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The baby’s first year’s causal study is trying to determine how reduction of poverty causses changes in brain development

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The baby’s first year’s causal study is trying to determine how reduction of poverty causses changes in brain development. The research study was conducted on randomized mothers within the United States, who were given unconditional cash gifts, and others were made to receive larger amounts of money which could help change their day-to-day lives, and most likely increasing their monthly income by 20% to 25% (TED Salon, 2019). The research was committed to determine whether poverty reduction helps to improve the cognitive, emotional, and brain development of a child within their first three years of life.

The neuroscientists are trying to understand whether the cost-effective way to help children living in poverty would be to give their mothers more money that would first help to reduce the poverty level. The researchers postulate that the level of family income affects a child’s brain structure; such that, children born in disadvantaged families have been found to have a smaller surface area of the brain cortex, while those from non-disadvantaged families have larger surface area (TED Salon, 2019). Thus, their study is to understand the effectiveness of poverty reducing in improving the brain development of a child.

The study is trying to produce a hypothesis that would support that reducing poverty would promote the child’s brain, cognitive, and emotional development. If the hypothesis is established, the researchers intend to use the study results to address and inform debates about social servicesthat have a greater influence on millions of families with young children within the USA. The results would be used to prove that addressing poverty will mean that children born in poverty today will have a promised brighter future (TED Salon, 2019).

Information learnt from this study is important because it helps to promote the understanding on how poverty affects the child’s brain development. It also helps to communicate the message that issue of brain development can be tackled through provision of better lifestyles for the families that are affected by poverty itself. By focusing to improve the brain development of children, the study will help to reduce inequalities and to achieve the objectives of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This study is also significant because its results will help to build up the evidence on how poverty affects development of children’s brain, and how it can be addressed. Understanding what poverty does to a child’s brain development is important since there are millions of children who live in poor conditions within the US. Besides, poverty’s effects on child’s brain development is a critical factor in other social issues, not only educational outcomes, but also job employment. Hence, the study will hep to build a more comprehensive view of poverty and its effect on the neurological wellbeing of a child., as well as their cognition and socio-emotional competence.

This information can be used to enhance family economic stability and well-being through the support that would be provided by the welfare system after the study’s results inform on the effectiveness of addressing poverty. This will help to reduce poverty and improve brain development of the children which will result in improved academic performance; thus, increasing chances of employment. As a result, the wellbeing of families will be improved since the children will be made independent.

Studies show that children from low-income families are confronted with risk factors such as impaired physical health, mental health problems as well as exposure to toxic substances at home. These factors in turn lead to decreased cognitive and socio-emotional development of these children which may lead them into crime and substance abuse. By addressing the problem of poverty, the brain development of a child will be enhanced; thus, improving the child’s academic performance and reducing further involvement in crime.

References

TED Salon. (2019, January). How does income affect childhood brain development? [Video file]. https://www.ted.com/talks/kimberly_noble_how_does_income_affect_childhood_brain_development

Crime Fighting Strategy

Crime Fighting Strategy

Introduction

What is crime? Many definitions have been provided to define crime. There are many variations depending on what the type of crime committed. Therefore crime is based on anything that is contrary to the criminal justice of any nation or country. Crime is an offence committed by an individual against the state laws or set of conditions that protect basic the community. The society is made of certain aspects that maintain and manage order amongst its members. In order to maintaining peace, unit and harmony Smartt, U. (2006), it was devised to implement various clauses that explain what is to be carried out if a crime is committed, therefore a criminal justice system is developed. Therefore crime can be an offence that is punishable by the law.

Therefore due to the existence of a criminal justice system it has become efficiency to uphold the trend of punishing law offender and criminals. Therefore a criminal justice is the grouping of various governmental set standards and institutions that uphold the common agenda of maintaining peace and order in the society. Through the various institutions that have been established by the government are, court systems that are used to pass judgment to various criminal offenders, correctional facilities that act as basic institutions, to provide discipline and keep out of dangerous individuals from the public and society. Finally there are law enforcers such as the police, military personnel and other justice institutions that make the laws for punishing individuals with criminal intent, Smartt, U. (2006). 

In order for the criminal justice to exist, it has become essential to implement certain crime fighting strategies that can act as means of maintaining order and peace in a society without using the power of law. Consequently in order to safely implement these criminal justice systems, it has developed different strategies that maintain the aspect of developing a better means and way of controlling crime. There are many strategies that have been used by various systems in order to control crime in the community. Since there are many reasons that may certainly force individuals to break laws and standards set by various community leaders and their government, it is therefore important to establish leadership and responsibility forums that seek to educate everybody on how to be responsible, Baker, T. E. (2009).

Crime Educating Forum

This is a better strategy in the current dynamic world. It creates a better understanding of the world of criminal justice in any responsible governmental, Keyes, L. C. (1992). . There are many strategies that cannot be quantified as providing a person with the knowledge of making reason ahead of everything. Others may argue that anybody with a better reasoning can still commit a crime. Therefore it is important to develop a reasonably means of developing a criminal justice that first educates the society of the importance of maintaing a crime free society. In the community development there are rules that engage various people about the responsibility of following rules and set standards, Baker, T. E. (2009). Therefore the policy behind this strategy is to outsource the many resources of law and criminal justice in order to educate the public on what is to be done when certain measures are broken. Regardless of the crime committed, correctional means may differ depending on the crime committed. Therefore with first hand information and a department committed to creating a better and crime free society, this is the perfect policy that will seek every person and individual in upholding an outstanding criminal justice system.

Purpose of this policy

The main objective of developing this policy is to educate the public and society on the importance of developing a well educated and fundamental society that upholds law. In order to encompass a community or society, it has become fundamental and essential to form an educative program that can be integrated into our society’s common agendas. This will create a better frontal that helps in maintaining the balance of leadership and justice. How does one improve the desire of maintain a better society? Education has become a paramount resource nowadays that will maintain order and harmony, Keyes, L. C. (1992). .

Theory of the policy

There are many theories that cab grouped in the study towards achieving and proposing this policy. In order to oversee the power of knowledge it is important to gain understanding and then acting on the conscience of that idea. Committing crime cannot be regarded as the fundamental idea of lacking reasoning and power of making sound decisions. Therefore this is a policy developed from the theory of knowledge and understanding the consequences of committing a certain crime, Keyes, L. C. (1992). Furthermore it is encouraging to learn that among the many strategies that have been developed they are all based on achieving the integrity of the society and criminal justice. Passing judgment can be seen as thing of integrity and not persuasion.

Anticipated benefits

The strategy should be able to provide basic ideas about developing a resourceful atmosphere and community that seeks the power of knowledge and unity. Taking into account the many reasons and beliefs about criminal justice, through better understanding and following of the rules, will help achieve an integral justice system. This system will be viewed with an idea that is essential and for the betterment of the community.

Advantages and Disadvantages of the policy

The policy has many ideas and advantages that can be viewed as means to promote the general community. Therefore some of the benefits will include;

Developing a better society that understands the common goals of justice

To avoid and reduce the number of crime offenders in the community

To enhance integration and cohesion among society members

To enhance the importance of objectivity and justice for the society, Keyes, L. C. (1992). 

Although there are many benefits, it may have contrary effects on the society

Although education is fundamental, it can’t cure ignorance that many societies face about leadership and the power or rules.

Educating every individual in the society may be a tedious work that many volunteer may deem unnecessary

Sometimes education may be different interpreted by many people hence it may lack meaning to others

Not all community members are literate to understand the concept being presented, Keyes, L. C. (1992).

Implementation plan

How can the community and government implement this educating policy? There are many issues that many governmental bodies can use to implement this policy. The government and justice institutions may integrate this policy through education forums in the public and schools. Presenting different talk shows in the public and community gathering is a better way of creating cohesion and integration among community society. Hosting public forums is essential in developing a clear resource center, Baker, T. E. (2009). This resource center will have sufficient resources and educating the society about crime and its effects if not well developed and monitored. Employing community volunteers to educate society from one area to another in order to implement the common goal of teaching and educating the public about law and crime.

References

Baker, T. E. (2009). Intelligence-led policing: Leadership, strategies, and tactics. Flushing, NY: Looseleaf Law Publications.

Davies, M., Croall, H., & Tyrer, J. (2009). Criminal justice. New York: Pearson Longman.

Keyes, L. C. (1992). Strategies and saints: Fighting drugs in subsidized housing. Washington, D.C: Urban Institute Press.

Palmiotto, M. (1999). Community policing: A policing strategy for the 21st century. Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen.

Purpura, P. P. (1996). Criminal justice: An introduction. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Smartt, U. (2006). Criminal justice. London [u.a.: SAGE.

Should Abortion be banned

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Should Abortion be banned?

The question of whether abortion should be banned has been discussed for a long time, yet an agreement is yet to be achieved (Rebar, 2022). Religious and personal beliefs are amongst the critical factors that determine the practice of abortion. Considering that abortion is a crucial element that affects the health of women in the reproductive age, it is important to exhaustively discuss the question, determine the most suitable decision, and evaluate its related health advantages, to determine its fitness for implementation.

Abortion should not be banned; rather, the government system should focus to provide safer abortion services for women, to enhance their quality of lives. The majority of Americans agree that women should have the right to choose and decide on matters that affect their wellbeing. Majority of the population are also moving more toward supporting “safe, legal, affordable” abortion. Considering the health of women in the reproductive age, the future of our society, and the welfare of our children, we must support legal abortions and work towards making it easier to obtain. Legalizing abortion gives women the freedom and access to obtain a safe abortion. It is predicted that one in three American women will have an abortion by age 45, but only if they are wealthy enough to afford it. The majority of women who seek an abortion come from the working class and rely on public health providers for their medical care. If abortions were illegal, these women would have nowhere to turn except to unsafe clinics and back-alley practitioners; thus, endangering their lives. Legalizing abortion will enable women to seek quality services from experienced practitioners, and encourage them to confidently seek counselling to make correct decisions concerning pregnancies; more so the unwanted ones.

However, antiabortion activists in the society support that abortion should banned, and argue that abortion is murder and it is unethical (Hughes, 2022). The activists think that abortion should be restricted and they want to impose laws that prevent the procedure from being performed. In 1967, in a legislative debate for legalization of abortion, an antiabortion activist argued that the act is selfish, inhuman, and against the religious beliefs (Hughes, 2022). Antiabortion activists emphasize more on the religious obligations rather than the wellbeing of individuals. In my opinion, religious beliefs and practices should not deny people the right to make important decision; more so, those that affect their health. Religion definitely plays a significant role in the decision-making process, where Christians are against abortion for religious reasons, for example, the Catholic Church argues against abortion on religious grounds; however, many Christian churches have changed their position on abortion due to the advancement in technology and science. Religious practices and beliefs should therefore not be allowed to hinder the achievement of optimum health for women.

The health benefits of legal abortion include being able to avoid an unwanted pregnancy, and the physical, mental, and social effects of a pregnancy (Rebar, 2022). The major benefit for the woman is that if she is able to receive an abortion, it will give her secure knowledge about her body’s capacity for the pregnancy (Rebar, 2022). Additionally, in a society where abortion is not legal and affordable, there will be more unwanted pregnancies; thus, further increasing incidences of unplanned pregnancies that lead to abortions (Rebar, 2022). In comparison to other developed countries such as Singapore and Japan, there are more illegal abortions than legal ones (12% as opposed to 1%); therefore, not providing women with safe abortions has resulted in greater number of deaths due to unsafe abortions (4.5% as opposed to 0.1%) (Rebar, 2022).

In conclusion, abortion should be legalized since banning it simply risks the health of women, who have the right to choose what is best for them. It will positively impact the health of women, and will protect their rights, as banning would only force them to seek dangerous and illegal abortions.

References

Hughes, R. (2022). Tiny You: A Western History of the Anti-Abortion Movement. https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/108/4/879/6564972Rebar, R. W. (2022). Abortion and Me. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 10-1097. https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Fulltext/9900/Abortion_and_Me.446.aspx

Crime and Self Control

Crime and Self Control

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Crime and Self Control

Question 1

It is without doubt that a number of factors usually interact to bring about criminal behavior and as such, there definitely is no single measure that can be employed in order to eliminate the possibility of recidivism (Hirschi, 2002). However, findings of numerous studies and research, have served to demonstrate the importance of parental involvement when it comes to the prevention of criminal behavior, with numerous policies formulated aimed at increasing the level of parental involvement when it comes to child development. Smith and Stern (1997), further underline this importance when they conclude that indeed parental behavior or involvement does significantly influence the probability of a child becoming a delinquent. These findings are also shared by Lipsey and Derzon (1998) also find parental involvement as one of the factors that influence the development of criminal behavior, with supervision, discipline and parental warmth also amongst the factors identified as influential. As such it is therefore plausible to argue that an improvement in parenting would undoubtedly negatively influence the probability of a child developing criminal behavior.

Areas that can be focused on when looked at from a theoretical perspective would perhaps include but not be limited to:

Providing direct control through punishment and rewards

Establishing very close relationships with the child in order to employ indirect control

Providing sufficiently, in order to ensure control through needs satisfaction

Enhancing the child’s coping capabilities by providing sufficient social support and guiding the child on how to cope with various difficult situations

Supervising the child’s environment in terms of the company they keep.

The social control theory argues on three areas that one could claim fall under parenting. By employing the use of prompt and justifiable punishment whenever the child does something wrong, parents would essentially be instilling a sense of discipline and self control into the child, which could then ensure that even as an adult, the child is able to choose doing what is right over self gratification (Rao, 2007). Employing a reward system whenever the child does something right would also lead to similar results. Indirectly, ensuring that the child has all he/she may need, actually serves as a control in itself and may discourage the child from engaging in delinquent behavior.

Establishing a close relationship with a child could actually serve to help in realizing improvements in the other two areas, controlling the company they keep, which according to the differential association theory, may actually result in criminal behavior. Secondly a close relationship may actually help when it comes to coping with strains that may otherwise have resulted in criminal behavior (Agnew & White, 1992).

Question 2

I certainly do not agree with the assertion that it can be too late to instill self control in adults, as self control can be achieved as long as the individual is aware that their actions have consequences, rewards in case of good behavior and punishment in cases of bad behavior. As such therefore adults are not a lost cause when it comes to instilling self control. One of the ways of looking at this argument would be using the differential association theory: which essentially argues that as long as the unfavorable definitions for violating a crime do not outweigh the favorable definitions of not violating the law, the individual will essentially not break the law (Sutherland, 1947). As such an approach that continuously rewards previous delinquents for abiding by the law, and severely punishes repeat offenders would go a long way towards instilling a great degree of self control.

References

Agnew, R. & White, H. (1992). An Empirical Test of General Strain Theory. Criminology 30(4),475-99.

Hirschi, T. (2002). Causes of delinquency. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.

Lipsey, M., & Derzon, J. (1998). Predictors of Violent or Serious Delinquency in Adolescenceand Early Adulthood: A Synthesis of Longitudinal Research.

Rao, S. (2007). Criminal Behavior: A Dispassionate Look at Parental Disciplinary Practices.Indian Journal of Psychiatry

Smith, C., & Stern, B. (1997). Delinquency and Antisocial Behavior: A Review of FamilyProcesses andIntervention Research. Social Service Review, 71, 382-420.

Sutherland, E. (1947). Principles of Criminology. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott

Parole refers to the conditional release of prisoners into the community before the expiration of their sentence.

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Parole refers to the conditional release of prisoners into the community before the expiration of their sentence. The parole and probation laws within a country have a strong impact on that country’s prison population, and they are often criticized as being unduly sentencing related too much to actual “punishment” (Reitz & Rhine, 2020). Some jurisdictions call this type of early release “judicial parole,” which is done after conviction by a court of law or other designated tribunal, such as for serious violent crimes in a country with release at about half-time served (Reitz & Rhine, 2020). The modern parole system was developed in Canada and the United States during the 1870s (Reitz & Rhine, 2020). Since the adoption of the parole system, its effects have been observed to be both positive and negative to some extent. It is nonetheless an alternative to life imprisonment, which has been shown to be a more cost-effective and expedient option. The positive impacts of parole in U.S, have contributed to its popularity where it is slowly gaining recognition and becoming more accepted as an approach to managing offenders (Reitz & Rhine, 2020). However, the associated negative effects are causing contradictory views which hence indicate the need for improvement. The parole system has come to be characterized by a growing concern for public safety, especially in the United States. As the number of people who are released from prison increases, there is growing debate about released prisoners attempting to re-offend and what this means for corrections policy. The widespread and increasingly popular belief that parole officers are unable to contribute meaningfully towards public safety has generated a backlash against parole and the crime control policies that surround it (Reitz & Rhine, 2020).

A common misconception is that parole is a “get-out-of-jail-free” card; however, it is not. While on parole, an individual is expected to obey all laws and all of the conditions of the parole can be enforced with sanctions or incarceration if violated (Bartels, Fitzgerald& Freiberg, 2018). Studies have shown that people who are in prison for serious felony crimes tend to offend again within three years upon release. This statistic shows us that there may be some people who simply cannot be rehabilitated while in prison; therefore, they must serve their entire sentence behind bars; they will certainly offend again after release if not incarcerated (Bartels, Fitzgerald& Freiberg, 2018). However, parole allows these individuals to be released from prison sooner than the originally intended (Bartels, Fitzgerald& Freiberg, 2018). It allows for this to be more effectively done, as not all individuals can be rehabilitated despite being kept in custody over their crimes for their entire sentence. The problem with not being able to participate in society once a person has served their sentence is that they may resort back to crime and stop working towards rehabilitation. Parole allows individuals to become productive members of society and encourages reformation. In addition, although people who have committed serious felonies tend to offend after release while on parole; this still does not mean that all serious felons cannot be rehabilitated while on parole.

Lack of adequate time for parole consideration is hurting the corrections system; therefore, indicating that indeterminate sentencing should be abolished (Dagan & Roberts, 2019). Supportive evidence of this position is that there are few incentives to prison rehabilitation, and the limited amount of resources in prisons. This more permanent sentencing has a negative impact on inmates, families, and communities by causing people to be released without a job or stable living environment. Furthermore, without an indeterminate sentence, prisoners would have more incentive to participate in programs and work towards rehabilitation because they would want to get out early instead of being incarcerated for life. Studies have shown that indeterminate sentencing undermines prison rehabilitative efforts as it limits the amount of resources available for inmate support. However, other findings support that parole does not reduce recidivism but rather does just the opposite of what is intended in order to rehabilitate criminals (Dagan & Roberts, 2019). Also, in 2005, there were approximately 1,300 murders committed by individuals while they were out on parole (Dagan & Roberts, 2019). The same year that these murders took place was also the same year that seven hundred and sixty-six thousand people were on parole (Dagan & Roberts, 2019). Although the fact that parole does not reduce recidivism, the U.S. Department of Justice does support the validity of parole. The reason that notwithstanding the lack of evidence regarding its effectiveness; still, parole continues to be supported by federal government is because it allows prisoners who serve their sentences to be released as soon as possible. By doing so, it gives these individuals more time to adjust back into society and become productive citizens.

The structural risk of the federal prison system is largely due to a variety of factors, including inadequate rehabilitative services, insufficient funding and resources allocated to prisons, and prison overcrowding. Since its inception in 1994, the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act has been a major turning point for criminal justice policy in the US (James, 2018). The act was written primarily with inner-city violent felonies in mind but had an unforeseen effect on nonviolent drug offenders as well. In 2010 alone, 2 million people were incarcerated at either federal or state level. Inadequate rehabilitative services are the major risk factors within the federal prison system (James, 2018). With the exception of prisoners convicted of drug-related offenses, there are no provisions in place to provide inmates with basic education or vocational training. This leads to inmates either returning to society with minimal skills and education, therefore more likely to continue their criminal lifestyle upon release, or foregoing an education altogether which can ultimately lead to future offending. Insufficient funding and resources on the other hand, is also a major deterring factor within the federal prison system. It leads to overcrowding, which itself is a serious issue but also has a negative effect on prison management and administration as it leads to further staff shortages, resulting in numerous problems including poor sanitation, understaffing and underfunding of programs.

One of the most crucial functional risks in the federal prison system is understaffing. Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) currently manages over 193 facilities throughout the United States with a total reported inmate population across all facilities at over 209,000 people (Hickert et al., 2022). With a constant increase in population, the system cannot help but have their concerns on the understaffing of federal prisons. According to the BOP website, as of March 2018 there are 7,489 staff vacancies within BOP facilities; not including contract correctional officers (Hickert et al., 2022). The level of understaffing is so dire that correctional officers are allowed to work double or triple duty shifts. A 2017 study from the Bureau of Justice Statistics showed that the federal prison system was experiencing an even more serious issue. In a survey conducted on over 3,000 inmates nationally, about 40% of those surveyed reported being overworked and about 60% reported being underpaid for their work in BOP facilities (Hickert et al., 2022).

Over the years, various reforms have been developed and implemented to prevent and reduce the risk factors within the federal prison system, to make the facilities safer for both imprisoners and the staff. Reduction of harsh prison sentences is one of the reforms that have been implemented (Hickert et al., 2022). In the past, federal prison sentences have been harsh and these harsher penalties were based on the seriousness of the crime committed. Yet today, most prison sentences are not as harsh as they once were. These reforms have been developed to reduce prison overcrowding and make sure that prisoners are sent to the prisons that will best suit their needs. Additionally, judges are now allowed to use discretion in deciding which penalties each criminal should receive. The custody level is one of the reforms that has been developed to deal with this problem. Another reform is creation of Transforming Prison Acts which allows for inmates to be placed in pioneering education programs. The concept of Transforming Prison Acts was developed by the American Bar Association (ABA) and created out of the belief that prisoners can become productive members of society if given proper instruction and training. These new educational programs aim to reduce criminal activity while increasing employability. The correctional system role emphasizes the rehabilitative aspect of punishment, rather than simply punitive measures. The idea behind these reforms stems from the idea of reformation, which is consistent with an individual’s unique characteristics at the time of sentencing and current changes in public opinion (Hickert et al., 2022).

Implementation of the reforms has positively impacted on corrections such that the federal prison system is now considered to be less harmful. The majority of prisoners are now being enrolled in educational programs, which has decreased the prevalence of crimes among prisoners. The younger generation was already growing up with the new attitudes towards crime and punishment; therefore, it has been easier for prisons to implement reforms and make sure that people stay out of trouble. The amount of federal prison population has decreased by more than one fourth in the past decade. There have also been several cases where individuals were released because they were deemed to be no threat to society.

Focusing to implement reforms that only improve the conditions for the imprisoners while leaving out the prison staff will indisputably result to total failure. This is because the system is not only made up of the incarcerated individuals but also, the prison staff who play a bigger role in protecting the imprisoners and providing them with the required necessities. It is therefore important to consider ways of motivating them to excellently perform their duties. The most essential way for motivating the staff is by meeting their needs, such as provision of proper salaries and incentives. This will enable them to perceive their work as a profession and not a sacrifice. Another way is by providing them with the opportunity to get additional bonuses for promoting better performance in their jobs. A new study conducted by Prof Leanne Reynolds and Dr Mavis Smith from the University of Northeastern Australia has revealed that staff in correctional facilities were not motivated enough to meet the different job roles well. The study was aimed at assessing the effectiveness of bonuses and incentives as a way of motivating staff in correctional facilities. The researchers found that incentives have a significant impact on improving staff motivation and consequently highlight their role as important as correctional administrators. Feedback also indicated that staff who didn’t receive incentives had a lower level of job satisfaction. Staff who participated in the study also acknowledged that they were less satisfied with the relevant aspects of their jobs, such as workload and supervision. Organizations, especially those that are a part of government agencies, should adopt these strategies because they will lead to an increase in staff motivation levels which ultimately promotes a better correctional facility where all the staff are actively involved in working together towards the same goal while achieving it effectively.

On the other hand, staff retention continues to be a major challenge that faces the federal prison staffing (Jernigan, 2018). It is essential as well to develop strategies which would promote retention of prison staff in correction facilities. One strategy would be to create a strong and vibrant culture that will support the staff towards achieving their goals as well as building a professional relationship with the prison management, thereby creating an environment for them to excellently do their job (Jernigan, 2018). The second strategy would be through addressing factors that influence the staff to quit work; such as increased workload (Jernigan, 2018). For instance, employment of more workforce will relieve the workload; thus, reducing the possibilities of staff quitting their jobs. Organizations should consider these strategies because they will ensure effective and efficient service delivery. The prison staff play a very significant role in ensuring detainees are protected and treated in a humane way while being held in custody centers. In addition, they promote an effective correctional facility whose services are delivered efficiently to all inmates. The challenge of understaffing is often resolved by hiring temporary workers and holding on to staff who have been with the organization for more than 5 years; however, there are other issues which come along with this strategy such as limited career potentials, limited salaries and few benefits initiated by the organizations. Hence, the issue would be effectively resolved through employment of permanent staff in the facilities, to increase workforce.

References

Reitz, K. R., & Rhine, E. E. (2020). Parole release and supervision: Critical drivers of American prison policy. Annual Review of Criminology, 3, 281-298.

Bartels, L., Fitzgerald, R., & Freiberg, A. (2018). Public opinion on sentencing and parole in Australia. Probation Journal, 65(3), 269-284.

Dagan, N., & Roberts, J. V. (2019). Retributivism, penal censure, and life imprisonment without parole. Criminal Justice Ethics, 38(1), 1-18.

Hickert, A., Bushway, S. D., Harding, D. J., & Morenoff, J. D. (2022). Prior punishments and cumulative disadvantage: How supervision status impacts prison sentences. Criminology, 60(1), 27-59.

Jernigan, B. C. (2018). Correctional Nursing: Why is Retention an Issue?. Gardner-Webb University.

James, N. A. (2018). Risk and needs assessment in the federal prison system (pp. 7-5700). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.

Crime And Media Images Of Crime Are Becoming As Real As Crime Itself

Crime And Media: Images Of Crime Are Becoming As ‘Real’ As Crime Itself

Introduction

Any discussion on the close resemblance between images of crime and real crime itself is basically a study of the relationship between agents of images of crime which is mass media and agents of real-life crime. The relationship between these two closely-alike agents needs to be closely examined and clear boundaries set. However, recent trends of real-life crimes shows such examination may bear little fruits as crime images portrayed in popular media have turned into precursors of real-life instead of serving their intended role of invoking moral panic. As a matter of fact, recent research shows that not only are images of crime closely similar to crime itself, but that images of crimes lead to the crime itself (see for example Leishman and Mason, 2002; Leitch, 2003a; 2003b; 2003c). There is a general contention that young people tend to associate themselves with popular film characters and even go to the extent of emulating some of their behaviour traits. This essay seeks to explore how images of crime are becoming as ‘real’ as crime itself. This will be achieved by way of giving examples. Overall, it will be argued that the mass media has failed to induce moral panic and instead has turned to be the popular knowledge repository where would-be criminals learn their first criminal skills.

Relationship between Crime Images and Real-Life Crime

The mass media portrays crime in a rather problematic manner. There is a growing concern among theorists and criminologists alike that mass media have become more of a cause and not a deterrent of crime (ASC, 2010; Brain, 2002; Chancer, 2005). However, Reiner (2007) posits that this trend is not new. While giving the case of Magistrate Patrick Colquhoun, Reiner shows that as early as the 18th century, mass media was perceived as a major precursor of crime. He claims that in a landmark ruling, Magistrate Patrick pointed out that since the media is perceived by majority of the people as a lens through which one can look into the outside world as well as a mirror through which one can polish their images, then the recent cases of crime among the young people could be because many people especially the young look at film characters as role models which should be emulated. These sentiments are shared by Leitch (2003b), who claims that young people lack a strong sense of judgment and are easily beguiled into following popular film characters even when their moral standing is weak. Moreover, Leitch (2003a) argues that though portrayals of crime in the mass media are meant to instil moral panic among the audience, this is not always the case as recent crime trends indicate – young people develop a liking of criminal characters instead despising them. Specifically and while drawing from Leitch (2002: 15), it is true that,

Crime films operate by mediating between two powerful but blankly contradictory articles of faith: that the social order that every crime challenges is ultimately well-defined, stable, and justified in consigning different people to the mutually exclusive roles of lawbreakers, law enforcers, and the victims who are the audience’s natural identification figures; and that every audience member is not only a potential victim but a potential avenger and a potential criminal under the skin.

Media portrayal of crime is biased and may at times attract criminal sentiments. Though the above statement by Leitch (2002) was made in an attempt to define what a crime film entails, one cannot fail to see that the perceptions drawn by crime film audience could actually be retrogressive to the very gist of crime films. For instance, crime films that are constructed from the perspective of the criminal who ends up evading law enforcers are most likely to portray crime as a good thing among the young audience whose content analytical skills are not well developed. Since according to Reiner (2007), content analysis is an art and a science that requires high levels of cognitive capability and great moral composure, it is only wise to reason that the young audience may fail to grasp the moral of a crime film and blindly believe that the society expects them to exhibit hardcore characters as a normal way of day-to-day survival in their respective societies. Leitch (2003c) supports this sentiments by positing that though crime films are meant to be educative on matters of morality and law, most are times when they are interpreted wrongly especially those films with complex storylines. Overall, it is arguable that like many other literary works, crime films are full of scriptural fallacies that tend to mislead the audience into believing that one can engage on crime and get away with it.

Media portrayal of crime is not consistent with the actuality. A content analysis of the reporting of crime in newspapers, official statistical reports as well as in radio and television programmes by Reiner (2007) shows a systematic and rather intentional disparity between crimes reporting and the actuality. Specifically, there is a disparity between the reported offenses, the crime victims, the offenders and the roles played by law enforcers in the crime in question. Usually, these differences are revealed when authorities commission a statistical survey. Nevertheless and as Leitch (2002) shows, at times such surveys gather accurate data but their interpretation and reporting is again not impartially carried out. Many studies have documented this problem and have gone ahead to show that this disparity is partly responsible for the escalating cases of criminal activities in poor working class neighbourhoods where access to authentic information may be a big challenge. For instance, Leitch (2003a; 2003b) argues that the overrepresentation of crime creates a hardcore-mentality among poor neighbourhood youths who in turn form vigilante groups for self protection. Over the course of time, these vigilante groups generate into criminal gangs especially if their purpose is defeated when official crime combat teams made up of elite police squads take over to crash criminal elements. Moreover, Reiner (2007) shows that overrepresentation provokes law enforcement agencies to roll out extreme measures which sometimes may be oppressive as to elicit negative sentiments among the youths who may in turn become run-away belligerents.

The contemporary society mediatises almost all major behavioural indicators. A paper presented in the ASC annual meeting in San Francisco in 2010, argues that in a world characterised by multi-mediatisation of cultural and ethical values, one’s moral standing is a function of the media they consume. Specifically, the article attaches the contemporary crime trends to the mediatisation of the justice system – human experience from a justice system is approached broadly from the popular culture (media) representation. These sentiments seem to be influenced by what Greer (2010) refers to as “media criminology” or the link between the intended functions of the mediatisation of crime and the actual results of such mediatisation. Specifically, it can be inferred that indeed, the media is a good tool for crime prevention especially when it is utilised rightly, however, it is clear here that since almost every human experience has been mediatised, there is the likelihood that some mediums such as the internet are wrongly misunderstood. For example, there are a lot of crime related video games circulating in the computer world and many youth have grown popular with them. Brain (2002) confirm this contention by arguing that as opposed to other mediums such as television and news papers where the audience only views or reads crime news, videos games have a major impact on their audience as they require one to actively take part, practice and perfect a game.

There is a very narrow distinction between fiction and fact crime images in the contemporary mass media. Due to their popular nature among the young and middle aged population, the production of crime related films has become a multimillion dollar industry – today, film producers outdo each other in producing literary works out of almost every major criminal justice related activity including the recent trend of terrorist activities (ASC, 2010). A latest book by an alleged member of the team of SEAL marines who took part in the successful killing of Osama bin Laden exemplifies this argument. This competition has however made it very hard to distinguish between what constitutes a true story and factual one. While drawing from past studies done by Leishman and Mason (2002), Reiner (2007) argues that some crime films are just too entertaining and influential as to beguile the audience that they are indeed real. For example, any film showing the abduction and the subsequent killing of Osama may sell millions of copies in a short time. Moreover, while drawing from Chancer (2005) postulation that the images of characters portrayed in films are etched in the minds of the viewers and irrespective of whether they are true or fictitious, one only imagines how Osama sympathisers will react towards the western culture when such a film is realised. These sentiments are shared by Lawrence (2000) and INNES (2001) in their accounts of the O.J. Simpson trial, assault of Rodney King and the CCTV records of Jamie Bulger killing. All these images can be precursors to criminal activities depending on one’s cognitive and content analysis capabilities.

Contemporary crime, from a “media criminology” standpoint occurs in a systematic manner. In his work Reiner (2007) argues that contemporary crime can be conceptualised into the following core theoretical frameworks. Arguably, these frameworks spans the length of time one takes to familiarise themselves with a literary work and the actions they take as advised by these literary works (ASIC, 2010; Brain, 2002; Chancer, 2005). They include labelling, motive, means, opportunity and absence of control. The media cannot be said to be a framework in itself but it helps to unbundle the frameworks. Labelling entails the portrayal of certain characters as criminals in crime films. Since most of these characters are given the “main actor” tag, it is only wise to argue that they have a lasting mark on their audience (Reiner, 2007). On the other hand, most psychological and legal studies agree that criminal activities are aggravated (see for example, ASC, 2010; Brain, 2002; Chancer, 2005). This aggravation amounts to motives. One can form a motive after watching an emotionally wrenching film, such as the capture, sentencing, and hanging of Saddam Hussein. On the other hand, means entails the flexibility with which one can access various media platforms to access new knowledge. For example, Reiner (2007) shows that the murder of Jamie Bulger was influenced by a popular video in the 1950s called child’s play. Criminal opportunity manifests in the ease with which the media presents new methods and types of crime. One can watch many crime documentaries showing different homicides perpetuated in different locations and put such methods into practice (Chancer, 20055). The proliferation of internet enable mobile devices presents this opportunity at the tap of a button. There is much freedom today in most societies when it comes to accessing informative mediums such as the internet. This leads to avoidable crimes. This is true since has been noted that controls prevent crimes (Brain, 2002; Chancer, 2005), For instance, cases of rape can be reduced if underage children are barred from accessing pornographic materials.

Nevertheless, “mediatised criminology” is entirely not tied to the above conditions. Recent works by ASC (2010) and Greer (2010) reinforce this contention by clarifying that the order in which these conditions are structured in not always rigid, sometimes, crime can take place without a clear motive, without labelling, without a clear opportunity, or even in instances when there is clear control. Here, the authors suggest that the mediatisation of crime does not necessarily take place a long a formal line, rather an offender can just wake up one day and decides to set their neighbours property on fire because they saw a film depicting a celebrity such as the controversial Italian and Manchester City footballer, Mario Ballotelli was reported to have set his own house on fire for setting firecrackers in his bathroom.

Conclusion

There is no doubt that crime films contribute to real-life crime. This easy has argued that crime films clearly label some characters as criminals through the roles they are assigned to play. Such labelling draws much meaning especially when it is accompanied by motive, means, and the opportunity to put what has been learned in a film to practice. This is exacerbated by the lack of control on what people can watch as anyone can access an amateur movie through online applications such as you tube. That crime films are usually biased and far from the actuality makes these conditions to be easily realised. Moreover, since people look at media as a tool for social procreation, people especially the young might want to put into practice what they learn from crime films. This is true since it has become very hard to differentiate between a factual and a fictitious literary work.

References

AC (Nov. 2010), Mass Media and the Social Construction of Crime: A Critique and Implications for the Future, Article presented at the Annual Meetings of the ASC, San Francisco, November 2010, available at: HYPERLINK “http://www.greggbarak.com/whats_new_6.html” http://www.greggbarak.com/whats_new_6.html (accessed September 4, 2012).

Brain, C. (2002), Advanced psychology: applications, issues and perspectives, Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes.

Chancer, L. S. (2005), High-profile crimes: when legal cases become social causes, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Greer, C. (Ed.) (2010), Crime and media: A reader, London, UK: Routledge Publishers Limited.

Lawrence, R.G. (2000), The Politics of Force: Media and the Construction of Police Brutality, Berkeley: University of California Press.

Leishman, F., and Mason, P. (2002), Policing and the Media: Facts, Fictions and Factions, Cullompton: Willan.

Leitch, T. (2002), Crime films,New York, NY: The Press Syndicate of the University Of Cambridge.

Leitch, T. (2003), ‘Basic instinct and the erotic thriller’, In Crime Films: Genres in American Cinema, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 146-169.

Leitch, T. (2003), ‘Fury and the victim film’, In Crime Films: Genres in American Cinema, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 79-102.

Leitch, T. (2003), ‘Murder on the orient express, blue velvet and the un-official detective film’, In Crime Films: Genres in American Cinema, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 170-191.

Reiner, R. (2007). ‘Media made criminality the representation of crime in the mass media’, in M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner, The Oxford handbook of criminology, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 376-416.

Using an app to locate charging point

Name

Institution

Course

Instructor

Date

Executive Summary

Having in mind the problems that people go through to charge their phones, we came up with a phone app that enables people to know exactly where public chargers are located without asking. The App works the same way in which a ‘friend-finder’ works. The product itself is £45 and we will sell it to customers for 140 but it increases depending on what the companies want to add to the product. However they are promotions deals if is a big organization want to buy more5 the price will reduce for the 6th product.

The following are the names of the team members and their roles.:Ruari JespersenRyan Brownie-got plantRuari Jespersen-Resource InvestigatorLaila Idris-Team workerJulia Wolff Durango-Shaper or implementer Ali ashmeel-implementer

Introduction

On the off chance that an individual live in an occupied city, or you’re gathering a charger in one, utilizing a particular area on this app can help keep away from disarray so you both wind up at same spot. Case in point, there may be five Starbuck’s in a six square range, so it’s best to know precisely which one is the gathering place. With the latest overhaul, you can get headings to a charger’s present area – which is particularly helpful if the addressing place needs to change because of activity or street terminations. Your charger won’t even need to send you the area information all alone, and the Google+ application has it accessible to you in the event that they are offering area information (Ludwig, 2012). Prepared to look at the new gimmick? Here’re the means by which: You will require to have the latest rendition of Google+ (4.4) to utilize the new gimmick that offers route to the areas of chargers.

Find my charger helps you recognize places with phone chargers. It’s the ideal approach to track chargers whether you’re shopping in a shopping center, going to the exhibition hall, outdoors in nature or en route to getting together at this current year’s best-ever party! For families, it offers genuine feelings of serenity. There’s no compelling reason to continually instant message youngsters or different relatives to figure out where they are and in the event that they are sheltered (Pogue, 2009). With Find My charger, it won’t take long to make sense of where your chargers really are and help them get to where should be. It’s a simple to utilize charger locator and individual’s discoverer application (Perez, 2012).

The app is interesting in light of the fact that it is the main application that gives you a chance to tell particular individuals your area without television to your whole interpersonal organization, and without being followed. With Apple’s such applications, when you impart your area to somebody it tracks all over the place you go so you must be cautious whom you impart to. The app is incredible when you need to tell simply a couple of individuals where you are at a particular minute, and yet you would prefer not to be followed uncertainly subsequently. For instance you could utilize The app to welcome several chargers to go along with you for a beverage, you could tell a couple of relatives where you are while you’re say voyaging, or you could let a collaborator know where you are to get together for lunch. Additionally as opposed to selecting the same chargers to impart to each one time, you can make custom records on The app for less demanding gathering sending – for instance I could have records for chargers, colleagues and family and with simply several clicks let each one gathering know at discrete times where I am and what I’m dependent upon (Ludwig, 2012).

Start-up Methodology

By starting this project, the main aim is to reduce inconveniencies caused by lack of phone charging systems in many places. The subject from the beginning has been helping a youthful, urban demographic have positive, genuine encounters. With the first form of Pinchit, we arranged arrangements on the best occasions and exercises in SF for individuals to get out and exploit the city. Pinchit was mainstream in SF – we had hockey stick development in income and endorsers yet there was savage rivalry in the space from other arrangement destinations, numerous with a great deal more wander financing and the space sort of fallen. The following emphasis of Pinchit, a social scrapbooking site for occasions, likewise meant to help individuals have incredible encounters yet we needed to concentrate just on the best substance paying little mind to whether an arrangement was accessible (Ludwig, 2012).

Strengths

One thing we find out about frequently from individuals utilizing the app with chargers is that chargers come into your encompassing region a great deal more regularly than you would suspect and this has prompted numerous serendipitous meet ups that wouldn’t have happened.

The app is truly uniting chargers. When you see a charger is just a piece or two away, you generally go the endeavor to get together rapidly and make proper acquaintance. There is likewise a mental viewpoint where seeing chargers on a guide, regardless of the fact that they’re far away, sort of rouses you to close the crevice and get together with them all the more regularly.

Weaknesses

It is risky to charge phones in public places

There is risk of damaging a phones battery due to constant charging

Charger seller will develop an idea that the public chargers are pushing them out of business.

We need to make the best conceivable area imparting the app for individuals to effortlessly let others know where they are and associate securely and secretly with chargers, family or even fans. We think The app does area offering right to the ideal mix of protection and control for individuals to feel great utilizing the application to tell chargers where they are and get together all the more frequently and the objective in 2014 is to distinguish what sorts of individuals need The app the most and enhance the application for them. For instance, we’ve begun working with craftsmen and games groups who will utilize The app to send exceptional substance to their fans to captivate and prize them for their devotion. Craftsmen, groups or promoters could run challenges and let fans send in labels demonstrating help, then effortlessly remunerate them with tickets, exceptional substance, or an opportunity to get together or get backs the ape passes just to give several situations.

There are such a variety of innovations making it simpler to do things remotely, so maybe The app can be an imperative counter-compel in that helps unite individuals simply minimal all the more regularly restoring a bit of genuine eye to eye genuine human connection. This is a truly effective motivation for us to make an incredible item.

Our reason was that by giving individuals apparatuses to gather and the best nearby substance – most loved restaurants, bars, and things to do – that the item would spread virally and in the long run neighborhood organizations could promote on Pinchit. The site got to around 100k month to month clients basically in SF, however growing to different urban communities was a great deal more troublesome in light of the fact that we needed to restart in every new city. We additionally confronted savage rivalry in the space from many nearby sites, and applications and locales all went for helping individuals find extraordinary neighborhood things.

In the wake of attempting to stretch past SF, we needed to turn and take care of an issue that we felt nobody else was truly dealing with or doing right. We needed to stay in the nearby/ social space and keep concentrating on the same youthful urban demographic (which is basically ourselves). From chipping away at Pinchit, we understood that arranging meeting up with chargers can be a burdensome process regarding attempting to discover where everybody is and where individuals ought to go, and no application fit the requirement for secretly letting a couple of chargers where you are without being followed so we simply dove in and started building an application which has advanced to The app (Perez, 2012).

We’ve brought numerous lessons with us from Pinchit. One undeniable lesson is that everything is going versatile. An expanding number of clients from Pinchit were getting to the substance from their telephones rather than PCs. The second lesson is to deal with a truly particular agony point that nobody else has verged on doing right. In a truly packed space like every day arrangements or nearby revelation, there is almost no edge for lapse – you need to execute perfectly for individuals to switch over to your administration and you need to make an administration that is 10x superior to any contenders and having a greater war-midsection than any contenders does not hurt either (Perez, 2012). An alternate technique is to concentrate on tackling a truly particular issue that nobody else is doing, and even a little, incline group can get mass reception rapidly and succeed with an incredible item. Foursquare is turning to substance disclosure making tracks in an opposite direction from the “check-in” and we haven’t seen any other individual important who is truly pondering area imparting, so there is a gigantic open door for The app to hit the nail on the head.

In conclusion, I would say we’ve taken in the criticalness of staying lean at the early sthe appe on the grounds that it’s simpler to move rapidly. We’ve had standards of the “lean startup” fortified in distinctive courses through experience, for instance, we trust in having short discharge cycles and emphasizing rapidly. This permits us to get quick criticism and continue enhancing the item into an incredible administration that individuals love and “need to have” in light of the fact that it fits an exceptional need (Ludwig, 2012).

References

Siegler, MG (June 11, 2008). “Analyst: There’s a great future in iPhone apps”. Venture Beat.

“”App” voted 2010 word of the year by the American Dialect Society (UPDATED) American

Dialect Society”. Americandialect.org.

Pogue, David (November 4, 2009). “A Place to Put Your Apps”. New York Times.

Yetisen, A. K., Martinez-Hurtado, J. L., et al (2014). The regulation of mobile medical

applications. Lab on a Chip, 14(5), 833-840. dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3LC51235E

Ludwig, Sean. December 5, 2012. venturebeat.com, study: “Mobile app usage grows 35%, TV &

web not so much”

Perez, Sarah. July 2, 2012. “comScore: In U.S. Mobile Market, Samsung, Android Top The

Charts; Apps Overtake Web Browsing.” techcrunch.com

Matthias Böhmer, Brent Hecht, Johannes Schöning, Antonio Krüger, and Gernot Bauer. 2011.

Falling asleep with Angry Birds, Facebook and Kindle: a large scale study on mobile app usage. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI ’11). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 47-56.

“Mobile apps revenues tipped to reach $26bn in 2013”. The Guardian. 11 October 2013.

VisionMobile, Plum Consulting, “European App Economy” analyst report, September 2013

Crime and Deviance

Author

Tutor

Course

Date

Introduction

The increasing rates of crime have been a cause for worry and concern in the United States, as well as other parts of the world. Recent times have seen an intense concentration of scholars with providing an explanation of the incidence of crime as is the case for Routine Activity theory. The theory requires the presence of three elements for the occurrence of crime. First, there must be a motivated offender who has criminal intentions, as well as the capacity to act on that inclination. Second, there should be an appropriate target or victim. Third, a capable guardian with the capacity to prevent the occurrence of the crime would be absent. However, this theory has over time been modified through the inclusion of the fourth component, which is the absence or existence of a handler. The handler component involves a two step-process where, social bonds would be developed in the society, and, an individual related to a potential offender controls the individual to adhere to social bonds.

As concerning rape, Shannon cautioned against reducing crime to a product of crime as that would that would legitimize the crime while discrediting the victims, thereby making it inevitable.

Shoplifters may neutralize their guilt by denying their responsibility in the act, denying having caused any injury or harm to any individual, denying the victim and justifying the action as a retaliation, condemning the condemners, appealing to higher loyalties, defining the behavior as common, and defending the act as having been necessary, or justifying the action by comparing it with other serious crimes, as well as postponing the thought of the actions.

The tobacco industry may be seen as a deviant actor, as it continues advertising its products while ignoring the harmful effects that it has on individual health of active and passive smokers. Some examples of deviance in the food industry include deception as to the components of their products, and excessive use of additives.

The central administration style adopted by Nissan Corporation

Name

Institution

1.0 Executive Summary

The central administration style adopted by Nissan Corporation dominates it European market and has affected their achievement in many regions, in a negative sense. Every deed has still had authorization or orders given by the general corporation. Nevertheless, this has brought several difficulties in their performance, in diverse European nations. Presently, Nissan has had a moderately well performance. This chiefly owes to the well-built Nissan-Renault alliance. This amalgamation is proving to have significant spirited advantage. This paper draws several recommendations for Nissan Corporation to achieve success. The Corporation should continue to follow fresh markets in Eastern Europe, whilst centering less on the presently drenched Western European regions. The Corporation should develop the current alliance with Renault to give further competitive lead. Among these perspectives, would be to share distribution system to boost Nissan’s existence and simultaneously decreasing costs.

2.0 Introduction

Nissan is comprised of an opulently diverse cluster of persons, as mirrored in the company’s management team and the several corporate outreach courses in which they partake in the society. If number-critical situation is what is required, the company has gotten that category of behind-the-scenes strategy, too. Jointly, they have the capability to make cars and trucks with the authority to modify both the mode a person views the planet and the approach they move in it. Datsuns are not only the foremost mass-created Japanese motor vehicles, their exclusiveness, automotive approach makes a key effect on the U.S. market when the vehicles and packed in pickups are first introduced in the belatedly 1950s. The initial and foremost Datsun was built in 1914. Toward the conclusion of this decade of alteration, Nissan has crafted a strong status in mutually the American, as well as, the Japanese markets. Its vehicles are appreciated both for its fashion and performance, being synonymous with early on Nissan design.

Lately, the Datsun ‘Z’ alters the manner people reflect on sports cars. Instituted in 1933, Nissan Corporation was a leading manufacturer in sedans. Virtually 70 years soon after, Nissan has turned into being the world’s foremost automakers, with yearly fabrication of 2.4 million units that portrayed 4.9 percent of the worldwide market. Nationally, the corporation sells 774,000 automobiles on a yearly basis, placing it second following Toyota Motor Company. Approximately, 35 % of Nissan’s automobiles are vended in Japan, 25% in the US, in addition to, Europe’s 20%. Within the North American marketplace, the company’s good models comprise of the Infiniti and Sentra commuter cars, as well as, the Pathfinder SUVs.

In 1966, the Corporation fused with the Price Motor Corporation which helped them to take in more chic high-class forms into their variety, for example, the Skyline, as well as, the Gloria. Afterwards, the Price Motors name was entirely deserted, and all prospective models had the Nissan brand name. Subsequent to losing funds for a majority of the 1990s, the company entered into an international coalition with Renault S.A. in the year 1999, having the French Corporation amassing a 37 percent venture in Nissan. An enormous reformation was then instigated. In 2004, Nissan made public the Titan, a complete dimension pick-up truck, which was projected chiefly for the North American region. The automobile attributes a 32 valve V8 engine. Moreover, it can tug approximately 9500 pounds. Presently, the Corporation is working on numerous new perceptions including the Pivo, which is an electric car that goes with zero discharges and has been instrumented and designed by famous Japanese engineer Takashi Murakami. Under Ghosn’s Nissan revitalization strategy, the Corporation experienced a spin in sales and accounted record earnings. By the commencement of the 21st century, the Corporation was once more a concrete participant in the global market with a secure association to its European supporter, Renault.

3.0. Mission and Vision

Workers of Nissan Corporation are steered by the Corporation’s Vision, stating that: “Enriching people’s lives.” An additional precise guidance concerning how Nissan Corporation will improve people’s wellbeing is set up in the Corporation’s Mission Statement, stating that: “Nissan provides unique and innovative automotive products and services that deliver superior measurable values to all stakeholders in alliance with Renault (Gatignon, 2004).”

4.0. Strategic Elements of History

4.1. Socio Cultural Environment

Nissan is constructing, and manufacturing vehicles to meet all categories of people’s requirements. Different persons would prefer different categories of cars relying on the customer. An individual having a preference to a vehicle with off-road capabilities would go for Nissan Xterra or Frontier while wealthy persons who like speedy cars would choose cars like Nissan Silvia, Skyline or even Fairlady 350z (Peng, 2009). Not every driver is appropriate for all categories of vehicles. This is the motive why Nissan construct numerous different categories of motor vehicle to suit diverse categories of driver.

4.2. Technology Environment

Nissan encompasses four scopes of technological aims that include the surroundings, protection, dynamic performance, as well as, life on board. The corporation creates these worth to give their clients trusted driving enjoyment.

4.3. Environment

Nissan has an extended term objective of plummeting carbon dioxide emissions to aid in solving environmental catastrophes, for example, global warming. Through this objective, the Corporation had placed their goal of reducing carbon dioxide releases in their new vehicles by 70% by 2050 (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson, 2011).

4.4. Economic Environment

In 200, Nissan along with Renault was instituted as the Renault-Nissan Purchasing Organization (RNPO). Chiefly, this was a key manner to trim down cost by uniting both their sources to be more proficient in the association. Renault along with Nissan presently holds 60% shares a fraction being supply of resources and assets.

4.5. Legal and Political Environment

The Corporation motor vehicles have to meet definite normalcy to be capable of entering certain nations to be vended. This is owes to the truth that definite nations do not permit high performance motor vehicles, for example Nissan Skyline types to go into the nation since the driver might exploit the car for illegitimate street racing.

5.0. External Factor Evaluation

Various noteworthy features need to be measured which shape the outlook of Nissan Corporation. These can be classified into External aspects (which were pretentious to the corporation). In 1998, global demand had been apparent for 3 years and the trade was being typified to attain cost diminution and proficient capacity exploitation. The corporation was making as well as losing its edge to Toyota locally and globally (Hill & Jones, 2008).

6.0. Company Competitive Position

Nissan Corporation uses the Cost Leadership strategy. The aim of this strategy is to develop into being the lowest-cost manufacturer in the trade. If the attained selling price can at slightest be comparable to the standard market, and then the slightest-cost manufacturer will (in theory) take pleasure in the unsurpassed profits. This policy is typically connected with large-scale companies offering “standard” goods with comparatively little demarcation that are entirely acceptable to the preponderance of purchasers. Infrequently, the low-cost strategy will also discount its vehicles to maximize sales, chiefly if it has a significant cost benefit over the rivalry of Toyota and, therefore: it can additionally boost its market share (Plunkett & Plunkett Research, 2003).

7.0. Internal Capabilities

It is essential for Nissan to improve its corporate control policies as it executes its business social responsibilities. The company will work to maintain achieving the expectation of the stakeholders (Hitt, Ireland, & Hoskisson, 2007).

7.1. Pillars of Action

Nissan’s method to corporate governance is established on three foundations: conformity built on the high moral standards of all workers, efforts to strengthen information safety and an efficient and suitable risk management organization.

7.2. Compliance

To foster conformity awareness throughout the corporation, Nissan has launched specialized branches and placed officers in charge of upholding compliance strategy in each area where it operates.

7.3. Risk Management By detecting risk as quickly as required, examining it, forecasting the necessary procedures to address it and executing those measures, the corporation works to minimize the appearance of risk and the impact of harm caused should it arise (Hitt, Ireland, & Hoskisson, 2007).

7.4. Information Security Nissan shares its Information protection Policy with assembly companies worldwide and executes necessary procedures through the Information protection board, bolstering its competence to check information leaks and other such occasions (Hitt, Ireland, & Hoskisson, 2007).

8.0. Financial Ratio Analysis

Financial ratio analysis is the computation and assessment of ratios, which are obtained from the information in a corporation’s financial reports. The level and past trends of these proportions can be employed to make conclusions about a company’s economic state, its procedures and attractiveness as an asset.

Production output 4,080,588 units (2010)

Revenue ¥8.773 trillion (2011)

Operating income ¥462.92 billion (2011)

Total assets ¥10.736 trillion (2011)

Total equity ¥2.943 trillion (2011)

Employees 155,099 (2011)

Profit ¥319.22 billion (2011)

Source: http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/index.html

8.1. Profitability ratio

Gross margin

Gross profit 319.229

Net sales 8.733

Gross margin 3.655

8.2. Leveraging ratio

Current ratio

Total assets 10.736

Total liabilities 2.943

Debt ratio 3.648

9.0. Porter’s Five Forces Model

Nissan predicted that their production and established values would be in need of essential overall, to increase market share in Europe. Hence, the enhancements stated, such as the localisation of invention and allotment channels in Europe.

9.1. Entry of Competitors

There are many innovative products, but not competitors in the market place. The reputable car manufacturers have been set up for years. This is a complicated market for fresh organisations to penetrate. There are no common recent electric cars hitting the market place from time to time, through original company. They do not appear to last very long, however.

9.2. Threat of Substitutes

Nissan’s policy of frequent improvement should aid them in surviving the risk of substitute products. The saturation of the producer market place does not help the situation, so the danger of substitutes is real. However, Nissan is well capable to handle it.

9.3. Bargaining Power of Buyers

Currently, buyers are being provided with a production of alternative merchandise in the car market. Advertisements exhibitions on the television daily encourage buyers to invest their money in Nissan products. In terms of the negotiation power of buyers, this is better since there are so many choices and products accessible.

9.4. Bargaining Power of Suppliers

Renault-Nissan Purchasing Organisation

This procurement organisation, instituted in 2001 is among the key ways in which Renault and Nissan unite their resources to produce a more efficient organisation. Presently both Nissan and Renault share 60% of the similar facts and or substance suppliers. This implies that Nissan have attained superior purchasing power and have served to decrease costs and condensed the bargaining power of suppliers (Hill & Jones, 2008).

9.5. Rivalry among the Existing Players

There are many companies trying to fight for market share. To some extent, Nissan has put off this particular risk, by focusing on manufacturing their operations more cost-effective and distinguishing themselves from their competitors by producing exceptional vehicles. This allows Nissan to preserve their economical advantage (Hoskisson & Hoskisson, 2008).

10.0. Current Strategy

Nissan is currently planning to venture into the East European market. One of the key limitations in doing this is supervising the logistics in other foreign countries. There are relatively long delivery chains, which exist to customer markets in Western Europe. It is essential to recognize how to deliver and ship goods to and from foreign markets in an effective manner. This crisis could also happen in other Eastern countries (Walker, 2003). Another absent venture is the consideration to seek innovative opportunities in light mercantile vehicles. They are also encouraging the infinity lavish brand on an ongoing basis on an international scale.

11.0. The SWOT analysis of Nissan

Strength: Nissan is a global brand and one of the fastest growing automotive industries. As of 2011, the Nissan total equity amounted to 2.943 trillion yen. The sub models for the company include Altima, Sentra, Versa, Maxima, Z coupe and Z Roadstar. The track models include Xterra, Pathfinder, Armada and Quest. The competitive advantage of the broad can counter balance the rising competition. In the past 5 years, the company managed to set up a global brand focusing on pleasurable brands, and those with vibrant experience. The company also has a worldwide financial place. This is one of the company’s major strength. The key financial positions of Nissan include liquidity, solvency and profitability (Mendenhall, Oddou & Stahl 2011). Nissan Corporation also managed to alliance with Renault. This has been advantageous for both companies. This is because the companies can venture new markets easier and faster because of they do not need to establish new plants. The collaborations of the companies include build up of components, platforms and engines. ThreatsDisharmony of Culture

There has been a cultural clash of Nissan in Europe. Europe faced a number of problems. Nissan and Renault become incorporated with one another. Therefore, the risk of cross-cultural clashes will enlarge. Nissan is establishing a way to stop this from happening. It established a program called Business Way. Nevertheless, it will take time for national and corporate culture to transform.

Prices of Commodities

China’s expansion would make Nissan incur high expenses. In the past two years, the cost of steel in manufacture has increased considerably. There is also the rise in oil prices to consider which continues. Order for new automobiles is decreasing and is a threat to Nissan’s feasibility (Hunt, 2009).

12.0. Organizational Structure

The company has a chief operating officer who is in charge of management of newly formed regional structure. Other responsibilities include development, research, sales, design, marketing, planning and manufacturing of new products. The COO must report to the CEO. The company has a Chief Recovery Officer (CRO) responsible for recovery activities. The CRO does corporate planning and controls functions. The executive Vice President takes the duty of purchasing and is responsible for new regions (Magee 2003).

The Senior Vice President is in charge of product planning, light commercial business of the vehicle and creates units of the vehicle business.

13.0. Business Ethics/Values

Basic Corporate Governance:

The role of this policy is to clarify the responsibilities and duties of the employees of the Nissan Corporation. The management policy and objectives are published for the benefit of investors and share holders. Announcement of achievements is made early with lucidity.

Nissan’s System and Organizations for Internal Control:

A Board of directors and a Statutory govern the company. The duty of the Board of Directors is to resolve of vital industry decisions. The Statutory Audit Committee controls and supervises the functions of the Nissan Corporation (Nissan Annual Report 2004).

Risk Management:

The company applies appropriate methods and technology to solve problems regarding the risks involved. The company has also created a risk management team that is responsible for the management of the risks involved. The risk department has managed to prioritize the risks based on impacts, probabilities and devoted control measures. The company also manages to establish intellectual property rights to protect the intellectual property rights (Seshadri, 2005). 14.0. Financial Projections

Nissan Corporation has planned to explore the European market in the East. The greatest barrier in doing this is to direct the logistics in Romania. There is comparatively extensive delivery string that would exist to customer markets in Western Europe. This predicament may also occur in some Eastern countries (Deresky 2011).

Another scheme that is currently lacking is to considering looking for new opportunities available in light marketable automobiles. The company is also promoting the luxury product on a continuing foundation on a worldwide level. Additionally, this company plans to boost their market divide and persist to chase their present approach while categorization their difference in cultural (Deresky 2011).15.0. RecommendationsA) The company should go on with pursuing new markets in Eastern Europe, while concentrating less on the presently flooded markets in Western European (Deresky 2011).

B) The company should build up the present alliance with Renault to offer additional competitive advantage. A suggestion for this would include common allocation network to enlarge the presence of Nissan and decrease expenditure simultaneously.

C) Nissan Corporation is concerned of lack of diesel. The company should significantly raise their spending expansion of technology and relate this to the entire variety. If the company fails to do this, the potential of the market could radically fall.

D) There is still a cultural difference in their coalition with Renault. Their business strategy may attend to the issue sufficiently, but there is no possibility of measuring the achievement of the project.

E) The company should aspire to attain ISO 9001 endorsement for the European development procedures.

References

Deresky, H. (2011). International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures : Text

and Cases. Boston, Mass: Pearson.

Gatignon, H. (2004). The Insead-Wharton Alliance on Globalizing: Strategies For Building

Successful Global Businesses. Cambridge [u.a.: Univ. Press.

HIll, C. W. L., & Jones, G. R. (2008). Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach. S.l.:

Houghton Mifflin.

Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., & Hoskisson, R. E. (2011). Strategic Management: Competitiveness

& Globalization. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Hoskisson, R. E., & Hoskisson, R. E. (2008). Competing For Advantage. Mason, OH:

Thomson/South-Western.

Hunt, P. (2009). Structuring Mergers & Acquisitions: A Guide to Creating Shareholder Value.

Austin: Wolters Kluwer.

Magee, D. (2003). Turnaround: How Carlos Ghosn rescued Nissan. New York: HarperBusiness.

Mendenhall, M. E., Oddou, G. R., & Stahl, G. K. (2011). Readings and Cases in International

Human Resource Management and Organizational Behavior. Hoboken: Taylor &

Francis.

Nissan Annual Report (2004). The Nissan Way of doing things, 4.

Peng, M. W. (2009). Global strategy. Mason, Ohio: South-Western/Cengage Learning.

Plunkett, J. W., & Plunkett Research, Ltd. (2003). Plunkett’s Automobile Industry Almanac.

Houston, Tex: Plunkett Research.

Seshadri, S. (2005). Sourcing Strategy: Principles, Policy, and Designs. New York: Springer.

Walker, G. (2003). Modern competitive strategy. Boston [u.a.: McGraw-Hill.

Crime and Deviance from a sociological perspective

Topic : Crime and Deviance from a sociological perspective 

Student name

Course

Institution

Tutor

Introduction

Society is compared to a machine which has many parts that are interdependent. When one of those parts is missing the machine will experience problems and may not function well. Society is made up of social institutions that are supposed to be compatible otherwise there will be a rise of conflicts leading to social disorder and disharmony. The following discussion focuses on the social perspectives and an explanation for the causes of crime and how it can be reduced.

Discussion

Social perspectives are set of statements or theories that have been formulated by renowned theorists with an aim of explaining the social phenomena (Earl 2003). Society is so complex and so are the social issues that need to be analyzed to come up with solutions. The social perspectives serve as tools that explain the social phenomena, for instance it may explain the reason why the suicide rates are higher among the Protestants than the Catholics. Apart from that the social perspective also seeks to predict what is likely to happen if certain social disorders are not dealt with.

Social perspectives are scientific ways of explaining the society since they have been tested. They seek to maintain the harmony that is required in the society for it to function properly. Sociological theories gained power during the industrial revolution that resulted in many negative implications for the people who worked in the factories. They were poor, lived in shanty homes, and there was increase in social evils such as the prostitution and crime. It is with this regard that the earlier sociologists such as Emile Durkheim decided to formulate the theories that explained that situation and sought to provide the solution for it. It is therefore clear that the sociological perspectives are indisputable since they provide the guideline meant to maintain the social order.

One of such sociological perspective is the one that is used to explain the deviant behavior such as the crime. A deviant behavior is any act that is done against the society norms. It therefore violates the rules and regulations and the result for this is negative sanctions or punishment.

In his theory of defiance, a sociologist by name of Robert Merton says that the society is made up of three things that are interrelated. These are culture, social structures and social anomie (Ritzer et al. 2003) Culture can be said to be a set of beliefs and values that govern the behavior of any given society. It provides a way by which the society acquires their goals. Social structures are the institutions such as the religion and education which are supposed to socialize the society. They have a goal of ensuring that the society is orderly by promoting a kind of culture which is uniform with an aim of avoiding any kind of a conflict. Anomie on the other hand has been explained as the state by which the society has lost the values that are supposed to guide the behavior.

In explaining crime, Merton says that the society has been obsessed with the desire to achieve and live luxurious lives (Ritzer 2003). Therefore each person in the society has a goal of excelling in life. The only means to do this has been reduced to education since the society requires brilliant people who are advance in their studies. This however has a tendency of locking many people out while they still have the desire to achieve like any other person.

Merton argues that the society provides the goals but fails to provide the legitimate means to achieve them. In our example above, many people in the society might not have access to education. Others also may not excel in academics and therefore are likely to be left out of the job market. The explanation for this is that, people have to survive whether by using the legitimate or the illegitimate means. The inequality in the achievement of social goals using the legitimate means has caused many people to opt for criminal means to achieve them. One of the ways by which the government fails to maintain equality is in the distribution of the social resources. This deprives people the opportunity to be successful and therefore they result to criminal activities.

The other main cause of crime as explained above is the discrepancy between culture and anomy. When the society denounces their culture that offers the guidance to social behavior, they are left without values and therefore they can use any means to achieve their goals.

Therefore, crime and any social deviant behavior can be reduced by maintaining the culture that ensures cohesion, solidarity and harmony in the society. The relevant authority can also play a part in reduction by ensuring that the national resources are equally distributed amongst the society so that none is lacking.

Conclusion

The deviant behavior will perpetuate unless the cultural issues are taken into consideration since they provide values that stipulate the means that one has to use in order to acquire their goals.

Reference:

George Ritzer. (2003) “Robert K. Merton”, in Blackwell Companion to Major Contemporary Social Theorists, Blackwell Publishing, 2003, ISBN 1-4051-0595

Tepperman, L., & Curtis, J.(2006). Principles of Sociology: Canadian Perspectives, p. 117. Oxford University Press, Canada. ISBN 0195423488

Ritzer, George and Douglas Goodman. (2004). Sociological Theory, Sixth Edition. McGraw Hill.

Babbie, Earl R. (2003). The Practice of Social Research, 10th edition. Wadsworth, Thomson Learning Inc., ISBN 0-534-62029-9