as Americans spend more than $5.7 billion in it and the same growth is experienced in sport apparel, workout gear and leisure activities. It is incredible to see Lululemon outperforming competition and is considered as one of the top performing apparel industry stock due to their suppliers who are the main stakeholders (Ho Web).

Product Review

Lululemon offers several products including jackets, hoodies, pants, shorts for sexes and bras, underwear and tank tops that are meant for women. According to Ekachakra, pants are provided either in regular or tall lengths and that they are pre-shrunk to make sure there is an initially quality fit (Web). Their products are believed to flatter women/s derriere that really appeals to women of all classes. Additionally, Lululemon boasts of its cutting edge and high quality fabrics that are integral in delivering maximum operation and body fit. It has greatly collaborated with some other leading suppliers that have aided it in developing trademarked fabrics that removes moisture from the body (Ekachakra Web).

According to Ekachakra, the uniqueness of the fabrics further facilitates drying process and protect against wind and rain (Web). The fabrics also have matte finish that enables it to be thicker compared to spandex hence assisting in avoiding unappealing shine. Additionally, the Lululemon products are flat seams, tear-out labels and thumbholes on their sleeves and pockets that are very helpful in keeping things such as audio players. Lululemon experiences expansion and growth aimed at offering products that are more appealing for men and youths. It also offers some fitness related accessories such as water bottle, yoga mats and DVDs that are characterized with the company’s high quality nature.

Works Cited

Ekachakra. Yoga Product Review: Lululemon Athletica – Worth the High Price? Yoga for Flowers 30 Aug. 2006. Web. 22 Nov. 2013. http://yogaisforlovers.wordpress.com/2006/08/30/yoga-product-review-lululemon-athletica-worth-the-high-price/

Ellis, Debra. Lululemon: Corporate Misstep or Targeted Marketing? Socialmediatoday 16 Nov. 2013. Web. 22 Nov. 2013. http://socialmediatoday.com/debraellis/1924476/lululemon-corporate-misstep-or-targeted-marketin

Ho, Solarina. Analysis-Lululemon seen Growing in Lucrative Niche Market. Reuters 2 Nov. 2010. Web. 22 Nov. 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/11/02/idUSN0116446120101102

Malka, Dean. Strategic Review of Lululemon Athletica SlideShare Inc 2 Jan. 2013. Web. 22 Nov. 2013. http://www.slideshare.net/deanmalka/strategic-review-of-lululemon-athletica

Tucker, Erika. Why is Lululemon so Successful? Global News 6 Dec. 2012. Web. 22 Nov. 2013. http://globalnews.ca/news/316659/why-is-lululemon-so-successful/

Types of Central Tendency and Variance

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Course Title

Institution

Types of Central Tendency and Variance

Mean

Mean would refer to the average summation of the dataset. Then later divided by the number of variables listed.

Grade 1 Grade 2

Mean 74.5714 77.2857

The mean for grade 1 is (74.57) and grade 2 (77.28). Grading for 2 is higher.

Mode

Mode would refer to the value that is occurring several times in a given dataset.

For instance, test 2 has 5.5 hrs being repeated, test 1 has 8.5 hrs appearing twice.

Median

The median is the middle score in a set of given numbers.

Grade 1 Grade 2

Median 86.0000 77.0000

Variance

Variance would be the average in terms of variability. This by obtaining the mean and then squaring the differences and later making them positive. Afterwards the sum squares id divided by the values of the dataset.

Grade 1 Grade 2

Variance 555.286 267.571

References

Kothari, C. R., & Garg, G. (2014). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Delhi:

New Age International Publishers.

Kothari, C. R. (2014). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (3rd ed.). New Delhi:

New Age International (P) Limited.

Types of Central Tendency and Variance (2)

Name

Course Title

Institution

Types of Central Tendency and Variance

Mean

Mean would refer to the average summation of the dataset. Then later divided by the number of variables listed.

Grade 1 Grade 2

Mean 74.5714 77.2857

The mean for grade 1 is (74.57) and grade 2 (77.28). Grading for 2 is higher.

Mode

Mode would refer to the value that is occurring several times in a given dataset.

For instance, test 2 has 5.5 hrs being repeated, test 1 has 8.5 hrs appearing twice.

Median

The median is the middle score in a set of given numbers.

Grade 1 Grade 2

Median 86.0000 77.0000

Variance

Variance would be the average in terms of variability. This by obtaining the mean and then squaring the differences and later making them positive. Afterwards the sum squares id divided by the values of the dataset.

Grade 1 Grade 2

Variance 555.286 267.571

References

Kothari, C. R., & Garg, G. (2014). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Delhi:

New Age International Publishers.

Kothari, C. R. (2014). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (3rd ed.). New Delhi:

New Age International (P) Limited.

Reliability and Validity

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Course Title

Institution

Reliability and Validity

Reliability

In the broadest sense, reliability would be looking at the consistency of measurement. The feasibility is observed by measuring the variable several times. Thus, it would be able to prove if the measure is consistent enough (Kothari, 2014). Therefore, a measurement that would be higher is observed to be more reliable than one that would have lower scalability.

Inter-observer reliability is a measure utilizing statistics to address the issue of consistency as a form of measure. Test-retest reliability looks at the consistency level from one period to another (Kothari and Garg, 2014). Reliability can be internal (this would be tested occurring from variables within) or external (this would be tested occurring from outside variables).

Evaluation of interrater reliability would imply that the study uses the same collected results. Thus, the sample would imply a correlation amongst the various sets of variables that have been analyzed. Hence, when all the respondents give a similar value, the test would have higher interrater reliability (Kothari and Garg, 2014). Thus, the aspect of yielding similar results would prove that the test is of the essence and that it is scientific. Therefore, the inferences can be used in the decision-making process and improve the livelihoods of a people.

Test 1

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach’s Alpha N of Items

.066 2

Test 2

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach’s Alpha N of Items

.276 2

Thus, based on the analysis, test 2 is more reliable.

Thus, based on the scientific tools present and used to test for reliability, one would be able to come up with the best measure (Kothari and Garg, 2014). Thus, the repeated analysis would be able to give the best results of a given timeframe over the dataset.

Validity

Validity looks into what will be measured (Kothari and Garg, 2014). This would look at any types of errors that might arise in the questionnaire. For instance, would the variables make sense to the user of the information being used in place.

Internal validity looks at the inferences that carry out the observations amongst the variables to show the type of manipulation if it was done transparently or measured based on the study parameters (Kothari, 2014). External validity looks into the observations that are made based on the manipulation of several variables that would be extending outside.

Concerning the statistical conclusions that are present, the information user would be out to assess the type of analysis. This is whether the data they are getting and the questions they are asking are making sense (Kothari and Garg, 2014). Thus, it would be guided by a psychological framework tasked to improve the nature of analysis and data presentation.

Thus, the study would also have the required sample size. This depends on the statistical test that would be used to analyze the results (Kothari, 2014). Furthermore, the researcher would be keen to look into at least twenty percent of the total population from the total sample size.

For instance, a correlation coefficient at a significance level of 0.05 can be used to analyze. Thus, the result would be testing the significance and insignificance of the variable based on the present results (Kothari and Garg, 2014). Thus, data would form the basis of critique, and the scientists would be able to infer what is happening from the data available for the study.

Thus, the criteria for validity would be based on values 0 and 1.00. This is based on the connection size between the two variables under investigation. This would include variables a and b.

Instrument

Test and measurement

Description

A test and measurement would be used to analyze the strength of the variables based on numerical factors.

Psychometric Properties

It ought to be an accurate system and dependable based on the present analysis.

Psychometric Properties of the Instrument

This will be based on the reliability and validity factors inclined to the correlational coefficients (r = .41).

References

Kothari, C. R., & Garg, G. (2014). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Delhi:

New Age International Publishers.

Kothari, C. R. (2014). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (3rd ed.). New Delhi:

New Age International (P) Limited.

Wadi (Valley) Hanifa History and Geographic

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Course Number

Professor’s Name

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Wadi (Valley) Hanifa History and Geographic

Introduction

This paper posits to investigate the history and current state of the Wadi Hanifah, also referred to as the Hanifah Valley. The Wadi Hanifa is the most important and longest Wadi (valley) in the vicinity of Riyadh. In the arid region of Najd located in central Saudi Arabia, it is an exceptional natural geographical feature. The Wadi is a natural water drainage route which is fed by numerous offshoots for an area of approximately 4,000 km². It flows to the south-east from the north-west, passing via the western boundaries of Riyadh in its central part. From this central point, the Wadi includes an uninterrupted watercourse due to the every day release of 650,000 cubic meters of raw as well as treated water (Al-Homaidan 25). This uninterrupted water flow has produced a unique phenomenon of all-year around green areas in a scorched environment. Until recent times, sections of Wadi Hanifah, particularly those neighboring Riyadh, had been utilized in a destructive and environmentally disparaging manner. Sections of the Wadi were exploited as dumping grounds for garbage, while other sections were mined for stone or harvesting of sand (Zawahri 4).

As a result, substantial portions of the Wadi have been disfigured and polluted while other sections of its landscape have been extensively altered. The natural water flow in several locations has been blocked, thus producing stagnant pools as well as marshy environments.

Wetlands in the south of the Wadi are principally well-liked for recreational purposes such as fishing, picnics, and swimming. As a result of the wanton degradation of the Wadi, the Higher Commission for the Development of Arriyadh, also referred to as the Arriyadh Development Authority (ADA), carried out comprehensive studies of Wadi Hanifah. The rationale of the study was to develop a strategy for the rehabilitation of the wadi (Vidal 6).

CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION

Climatic Conditions. Rainfall in this area is quite limited and averages at approximately 85mm annually. Over 50% of that amount comes about in March and April. The temperatures in the Riyadh region range from 6.4°C on average in January to 42.9°C on average in July.

The Historical Background. The Wadi Hanifah is of significant historical value. It derives its name from the people of Bani Hanifah, who inhabited the Wadi at some point in the 5th century AD. The wadi is a substantial productive strip that in the past served as an agricultural hub, supporting human settlements in its vicinity. The Wadi Hanifa It also holds a big number of heritage sites that include human settlements, defensive towers and walls, as well as dams. Several of the historical structures in the Wadi are built of sun-dried mud bricks, although locally mined stone is also extensively utilized. Among the most significant heritage sites found in the Wadi is Al Dir’iyyah, the native land of Al Sa’ud, the Saudi Arabian royal family (Wilhite 59).

Site and Surroundings. The Wadi Hanifah extends for approximately 120 km in length. It has a depth that varies from 10 to 100 meters and its breadth varies from 100 meters to 1 km at its widest fringes. It offers a natural drainage route for over 4,000 m² of open area found along its span. A series of approximately forty smaller offshoots, referred to as sha’ibs, drain their water into the Wadi Hanifah and these tributaries can be approximately 25 km long. These tributaries include, Wabir,

Al Ubaytah, Safar, Al ‘Ammariyyah, Al Mahdiyya, Laban, Al Awsat, Laha, and Nammar. The tributaries located at the eastern side include Batha’, and Al Aysan. In cross-section the deepest part of the Wadi is located in the centre. This is where the watercourse is positioned. This is surrounded on both sides by a level area typified by deposits of clay soil as a result of flooding in the Wadi and able to sustain several agricultural as well as grazing activities. The level areas are broader in the middle and northern parts than in the southern parts (Kassas 125).

State of the Wadi Before and After Contamination. The Wadi Hanifah is segmented into five zones by its development strategy plan. The five zones are based on disparities in the ecosystem and levels of latest exploitation and resultant environmental degradation. The two least developed sections of the Wadi are located at the north of Riyadh. These sections comprise of several traditional settlements as well as farmlands. The traditional city of Al Dir’iyyah is found in this area (Philby 62). These zones are generally well utilized and have not been degraded as other sections parts of the Wadi. The most prevalent forms of degradation in the Wadi result from mining, dumping, as well as pollution. In these two zones primarily hold private farms which are not subjected to the contaminated water that drains into the Wadi further south. Their comparative distance from Riyadh also plays a considerable function in this regard (Danhof 62).

The third zone crosses through the western sections of Riyadh. The urban part of the Wadi expands from the Al ‘Ilb dam in the north to the region of Al Masani’ in the south. This is the most degraded section of the Wadi due to the numerous environmentally disparaging activities that occur in this region. Quarrying and dumping are the most prevalent in this region as a result of the establishment of a variety of light manufacturing projects (Philby 65). The prevalence of a variety of unrestrained construction activities, as well as the discharge of contaminated water into the Wadi also contributes immensely to the environmental degradation of the Wadi.

The fourth and fifth zones expand southwards from the region of Al Masani’. Although less contaminated than the third zone, this fourth zone however, suffers from the release of contaminated water, which results from numerous activities, including the tannery. The fifth zone expands from Al Ha’ir dam, which has a holding capacity of two million cubic meters, to the end of the Wadi. This zone is also referred to as the ‘Lakes Area’. This part of the Wadi receives an uninterrupted release of water. Since the building of the Al Manfuha treatment station, the primary water treatment plant in Riyadh, approximately two-thirds of the released water in the Wadi has been treated to tertiary degrees. Water that is untreated water also finds its way into the Wadi. Nevertheless, by the time the water reaches the fifth zone, it is comparatively well filtered and a substantial amount of its organic dissipate has been removed by means of natural oxygenation processes. The reed beds that grow along the waterway supply physical filtering and hence oxygenate the water (Murray 109).

On the other hand, in the fourth and fifth zones, there are issues of water stagnation as well as the resultant creation of swampy conditions. The region ends in a sequence of substantial interlinked lakes. A diversity of paved and unpaved infrastructure crisscrosses the Wadi. A number of the roads are used as throughways linking areas alongside the two parts of the Wadi. The comparatively high level of traffic in the Wadi has resulted in problems that relate to air pollution. A variety of vehicle lubricants are poorly disposed of, particularly in the central section of the Wadi. The Wadi has incredible prospects as a recreational space for Riyadh people. In effect, the southern sections of the Wadi are quite popular with picnics. Regrettably, no services are offered for the people who go out for picnics in the Wadi. There is also the absence of regulation regarding issues like cleanliness and hygiene and sections of the Wadi, particularly in the south, demonstrate the impact of heavy littering from persons who utilize the Wadi for picnics (Homer 62).

The Wadi Hanifah Development Project. The wide-ranging development plan consisted of five interlinked components. The first was environmental classification. This constituent aimed at establishing the ecological characteristics of the diverse zones of the Wadi. It provided mechanisms that would ascertain the Wadi’s ecological sustainability, and create a structure for positive and sustainable interface between the Wadi and the Riyadh city (United Nations Development Program 20). The second component emphasized issues that relate to management of water-demand. The release of water into the Wadi is projected to increase from the present 650,000 m³per day to 2,000,000 m³ per day in the next two decades. This component of the project aims to address the problem of the rising amount of contaminated water being released into Wadi Hanifa. This is from diverse sources such as the slaughterhouse and the tannery. The management of water-demand would offer answers to the problems of swampy conditions. Additionally this component focuses on implementation of natural oxygenation processes for the water that passes through the Wadi (Haddadin 4).

The third constituent of the plan included putting in place efficient land-use plans. The objective was to end improper and contaminating land utilization such as mining, dumping as well as industrial activities that discharged contaminated water into the Wadi. This component also dealt with the severe and chronic problem of private encroachment on public land in the Wadi (Amery 3). The project would allow recreational, agricultural, touristic and residential utilization, as long as these do not cause environmental degradation. In addition, significant sections of the Wadi would be confirmed secluded historical or natural zones (Wenche 90).

The fourth constituent of the plan concentrated on rehabilitating the Wadi and rehabilitating its previous ecological balance. This included execution of physical works like clearing sections that were subjected to dumping as well as filling up open quarries. This constituent would also put into operation the redesigning of the infrastructure in the Wadi in order to eradicate air pollution from automobiles and minimize several other harmful environmental impacts (Wolf 51).

The fifth component of the project dealt with the issue of regulating development in the Wadi. This included implementing a monitoring program that would follow up on the environmental effects of the activities that occur in the Wadi. It would also monitor the water quality in the Wadi. This component of the project offers a check and balance system for the different other components in the project (Al-Nuaim 5).

CONCLUSION

The Wadi provides several opportunities. It offers a spectacular and substantial green area that comprises of several heritage sites. It has prospects of offering high-quality and reachable recreational, cultural, touristic as well as environmentally preserved regions that may serve the population of Riyadh and tourists from other places. If sustainable development policies are implemented, the resultant arrangement would significantly improve the Riyadh’s quality of life. The Wadi has the ability to sustain income generating activities that would relate to recreation and tourism. This would provide numerous employment opportunities for the population. It would also sustain considerable agricultural activities, which would provide income streams and food. It is noteworthy that there is a need to shield the Wadi agricultural regions from urban sprawl.

Works Cited

Al-Homaidan, S. Water Chemistry & Algal Vegetation in Saudi Arabian Reservoirs. IA: Iowa University Press, 2009. Print.

Al-Nuaim, M. Profile of the Contemporary Development of Riyadh. Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia. 2 (2010): 5. Print.

Amery, H. Water Conflicts in the Middle East: Looming Threats. The Geographical Journal. 45 (2010).3. Print.

Danhof, C. Revolutionizing Agriculture: The Agricultural Press. N.Y: Columbia Press, 2004. Print.

Haddadin, F. Water & the Peace Process. Geographical Journals. 168 (2009):4. Print.

Homer, T. Environment, Scarcity, & Violence. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2009. Print.

Kassas, M. Ecology & Desertification Management: Geographic Perspectives. 29 (2009): 125. Print.

Murray, R. Rivers of Fire: The clash over Water in the Middle East. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 2010. Print.

Philby, W. Southern Najd. Geographical Journals. 45 (2010): 62–65. Print.

United Nations Development Program. Human Development Reports 2009: Poverty, Power & the Global Water Crisis. N.Y: Palgrave, 2009. Print.

Vidal, P. What the Arab World Does When Its Water Dries Out: The Observer.23 (2011): 6. Print.

Wenche, E. Casual Trails to Conflict. Boulder: Westview Press, 2010. Print.

Wilhite, S. Understanding Drought Phenomenon. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 2010. Print.

Wolf, A. Conflict & Cooperation in Global Waterways. Water Policies. 1 (2010): 51. Print.

Zawahri, M. Stabilizing Riyadh’s Water Supply: Third World Quarterly. 45(2010): 4. Print.

O2 Transfer in Human Body

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O2 Transfer in Human Body

Oxygen (O2) is a significant element in the human body that plays a crucial role of sustaining life and enhancing metabolic process in human body. Despite life sustenance, oxygen helps in terminating destructive bacteria that human body does not need and leaves the important bacteria in human life safe. Chemical engineering treats human body as a chemical plant with air acting as both input and output to ensure smooth operation. There are also other input including food and water as well as other output such as feces and urine. In addition, complete circulation of oxygen requires pumping mechanism in the human body that involves two important organs, the heart, and the blood vessels. Chemical engineering treats circularly system as a chemical process that involves the heart as a pump while the blood vessels act as passageways for oxygen. Generally, chemical engineering uses mathematical equation to show a complete oxygen transportation process in the body. Moreover, chemical engineering involves two basic terms including convection and diffusion that helps in calculating oxygen transport in the human body. Convection is more common in the large blood vessels like arteries while diffusion is more likely to occur in the small blood vessels such as capillaries and veins.

The two main mathematical equations involved in determining oxygen transport are the overall flux that describes oxygen flow via pipes and Fick’s law that explains diffusion of fluid along a concentration gradient.

The overall flux

NA,z = YA ( NA,Z + NB,Z ) – DA,T∇c

Convection Diffusion

Fick’s law

JA,z = −DA,z∇c

Describing Oxygen Transport in Human Body

Oxygen moves in the human body in the breathing process through nose and mouth then goes via the lungs and dissolves in the water lining of alveoli. Oxygen then sticks to red blood cells while passing through the alveoli capillaries.

Circulatory System

Circulatory system plays a significant role in transporting various materials in the human body. Circulatory system ensures that nutrients, water and oxygen are transported to the body cells while transporting waste products produced by body cells such as carbon dioxide away from the body. The circulatory system acts as a highway with network throughout the human body and it involves the heart, and the blood vessel. The heart is responsible in pumping blood and maintaining blood flow in the whole of the body system while the blood vessels transport blood away from the heart to other parts of the blood. The whole of the circulatory system transports oxygen from outside the body into the blood stream and carries away waste from the blood cell, carbon dioxide to the outer part of the body.

The Blood Vessels

The blood vessels function as pathways in the human body through which the blood travels. Blood vessels include the arteries, veins, and capillaries that have distinct functions. The arteries carry blood away from the heart while the capillaries link arteries with veins as veins transports the blood back to the heart during blood circulation process. Initially, the heart usually pumps blood through the arteries (dorsal aorta) before arteries supply the blood to smaller arteries in ensuring that everybody cell receives oxygenated blood. Veins however receive blood from the capillaries after the blood has exchanged the two important gases, oxygen, and carbon dioxide and transports the waste rich blood back to the circulatory organs, lungs and the heart. Capillaries play a significant role of linking arteries with veins and further carry oxygenated blood to the other body parts thus enriching the tissues with oxygen. There are also thin capillary walls that provide a surface area for gaseous exchange by letting the red blood cells inside the capillaries to release oxygen to other surrounding tissues as the tissues release their waste products such as carbon dioxide that is absorbed in the red blood cells.

The Blood

The blood is a very significant substance in the human body system and in the circulatory system because it transports oxygen that is helpful in the life of the body tissues and helps in releasing carbon dioxide, which is harmful to the tissues. For a human being to be alive, the human tissues must receive oxygen, which is transported by the blood. Blood also carries very vital elements in the human body that include the red blood cells, water, oxygen, nutrients and waste products that provide life to the body cells. The blood transfers oxygen to the body tissues after taking it from the lungs and aids the tissues by carrying their waste, carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

The red blood cells continuously run throughout the body by transferring oxygen to the body tissues and carrying carbon dioxide out of the tissues to the lungs. The red blood cells normally take oxygen from the lungs and releasing it by pressing its way through the body with the aid of capillaries. It is normally made up with a chemical known as hemoglobin, which is rich in iron that attracts oxygen to the red blood cells. Usually, as the blood moves through the lungs, oxygen molecules are attracted to the hemoglobin but as the blood goes through the tissues, it releases oxygen to the cells. Finally, after releasing oxygen to the body tissues, the oxygen-less hemoglobin combines with the tissues’ waste such as carbon dioxide and transports them away from the tissues back to the lungs. Nevertheless, plasma, a thick container that carries the red blood cells, usually occupies 55% of the blood capacity and it is composed of nutrients, waste products and the clotting protein.

Diffusivity: DA, B

Diffusion coefficient is a function that relies on the size and atomic component of the diffusing substances and the characteristics of the means. Tiny molecules easily go through biological system such as oxygen because they have higher diffusivity while bigger particles slowly pass through because they have lower diffusivity. Additionally, some medium with heavy or denser tissues experience little diffusion coefficient while less denser medium have higher diffusion coefficient.

Convection and Diffusion

Conviction had been earlier defined as the transfer of bulk material sandwiched between border surface and moving fluid while diffusion is the act of net motion of molecules in the path of lower concentration. Conviction is mainly evident in the larger blood vessels while diffusion mostly takes place in the small blood vessels. Nevertheless, looking at the overall flux equation based on conviction, what is normally considered is the rate at which oxygen flows because of flowing blood hence shown in the direction of the blood flow.

NA,z = CA + VA,z

By considering the conviction, the oxygen concentration within the blood vessels is regarded as constant as the small vessel oxygen moves out of the veins and to other neighboring tissues thus reducing the concentration. It is also worth noting that diffusion is quicker outside the capillary walls that normally have concentration profile. Additionally, convection usually occurs within the vessel whose concentration of dissolved oxygen presumed constant.

NA,z = YA ( NA,Z + NB,Z ) – DA,z∇c

Importantly, normally while the vessels reduces in diameter, convection’s dominance also reduces thus triggering a significant increase in diffusion.

Bio-hybrid Devices

Bio-hybrid devices is an artificial mechanism used in substituting tasks of damaged organs through amalgamation of cells with manmade constituents (polymer) so that they can discharge proteins that are regarded useful for the operation of particular organs. These devices further aid in defending organs from being damaged by the recipient immune system. Moreover, the devices may be explained as what enables the body to interchange and take the implant cells without denunciation from the immune system.

These devices may be helpful in averting various diseases such as diabetes. In the case of diabetes, especially amongst the genetically predisposed individuals, a device called artificial pancreas may remedy numerous challenges involving replacement of insulin that produces tissue in diabetic patients. Moreover, in the case of liver failure, the biohybrid artificial liver (BAL) which is an extracorporeal supportive device may represent a significant therapeutic strategy for people suffering from liver failure. The BAL system is composed of working liver cells that are aided by a synthetic cell culture substance and therefore serves as a link for the patients before a donor organ is provided or the liver is redeveloped.

Biohybrid consist of both intravascular and extravascular where intravascular are inserted within the large blood vessels while the cells are put outside the blood source. In the case of intravascular biohybrid device, oxygen moves from the capillaries to the tissues. On the other hand, there are extravascular biohybrid device that are put on the external part of the vascular section while the cells are condensed in tissue that is encircled with red blood cells. This provides a significant role of stimulating blood vessel growth hence permitting sufficient oxygen mass movement within the device.

Works Cited

Dorian, AI; 2009. The development of bio-articial organs. Medical Research Reviews 2009; 28(2):187-252-296

Jean Krudener, “circulatory system,” in Hillendale Health, web:02/25/2012 <http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/circulatorysys.html>

Lucy P , Hugye D, Vazeou P, Gentile T, Danne K,2010. Maintenance of narmoglycmia by biohybrid device. Science 2010; 254:1786-1784

Provost P ,2010, Application of CN79 hydrogel in Bioyhybrid encapsulation: mathematical model.

Transplant Proc 2010; 27:274493-3895

Obamas State of the Unions address was full of rhetorical choices that enabled effective communication

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English Assignment

Obama’s State of the Union’s address was full of rhetorical choices that enabled effective communication. He largely used analogy to compare what Americans want and what America has achieved so far. The context, purpose and audience were reached so easily through the use of rhetorical choices that are full in the speech. Obama showed appreciation of the American workforce ranging from teachers, doctors and entrepreneurs. He acknowledges effort put by every professional in ensuring that he attracts their attention and let them feel appreciated (Forbes Staff Web). The president further reminds Americans that they are the people who are represented in the chamber and makes the state of the Union. This received strong applause because the audience felt the sense of belonging.

Obama points out at the outcome of the great effort put by Americans such as low unemployment rate in over five years, rebounding housing market and the reduction of deficit. This attracts attention of the audience who feel that they are part of the success and that their achievements are appreciated. Obama received cheers and round of applause from the audience because they were reminded of their achievements and told that they would take America to greater heights above the current position of America in terms of trade (Forbes Staff Web). Obama further urges everyone in the chamber to take charge and avoid resentful argument that may hinder implementation of basic functions in the American democracy. He explains that if their differences may promote the underperformance of the government then the chamber is not doing the best thing.

Obama asserted his commitment to making America work better and rebuilds the Americans trust. He challenges everyone in the chamber to take part in improving the welfare of Americans. The president told the chamber that their actions should provide opportunity for all Americans regardless of their social status. Obama acknowledges some of the challenges facing America such as increase in inequality and the fact that most Americans just work to get by and many are also unemployed. He points out at the need to reverse the negative trends and informs the chamber that they will never agree on everything.

The president makes practical proposals of moving the country forward by creating opportunities. He promises to work with everyone in the chamber to steer the growth of and development of the country. He describes a few examples such as education opportunities, work ethics and encourages businesses to invest and create jobs in America (Forbes Staff Web). The president asks the chamber to embrace the spirit of honesty at work, and encourages everyone to work together towards a better future. Obama repeatedly talked about the need to work together especially being that he was addressing the chamber that contain both the Democrats and the Republicans. This is to ensure that the politicians particularly the Republicans pay attention to the issue. He has also widely used moral reasoning to persuade his audience to do the right thing to do. He has also compared Europe, China and America to let his audience understand where they are in terms of growth, development and trade.

Works Cited

Forbes Staff. Full Text: President Obama’s 2014 State of the Union Address. Forbes 28 Jan. 2014. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/beltway/2014/01/28/full-text-president-obamas-2014-state-of-the-union-address/>.

Create Guidelines and a two year Plan for Starting a New Theater Company

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Create Guidelines and a two year Plan for Starting a New Theater Company

Many artists including actors play wrights and directors often look forward to earning their own play houses. Owning a play house or theatre is a prestigious achievement that both artists and business persons dream of attaining. Successfully starting a theater is a stepwise process that requires prior planning and a clear understanding of both the internal and external factors that influence its performance in different ways. The organization of the respective theater house also plays an important role in influencing its success.

It is also important to understand the reasons behind the formation of the theater in order to align its operations to the established goals and objectives. To attain this, it is important to undertake good planning and establish a solid foundation that would yield optimal and sustainable results long after the project has been completed. This is particularly important because starting up a theater requires substantial financial and labor resources. The following guidelines offer useful insights that an individual needs to be aware of during the setting up of a new theater company.

In his research, Webb argues that although setting up an individual theatre is an exciting venture, it involves a lot of patience as well as hard work to be able to come up with desirable outcomes. Although artistic talents would be required to keep the theater running, it is vital to place equal emphasis on the business aspect of the theater. The first step towards establishing a theater pertains to making a decision or decisions about the managerial structure. Generally, the management would be responsible for making decisions regarding various aspects of the theater. They also involve themselves in making vital decisions about the kind of project that would be pursued in future. As such, it is important to determine the individuals that would assume the preceding tasks and outline their responsibilities accordingly.

The theater usually has various facets that would require managers to oversee the decision making process. It is important to highlight individuals that would be responsible for administrative work in different departments. This eliminates conflicts, ensures harmonic functioning and effective decision making. To effectively undertake this, one can review the bylaws of current theaters in a bid to understand what the procedure entails. Demarcating the boundaries for responsibilities and decision making is very important and goes a long way in boosting effective performance.

After identifying and clarifying the structure and responsibilities of the management, one should then focus on developing a mission statement. Essentially, this acts as an identity for the theater company (Mulcahy 35). It also goes a long way in shaping the future projects, activities and operations that the business would concern itself with. The mission statement needs to be not only broad but also distinctive. In essence, it should be able to identify the vision of the theater too. Since the mission is an identity of the theater, it should be original, unique and reflect its work or operations. It should effectively make the theater to stand out amongst the innumerable others that operate in the market. The mission needs to be created during the initial stages of setting up a theater in order to allow for determination of the kind of projects that would be handled by the respective theater.

After developing the mission, one should then proceed to identifying and creating a logo or a name for the theater. This is important for publicity purposes and should therefore be appealing to the target audience. The best name can be attained through brainstorming and basing ideas on creativity. Care should be taken to ensure that the name that is proposed is not in use by any local company. In his research, Webb suggests that since the name would constitute the ‘face’ of the company, it needs to be catchy and appealing. This would be in enabling the clients to remember it. Moreover, the logo needs to be memorable for easy remembrance by the clients. Fundamentally, this marks the very first step of marketing the name of the theater.

After this, the owner can then proceed to registering the theater company name with the respective local authorities (Nelson and Schwimmer 61). This step is basically aimed at ensuring that the business is legal. In addition, it is important for protecting the name of the business that an individual has chosen. During registration, one outlines the ownership state of the company with regard to whether it is a corporation, sole proprietor and so forth. This is then made public in the local paper or any other form of media such as the internet in order to inform the public about the creation of a new theater. This is also important in protecting the name of the company from future aspirants who might be interested in this.

This is then followed by the opening of a bank account for the theater. In this regard, it is widely agreed that there is no any other better way of accounting for the business finances or funds than opening a separate bank account for the respective business. This is also important because it eases financial operations. For instances, there is a possibility of some checks being written under the name of the company. It would be easier to process such checks than if they were written under the name of an individual. Arguably, having a company bank account also implies that the respective business is credible. It shows that the business is official and its owner accords it the seriousness it deserves. In most cases, this requires that the respective individual be registered in that particular city.

The individual should then proceed to signing up with appropriate and relevant service organizations (Webb 77). This is important because such organization can help the individual in different ways. It is the first step to networking within the theater industry. These are wide and varied and may include local theater alliances as well as regional or state organizations. The signing up also gives the new theater credibility and exposes it to diverse resources, services and ideas. Such organizations are also useful because they offer credible assistance with respect to creating audience development, setting up computer systems, contacting lawyers to address copy right concerns , marketing, fundraising for various art groups, providing information regarding free audition listings, undertaking ticket sales and so forth. Signing up with relative groups such as rotary groups also implies that the new theater is willing to relate in an effective manner with other organizations that are not necessarily within its field of specification.

The next step would be to make a decision with respect to whether the theater would be profit oriented or non profit oriented. Conte and Langley indicate that although this is a very difficult decision, it needs to be undertaken carefully (81). After making this vital decision, the owner should focus on making funding decisions. This entails the determination and critical evaluation of the sources of the funds in order to underscore the strengths as well as weaknesses of each. The amount of financial resources that are required by any theater company is usually depended on the plans and projects that it wishes to undertake.

After this, the owner of the theater needs to focus on strategizing any potential non-production activities. In this respect, Webb cites that while some play houses might be comfortable with doing one or two shows in a year, others prefer maintaining continual presence in order to improve they visibility and be able to acquire new audiences. Non production activities are wide and varied and typical examples include hosting staged readings, teaching classes, and actively engaging in community outreach programs.

The owner can then create and develop a database containing the name and addresses of potential clients. The database needs to be organized in order to ease its use by the relevant individuals. On completion, the owner should then focus on the audience. S/he should be conversant with the individuals who would vie the plays, what they intend to learn from the plays and how similar companies promote their plays. Usually, such information can be gained form the mailing lists of similar companies. In most cases, these comprise of audiences that the new theater might wish to attract. Finally, the owner needs to focus on the first production. The preceding steps only offer a credible basement upon which the first and following shows would be based. They need to be adhered to strictly in order to attain optimal and sustainable output.

Plan for Starting a New Theater Company

If undertaken over a period of two years, the following plan would provide the most ideal way through which the preceding steps would be implemented. Since the steps are progressive, making a decision regarding the structure and responsibilities of the management would take two months. Developing a mission can take one moth because it is not very involving. Creating the name of the company would also take one month because the process is also not so much involving. Since registering the company takes various legal steps, this can be undertaken over a period of three months.

Opening a bank account can be undertaken over a period of two months. Likewise, signing up with service organizations can also take two months. Then, making decisions with respect to either assuming a profit or non profit status can also take two months. Making funding decisions can take two months as well as strategizing potential non-production activities. Creating a client database can take three months as well as evaluating the needs of the audience. Finally, laying out the groundwork and determining when the shows would be aired can take a month. The final month can be employed by the owner to evaluate the entire process and identify any inconsistencies that can undermine effective functioning of the theater when it becomes operational.

Works Cited

Conte, David and Langley Stephen. Theater Management. USA: Quite Specific Media Group Ltd, 2007. Print.

Mulcahy Lisa. Building the Successful Theater Company. USA: Allworth Press, 2011. Print.

Nelson Reginald and Schwimmer David. How to Start Your Own Theater Company. USA: Chicago Review Press, 2010. Print.

Webb, Duncun. Running Theaters: Best Practices for Leaders and Managers. USA: Allworth Press, 2005.